The 8th century is the period from
701 (
DCCI) through
800 (
DCCC) in accordance with the
Julian Calendar. The coast of
North Africa and the
Iberian Peninsula quickly came under
Islamic
Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the mai ...
Arab domination. The westward expansion of the
Umayyad Empire
The Umayyad Caliphate (661–750 CE; , ; ar, ٱلْخِلَافَة ٱلْأُمَوِيَّة, al-Khilāfah al-ʾUmawīyah) was the second of the four major caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. The caliphate was ruled by the ...
was famously halted at the
siege of Constantinople by the
Byzantine Empire and the
Battle of Tours by the
Franks. The tide of Arab conquest came to an end in the middle of the 8th century.
[Roberts, J., '']History of the World
Human history, also called world history, is the narrative of humanity's past. It is understood and studied through anthropology, archaeology, genetics, and linguistics. Since the invention of writing, human history has been studied through ...
'', Penguin, 1994.
In Europe, late in the century, the
Vikings, seafaring peoples from
Scandinavia, begin raiding the coasts of
Europe and the
Mediterranean, and go on to found several important
kingdoms.
In Asia, the
Pala Empire is founded in
Bengal. The
Tang dynasty reaches its pinnacle under
Chinese Emperor Xuanzong. The
Nara period begins in
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
.
Events
* Estimated century in which the poem
Beowulf
''Beowulf'' (; ang, Bēowulf ) is an Old English epic poem in the tradition of Germanic heroic legend consisting of 3,182 alliterative lines. It is one of the most important and most often translated works of Old English literature. The ...
is composed.
* Classical
Maya civilization begins to decline.
* The
Kombumerri burial grounds are founded.
* The first
Serbian
Serbian may refer to:
* someone or something related to Serbia, a country in Southeastern Europe
* someone or something related to the Serbs, a South Slavic people
* Serbian language
* Serbian names
See also
*
*
* Old Serbian (disambiguat ...
state is formed at the beginning of the century.
* Buddhist
Jataka stories are translated into
Syriac and
Arabic as
Kalilag and Damnag
The ''Panchatantra'' (IAST: Pañcatantra, ISO: Pañcatantra, sa, पञ्चतन्त्र, "Five Treatises") is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a frame story. ...
.
* An account of
Buddha's life is translated into
Greek by Saint
John of Damascus
John of Damascus ( ar, يوحنا الدمشقي, Yūḥanna ad-Dimashqī; gr, Ἰωάννης ὁ Δαμασκηνός, Ioánnēs ho Damaskēnós, ; la, Ioannes Damascenus) or John Damascene was a Christian monk, priest, hymnographer, and a ...
, and widely circulated to
Christians as the story of
Barlaam and Josaphat.
* Height of the
Classic period in
pre-Columbian Maya civilization history.
* Śāntideva, a Buddhist monk at Nalanda Monastery in India, composes the famous Bodhicharyāvatāra, or ''Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life''.
* The height of the
Giant Wild Goose Pagoda in
Xi'an, China is extended by 5 stories.
*
701: The
Taihō Code is enacted in late
Asuka period Japan.
*
705: Death of Arab caliph
Abd al-Malik
Abdul Malik ( ar, عبد الملك) is an Arabic (Muslim or Christian) male given name and, in modern usage, surname. It is built from the Arabic words '' Abd'', ''al-'' and '' Malik''. The name means "servant of the King", in the Christian insta ...
, his succession by his nominated heir and elder son
al-Walid.
* 705: Overthrow of Empress
Wu Zetian, the reign of
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
's first and only sole-ruling empress ends.
*
705:
Justinian II is forced to give the title Caesar of Byzantium to the Bulgarian Emperor
Tervel. The Byzantine Empire begins to pay annual tributes to Bulgaria.
*
708–
711 711 may refer to:
* 711 (number), a natural number
* AD 711, a year of the 8th century AD
* 711 BC, a year of the 8th century BC
* 7-1-1, the telephone number of the Telecommunications Relay Service in the United States and Canada
* 7-Eleven, a cha ...
: The Bulgarians defeat Justinian II at the
Battle of Anchialus. An Arab Umayyad army under
Muhammad ibn al-Qasim invades
Sindh
Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...
in northern India.
[Roberts, J., ''History of the World'', Penguin, 1994.]
*
710:
Empress Genmei moves the capital to
Heijō-kyū (present day
Nara), initiating the Nara period of Japan.
*
711 711 may refer to:
* 711 (number), a natural number
* AD 711, a year of the 8th century AD
* 711 BC, a year of the 8th century BC
* 7-1-1, the telephone number of the Telecommunications Relay Service in the United States and Canada
* 7-Eleven, a cha ...
