Events
Pre-1600
*
657
__NOTOC__
Year 657 (Roman numerals, DCLVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The denomination 657 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domi ...
–
First Fitna
The First Fitna ( ar, فتنة مقتل عثمان, fitnat maqtal ʻUthmān, strife/sedition of the killing of Uthman) was the first civil war in the Islamic community. It led to the overthrow of the Rashidun Caliphate and the establishment of ...
: In the
Battle of Siffin
The Battle of Siffin was fought in 657 CE (37 AH) between Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth of the Rashidun Caliphs and the first Shia Imam, and Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan, the rebellious governor of Syria. The battle is named after its location S ...
, troops led by
Ali ibn Abu Talib
ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib ( ar, عَلِيّ بْن أَبِي طَالِب; 600 – 661 CE) was the last of four Rightly Guided Caliphs to rule Islam (r. 656 – 661) immediately after the death of Muhammad, and he was the first Shia Imam. ...
clash with those led by
Muawiyah I
Mu'awiya I ( ar, معاوية بن أبي سفيان, Muʿāwiya ibn Abī Sufyān; –April 680) was the founder and first caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate, ruling from 661 until his death. He became caliph less than thirty years after the deat ...
.
*
811
__NOTOC__
Year 811 ( DCCCXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Nikephoros I organises a new ca ...
–
Battle of Pliska
The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass was a series of battles between troops, gathered from all parts of the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Nicephorus I, and the First Bulgarian Empire, governed by Khan Krum. The Byzantines plu ...
:
Byzantine Emperor
This is a list of the Byzantine emperors from the foundation of Constantinople in 330 AD, which marks the conventional start of the Eastern Roman Empire, to its fall to the Ottoman Empire in 1453 AD. Only the emperors who were recognized as le ...
Nikephoros I
Nikephoros I or Nicephorus I ( gr, Νικηφόρος; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811. Having served Empress Irene as '' genikos logothetēs'', he subsequently ousted her from power and took the throne himself. In r ...
is killed and his heir
Staurakios
Staurakios or Stauracius ( gr, Σταυράκιος, links=no; early 790s – 11 January 812AD) was Byzantine emperor from 26 July to 2 October 811. He was born in the early 790s, probably between 791 and 793, to Nikephoros I and an unknown ...
is seriously wounded.
*
920
__NOTOC__
Year 920 ( CMXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* December 17 – Romanos I has himself crowned co-emperor of the Byza ...
– Rout of an alliance of Christian troops from
Navarre
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
and
Léon
Leon, Léon (French) or León (Spanish) may refer to:
Places
Europe
* León, Spain, capital city of the Province of León
* Province of León, Spain
* Kingdom of León, an independent state in the Iberian Peninsula from 910 to 1230 and again fro ...
against the Muslims at the
Battle of Valdejunquera
The Battle of Valdejunquera took place in a valley called Iuncaria () on 26 July 920 between the Islamic emirate of Córdoba and the Christian armies of the kingdoms of León and Navarre. The battle, a victory for the Córdobans, was part of the ...
.
*
1309
Year 1309 (Roman numerals, MCCCIX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* March 14 – Sultan Muhammad III of Granada, Muhammad III is depos ...
–
Henry VII is recognized
King of the Romans
King of the Romans ( la, Rex Romanorum; german: König der Römer) was the title used by the king of Germany following his election by the princes from the reign of Henry II (1002–1024) onward.
The title originally referred to any German k ...
by
Pope Clement V
Pope Clement V ( la, Clemens Quintus; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled ''de Guoth'' and ''de Goth''), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his de ...
.
*
1509 – The Emperor
Krishnadevaraya
Krishnadevaraya (17 January 1471 – 17 October 1529) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire, also known as the Karnata Empire, reigning from 1509 to 1529. He was the third monarch of the Tuluva dynasty, and is considered to be one of the g ...
ascends to the throne, marking the beginning of the regeneration of the
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire, also called the Karnata Kingdom, was a Hinduism, Hindu empire based in the region of South India, which consisted the modern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Goa and some parts of Telangana an ...
.
*
1529 –
Francisco Pizarro González
Francisco Pizarro González, Marquess of the Atabillos (; ; – 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of Peru.
Born in Trujillo, Spain to a poor family, Pizarro chose ...
, Spanish conquistador, is appointed governor of Peru.
*
1579 –
Francis Drake
Sir Francis Drake ( – 28 January 1596) was an English explorer, sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer, and politician. Drake is best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580 (t ...
, the English explorer, discovers a major bay on the coast of California (
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...
).
*
1581 –
Plakkaat van Verlatinghe (Act of Abjuration): The northern
Low Countries
The term Low Countries, also known as the Low Lands ( nl, de Lage Landen, french: les Pays-Bas, lb, déi Niddereg Lännereien) and historically called the Netherlands ( nl, de Nederlanden), Flanders, or Belgica, is a coastal lowland region in N ...
declare their independence from the Spanish king,
Philip II Philip II may refer to:
* Philip II of Macedon (382–336 BC)
* Philip II (emperor) (238–249), Roman emperor
* Philip II, Prince of Taranto (1329–1374)
* Philip II, Duke of Burgundy (1342–1404)
* Philip II, Duke of Savoy (1438-1497)
* Philip ...
.
1601–1900
*
1703 – During the ''
Bavarian Rummel
The Bavarian Rummel (german: Bayrischer Rummel; ) was the term used to downplay (''Rummel'' means 'hustle and bustle') the warlike events in which Bavarian troops of Elector Maximilian II Emanuel invaded the County of Tyrol in 1703 during the W ...
'' the rural population of
Tyrol
Tyrol (; historically the Tyrole; de-AT, Tirol ; it, Tirolo) is a historical region in the Alps - in Northern Italy and western Austria. The area was historically the core of the County of Tyrol, part of the Holy Roman Empire, Austrian Emp ...
drove the
Bavarian Prince-Elector
Maximilian II Emanuel
Maximilian, Maximillian or Maximiliaan (Maximilien in French) is a male given name.
The name " Max" is considered a shortening of "Maximilian" as well as of several other names.
List of people
Monarchs
*Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor (1459 ...
out of North Tyrol with a victory at the Pontlatzer Bridge and thus prevented the
Bavarian Army
The Bavarian Army was the army of the Electorate (1682–1806) and then Kingdom (1806–1919) of Bavaria. It existed from 1682 as the standing army of Bavaria until the merger of the military sovereignty (''Wehrhoheit'') of Bavaria into that of t ...
, which was allied with
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
, from marching as planned on
Vienna
en, Viennese
, iso_code = AT-9
, registration_plate = W
, postal_code_type = Postal code
, postal_code =
, timezone = CET
, utc_offset = +1
, timezone_DST ...
during the
War of the Spanish Succession
The War of the Spanish Succession was a European great power conflict that took place from 1701 to 1714. The death of childless Charles II of Spain in November 1700 led to a struggle for control of the Spanish Empire between his heirs, Phil ...
.
*
1745
Events
January–March
* January 7 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Austrian Army, under the command of Field Marshal Károly József Batthyány, makes a surprise attack at Amberg and the winter quarters of the Bavaria ...
– The first recorded
women's cricket
Women's cricket is the form of the team sport of cricket when played by women only. It is played at the professional level in multiple countries around the world and 108 national teams participate internationally. 11 of them have WTest and WODI ...
match takes place near
Guildford
Guildford ()
is a town in west Surrey, around southwest of central London. As of the 2011 census, the town has a population of about 77,000 and is the seat of the wider Borough of Guildford, which had around inhabitants in . The name "Guildf ...
, England.
*
1758
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Swedish biologist Carl Linnaeus (Carl von Linné) publishes in Stockholm the first volume (''Animalia'') of the 10th edition of Systema Naturae, 10th edition of ''Systema Naturae'', the sta ...
–
French and Indian War
The French and Indian War (1754–1763) was a theater of the Seven Years' War, which pitted the North American colonies of the British Empire against those of the French, each side being supported by various Native American tribes. At the ...
: The
Siege of Louisbourg ends with British forces defeating the French and taking control of the
Gulf of Saint Lawrence
, image = Baie de la Tour.jpg
, alt =
, caption = Gulf of St. Lawrence from Anticosti National Park, Quebec
, image_bathymetry = Golfe Saint-Laurent Depths fr.svg
, alt_bathymetry = Bathymetry ...
.
*
1775
Events
Summary
The American Revolutionary War began this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19 Battles of Lexington and Concord on the day after Paul Revere's now-legendary ride. The Second Continental Congress t ...
