The was a Japanese coin worth one twentieth of a

Japanese yen The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States dollar (US$) and the euro. It is also widely used as a third reserve currency after the US dollar and the ...

, as 100 ''sen'' equalled 1 yen. These coins were minted from the late 19th century until the end of

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...

. Like the other denominations of sen, these coins were eventually taken out of circulation at the end of 1953. While not in circulation any more, these coins are bought and sold by

numismatist A numismatist is a specialist in numismatics ("of coins"; from Late Latin ''numismatis'', genitive of ''numisma''). Numismatists include collectors, specialist dealers, and scholars who use coins and other currency in object-based research. Altho ...

s for academic study, and by those with a

hobby A hobby is considered to be a regular activity that is done for enjoyment, typically during one's leisure time. Hobbies include collecting themed items and objects, engaging in creative and artistic pursuits, playing Sport, sports, or pursu ...

History

Meiji coinage (1870–1906)

Kyu-Zoheiryo-Chuzosho-Shomengenkan-20070323

Five sen coins were first struck towards the end of 1870 from a newly established mint in

Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the third most populous city in Japan, following Special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of 2. ...

. They were then held at the mint until the following year of issuance when they circulated alongside newly minted 1871 (year 4) dated coins. Five sen coins along with twelve other denominations were adopted by the Meiji government in an act signed on June 27, 1871. This new coinage gave Japan a western style decimal system based on units of

yen The is the official currency of Japan. It is the third-most traded currency in the foreign exchange market, after the United States dollar (US$) and the euro. It is also widely used as a third reserve currency after the US dollar and the e ...

, which were broken down into subsidiary currency of sen, and rin. Five sen coins dated 1870 and 1871 (year 3 and 4 of Meiji) were initially authorized to be struck in .800 silver, weighs 19.3 grains (1.25g), and has a 15.5mm diameter (0.61 in). The first design used is called , which had its features engraved by a commission of Japanese artists. On the reverse side there is a paulownia decoration with a

sunburst A sunburst is a design or figure commonly used in architectural ornaments and design patterns and possibly pattern books. It consists of rays or "beams" radiating out from a central disk in the manner of sunbeams. Sometimes part of a sunbur ...

in the center along with the

chrysanthemum seal The Imperial Seal of Japan or National Seal of Japan, also called the , or , is one of the national seals and a crest ('' mon'') used by the Emperor of Japan and members of the Imperial Family. It is a contrast to the Paulownia Seal used by the ...

up on top. This first dragon design turned out to be problematic as the thin small size of the coin meant that the dragon's features could not be fully struck. An amendment to the currency act (Daijo-kan Declaration No. 74) was adopted in March 1872, which changed the dragon to a simple "五銭" (5 sen) design. No changes were made to the weight or size of these coins when they were issued in 1872 (year 5) bearing the date from the prior year. In early 1873 (year 6), the currency act was amended again giving five sen coins a third design. The weight of the coin was raised from 19.3 to 20.8 grains (1.35g) as the face value of the former coins were not proportional to the

1 yen coin The is the smallest denomination of the Japanese yen currency. Historically they were initially made of both silver and gold in the early 1870s. Issues facing the Japanese government at the time included wanting to adopt the gold standard, and c ...

. Five sen coins were also reduced in size from 15.5 to 15.2mm, this decision was unpopular as they were hard to use in commerce. The dragon was restored to the obverse side of the coin as technical improvements from new British coin presses made a clear design.

Latin script The Latin script, also known as Roman script, is an alphabetic writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae, in southern Italy ...

reading "5 Sen" was introduced below the dragon for internationalization and foreigners. The reverse side of the coin received a new paulownia wreath decoration, and the sunburst was replaced by the value written in Kanji. Production of the silver 5 sen coin continued until 1880 with the latter three years being dated 1877 (year 10). During their final year a few coins were struck in proof dated 1880 (year 13) for exclusive use in presentation sets. These coins were ultimately discontinued for circulation as their unpopular small size had caused them to become inconvenient. Five sen silver coins were later struck in 1892 (year 25) to have non circulating examples to display at the

World's Columbian Exposition The World's Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World's Fair) was a world's fair held in Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordi ...

. The Japanese government promulgated the "Additional Corrections to the Currency Regulations" (Royal Order No. 74) in November 1888 (year 21), and a new coin pattern was adopted.