:
Palenque is conquered by
Toniná.
*
711 711 may refer to:
* 711 (number), a natural number
* AD 711, a year of the 8th century AD
* 711 BC, a year of the 8th century BC
* 7-1-1, the telephone number of the Telecommunications Relay Service in the United States and Canada
* 7-Eleven, a cha ...
:
Tariq ibn Ziyad crosses the Straits of Gibraltar.
With the creation of
Al-Andalus, most of the
Iberian Peninsula is conquered by
Arab and
Berber
Berber or Berbers may refer to:
Ethnic group
* Berbers, an ethnic group native to Northern Africa
* Berber languages, a family of Afro-Asiatic languages
Places
* Berber, Sudan, a town on the Nile
People with the surname
* Ady Berber (1913–196 ...
Muslims, thus ending the
Visigothic rule, and beginning almost eight centuries of Muslim rule.
*
712:
Liutprand, King of the Lombards
Liutprand was the king of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his multiple phases of law-giving, in fifteen separate sessions from 713 to 735 inclusive, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mos ...
begins his reign (until
744).
* c.
712: Metropolitan episcopal see is established by the
Church of the East
The Church of the East ( syc, ܥܕܬܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ, ''ʿĒḏtā d-Maḏenḥā'') or the East Syriac Church, also called the Church of Seleucia-Ctesiphon, the Persian Church, the Assyrian Church, the Babylonian Church or the Nestorian C ...
in Chinese capital of
Chang'an.
*
712–
756:
Emperor Xuanzong reigned, the time was considered one of
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
's high points.
*
712–
740:
Caliphate campaigns in India
*
713
__NOTOC__
Year 713 ( DCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 713 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
: Death of
Dajian Huineng
Dajian Huineng (); (February 27, 638 – August 28, 713), also commonly known as the Sixth Patriarch or Sixth Ancestor of Chan Buddhism, Chan (Traditional Chinese characters, traditional Chinese: 禪宗六祖), is a semi-legendary but central fig ...
, sixth and last Patriarch of
Chán Buddhism.
*
713
__NOTOC__
Year 713 ( DCCXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 713 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
:
Treaty of Tudmir
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement between actors in international law. It is usually made by and between sovereign states, but can include international organizations, individuals, business entities, and other legal perso ...
, signed between Abd al-'Aziz, the commander of Muslim troops invaidibng Spain and Theodemir, the Christian king of a southern region is Spain.
*
715: Death of
al-Walid I
Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ( ar, الوليد بن عبد الملك بن مروان, al-Walīd ibn ʿAbd al-Malik ibn Marwān; ), commonly known as al-Walid I ( ar, الوليد الأول), was the sixth Umayyad Caliphate, Umayyad ca ...
and he was succeeded by his brother
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ( ar, سليمان بن عبد الملك, Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Malik, – 24 September 717) was the seventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 24 February 715 until his death. He began his career as governor of Palestine, wh ...
.
*
716:
Sanjaya ascends the throne to be the first king of the
Mataram Kingdom.
*
717
__NOTOC__
Year 717 ( DCCXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 717 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar er ...
: Death of caliph
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik
Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik ( ar, سليمان بن عبد الملك, Sulaymān ibn ʿAbd al-Malik, – 24 September 717) was the seventh Umayyad caliph, ruling from 24 February 715 until his death. He began his career as governor of Palestine, wh ...
and his succession by his cousin and nominated heir
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz.
*
717
__NOTOC__
Year 717 ( DCCXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 717 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar er ...
–
718:
Siege of Constantinople. The
Bulgarians and the
Byzantines decisively defeat the invading Arabs, thus halting the Arab advance toward Europe.
*
718:
Sri Indravarman King of
Srivijaya
Srivijaya ( id, Sriwijaya) was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 7th t ...
send a letter to the Caliph
Umar bin Abdul Aziz
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ( ar, عمر بن عبد العزيز, ʿUmar ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz; 2 November 680 – ), commonly known as Umar II (), was the eighth Umayyad caliph. He made various significant contributions and reforms to the society, and ...
of the
Umayyad Caliphate in
Damascus
)), is an adjective which means "spacious".
, motto =
, image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg
, image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg
, seal_type = Seal
, map_caption =
, ...
, signing early ancient Indonesian official contact with Islamic world in the Middle East.
*
720: Death of caliph
Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz and succession of his cousin
Yazid II on 4th February 720.
*
724: Death of caliph
Yazid II and he was succeeded by his brother and nominated heir
Hisham
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( ar, هشام بن عبد الملك, Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik; 691 – 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 724 until his death in 743.