– The office that would later become the
United States Post Office Department
The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, in the form of a Cabinet department, officially from 1872 to 1971. It was headed by the postmas ...
is established by the
Second Continental Congress
The Second Continental Congress was a late-18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolutionary War. The Congress was creating a new country it first named "United Colonies" and in 1 ...
.
Benjamin Franklin
Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath who was active as a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, and political philosopher. Encyclopædia Britannica, Wood, 2021 Among the leading inte ...
of Pennsylvania takes office as Postmaster General.
*
1788
Events
January–March
* January 1 – The first edition of ''The Times'', previously ''The Daily Universal Register'', is published in London.
* January 2 – Georgia ratifies the United States Constitution, and becomes the fourth U.S ...
– New York ratifies the
United States Constitution
The Constitution of the United States is the Supremacy Clause, supreme law of the United States, United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven ar ...
and becomes the 11th state of the United States.
*
1803
Events
* January 1 – The first edition of Alexandre Balthazar Laurent Grimod de La Reynière's ''Almanach des gourmands'', the first guide to restaurant cooking, is published in Paris.
* January 5 – William Symington demonstrates his ...
– The
Surrey Iron Railway
The Surrey Iron Railway (SIR) was a horse-drawn plateway that linked Wandsworth and Croydon via Mitcham, all then in Surrey but now suburbs of south London, in England. It was established by Act of Parliament in 1801, and opened partly in 1802 a ...
, arguably the world's first public
railway
Rail transport (also known as train transport) is a means of transport that transfers passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, which are incorporated in tracks. In contrast to road transport, where the vehicles run on a pre ...
, opens in south London, United Kingdom.
*
1814
Events January
* January 1 – War of the Sixth Coalition – The Royal Prussian Army led by Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher crosses the Rhine.
* January 3
** War of the Sixth Coalition – Siege of Cattaro: French garrison s ...
– The
Swedish–Norwegian War begins.
*
1822 –
José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 177817 August 1850), known simply as José de San Martín () or '' the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru'', was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and cent ...
arrives in
Guayaquil
, motto = Por Guayaquil Independiente en, For Independent Guayaquil
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Ecuador#South America
, pushpin_re ...
,
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
, to
meet
Meet may refer to:
People with the name
* Janek Meet (born 1974), Estonian footballer
* Meet Mukhi (born 2005), Indian child actor
Arts, entertainment, and media
* ''Meet'' (TV series), an early Australian television series which aired on ABC du ...
with
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (24 July 1783 – 17 December 1830) was a Venezuelan military and political leader who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama and B ...
.
* 1822 – First day of the three-day
Battle of Dervenakia, between the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
force led by
Mahmud Dramali Pasha
Dramalı Mahmud Pasha, ( Turkish: ''Dramalı Mahmut Paşa''; c. 1770 in Istanbul – 26 October 1822, in Corinth) was an Ottoman
Albanian statesman and military leader, and a pasha, and served as governor (''wali'') of Larissa, Drama, and the M ...
and the
Greek Revolutionary force led by
Theodoros Kolokotronis
Theodoros Kolokotronis ( el, Θεόδωρος Κολοκοτρώνης; 3 April 1770 – 4 February 1843) was a Greek general and the pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) against the Ottoman Empire. Kolokotronis's g ...
.
*
1847
Events
January–March
* January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U.S. government.
* January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends fighting in the Mexican–American War in California.
* January 16 – John C. Frémont ...
–
Liberia
Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ...
declares its independence.
*
1861
Statistically, this year is considered the end of the whale oil industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the petroleum oil industry.
Events
January–March
* January 1
** Benito Juárez captures Mexico City.
** The first steam-p ...
–
American Civil War
The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union ("the North") and the Confederacy ("the South"), the latter formed by states th ...
:
George B. McClellan
George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was an American soldier, Civil War Union general, civil engineer, railroad executive, and politician who served as the 24th governor of New Jersey. A graduate of West Point, McCl ...
assumes command of the
Army of the Potomac
The Army of the Potomac was the principal Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. It was created in July 1861 shortly after the First Battle of Bull Run and was disbanded in June 1865 following the surrender of the Confedera ...
following a disastrous
Union
Union commonly refers to:
* Trade union, an organization of workers
* Union (set theory), in mathematics, a fundamental operation on sets
Union may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
Music
* Union (band), an American rock group
** ''Un ...
defeat at the
First Battle of Bull Run
The First Battle of Bull Run (the name used by Union forces), also known as the Battle of First Manassas .
*
1863 – American Civil War:
Morgan's Raid
Morgan's Raid was a diversionary incursion by Confederate cavalry into the Union states of Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio and West Virginia during the American Civil War. The raid took place from June 11 to July 26, 1863, and is named for the commander ...
ends; At
Salineville, Ohio
Salineville(
) is a village in southwestern Columbiana County, Ohio, United States. The population was 1,206 at the 2020 census. Salineville is located in the Salem micropolitan area and the greater Youngstown–Warren area.
History
Saline ...
,
Confederate
Confederacy or confederate may refer to:
States or communities
* Confederate state or confederation, a union of sovereign groups or communities
* Confederate States of America, a confederation of secessionist American states that existed between 1 ...
cavalry leader
John Hunt Morgan
John Hunt Morgan (June 1, 1825 – September 4, 1864) was an American soldier who served as a Confederate general in the American Civil War of 1861–1865.
In April 1862, Morgan raised the 2nd Kentucky Cavalry Regiment (CSA) and fought in t ...
and 360 of his volunteers are captured by Union forces.
*
1882
Events
January–March
* January 2
** The Standard Oil Trust is secretly created in the United States to control multiple corporations set up by John D. Rockefeller and his associates.
** Irish-born author Oscar Wilde arrives in ...
– Premiere of
Richard Wagner
Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most op ...
's opera ''
Parsifal
''Parsifal'' ( WWV 111) is an opera or a music drama in three acts by the German composer Richard Wagner and his last composition. Wagner's own libretto for the work is loosely based on the 13th-century Middle High German epic poem ''Parzival'' ...
'' at
Bayreuth
Bayreuth (, ; bar, Bareid) is a town in northern Bavaria, Germany, on the Red Main river in a valley between the Franconian Jura and the Fichtelgebirge Mountains. The town's roots date back to 1194. In the 21st century, it is the capital of U ...
.
* 1882 – The Republic of
Stellaland is founded in Southern Africa.
*
1887
Events
January–March
* January 11 – Louis Pasteur's anti-rabies treatment is defended in the Académie Nationale de Médecine, by Dr. Joseph Grancher.
* January 20
** The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Har ...
– Publication of the ''
Unua Libro
''Dr. Esperanto's International Language'' (russian: wikt:международный#Russian, Международный wikt:язык#Russian, язык), commonly referred to as ' (''First Book''), is an 1887 book by Polish ophthalmologist L. L ...
'', founding the Esperanto movement.
*
1890
Events
January–March
* January 1
** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa.
** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River.
* January 2
** The steamship ...
– In
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Buenos Aires ( or ; ), officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires ( es, link=no, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires), is the capital and primate city of Argentina. The city is located on the western shore of the Río de la Plata, on South ...
the
Revolución del Parque
The Revolution of the Park (''Revolución del Parque''), also known as the Revolution of '90, was an uprising against the national government of Argentina that took place on July 26, 1890, and started with the takeover of the Buenos Aires Artille ...
takes place, forcing President
Miguel Ángel Juárez Celman's resignation.
*
1891 – France annexes
Tahiti
Tahiti (; Tahitian ; ; previously also known as Otaheite) is the largest island of the Windward group of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. It is located in the central part of the Pacific Ocean and the nearest major landmass is Austr ...
.
*
1892
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States.
* February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado.
* February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
–
Dadabhai Naoroji
Dadabhai Naoroji (4 September 1825 – 30 June 1917) also known as the "Grand Old Man of India" and "Unofficial Ambassador of India", was an Indian political leader, merchant, scholar and writer who served as 2nd, 9th, and 22nd President of t ...
is elected as the first Indian
Member of Parliament
A member of parliament (MP) is the representative in parliament of the people who live in their electoral district. In many countries with bicameral parliaments, this term refers only to members of the lower house since upper house members of ...
in Britain.
*
1897 –
Anglo-Afghan War: The
Pashtun
Pashtuns (, , ; ps, پښتانه, ), also known as Pakhtuns or Pathans, are an Iranian ethnic group who are native to the geographic region of Pashtunistan in the present-day countries of Afghanistan and Pakistan. They were historically re ...
fakir
Fakir ( ar, فقیر, translit=faḳīr or ''faqīr'') is an Islamic term traditionally used for Sufi Muslim ascetics who renounce their worldly possessions and dedicate their lives to the worship of God. They do not necessarily renounce al ...