Cupronickel Cupronickel or copper-nickel (CuNi) is an alloy of copper that contains nickel and strengthening elements, such as iron and manganese. The copper content typically varies from 60 to 90 percent. (Monel is a nickel-copper alloy that contains a minimu ...

was chosen as a replacement for silver as Japan had an excess supply of copper at the time. As the coins lost their silver value, they were grouped with bronze coins which were only redeemable for up to a yen. This coin is noteworthy for being the first made by Japanese engineers using technology licensed from the

United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...

. Five sen coins with the fourth design feature a large chrysanthemum seal on the obverse, and a large 五 (5) on the reverse. These coins are heavier and larger than their silver predecessors weighing 72 grains (4.67g) with a width of 20.6mm. Although production began in 1889 (year 22), the simple design of the coin made them a target of counterfeiters. These coins were only produced for 8 years as their fake counterparts eventually became "rampant". When the Japanese government went onto the

gold standard A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the early 1920s, and from the la ...

in 1897 a new monetary law was enacted. The design of the 5 sen coin was made more elaborate with a rice wreath on the obverse, and a sunburst on the reverse. This fifth and last design of the

Meiji era The is an era of Japanese history that extended from October 23, 1868 to July 30, 1912. The Meiji era was the first half of the Empire of Japan, when the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonization b ...

would be the last time "5 Sen" was spelled out in Latin numerals. There were virtually no changes made to the size or weight of the coins which circulated concurrently with those of the older design. Five sen coins with the rice wreath design were produced for circulation until 1905 (year 38). While coins were struck the following year, none were released for circulation. The final 5 sen design used during the Meji era was noted for causing public confusion as it was similar to the concurrently circulating 20 sen design. The cupronickel bullion used was also too cheap for the coin's face value, and despite the design change was easy to forge. Five sen coins were "practically wholly" withdrawn from circulation in the years that followed as cash currency became used for only petty transactions.

Taishō coinage (1917–1923)

Five sen coins were re-established in 1916 when the 1897 monetary law was revised. Under Imperial ordinance 35 of March 30, 1916 a central hole of 4.2mm was specified for the coppernickel coins. This measure reduced production costs, avoided any future 20 sen coin confusion, and was a deterrent to counterfeiters. While there was no change in the 20.6mm width which had been used since 1889, the weight was reduced from 4.67 to 4.28 grams. At least two different coin patterns were struck before a final design was finalized. The chosen design features a

, and a bouquet of paulownia flowers on the obverse, while the reverse side uses Qinghai waves. Production began the following year with coins dated 1917 (year 6 of Taishō's reign). Inflation caused by

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

at the time had led to an overall shortage of subsidiary coins. Silver coins were suspended during this time as the alloy price continued to rise and then settle after the war. The Japanese government eventually decided to issue a coppernickel ten sen coin to save on costs. An issue arose as the size and design of the five sen coin was now virtually the same as the ten sen coin. Focus was given on size rather than design as the two denominations needed to be balanced in proportion to their face value. Five sen coins were thus reduced in size from 20.6 to 19.09mm, the weight dropped from 4.28 to 2.63 grams, the central hole shrunk, and the coins became thinner. When these coins were produced for the first time in 1920 (year 9), the redeemable limit was raised from 1 to 5 yen. Five sen coins were eventually suspended at the end of 1923 (year 12) as large amounts of ten sen coins and small denomination banknotes were circulating by this time.

Shōwa coinage (1932–1946)

The suspension of five sen coins outlasted

Emperor Taishō was the 123rd Emperor of Japan, according to the traditional order of succession, and the second ruler of the Empire of Japan from 30 July 1912 until his death in 1926. The Emperor's personal name was . According to Japanese custom, while reigni ...

and continued until 1932 (year 7 of Shōwa). Five sen coins were produced again due to the

Mukden Incident The Mukden Incident, or Manchurian Incident, known in Chinese as the 9.18 Incident (九・一八), was a false flag event staged by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria. On September 18, 1931, L ...

and subsequent

Japanese invasion of Manchuria The Empire of Japan's Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria on 18 September 1931, immediately following the Mukden Incident. At the war's end in February 1932, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo. Their occupation lasted until the ...

. These events caused a shortage in coins as the demand for military supplies led to a booming economy. Amendments were made in June 1932 regarding the coinage law, and were put into effect on July 1.