Early life
Hisham was born in Damascus, the administrat ...
.
*
726:
Byzantine Emperor Leo III the Isaurian destroys the icon of Christ above the
Chalke Gate in the capital city of
Constantinople, beginning the first phase of the
Byzantine Iconoclasm.
*
731: Bede completes his ''
Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
The ''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'' ( la, Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum), written by Bede in about AD 731, is a history of the Christian Churches in England, and of England generally; its main focus is on the conflict be ...
'' (''Ecclesiastical History of the English People'').
*
732
__NOTOC__
Year 732 ( DCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 732 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
:
Battle of Tours. Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men defeat a large army of Moors under the governor of Cordoba, Abdul Rahman Al Ghafiqi, who is killed during the battle. The Battle of Tours halts the advance of Islam into Western Europe and establishes a balance of power between Western Europe, Islam and the Byzantine Empire.
*
732
__NOTOC__
Year 732 ( DCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 732 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
: The
Sanjaya dynasty is founded around this time according to the
Canggal inscription.
[ Miksic (1997)]
*
738:
Quiriguá declares independence from
Copan
*
740:
Battle of Akroinon. Byzantines win their first large-scale victory in a pitched battle against the Arabs.
*
742: For the
municipal census of the
Tang-dynasty
The Tang dynasty (, ; zh, t= ), or Tang Empire, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907 AD, with an Zhou dynasty (690–705), interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dyn ...
Chinese capital city
Chang'an and its
metropolitan area
A metropolitan area or metro is a region that consists of a densely populated urban agglomeration and its surrounding territories sharing industries, commercial areas, transport network, infrastructures and housing. A metro area usually com ...
of Jingzhou Fu (including small towns in the vicinity), the
New Book of Tang
The ''New Book of Tang'', generally translated as the "New History of the Tang" or "New Tang History", is a work of official history covering the Tang dynasty in ten volumes and 225 chapters. The work was compiled by a team of scholars of the So ...
records that in this year there were 362,921 registered families with 1,960,188 persons.
*
743: Death of Arab caliph
Hisham
Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( ar, هشام بن عبد الملك, Hishām ibn ʿAbd al-Malik; 691 – 6 February 743) was the tenth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 724 until his death in 743.
Early life
Hisham was born in Damascus, the administrat ...
and succession of his nephew and heir
Al-Walid II
Al-Walīd ibn Yazīd (709 – 17 April 744) ( ar, الوليد بن يزيد) usually known simply as Al-Walid II was an Umayyad Caliph who ruled from 743 until his assassination in the year 744. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik.
...
.
*
744:
Assassination of Al-Walid II, Succession of
Yazid III to the
Caliphal throne on 17 April 744.
*
744 Death of Yazid III and his succession by his brother and nominated heir
Ibrahim ibn al-Walid. On 4th December Ibrahim was forced to Abdicate in favour
Marwan II.
*
748
__NOTOC__
Year 748 ( DCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 748 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calenda ...
: The Chinese
Buddhist monk Jian Zhen writes in his ''Yue Jue Shu'' of the international sea traffic coming to
Guangzhou, ships from Borneo, Persia, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, and others bringing tons of goods.
*
750: The last
Umayyad Caliph Marwan II (
744–750) is overthrown and executed by the first
Abbasid Caliph,
Abu al-Abbas al-Saffah
Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Saffāḥ ( ar, أبو العباس عبد الله بن محمد السفّاح; 721/722 – 8 June 754, al-Anbar) usually known as Abūʾl-ʿAbbās as-Saffāḥ or simply by his laqab As-S ...
. The
Caliphate is moved to
Baghdad which would later develop into a centre of trade and culture. The
Ghana Empire
The Ghana Empire, also known as Wagadou ( ar, غانا) or Awkar, was a West African empire based in the modern-day southeast of Mauritania and western Mali that existed from c. 300 until 1100. The Empire was founded by the Soninke people, ...
begins in western Africa.
* mid-8th century -
Great Wild Goose Pagoda at Ci'en Temple,
Xi'an,
Shanxi
Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-lev ...
, is rebuilt.
* c. mid-8th century - Camel Carrying a Group of Musicians, from a tomb near
Xi'an,
Shanxi
Shanxi (; ; formerly romanised as Shansi) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China and is part of the North China region. The capital and largest city of the province is Taiyuan, while its next most populated prefecture-lev ...
, is made.
Tang dynasty. It is now kept at
Museum of Chinese History
The National Museum of China () flanks the eastern side of Tiananmen Square in Beijing, China. The museum's mission is to educate about the arts and history of China. It is directed by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism of the People's Republic ...