Saidullah leads an army of more than 10,000 to begin a
siege of the British garrison in the
Malakand Agency
The Malakand Agency ( ps, ملاکنډ ایجنسيۍ) was one of the agencies in the North West Frontier Province of British India and later of Pakistan until 2010. It included the princely states of Chitral, Dir and Swat, and an area around ...
of the
North West Frontier Province
The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; ps, شمال لویدیځ سرحدي ولایت, ) was a Chief Commissioner's Province of British India, established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province. Followin ...
of India.
*
1899 –
Ulises Heureaux
Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Leibert (; October 21, 1845 – July 26, 1899) nicknamed Lilís, was president of the Dominican Republic from September 1, 1882 to September 1, 1884, from January 6, 1887 to February 27, 1889 and again from April 30, 18 ...
, the 27th
President of the Dominican Republic
The president of the Dominican Republic ( es, Presidente de la República Dominicana) is both the head of state and head of government of the Dominican Republic. The presidential system was established in 1844, following the proclamation of th ...
, is assassinated.
1901–present
*
1908 –
United States Attorney General
The United States attorney general (AG) is the head of the United States Department of Justice, and is the chief law enforcement officer of the federal government of the United States. The attorney general serves as the principal advisor to the p ...
Charles Joseph Bonaparte issues an order to immediately staff the Office of the Chief Examiner (later renamed the
Federal Bureau of Investigation
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice, ...
).
*
1918
This year is noted for the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide.
Events
Below, the events ...
–
Emmy Noether
Amalie Emmy NoetherEmmy is the ''Rufname'', the second of two official given names, intended for daily use. Cf. for example the résumé submitted by Noether to Erlangen University in 1907 (Erlangen University archive, ''Promotionsakt Emmy Noethe ...
's paper, which became known as
Noether's theorem
Noether's theorem or Noether's first theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law. The theorem was proven by mathematician Emmy Noether in ...
was presented at
Göttingen
Göttingen (, , ; nds, Chöttingen) is a college town, university city in Lower Saxony, central Germany, the Capital (political), capital of Göttingen (district), the eponymous district. The River Leine runs through it. At the end of 2019, t ...
, Germany, from which
conservation law
In physics, a conservation law states that a particular measurable property of an isolated physical system does not change as the system evolves over time. Exact conservation laws include conservation of energy, conservation of linear momentum, c ...
s are deduced for symmetries of
angular momentum
In physics, angular momentum (rarely, moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum. It is an important physical quantity because it is a conserved quantity—the total angular momentum of a closed syst ...
,
linear momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object. It is a vector quantity, possessing a magnitude and a direction. If is an object's mass and ...
, and
energy
In physics, energy (from Ancient Greek: ἐνέργεια, ''enérgeia'', “activity”) is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat a ...
.
*
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
–
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil War ( es, Guerra Civil Española)) or The Revolution ( es, La Revolución, link=no) among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War ( es, Cuarta Guerra Carlista, link=no) among Carlists, and The Rebellion ( es, La Rebelión, lin ...
:
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
and
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
decide to intervene in the war in support for
Francisco Franco
Francisco Franco Bahamonde (; 4 December 1892 – 20 November 1975) was a Spanish general who led the Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War), Nationalist forces in overthrowing the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War ...
and the
Nationalist faction.
* 1936 – King
Edward VIII
Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972), later known as the Duke of Windsor, was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire and Emperor of India from 20 January 19 ...
, in one of his few official duties before he
abdicates the throne, officially unveils the
Canadian National Vimy Memorial
The Canadian National Vimy Memorial is a war memorial site in France dedicated to the memory of Canadian Expeditionary Force members killed during the First World War. It also serves as the place of commemoration for Canadian soldiers of the First ...
.
*
1937 – Spanish Civil War: End of the
Battle of Brunete
The Battle of Brunete (6–25 July 1937), fought west of Madrid, was a Republican attempt to alleviate the pressure exerted by the Nationalists on the capital and on the north during the Spanish Civil War. Although initially successful, the Rep ...
with the Nationalist victory.
*
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
–
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposin ...
:
Battle of Grand Harbour, British forces on
Malta
Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...
destroy an attack by the Italian
Decima Flottiglia MAS
The ''Decima Flottiglia MAS'' (''Decima Flottiglia Motoscafi Armati Siluranti'', also known as ''La Decima'' or Xª MAS) (Italian for "10th Assault Vehicle Flotilla") was an Italian flotilla, with commando frogman unit, of the ''Regia Marina'' ...
. Fort
St Elmo Bridge covering the harbour is demolished in the process.
*
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
– World War II: In response to the Japanese occupation of
French Indochina
French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China),; vi, Đông Dương thuộc Pháp, , lit. 'East Ocean under French Control; km, ឥណ្ឌូចិនបារាំង, ; th, อินโดจีนฝรั่งเศส, ...
, the United States, Britain and the Netherlands freeze all Japanese assets and cut off oil shipments.
*
1944
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January 2 – WWII:
** Free French General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny is appointed to command French Army B, part of the Sixth United States Army Group in Nor ...
– World War II: The
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army (Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, after ...
enters
Lviv
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in western Ukraine, and the seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine ...
, a major city in western
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
, capturing it from the
Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Na ...
. Only 300
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
survive out of 160,000 living in Lviv prior to occupation.
*
1945
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
Januar ...
– The
Labour Party wins the
United Kingdom general election of July 5 by a landslide, removing
Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 Winston Churchill in the Second World War, dur ...
from power.
* 1945 – World War II: The
Potsdam Declaration
The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II. On July 26, 1945, United States President Harry S. Truman, Uni ...
is signed in
Potsdam
Potsdam () is the capital and, with around 183,000 inhabitants, largest city of the German state of Brandenburg. It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region. Potsdam sits on the River Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, downstream of B ...
, Germany.
* 1945 – World War II: is the last British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
ship to be sunk in the war.
* 1945 – World War II: The arrives at
Tinian
Tinian ( or ; old Japanese name: 天仁安島, ''Tenian-shima'') is one of the three principal islands of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands. Together with uninhabited neighboring Aguiguan, it forms Tinian Municipality, one of th ...
with components and
enriched uranium
Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 (written 235U) has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Naturally occurring uranium is composed of three major isotopes: uranium-238 (238 ...
for the
Little Boy
"Little Boy" was the type of atomic bomb dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima on 6 August 1945 during World War II, making it the first nuclear weapon used in warfare. The bomb was dropped by the Boeing B-29 Superfortress ''Enola Gay'' p ...
nuclear bomb.
*
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
–
Aloha Airlines
Aloha Airlines was an American airline headquartered in Honolulu, Hawaii, operating from a hub at Honolulu International Airport (now Daniel K. Inouye International Airport). Operations began on July 26, 1946, and ceased operations on March 31 ...
begins service from
Honolulu International Airport
Daniel K. Inouye International Airport , also known as Honolulu International Airport, is the main airport of Oahu, Hawaii.[1947
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Events
January
* January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...](_blank)
–
Cold War
The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...
: U.S. President
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...
signs the
National Security Act of 1947
The National Security Act of 1947 ( Pub.L.br>80-253 61 Stat.br>495 enacted July 26, 1947) was a law enacting major restructuring of the United States government's military and intelligence agencies following World War II. The majority of the pro ...
into
United States law
The law of the United States comprises many levels of codified and uncodified forms of law, of which the most important is the nation's Constitution, which prescribes the foundation of the federal government of the United States, as well as v ...
creating the
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA ), known informally as the Agency and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States, officially tasked with gathering, processing, ...
,
United States Department of Defense
The United States Department of Defense (DoD, USDOD or DOD) is an executive branch department of the federal government charged with coordinating and supervising all agencies and functions of the government directly related to national secu ...
,
United States Air Force
The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Signal ...
,
Joint Chiefs of Staff
The Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) is the body of the most senior uniformed leaders within the United States Department of Defense, that advises the president of the United States, the secretary of defense, the Homeland Security Council and the ...
, and the
United States National Security Council
The United States National Security Council (NSC) is the principal forum used by the President of the United States for consideration of national security, military, and foreign policy matters. Based in the White House, it is part of the Execu ...
.
*
1948 – U.S. President
Harry S. Truman
Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...
signs
Executive Order 9981
Executive Order 9981 was issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. This executive order abolished discrimination "on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin" in the United States Armed Forces, and led to the re-integra ...