Copper-nickel Cupronickel or copper-nickel (CuNi) is an alloy of copper that contains nickel and strengthening elements, such as iron and manganese. The copper content typically varies from 60 to 90 percent. (Monel is a nickel-copper alloy that contains a minimu ...

coins from the Taishō era were brought back into production before the alloy and design were changed due to wartime conditions. The 1897 coinage act was amended for a final time in 1933 (year 8) to implement these changes. The width of the coin dropped slightly by 0.1mm to 19mm, and the weight was increased from 2.63 to 2.80 grams. Input was solicited from the general public in order to base a pattern design for these coins. The obverse features the chrysanthemum seal up on top with a

kite A kite is a tethered heavier than air flight, heavier-than-air or lighter-than-air craft with wing surfaces that react against the air to create Lift (force), lift and Drag (physics), drag forces. A kite consists of wings, tethers and anchors. ...

bird below, while the reverse features eight

magatama are curved, comma-shaped beads that appeared in prehistoric Japan from the Final Jōmon period through the Kofun period, approximately 1000 BCE to the 6th century CE. The beads, also described as "jewels", were made of primitive stone and eart ...

. Using a kite bird is symbolic here, as allegedly

Emperor Jimmu was the legendary first emperor of Japan according to the '' Nihon Shoki'' and '' Kojiki''. His ascension is traditionally dated as 660 BC.Kelly, Charles F"Kofun Culture" Nickel was chosen for an alloy as countries at the time including Japan were stockpiling it in preparation for war. These pure nickel coins substituted the old copper-nickel coins starting on April 1, 1933. Production continued for another four years before the

Second Sino-Japanese War The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) or War of Resistance (Chinese term) was a military conflict that was primarily waged between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. The war made up the Chinese theater of the wider Pacific Th ...

broke out with the

Marco Polo Bridge Incident The Marco Polo Bridge Incident, also known as the Lugou Bridge Incident () or the July 7 Incident (), was a July 1937 battle between China's National Revolutionary Army and the Imperial Japanese Army. Since the Japanese invasion of Manchuria ...

in July 1937. This event left an impact on how five sen coins were made for the rest of the series. The

National Mobilization Law was legislated in the Diet of Japan by Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe on 24 March 1938 to put the national economy of the Empire of Japan on war-time footing after the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War. The National Mobilization Law had fifty ...

was legislated in the

Diet of Japan The is the national legislature of Japan. It is composed of a lower house, called the House of Representatives (, ''Shūgiin''), and an upper house, the House of Councillors (, '' Sangiin''). Both houses are directly elected under a paralle ...

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...

Fumimaro Konoe Prince was a Japanese politician and prime minister. During his tenure, he presided over the Japanese invasion of China in 1937 and the breakdown in relations with the United States, which ultimately culminated in Japan's entry into World W ...

on March 24, 1938 to prepare the country for war. This action led to the promulgation of the "Temporary Currency Law" which came into effect on June 1, 1938. It now became possible to change the material and purity of money without a resolution from the Imperial Diet. An

aluminium bronze Aluminium bronze is a type of bronze in which aluminium is the main alloying metal added to copper, in contrast to standard bronze (copper and tin) or brass (copper and zinc). A variety of aluminium bronzes of differing compositions have found in ...

alloy consisting of 95% copper and 5% aluminium replaced the nickel coins as the latter was needed for munitions. Although nickel coins were produced dated 1938 (year 13), these were not distributed by the Bank of Japan. Almost the entire ten million mintage was re-melted to be used for the war effort per the newly established law. The weight and size of five sen coins did not change when the alloy was switched. Changes made included a new design again solicited from the general public, and a smaller central hole. The design chosen features on the obverse a chrysanthemum seal up on top with the paulownia below, while the reverse has cherry blossom halves flanking both sides. These coins were only produced for two years before an increased wartime demand for copper caused an alloy change. Five sen coins were switched to a pure aluminum alloy on July 19, 1940 (year 15) by Royal Decree No. 476. The size of the coins remained the same while the light aluminum alloy cut the weight of the coins by more than half from 2.80 to 1.20 grams. These coins feature a chrysanthemum seal on the obverse, and the mythical kite bird on the reverse (revised design from before). As the war situation grew worse the demand for aluminum rose as the metal was needed for aircraft. The weight of five sen coins was lowered from 1.2 to 1 gram on August 27, 1941 by Royal Decree No. 826. Five sen coins by this time were valued at an American penny before the United States imposed an embargo. The