,
Beijing.
*
751
__NOTOC__
Year 751 ( DCCLI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 751 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
: Arabian armies defeat
Chinese Tang dynasty troops in the
Battle of Talas
The Battle of Talas or Battle of Artlakh (; ar, معركة نهر طلاس, translit=Maʿrakat nahr Ṭalās, Persian: Nabard-i Tarāz) was a military encounter and engagement between the Abbasid Caliphate along with its ally, the Tibetan Empir ...
, in the high
Pamirs near
Samarkand
fa, سمرقند
, native_name_lang =
, settlement_type = City
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from the top:Registan square, Shah-i-Zinda necropolis, Bibi-Khanym Mosque, view inside Shah-i-Zinda, ...
, and conquer
Central Asia completely.
*
752
__NOTOC__
Year 752 ( DCCLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 752 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era ...
: The Hindu
Mataram kingdom flourishes and declines. (to 1045)
*
754: Death of
Abbasid caliph
al-Saffah
Abū al-ʿAbbās ʿAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad al-Saffāḥ ( ar, أبو العباس عبد الله بن محمد السفّاح; 721/722 – 8 June 754, al-Anbar) usually known as Abūʾl-ʿAbbās as-Saffāḥ or simply by his laqab As-S ...
and ascension of caliph
al-Mansur to Arab
Caliphate.
*
755
__NOTOC__
Year 755 ( DCCLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 755 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar er ...
–
763: The
An Shi Rebellion devastates China during the mid
Tang dynasty.
*
757: King
Offa of Mercia
Offa (died 29 July 796 AD) was List of monarchs of Mercia, King of Mercia, a kingdom of History of Anglo-Saxon England, Anglo-Saxon England, from 757 until his death. The son of Thingfrith and a descendant of Eowa of Mercia, Eowa, Offa came to ...
becomes dominant ruler in England.
*
758
__NOTOC__
Year 758 ( DCCLVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 758 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar er ...
:
Arab and
Persian pirates and travelers burn and loot the Chinese city of
Guangzhou, while the Tang Dynasty authorities shut the port down for the next five decades.
*
760: The construction of the famous
Indonesian
Buddhist structure
Borobudur began, probably as a non-Buddhist
shrine.
[Taylor (2003), p. 37.]
*
761: Marriage of Abbasid princess
Raytah and Muhammad (future
al-Mahdi).
*
768
__NOTOC__
Year 768 ( DCCLXVIII) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 768 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar er ...
: Pepin dies; Charles becomes king at Noyan and his brother Carloman becomes king at Soissons.
*
770's–
780
__NOTOC__
Year 780 ( DCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 780 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Euro ...
's: Java launched series of naval raids on ports of Dai Viet, Champa and Cambodia; Sontay in Tonkin (767); Nha Trang (774); captured Indrapura in Cambodia (770); Phan Rang (787). The naval raids was probably launched by
Sailendran-
Srivijaya
Srivijaya ( id, Sriwijaya) was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 7th t ...
n Maharaja
Dharmasetu or Dharanindra.
*
772–
804:
Charlemagne invades what is now northwestern Germany, battling the
Saxons for more than thirty years and finally crushing their
rebellion
Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order. It refers to the open resistance against the orders of an established authority.
A rebellion originates from a sentiment of indignation and disapproval of a situation and ...
, incorporating
Saxony into the
Frankish Empire and the Christian world.
*
775
__NOTOC__
Year 775 (Roman numerals, DCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 775 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domi ...
: Death of caliph
al-Mansur and he was succeeded by
al-Mahdi.
*
778:
Kalasan temple constructed, according to the
Kalasan inscription.
*
781: Marriage of
Abbasid princess
Zubaidah and
Harun al-Rashid. The
Nestorian Monument
The Xi'an Stele or the Jingjiao Stele ( zh, c=景教碑, p= Jǐngjiào bēi), sometimes translated as the "Nestorian Stele," is a Tang Dynasty, Tang Chinese stele erected in 781 that documents 150 years of early Christianity in China. It is a lime ...
is erected in China.
*
782
__NOTOC__
Year 782 ( DCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. The denomination 782 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in ...
: Buddhist monk
Prajna reaches Chang'an and translates the sutras into Chinese.
*
785: Death of
Abbasid caliph
al-Mahdi and succession of
al-Hadi
Abū Muḥammad Mūsā ibn al-Mahdī al-Hādī ( ar, أبو محمد موسى بن المهدي الهادي; 26 April 764 CE 14 September 786 CE) better known by his laqab Al-Hādī (الهادي) was the fourth Arab Abbasid caliph who succee ...
on 24 July 785. The
Tang dynasty begins landing regular
maritime missions on the coast of
East Africa
East Africa, Eastern Africa, or East of Africa, is the eastern subregion of the African continent. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:
Due to the historical ...