, desegregating the military of the United States.
*
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the United ...
–
Walt Disney
Walter Elias Disney (; December 5, 1901December 15, 1966) was an American animator, film producer and entrepreneur. A pioneer of the American animation industry, he introduced several developments in the production of cartoons. As a film p ...
's 13th
animated film
Animation is a method by which image, still figures are manipulated to appear as Motion picture, moving images. In traditional animation, images are drawn or painted by hand on transparent cel, celluloid sheets to be photographed and exhibited ...
, ''
Alice in Wonderland
''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland'' (commonly ''Alice in Wonderland'') is an 1865 English novel by Lewis Carroll. It details the story of a young girl named Alice who falls through a rabbit hole into a fantasy world of anthropomorphic creatur ...
'', premieres in London, England, United Kingdom.
*
1952 – King
Farouk of Egypt
Farouk I (; ar, فاروق الأول ''Fārūq al-Awwal''; 11 February 1920 – 18 March 1965) was the tenth ruler of Egypt from the Muhammad Ali dynasty and the penultimate King of Egypt and the Sudan, succeeding his father, Fuad I, in 193 ...
abdicates in favor of his son
Fuad
Fuad (Arabic: فؤَاد ''fū’ād, fou’ād'') (also spelled Fouad, Foud, Fuaad or Foad) is a masculine Arabic given name, meaning "heart" - the beating circulating heart, the concept of "mind and spirit".
Its root word is the Arabic verb ' ...
.
*
1953
Events
January
* January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma.
* January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a Estonian government-in-exile, government-in-exile in Oslo.
* January 14
** Marshal Josip Broz Tito i ...
– Cold War:
Fidel Castro
Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (; ; 13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 200 ...
leads an unsuccessful attack on the
Moncada Barracks
The Moncada Barracks was a military barracks in Santiago de Cuba, named after General Guillermo Moncada, a hero of the Cuban War of Independence. On 26 July 1953, the barracks was the site of an armed attack by a small group of revolutionaries ...
, thus beginning the
Cuban Revolution
The Cuban Revolution ( es, Revolución Cubana) was carried out after the 1952 Cuban coup d'état which placed Fulgencio Batista as head of state and the failed mass strike in opposition that followed. After failing to contest Batista in cou ...
. The movement took the name of the date:
26th of July Movement
The 26th of July Movement ( es, Movimiento 26 de Julio; M-26-7) was a Cuban vanguard revolutionary organization and later a political party led by Fidel Castro. The movement's name commemorates its 26 July 1953 attack on the army barracks on San ...
* 1953 –
Arizona
Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a state in the Southwestern United States. It is the 6th largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix. Arizona is part of the Fou ...
Governor
John Howard Pyle
John Howard Pyle (March 25, 1906 – November 29, 1987) was an American broadcaster and politician who served as the ninth governor of the U.S. state of Arizona from 1951 to 1955. He was a Republican. As an opponent of polygamy, he authorized ...
orders an anti-
polygamy
Crimes
Polygamy (from Late Greek (') "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, sociologists call this polygyny. When a woman is married ...
law enforcement crackdown on residents of
Short Creek, Arizona
Colorado City is a town in Mohave County, Arizona, United States, and is located in a region known as the Arizona Strip. As of the 2020 census, the population of the town was 2,478, down from 4,821 in 2010. At least three Mormon fundamentalis ...
, which becomes known as the
Short Creek raid
The Short Creek raid was an Arizona Department of Public Safety and Arizona National Guard action against Mormon fundamentalists that took place on the morning of July 26, 1953, at Short Creek, Arizona. The Short Creek raid was the largest mass a ...
.
* 1953 – Soldiers from the
2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment
The 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment (2 RAR) is an amphibious light infantry battalion of the Australian Army part of the 1st Division Amphibious Task Group based at Lavarack Barracks in Townsville.
2 RAR was initially formed as the A ...
repel a number of Chinese assaults against a key position known as The Hook during the
Battle of the Samichon River
The Battle of the Samichon River (24–26 July 1953) was fought during the final days of the Korean War between United Nations (UN) forces—primarily Australian and American—and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The fighting took pla ...
, just hours before the Armistice Agreement is signed, ending the
Korean War
, date = {{Ubl, 25 June 1950 – 27 July 1953 (''de facto'')({{Age in years, months, weeks and days, month1=6, day1=25, year1=1950, month2=7, day2=27, year2=1953), 25 June 1950 – present (''de jure'')({{Age in years, months, weeks a ...
.
*
1956
Events
January
* January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.
* January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian Missionary, missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim ...
– Following the
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects. The World Bank is the collective name for the Interna ...
's refusal to fund building the
Aswan Dam
The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is one of the world's largest embankment dams, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan L ...
,
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
ian leader
Gamal Abdel Nasser
Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein, . (15 January 1918 – 28 September 1970) was an Egyptian politician who served as the second president of Egypt from 1954 until his death in 1970. Nasser led the Egyptian revolution of 1952 and introduced far-re ...
nationalizes the
Suez Canal
The Suez Canal ( arz, قَنَاةُ ٱلسُّوَيْسِ, ') is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through the Isthmus of Suez and dividing Africa and Asia. The long canal is a popular ...
,
sparking international condemnation.
*
1957
1957 ( MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1957th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 957th year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th year of the 20th century, and the 8th y ...
–
Carlos Castillo Armas, dictator of
Guatemala
Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...
, is assassinated.
*
1958 –
Explorer program
The Explorers program is a NASA exploration program that provides flight opportunities for physics, geophysics, heliophysics, and astrophysics investigations from space. Launched in 1958, Explorer 1 was the first spacecraft of the United Stat ...
: ''
Explorer 4'' is launched.
*
1963
Events January
* January 1 – Bogle–Chandler case: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cov ...
–
Syncom 2
Syncom (for "synchronous communication satellite") started as a 1961 NASA program for active geosynchronous communication satellites, all of which were developed and manufactured by the Space and Communications division of Hughes Aircraft Compa ...
, the world's first
geosynchronous satellite
A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day, and over the course of a day tr ...
, is launched from Cape Canaveral on a Delta B booster.
* 1963 – An
earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from ...
in
Skopje
Skopje ( , , ; mk, Скопје ; sq, Shkup) is the capital and largest city of North Macedonia. It is the country's political, cultural, economic, and academic centre.
The territory of Skopje has been inhabited since at least 4000 BC; r ...
,
Yugoslavia
Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...
(present-day
North Macedonia
North Macedonia, ; sq, Maqedonia e Veriut, (Macedonia before February 2019), officially the Republic of North Macedonia,, is a country in Southeast Europe. It gained independence in 1991 as one of the successor states of Socialist Feder ...
) leaves 1,100 dead.
* 1963 – The
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries ...
votes to admit
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
.
*
1968 –
Vietnam War
The Vietnam War (also known by #Names, other names) was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vie ...
:
South Vietnam
South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam ( vi, Việt Nam Cộng hòa), was a state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of th ...
ese opposition leader
Trương Đình Dzu
Trương Đình Dzu (10 November 1917 – ) was a South Vietnamese lawyer and politician who unsuccessfully ran as a candidate for the presidency in the 1967 elections against Nguyễn Văn Thiệu and his running mate Nguyễn Cao Kỳ, who ...
is sentenced to five years
hard labor for advocating the formation of a
coalition government
A coalition government is a form of government in which political parties cooperate to form a government. The usual reason for such an arrangement is that no single party has achieved an absolute majority after an election, an atypical outcome in ...
as a way to move toward an end to the war.
*
1971 *
The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses ( February 25, July 22 and August 20) and two total lunar eclipses (February 10, and August 6).
The world population increased by 2.1% this year, the highest increase in history.
Events
Ja ...
–
Apollo program: Launch of
Apollo 15
Apollo 15 (July 26August 7, 1971) was the ninth crewed mission in the United States' Apollo program and the fourth to Moon landing, land on the Moon. It was the first List of Apollo missions#Alphabetical mission types, J mission, with a ...
on the first Apollo "
J-Mission", and first use of a
Lunar Roving Vehicle
The Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is a battery-powered four-wheeled rover used on the Moon in the last three missions of the American Apollo program ( 15, 16, and 17) during 1971 and 1972. It is popularly called the Moon buggy, a play on the t ...
.
*
1974
Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; f ...
–
Greek Prime Minister
The prime minister of the Hellenic Republic ( el, Πρωθυπουργός της Ελληνικής Δημοκρατίας, Prothypourgós tis Ellinikís Dimokratías), colloquially referred to as the prime minister of Greece ( el, Πρωθυ ...