Pacific War The Pacific War, sometimes called the Asia–Pacific War, was the theater of World War II that was fought in Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and Oceania. It was geographically the largest theater of the war, including the vast ...

began a little more than three months later which caused supplies to travel long distances. More aluminum was taken out of five sen coins on February 5, 1943 by Royal Decree No. 60. This action lowered the weight of the coin further from 1 to 0.80 grams as the metal became difficult to obtain. The production of aluminum five sen coins stopped at the end of 1943 (year 18) as the shortage of supplies became extremely severe. Another alloy was sought for coinage, and

tin Tin is a chemical element with the symbol Sn (from la, stannum) and atomic number 50. Tin is a silvery-coloured metal. Tin is soft enough to be cut with little force and a bar of tin can be bent by hand with little effort. When bent, t ...

was chosen as the material was relatively easy to obtain from occupied territories in Southeast Asia. Five sen coins using this alloy were enacted on March 8, 1944 by Royal Decree No. 388. The decision was not made lightly as Tin was a strategic material which is unsuitable for monetary purposes as the metal is soft. Five sen coins were reduced in size from 19 to 17mm, the weight was increased from 0.80 to 1.95 grams, and a central 4mm hole was added. The design for these coins simply feature a chrysanthemum seal and paulownia on the obverse, and inscriptions on the back. Production started for a brief time before being discontinued due to

allied An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...

air superiority and control over the seas. Five sen notes were ultimately issued to bridge the gap as materials could no longer be secured for coins. Unissued

porcelain Porcelain () is a ceramic material made by heating substances, generally including materials such as kaolinite, in a kiln to temperatures between . The strength and translucence of porcelain, relative to other types of pottery, arises mainl ...

five sen pieces were also made, but were mostly destroyed when

ended. Five sen coins were brought back into production by the

Japan Mint The is an Independent Administrative Institution of the Japanese government, responsible for producing and circulating the coins of Japan. The agency has its head office in Osaka with branches in Saitama and Hiroshima. The Japan Mint does not pr ...

in September 1945. The initial plan was to use the design featured on the previous five sen aluminum coins. These coins were never released, and all of them were melted as permission was not granted by the

Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers was the title held by General Douglas MacArthur during the United States-led Allied occupation of Japan following World War II. It issued SCAP Directives (alias SCAPIN, SCAP Index Number) to the Japanese government, aiming to suppress its "milit ...

. Criticism fell upon the prewar design, and how the country's name read on the coins. The solution was to redesign the coin entirely and replace the name with . Tin was chosen again for an alloy as aluminum was below the coin's

face value The face value, sometimes called nominal value, is the value of a coin, bond, stamp or paper money as printed on the coin, stamp or bill itself by the issuing authority. The face value of coins, stamps, or bill is usually its legal value. Howe ...

. These final five sen coins are the same 17mm size as their predecessors, but weigh an even 2 grams (up from 1.95). The design features a chrysanthemum seal with a

dove Columbidae () is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons. It is the only family in the order Columbiformes. These are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills that in some species feature fleshy ceres. They primarily ...

(symbol of

peace Peace is a concept of societal friendship and harmony in the absence of hostility and violence. In a social sense, peace is commonly used to mean a lack of conflict (such as war) and freedom from fear of violence between individuals or groups. ...

) on the obverse, while the reverse has a large Latin numeral "5". Issuance came on January 26, 1946 by royal order after the coins were approved. These coins continued to be produced until supplies ran out sometime in 1946 (year 21). Five sen coins were eventually demonetized at the end of 1953 when the Japanese government passed a law abolishing subsidiary coinage in favor of the yen. Currencies of less than one yen were rarely used by this time due to excessive post-war inflation.

Composition

Circulation figures

Meiji

The following are circulation figures for five sen coins that were minted between the 3rd and 39th years of

Emperor Meiji , also called or , was the 122nd emperor of Japan according to the traditional order of succession. Reigning from 13 February 1867 to his death, he was the first monarch of the Empire of Japan and presided over the Meiji era. He was the figur ...