, cutting out middlemen Arab sea merchants.
*
785–
805: Chinese geographer
Jia Dan describes large
lighthouse
A lighthouse is a tower, building, or other type of physical structure designed to emit light from a system of lamps and lenses and to serve as a beacon for navigational aid, for maritime pilots at sea or on inland waterways.
Lighthouses mar ...
pillars built in the
Persian Gulf, which is confirmed a century later by
al-Mas'udi and
al-Muqaddasi
Shams al-Dīn Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Abī Bakr al-Maqdisī ( ar, شَمْس ٱلدِّيْن أَبُو عَبْد ٱلله مُحَمَّد ابْن أَحْمَد ابْن أَبِي بَكْر ٱلْمَقْدِسِي), ...
.
*
787: The Empress
Irene of Athens convenes the
Seventh Ecumenical Council, ending the first phase of Byzantine Iconoclasm.
*
786: Death of
Abbasid caliph
al-Hadi
Abū Muḥammad Mūsā ibn al-Mahdī al-Hādī ( ar, أبو محمد موسى بن المهدي الهادي; 26 April 764 CE 14 September 786 CE) better known by his laqab Al-Hādī (الهادي) was the fourth Arab Abbasid caliph who succee ...
and ascension of caliph
Harun al-Rashid.
*
792:
Battle of Marcelae. The Bulgarian victory over the Byzantines marks the end of the half-century political instability in
Bulgaria.
*
792: The Manjusrigrha (
Sewu) temple is completed according to
Manjusrigrha inscription.
*
793: The first written account of a
Viking raid carried out on the abbey of
Lindisfarne
Lindisfarne, also called Holy Island, is a tidal island off the northeast coast of England, which constitutes the civil parish of Holy Island in Northumberland. Holy Island has a recorded history from the 6th century AD; it was an important ...
in northern
England.
*
793: The
Frisian–Frankish wars come to an end with the last uprising of the
Frisians
The Frisians are a Germanic ethnic group native to the coastal regions of the Netherlands and northwestern Germany. They inhabit an area known as Frisia and are concentrated in the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and, in Germany, ...
.
*
794:
Emperor Kanmu moves the capital to
Heian-kyō
Heian-kyō was one of several former names for the city now known as Kyoto. It was the official capital of Japan for over one thousand years, from 794 to 1868 with an interruption in 1180.
Emperor Kanmu established it as the capital in 794, mov ...
(present day
Kyoto), initiating the
Heian period of Japan.
*
800: An Arab fleet sails up the
Tiber.
*
800–
909: Rule of
Aghlabids as an autonomous province of Caliphate in North Africa, with their capital at
Tunis.
*
800: Beginning of the ancient West African state of
Takrur or Tekrour, which flourished roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire.
*
800: On Christmas Day, Charlemagne is crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III.
*
800: The agriculturally based Buddhist
Sailendra kingdom flourishes and declines.
(to 832)
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
*
Heavy plow
A plough or plow ( US; both ) is a farm tool for loosening or turning the soil before sowing seed or planting. Ploughs were traditionally drawn by oxen and horses, but in modern farms are drawn by tractors. A plough may have a wooden, iron or ...
in use in the
Rhine valley.
*
Horse collar in use in
Northern Europe
The northern region of Europe has several definitions. A restrictive definition may describe Northern Europe as being roughly north of the southern coast of the Baltic Sea, which is about 54th parallel north, 54°N, or may be based on other g ...
in 8th or 9th century — perhaps introduced from
Asia.
* Mid 8th century –
papermaking introduced from
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
to
Arabs.
*
Iron horseshoe
A horseshoe is a fabricated product designed to protect a horse hoof from wear. Shoes are attached on the palmar surface (ground side) of the hooves, usually nailed through the insensitive hoof wall that is anatomically akin to the human toen ...
s came into common use around
770.
*
Pattadakal
Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka (India). Located on the west bank of the Malaprabha River in Bagalakote district, this UNESCO World Heri ...
, Chalukya
architecture.
* The Chinese
Buddhist monk Yi Xing applies a clockwork
escapement mechanism to operate and rotate his astronomical
celestial globe.
* The first European triangular
harp
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has a number of individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers. Harps can be made and played in various ways, standing or sitting, and in orche ...
designed by the
Picts of
Scotland.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:8th Century
1st millennium
08th century