Konstantinos Karamanlis
Konstantinos G. Karamanlis ( el, Κωνσταντίνος Γ. Καραμανλής, ; 8 March 1907 – 23 April 1998), commonly Anglicisation, anglicised to Constantine Karamanlis or just Caramanlis, was a four-time prime minister and List of he ...
forms the country's first civil government after
seven years of military rule.
*
1977
Events January
* January 8 – Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group.
* January 10 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Zaire (now the Democratic R ...
– The National Assembly of
Quebec
Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...
imposes the use of French as the official language of the provincial government.
*
1989 – A federal
grand jury
A grand jury is a jury—a group of citizens—empowered by law to conduct legal proceedings, investigate potential criminal conduct, and determine whether criminal charges should be brought. A grand jury may subpoena physical evidence or a pe ...
indicts
Cornell University
Cornell University is a private statutory land-grant research university based in Ithaca, New York. It is a member of the Ivy League. Founded in 1865 by Ezra Cornell and Andrew Dickson White, Cornell was founded with the intention to teach an ...
student
Robert T. Morris, Jr. for releasing the
Morris worm, thus becoming the first person to be prosecuted under the 1986
Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986 (CFAA) is a United States cybersecurity bill that was enacted in 1986 as an amendment to existing computer fraud law (), which had been included in the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984. The law pr ...
.
*
1990
File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of Humankind, humanity on Earth, Astroph ...
– The
Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or ADA () is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 19 ...
is signed into law by President
George H. W. Bush
George Herbert Walker BushSince around 2000, he has been usually called George H. W. Bush, Bush Senior, Bush 41 or Bush the Elder to distinguish him from his eldest son, George W. Bush, who served as the 43rd president from 2001 to 2009; pr ...
.
*
1993
File:1993 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Oslo I Accord is signed in an attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; The Russian White House is shelled during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis; Czechoslovakia is peace ...
–
Asiana Airlines Flight 733
Asiana Airlines Flight 733 (OZ733, AAR733, registration HL7229) was a domestic Asiana Airlines passenger flight from Seoul-Gimpo International Airport (SEL at the time, now GMP) to Mokpo Airport (MPK), South Korea. The Boeing 737 crashed on July ...
crashes into a ridge on Mt. Ungeo on its third attempt to land at
Mokpo Airport
Mokpo Air Base is an air base in Mokpo, South Korea . In 2006, 16,909 passengers utilized the airport. This airport was closed when the nearby Muan International Airport opened in November 2007.
Overview
Mokpo Airport opened as a stopover between ...
,
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...
. Sixty-eight of the 116 people onboard are killed.
*
1999
File:1999 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The funeral procession of King Hussein of Jordan in Amman; the 1999 İzmit earthquake kills over 17,000 people in Turkey; the Columbine High School massacre, one of the first major school shootin ...
–
Kargil conflict
The Kargil War, also known as the Kargil conflict, was fought between India and Pakistan from May to July 1999 in the Kargil district of Jammu and Kashmir and elsewhere along the Line of Control (LoC). In India, the conflict is also referred ...
officially comes to an end. The Indian Army announces the complete eviction of Pakistani intruders.
*
2005
File:2005 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico; the Funeral of Pope John Paul II is held in Vatican City; "Me at the zoo", the first video ever to be uploaded to YouTube; Eris was discovered in ...
–
Space Shuttle program
The Space Shuttle program was the fourth human spaceflight program carried out by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which accomplished routine transportation for Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo from 1981 to 2011. Its ...
:
STS-114 Mission: Launch of
''Discovery'',
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
NASA was established in 1958, succeeding t ...
's first scheduled flight mission after the
''Columbia'' Disaster in
2003
File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ...
.
* 2005 –
Mumbai
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second- ...
, India receives
99.5cm of rain (39.17 inches) within 24 hours, resulting in floods killing over 5,000 people.
*
2008
File:2008 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Lehman Brothers went bankrupt following the Subprime mortgage crisis; Cyclone Nargis killed more than 138,000 in Myanmar; A scene from the opening ceremony of the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing; ...
– Fifty-six people are killed and over 200 people are injured, in the
Ahmedabad bombings in India.
*
2009
File:2009 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The vertical stabilizer of Air France Flight 447 is pulled out from the Atlantic Ocean; Barack Obama becomes the first African American to become President of the United States; 2009 Iran ...
– The militant
Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
n
Islamist group
Boko Haram
Boko Haram, officially known as ''Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād'' ( ar, جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, lit=Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawah and Jihad), is an Islamic terrorist organization ...
attacks a police station in
Bauchi
Bauchi (earlier Yakoba) is a city in northeast Nigeria, the Administrative center of Bauchi State, of the Bauchi Local Government Area within that State, and of the traditional Bauchi Emirate. It is located on the northern edge of the Jos Plateau ...
, leading to reprisals by the
Nigeria Police Force
The Nigeria Police Force is the principal law enforcement and the lead security agency in Nigeria. Designated by the 1999 constitution as the national police of Nigeria with exclusive jurisdiction throughout the country, as at 2016 it has a s ...
and
four days of violence across multiple cities.
*
2011
File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrate ...
– A
Royal Moroccan Air Force
The Royal Moroccan Air Force ( ar, القوات الجوية الملكية; ber, Adwas ujenna ageldan; french: Forces Royales Air) is the air force of the Moroccan Armed Forces.
History
The Moroccan air force was formed on 14 May 1956 as the ...
Lockheed C-130 Hercules
The Lockheed C-130 Hercules is an American four-engine turboprop military transport aircraft designed and built by Lockheed (now Lockheed Martin). Capable of using unprepared runways for takeoffs and landings, the C-130 was originally design ...
crashes near
Guelmim Airport
Guelmim Airport is an airport serving Guelmim, a city in the central Guelmim-Oued Noun region in Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlook ...
in
Guelmim
Guelmim (in ber, Agʷelmim, ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⵉⵎ, in ar, ڭلميم, also spelled in European sources: Glaimim, Goulimine or Guelmin), is a city in southern Morocco, often called ''Gateway to the Desert''. It is the capital of the Guelmim-Oued N ...
,
Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria to ...
. All 80 people on board are killed.
*
2016
File:2016 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Bombed-out buildings in Ankara following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt; the impeachment trial of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff; Damaged houses during the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh ...
– The
Sagamihara stabbings
The Sagamihara stabbings were committed on 26 July 2016 in Midori Ward, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan. Nineteen people were killed and twenty-six others were injured, thirteen severely, at a care home for disabled people. The crimes were committe ...
occur in
Kanagawa Prefecture
is a prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Kanagawa Prefecture is the second-most populous prefecture of Japan at 9,221,129 (1 April 2022) and third-densest at . Its geographic area of makes it fifth-smallest. Kana ...
in Japan. Nineteen people are killed.
* 2016 –
Hillary Clinton
Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( Rodham; born October 26, 1947) is an American politician, diplomat, and former lawyer who served as the 67th United States Secretary of State for President Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, as a United States sen ...
becomes the first female nominee for
President of the United States
The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United Stat ...
by a major political party at the
Democratic National Convention
The Democratic National Convention (DNC) is a series of presidential nominating conventions held every four years since 1832 by the United States Democratic Party. They have been administered by the Democratic National Committee since the 1852 ...
in Philadelphia.
* 2016 – Solar Impulse 2 becomes the first solar-powered aircraft to circumnavigate the Earth.
