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4-Hydroxyphenylglycine (HPG) is a non-proteogenic amino acid found in
HPG is synthesized from 
4-Hydroxymandelate is subsequently oxidized by hydroxymandelate oxidase (Hmo) to 4-hydroxylbenzoylformate, using FMN as a cofactor. Finally, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine transaminase (HpgT) transfers an ammonia moiety from a donor to 4-hydroxylbenzoylformate to form HPG. Several different molecules can serve as the nitrogen donor for the transamination, however, Hubbard ''et al'' suspect L-tyrosine to serve as the most efficient donor. By doing so, the following cycle is constructed:
:
HPG is also synthesized in ''Herpetosiphon aurantiacus'' using enzymes Haur_(1871,1887,1888).Kastner, S., Müller, S., Natesan, L., König, G. M., Guthke, R., Nett, M. "4-Hydroxyphenylglycine biosynthesis in ''Herpetosiphon aurantiacus'': a case of gene duplication and catalytic divergence." ''Arch. Microbiol.'' 2012, ''194'', 557-566.
vancomycin
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is recommended intravenously as a treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, ...
and related glycopeptides. HPG is synthesized from the shikimic acid pathway
The shikimate pathway (shikimic acid pathway) is a seven-step metabolic pathway used by bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, some protozoans, and plants for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids (tryptophan, phenylalanine, and tyrosin ...
and requires four enzymes to synthesize: Both L- and D-HPG are used in the vancomycin class of antibiotics. Tyrosine
-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a non-essential amino acid with a polar side group. The word "tyrosine" is from the Gr ...
, a similar amino acid, differs by a methylene group (CH2) between the aromatic ring and the alpha carbon.
Biosynthesis
:
HPG is synthesized from prephenate
Prephenic acid, commonly also known by its anionic form prephenate, is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the aromatic amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine, as well as of a large number of secondary metabolites of the shikimate pathway.
It ...
, an intermediate in the shikimic acid pathway and also a precursor to tyrosine. Prephenate is aromatized by prephenate dehydrogenase (Pdh) using NAD+ as a cofactor to produce 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate is then oxidized by 4-hydroxymandelate synthase (4HmaS) using oxygen to form 4-hydroxymandelate and hydrogen peroxide. 4HmaS is a non-heme iron-dependent dioxygenase. The reaction mechanism of this unique oxidation was proposed by Choroba ''et al'' in 2000
:
4-Hydroxymandelate is subsequently oxidized by hydroxymandelate oxidase (Hmo) to 4-hydroxylbenzoylformate, using FMN as a cofactor. Finally, 4-hydroxyphenylglycine transaminase (HpgT) transfers an ammonia moiety from a donor to 4-hydroxylbenzoylformate to form HPG. Several different molecules can serve as the nitrogen donor for the transamination, however, Hubbard ''et al'' suspect L-tyrosine to serve as the most efficient donor. By doing so, the following cycle is constructed:
:
HPG is also synthesized in ''Herpetosiphon aurantiacus'' using enzymes Haur_(1871,1887,1888).Kastner, S., Müller, S., Natesan, L., König, G. M., Guthke, R., Nett, M. "4-Hydroxyphenylglycine biosynthesis in ''Herpetosiphon aurantiacus'': a case of gene duplication and catalytic divergence." ''Arch. Microbiol.'' 2012, ''194'', 557-566.
See also
*Vancomycin
Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic medication used to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is recommended intravenously as a treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, ...
*Oritavancin
Oritavancin, sold under the brand name Orbactiv among others, is a semisynthetic glycopeptide antibiotic medication for the treatment of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections. Its chemical structure as a lipoglycopeptide is similar to vanc ...
*Glycopeptide antibiotics
Glycopeptide antibiotics are a class of drugs of microbial origin that are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides. Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include the anti-infective antibiotics vancomycin, teicoplanin, ...
References
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