's reign. The dates all begin with the kanji characters 明治 (Meiji), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below "四十二" would read as "year 24" or 1891. *"Year" ← "Number representing year of reign" ← "Emperor's name" (Ex: 年 ← 四十二 ← 治明)

Taishō

The following are circulation figures for five sen coins that were minted between the 6th and 12th year of

's reign. The dates all begin with the kanji characters 大正 (Taishō), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below "二十" would read as "year 12" or 1923. *"Year" ← "Number representing year of reign" ← "Emperor's name" (Ex: 年 ← 二十 ← 正大)

Shōwa

The following are circulation figures for five sen coins that were minted between the 7th and 21st years of Emperor Shōwa's reign. The dates all begin with the Japanese kanji characters 昭和 (Shōwa), followed by the year of his reign the coin was minted. Each coin is read clockwise from right to left, so in the example used below "二十" would read as "year 12" or 1937. Some of the mintages included cover more than one coin variety for a given year. Coin patterns that include examples struck on porcelain are not included here as they were never issued for circulation. *"Year" ← "Number representing year of reign" ← "Emperors name" (Ex: 年 ← 二十 ← 和昭)

Shōwa era designs

Six different designs were used during the Shōwa era for the 5 sen coin, not including

pattern coins A pattern coin is a coin which has not been approved for release, but produced to evaluate a proposed coin design. They are often off-metal strike (using metals of lower value to test out the dies), to proof standard or piedforts. Many coin col ...

which were never intended for circulation. As the weight and sizes were changed frequently after 1940, these designs have been listed separate with their respective information.

Collecting

The value of any given coin is determined by survivability rate and condition as collectors in general prefer uncleaned appealing coins. For this denomination there are many major varieties and design changes which occurred during three different imperial eras. The first coins struck in 1870 are grouped into two different types due to the details not striking up properly. Early strikes show shallow/unclear details in the scales on the dragon, while later strikes show deep/clear scales. The next design (dated 1871) has a similar issue as the varieties are also broken down into early and late strikes. Early strikes feature 53 rays in the sunburst on the reverse which is surrounded by 65 beads. Late strikes on the other hand have 66 rays and 79 beads with an altered foliage design in the wreath. These first two designs are opposing in terms of higher value, as late strike deep/clear scales, and early strike 53 rays/65 beads are worth the most. Both of these designs are considered to be scare overall as their low mintage totals left a small number of surviving coins. The next grouping of coins are those with the third design minted between 1873 and 1877. Every year with the exception of 1874 is broken up into major varieties, those in 1876 have obverse/reverse combinations: The last two silver five sen coins dated 1880 (year 13), and 1892 (year 25) were never intended for circulation. 1880 (year 13) dated coins have an estimated survival of 10 to 12 pieces out of the 79 originally minted. An example in VF20 condition sold for $22,000 (

USD The United States dollar (symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official ...

) in 2011. Coins dated 1880 are described as not "feasibly collectable" given their extreme rarity. Those struck in 1892 for the

are possibly confined to a single surviving example. The next design was issued from 1889 to 1897 and is considered to be pretty common with the exception of the lower mintage dates. Five sen coins dated 1895 (year 28) are seen as a key date, while those from 1896 and 1897 (year 29 and 30) are semi keys. Rice wreath coins made from 1897 to 1906 were the final design issued during the Meiji era. Coins with this design are valued on average at 1000 yen or more due to low mintage amounts. Five sen coins dated 1903 (year 36) are considered to be rare with a recorded mintage of 372,000 made. Prices for this particular date start in the tens of thousands of yen for coins in average condition. When

died in 1912, his son was enthroned as

. Only one coin design was produced during this era which is broken up into the two size groups. Large type five sen coins issued from 1917 to 1920 are generally more scarce than their later smaller counterparts. Coin exchanges at banks in 1920 (large for small) led to a smaller amount of surviving large size coins. Key dates in the large coin type series are those dated 1917 and 1918 (Taishō year 6 and 7). Small sized five sen coins made between 1920 and 1923 were produced in larger amounts making them more commonly found. The small sized copper-nickel holed design carried over to Emperor Shōwa in 1932 (Shōwa year 7) with 8 million coins produced. These are only valued a bit more than previous era coins due to a large amount of surviving examples. Coins made during the Shōwa era after 1932 are inexpensive due to the large amount of surviving examples. Pure nickel coins struck from 1933 to 1937 are rarely seen in worn condition due to the short distribution period and quality of the metal. Many coins were kept from the next design (1938 to 1940) as their distribution period only lasted for three years. Aluminium and Tin based coins produced from 1940 to 1946 were largely kept by the public as they later became useless due to severe inflation.

Notes

References

{{Japanese currency and coinage Coins of Japan Japanese sen Five-cent coins