Births
Pre-1600
*1030 – Stanislaus of Szczepanów, Polish bishop and saint (d. 1079)
*1400 – Isabel le Despenser, Countess of Worcester, English noble (d. 1439)
*1502 – Christian Egenolff, German printer (d. 1555)
1601–1900
*1678 – Joseph I, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1711)
*1711 – Lorenz Christoph Mizler, German physician, mathematician, and historian (d. 1778)
*1739 – George Clinton (vice president), George Clinton, American general and politician, 4th Vice President of the United States (d. 1812)
*1782 – John Field (composer), John Field, Irish pianist and composer (d. 1837)
*1791 – Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, Austrian pianist, composer, and conductor (d. 1844)
*1796 – George Catlin, American painter, author, and traveler (d. 1872)
*1802 – Mariano Arista, Mexican general and politician, 42nd President of Mexico (d. 1855)
*1819 – Justin Holland, American guitarist and educator (d. 1887)
*1829 – Auguste Beernaert, Belgian politician, 14th Prime Minister of Belgium, Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1912)
*1841 – Carl Robert Jakobson, Estonian journalist and politician (d. 1882)
*1842 – Alfred Marshall, English economist and academic (d. 1924)
*1844 – Stefan Drzewiecki, Ukrainian-Polish engineer and journalist (d. 1938)
*1854 – Philippe Gaucher, French dermatologist and academic (d. 1918)
*1855 – Ferdinand Tönnies, German sociologist and philosopher (d. 1936)
*1856 – George Bernard Shaw, Irish playwright and critic, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1950)
*1858 – Tom Garrett, Australian cricketer and lawyer (d. 1943)
*
1863 – Jāzeps Vītols, Latvian composer (d. 1948)
*1865 – Philipp Scheidemann, German journalist and politician, 10th Chancellor of Germany (d. 1939)
* 1865 – Rajanikanta Sen, Indian poet and composer (d. 1910)
*1874 – Serge Koussevitzky, Russian-American bassist, composer, and conductor (d. 1951)
*1875 – Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist (d. 1961)
* 1875 – Ernesta Di Capua, Italian botanist and explorer (d. 1943)
* 1875 – Antonio Machado, Spanish poet and academic (d. 1939)
* 1877 – Jesse Lauriston Livermore, American investor and security analyst, "Great Bear of Wall Street" (d. 1940)
*1878 – Ernst Hoppenberg, German swimmer and water polo player (d. 1937)
*1879 – Shunroku Hata, Japanese field marshal and politician, 48th Ministry of War of Japan, Japanese Minister of War (d. 1962)
*1880 – Volodymyr Vynnychenko, Ukrainian playwright and politician, 1st List of Prime Ministers of Ukraine, Prime Minister of Ukrainian People's Republic (d. 1951)
*
1882
Events
January–March
* January 2
** The Standard Oil Trust is secretly created in the United States to control multiple corporations set up by John D. Rockefeller and his associates.
** Irish-born author Oscar Wilde arrives in ...
– Albert Dunstan, Australian politician, 33rd Premier of Victoria (d. 1950)
*1885 – Roy Castleton, American baseball player (d. 1967)
* 1885 – André Maurois, French soldier and author (d. 1967)
*1886 – Lars Hanson, Swedish actor (d. 1965)
*1888 – Reginald Hands, South African cricketer and rugby player (d. 1918)
*
1890
Events
January–March
* January 1
** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa.
** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River.
* January 2
** The steamship ...
– Daniel J. Callaghan, American admiral, Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1942)
*
1892
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States.
* February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado.
* February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
– Sad Sam Jones, American baseball player and manager (d. 1966)
*1893 – George Grosz, German painter and illustrator (d. 1959)
*1894 – Aldous Huxley, English novelist and philosopher (d. 1963)
*1895 – Gracie Allen, American actress and comedian (d. 1964)
*1896 – Tim Birkin, English soldier and race car driver (d. 1933)
*
1897 – Harold D. Cooley, American lawyer and politician (d. 1974)
* 1897 – Paul Gallico, American journalist and author (d. 1976)
*1900 – Sarah Kafrit, Israeli politician and teacher (d. 1983)
1901–present
*1903 – Estes Kefauver, American lawyer and politician (d. 1963)
*1904 – Frank Scott Hogg, Canadian astronomer and academic (d. 1951)
* 1904 – Edwin Albert Link, American industrialist and entrepreneur, invented the flight simulator (d. 1981)
*1906 – Irena Iłłakowicz, German-Polish lieutenant (d. 1943)
*
1908 – Lucien Wercollier, Luxembourger sculptor (d. 2002)
*1909 – Peter Thorneycroft, Baron Thorneycroft, English lawyer and politician, Chancellor of the Exchequer (d. 1994)
* 1909 – Vivian Vance, American actress and singer (d. 1979)
*1913 – Kan Yuet-keung, Hong Kong banker, lawyer, and politician (d. 2012)
*1914 – C. Farris Bryant, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, List of Governors of Florida, 34th Governor of Florida (d. 2002)
* 1914 – Erskine Hawkins, American trumpet player and bandleader (d. 1993)
* 1914 – Ellis Kinder, American baseball player (d. 1968)
*1916 – Dean Brooks, American physician and actor (d. 2013)
* 1916 – Jaime Luiz Coelho, Brazilian archbishop (d. 2013)
*
1918
This year is noted for the end of the First World War, on the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month, as well as for the Spanish flu pandemic that killed 50–100 million people worldwide.
Events
Below, the events ...
– Marjorie Lord, American actress (d. 2015)
*1919 – Virginia Gilmore, American actress (d. 1986)
* 1919 – James Lovelock, English biologist and chemist (d. 2022)
*1920 – Bob Waterfield, American football player and coach (d. 1983)
*1921 – Tom Saffell, American baseball player and manager (d. 2012)
* 1921 – Jean Shepherd, American radio host, actor, and screenwriter (d. 1999)
*1922 – Blake Edwards, American director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 2010)
* 1922 – Jim Foglesong, American record producer (d. 2013)
* 1922 – Jason Robards, American actor (d. 2000)
*1923 – Jan Berenstain, American author and illustrator (d. 2012)
* 1923 – Bernice Rubens, Welsh author (d. 2004)
* 1923 – Hoyt Wilhelm, American baseball player and coach (d. 2002)
*1925 – Jerzy Einhorn, Polish-Swedish physician and politician (d. 2000)
* 1925 – Joseph Engelberger, American physicist and engineer (d. 2015)
* 1925 – Gene Gutowski, Polish-American film producer (d. 2016)
* 1925 – Ana María Matute, Spanish author and academic (d. 2014)
*1926 – James Best, American actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2015)
* 1926 – Dorothy E. Smith, Canadian sociologist (d. 2022)
*1927 – Gulabrai Ramchand, Indian cricketer (d. 2003)
*1928 – Don Beauman, English race car driver (d. 1955)
* 1928 – Francesco Cossiga, Italian academic and politician, 8th President of Italy (d. 2010)
* 1928 – Elliott Erwitt, French-American photographer and director
* 1928 – Ibn-e-Safi, Indian-Pakistani author and poet (d. 1980)
* 1928 – Joe Jackson (manager), Joe Jackson, American talent manager, father of Michael Jackson (d. 2018)
* 1928 – Stanley Kubrick, American director, producer, screenwriter, and cinematographer (d. 1999)
* 1928 – Peter Lougheed, Canadian lawyer and politician, 10th Premier of Alberta (d. 2012)
* 1928 – Sally Oppenheim-Barnes, Baroness Oppenheim-Barnes, Irish-born English politician
*1929 – Marc Lalonde, Canadian lawyer and politician, 34th Minister of Justice (Canada), Canadian Minister of Justice
* 1929 – Alexis Weissenberg, Bulgarian-French pianist and educator (d. 2012)
*1930 – Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, Brazilian lawyer and politician (d. 2014)
* 1930 – Barbara Jefford, English actress (d. 2020)
*1931 – Telê Santana, Brazilian footballer and manager (d. 2006)
*1934 – Tommy McDonald (American football), Tommy McDonald, American football player (d. 2018)
*
1936
Events
January–February
* January 20 – George V of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions and Emperor of India, dies at his Sandringham Estate. The Prince of Wales succeeds to the throne of the United Kingdom as King E ...
– Tsutomu Koyama, Japanese volleyball player and coach (d. 2012)
* 1936 – Lawrie McMenemy, English footballer and manager
*1938 – Bobby Hebb, American singer-songwriter (d. 2010)
* 1938 – Keith Peters (physician), Keith Peters, Welsh physician and academic
*1939 – Jun Henmi, Japanese author and poet (d. 2011)
* 1939 – John Howard, Australian lawyer and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Australia
* 1939 – Bob Lilly, American football player and photographer
* 1939 – Richard Marlow, English organist and conductor (d. 2013)
*1940 – Dobie Gray, American singer-songwriter and producer (d. 2011)
* 1940 – Brian Mawhinney, Baron Mawhinney, Northern Irish-British academic and politician, Secretary of State for Transport (d. 2019)
* 1940 – Bobby Rousseau, Canadian ice hockey player
*
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
– Jean Baubérot, French historian and sociologist
* 1941 – Darlene Love, American singer and actress
* 1941 – Brenton Wood, American R&B singer-songwriter and keyboard player
*1942 – Vladimír Mečiar, Slovak politician, 1st Prime Minister of Slovakia
* 1942 – Teddy Pilette, Belgian race car driver
*1943 – Peter Hyams, American director, screenwriter, and cinematographer
* 1943 – Mick Jagger, English singer-songwriter, producer, and actor
*
1945
1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which nuclear weapons have been used in combat.
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
Januar ...
– Betty Davis, American singer-songwriter (d. 2022)
* 1945 – Helen Mirren, English actress
*
1946
Events January
* January 6 - The 1946 North Vietnamese parliamentary election, first general election ever in Vietnam is held.
* January 7 – The Allies recognize the Austrian republic with its 1937 borders, and divide the country into f ...
– Emilio de Villota, Spanish race car driver
*
1948 – Luboš Andršt, Czech guitarist and songwriter
* 1948 – Herbert Wiesinger, German figure skater
*1949 – Thaksin Shinawatra, Thai businessman and politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Thailand
* 1949 – Roger Taylor (Queen drummer), Roger Taylor, English singer-songwriter, drummer, and producer
*1950 – Nelinho, Brazilian footballer and manager
* 1950 – Nicholas Evans, English journalist, screenwriter, and producer
* 1950 – Susan George (actress), Susan George, English actress and producer
* 1950 – Anne Rafferty, English lawyer and judge
* 1950 – Rich Vogler, American race car driver (d. 1990)
*
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the United ...
– Rick Martin, Canadian-American ice hockey player (d. 2011)
*
1952 – Glynis Breakwell, English psychologist and academic
*
1953
Events
January
* January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma.
* January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a Estonian government-in-exile, government-in-exile in Oslo.
* January 14
** Marshal Josip Broz Tito i ...
– Felix Magath, German footballer and manager
* 1953 – Robert Phillips (guitarist), Robert Phillips, American guitarist
* 1953 – Henk Bleker, Dutch politician
* 1953 – Earl Tatum, American professional basketball player
*1954 – Vitas Gerulaitis, American tennis player and coach (d. 1994)
*1955 – Aleksandrs Starkovs, Latvian footballer and coach
* 1955 – Asif Ali Zardari, Pakistani businessman and politician, 11th President of Pakistan
*
1956
Events
January
* January 1 – The Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Anglo-Egyptian Condominium ends in Sudan.
* January 8 – Operation Auca: Five U.S. evangelical Christian Missionary, missionaries, Nate Saint, Roger Youderian, Ed McCully, Jim ...
– Peter Fincham, English screenwriter and producer
* 1956 – Dorothy Hamill, American figure skater
* 1956 – Tommy Rich, American wrestler
* 1956 – Tim Tremlett, English cricketer and coach
*
1957
1957 ( MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1957th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 957th year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th year of the 20th century, and the 8th y ...
– Norman Baker, Scottish politician
* 1957 – Nana Visitor, American actress
*
1958 – Monti Davis, American basketball player (d. 2013)
* 1958 – Angela Hewitt, Canadian-English pianist
*1959 – Rick Bragg, American author and journalist
* 1959 – Kevin Spacey, American actor and director
*1961 – Gary Cherone, American singer-songwriter
* 1961 – Andy Connell, English keyboard player and songwriter
* 1961 – Felix Dexter, Caribbean-English comedian and actor (d. 2013)
*
1963
Events January
* January 1 – Bogle–Chandler case: Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation scientist Dr. Gilbert Bogle and Mrs. Margaret Chandler are found dead (presumed poisoned), in bushland near the Lane Cov ...
– Jeff Stoughton, Canadian curler
*1964 – Sandra Bullock, American actress and producer
* 1964 – Ralf Metzenmacher, German painter and designer (d. 2020)
* 1964 – Anne Provoost, Belgian author
*1965 – Jeremy Piven, American actor and producer
* 1965 – Jim Lindberg, American singer and guitarist
*1966 – Angelo di Livio, Italian footballer
*1967 – Martin Baker (organist), Martin Baker, English organist and conductor
* 1967 – Tim Schafer, American video game designer, founded Double Fine Productions
* 1967 – Jason Statham, English actor
*
1968 – Frédéric Diefenthal, French actor and director
* 1968 – James Naismith (chemist), Jim Naismith, Scottish biologist and academic
* 1968 – Olivia Williams, English actress
*1969 – Greg Colbrunn, American baseball player and coach
* 1969 – Tanni Grey-Thompson, Welsh baroness and wheelchair racer
*
1971 *
The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses ( February 25, July 22 and August 20) and two total lunar eclipses (February 10, and August 6).
The world population increased by 2.1% this year, the highest increase in history.
Events
Ja ...
– Khaled Mahmud, Bangladeshi cricketer and coach
* 1971 – Chris Harrison, American television personality
*1972 – Nathan Buckley, Australian footballer and coach
*1973 – Kate Beckinsale, English actress
* 1973 – Mariano Raffo, Argentinian director and producer
*
1974
Major events in 1974 include the aftermath of the 1973 oil crisis and the resignation of United States President Richard Nixon following the Watergate scandal. In the Middle East, the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War determined politics; f ...
– Iron & Wine, American singer-songwriter
* 1974 – Kees Meeuws, New Zealand rugby player and coach
* 1974 – Dean Sturridge, English footballer and sportscaster
*1975 – Ingo Schultz, German sprinter
* 1975 – Joe Smith (basketball), Joe Smith, American basketball player
* 1975 – Liz Truss, English accountant and politician
*1976 – Elena Kustarova, Russian ice dancer and coach
*
1977
Events January
* January 8 – Three bombs explode in Moscow within 37 minutes, killing seven. The bombings are attributed to an Armenian separatist group.
* January 10 – Mount Nyiragongo erupts in eastern Zaire (now the Democratic R ...
– Joaquín Benoit, Dominican baseball player
* 1977 – Martin Laursen, Danish footballer and manager
* 1977 – Tanja Szewczenko, German figure skater
*1979 – Friedrich Michau, German rugby player
* 1979 – Derek Paravicini, English pianist
* 1979 – Peter Sarno, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1979 – Erik Westrum, American ice hockey player
* 1979 – Juliet Rylance, English actress
*1980 – Jacinda Ardern, 40th Prime Minister of New Zealand
* 1980 – Dave Baksh, Canadian singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer
* 1980 – Robert Gallery, American football player
*1981 – Abe Forsythe, Australian actor, director, and screenwriter
* 1981 – Maicon Sisenando, Brazilian footballer
*1982 – Gilad Hochman, Israeli composer
* 1982 – Christopher Kane, Scottish fashion designer
*1983 – Kelly Clark, American snowboarder
* 1983 – Stephen Makinwa, Nigerian footballer
* 1983 – Roderick Strong, American wrestler
* 1983 – Naomi van As, Dutch field hockey player
* 1983 – Ken Wallace (canoeist), Ken Wallace, Australian kayaker
* 1983 – Delonte West, American basketball player
*1984 – Kyriakos Ioannou, Cypriot high jumper
* 1984 – Benjamin Kayser, French rugby player
* 1984 – Sabri Sarıoğlu, Turkish footballer
*1985 – Marcus Benard, American football player
* 1985 – Gaël Clichy, French footballer
* 1985 – Audrey De Montigny, Canadian singer-songwriter
* 1985 – Mat Gamel, American baseball player
*1986 – Leonardo Ulloa, Argentinian footballer
* 1986 – John White (footballer, born 1986), John White, English footballer
*1987 – Panagiotis Kone, Greek footballer
* 1987 – Jordie Benn, Canadian ice hockey player
* 1987 – Fredy Montero, Colombian footballer
*1988 – Yurie Omi, Japanese announcer and news anchor
* 1988 – Sayaka Akimoto, Filipino–Japanese actress and singer
*1991 – Tyson Barrie, Canadian ice hockey player
*1992 – Marika Koroibete, Fijian rugby player
*
1993
File:1993 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Oslo I Accord is signed in an attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; The Russian White House is shelled during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis; Czechoslovakia is peace ...
– Raymond Faitala-Mariner, New Zealand rugby league player
*1994 – Ella Leivo, Finnish tennis player
*1996 – Olivia Breen, British Paralympic athlete
*2000 – Thomasin McKenzie, New Zealand actress
Deaths
Pre-1600
* 342 – Emperor Cheng of Jin, Cheng of Jin, emperor of the Jin Dynasty (b. 321)
*
811
__NOTOC__
Year 811 ( DCCCXI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* Byzantine–Bulgarian War: Emperor Nikephoros I organises a new ca ...
–
Nikephoros I
Nikephoros I or Nicephorus I ( gr, Νικηφόρος; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811. Having served Empress Irene as '' genikos logothetēs'', he subsequently ousted her from power and took the throne himself. In r ...
, Byzantine emperor
* 899 – Li Hanzhi, Chinese warlord (b. 842)
* 943 – Prince Motoyoshi, Motoyoshi, Japanese nobleman and poet (b. 890)
* 990 – Fujiwara no Kaneie, Japanese statesman (b. 929)
*1380 – Emperor Kōmyō, Kōmyō, emperor of Japan (b. 1322)
*1450 – Cecily Neville, Duchess of Warwick, Cecily Neville, duchess of Warwick (b. 1424)
*1471 – Pope Paul II, Paul II, pope of the Catholic Church (b. 1417)
*1533 – Atahualpa, Inca emperor abducted and murdered by Francisco Pizarro (b. ca. 1500)
*1592 – Armand de Gontaut, baron de Biron, Armand de Gontant, French marshal (b. 1524)
1601–1900
*1605 – Miguel de Benavides, Spanish archbishop and sinologist (b. 1552)
*1611 – Horio Yoshiharu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1542)
*1630 – Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, duke of Savoy (b. 1562)
*1659 – Mary Frith, English criminal (b. 1584)
*1680 – John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, English poet and courtier (b. 1647)
*1684 – Elena Cornaro Piscopia, Italian mathematician and philosopher (b. 1646)
*1693 – Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, queen of Sweden (b. 1656)
*1712 – Thomas Osborne, 1st Duke of Leeds, English politician, Lord High Treasurer (b. 1631)
*1723 – Robert Bertie, 1st Duke of Ancaster and Kesteven, English politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (b. 1660)
*1801 – Archduke Maximilian Francis of Austria, Maximilian Francis, archduke of Austria (b. 1756)
*
1863 – Sam Houston, American general and politician, 7th Governor of Texas (b. 1793)
*1867 – Otto, King of Greece, Otto, king of Greece (b. 1815)
*
1899 –
Ulises Heureaux
Ulises Hilarión Heureaux Leibert (; October 21, 1845 – July 26, 1899) nicknamed Lilís, was president of the Dominican Republic from September 1, 1882 to September 1, 1884, from January 6, 1887 to February 27, 1889 and again from April 30, 18 ...
, 22nd, 26th, and 27th
President of the Dominican Republic
The president of the Dominican Republic ( es, Presidente de la República Dominicana) is both the head of state and head of government of the Dominican Republic. The presidential system was established in 1844, following the proclamation of th ...
(b. 1845)
1901–present
*1915 – James Murray (lexicographer), James Murray, Scottish lexicographer and philologist (b. 1837)
*1919 – Edward Poynter, English painter and illustrator (b. 1836)
*1921 – Howard Vernon (Australian actor), Howard Vernon, Australian actor (b. 1848)
*1925 – Antonio Ascari, Italian race car driver (b. 1888)
* 1925 – Gottlob Frege, German mathematician and philosopher (b. 1848)
* 1925 – William Jennings Bryan, American lawyer and politician, 41st United States Secretary of State (b. 1860)
*1926 – Robert Todd Lincoln, American lawyer and politician, 35th United States Secretary of War, son of Abraham Lincoln (b. 1843)
*1930 – Pavlos Karolidis, Greek historian and academic (b. 1849)
*1932 – Fred Duesenberg, German-American businessman, co-founded the Duesenberg, Duesenberg Company (b. 1876)
*1934 – Winsor McCay, American cartoonist, animator, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1871)
*
1941
Events
Below, the events of World War II have the "WWII" prefix.
January
* January–August – 10,072 men, women and children with mental and physical disabilities are asphyxiated with carbon monoxide in a gas chamber, at Hadamar Eu ...
– Henri Lebesgue, French mathematician and academic (b. 1875)
*1942 – Roberto Arlt, Argentinian author and playwright (b. 1900)
*
1951
Events
January
* January 4 – Korean War: Third Battle of Seoul – Chinese and North Korean forces capture Seoul for the second time (having lost the Second Battle of Seoul in September 1950).
* January 9 – The Government of the United ...
– James Mitchell (Australian politician), James Mitchell, Australian politician, 13th Premier of Western Australia (b. 1866)
*
1952 – Eva Perón, Argentinian politician, 25th First Lady of Argentina (b. 1919)
*
1953
Events
January
* January 6 – The Asian Socialist Conference opens in Rangoon, Burma.
* January 12 – Estonian émigrés found a Estonian government-in-exile, government-in-exile in Oslo.
* January 14
** Marshal Josip Broz Tito i ...
– Nikolaos Plastiras, Greek general and politician, 135th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1883)
*
1957
1957 ( MCMLVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1957th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 957th year of the 2nd millennium, the 57th year of the 20th century, and the 8th y ...
–
Carlos Castillo Armas, Authoritarian ruler of Guatemala (1954-1957)
*1960 – Cedric Gibbons, British art director and production designer (b. 1893)
*1964 – Francis Curzon, 5th Earl Howe, English race car driver and politician (b. 1884)
*
1968 – Cemal Tollu, Turkish lieutenant and painter (b. 1899)
*1970 – Robert Taschereau, Canadian lawyer and jurist, 11th Chief Justice of Canada (b. 1896)
*
1971 *
The year 1971 had three partial solar eclipses ( February 25, July 22 and August 20) and two total lunar eclipses (February 10, and August 6).
The world population increased by 2.1% this year, the highest increase in history.
Events
Ja ...
– Diane Arbus, American photographer and academic (b. 1923)
*1984 – George Gallup, American mathematician and statistician, founded the Gallup (company), Gallup Company (b. 1901)
* 1984 – Ed Gein, American serial killer (b. 1906)
*1986 – W. Averell Harriman, American politician and diplomat, 11th United States Secretary of Commerce (b. 1891)
*1988 – Fazlur Rahman Malik, Pakistani philosopher, scholar, and academic (b. 1919)
*1992 – Mary Wells, American singer-songwriter (b. 1943)
*
1993
File:1993 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Oslo I Accord is signed in an attempt to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict; The Russian White House is shelled during the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis; Czechoslovakia is peace ...
– Matthew Ridgway, American general (b. 1895)
*1994 – James Luther Adams, American theologian and academic (b. 1901)
*1995 – Laurindo Almeida, Brazilian-American guitarist and composer (b. 1917)
* 1995 – Raymond Mailloux, Canadian lawyer and politician (b. 1918)
* 1995 – George W. Romney, American businessman and politician, 43rd Governor of Michigan (b. 1907)
*1996 – Max Winter, American businessman and sports executive (b. 1903)
*
1999
File:1999 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The funeral procession of King Hussein of Jordan in Amman; the 1999 İzmit earthquake kills over 17,000 people in Turkey; the Columbine High School massacre, one of the first major school shootin ...
– Walter Jackson Bate, American author and critic (b. 1918)
* 1999 – Phaedon Gizikis, Greek general and politician, List of heads of state of Greece, President of Greece (b. 1917)
*2000 – John Tukey, American mathematician and academic (b. 1915)
*2001 – Rex T. Barber, American colonel and pilot (b. 1917)
* 2001 – Peter von Zahn, German journalist and author (b. 1913)
*2004 – William A. Mitchell, American chemist, created Pop Rocks and Cool Whip (b. 1911)
*
2005
File:2005 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: Hurricane Katrina in the Gulf of Mexico; the Funeral of Pope John Paul II is held in Vatican City; "Me at the zoo", the first video ever to be uploaded to YouTube; Eris was discovered in ...
– Alexander Golitzen, Russian-born American production designer and art director (b. 1908)
* 2005 – Jack Hirshleifer, American economist and academic (b. 1925)
* 2005 – Gilles Marotte, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1945)
*2007 – Lars Forssell, Swedish author, poet, and playwright (b. 1928)
* 2007 – Skip Prosser, American basketball player and coach (b. 1950)
*
2009
File:2009 Events Collage V2.png, From top left, clockwise: The vertical stabilizer of Air France Flight 447 is pulled out from the Atlantic Ocean; Barack Obama becomes the first African American to become President of the United States; 2009 Iran ...
– Merce Cunningham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1919)
*2010 – Sivakant Tiwari, Indian-Singaporean politician (b. 1945)
*
2011
File:2011 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: a protester partaking in Occupy Wall Street heralds the beginning of the Occupy movement; protests against Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was killed that October; a young man celebrate ...
– Joe Arroyo, Colombian singer-songwriter and composer (b. 1955)
* 2011 – Richard Harris (American football), Richard Harris, American-Canadian football player and coach (b. 1948)
* 2011 – Sakyo Komatsu, Japanese author and screenwriter (b. 1931)
* 2011 – Margaret Olley, Australian painter and philanthropist (b. 1923)
*2012 – Don Bagley, American bassist and composer (b. 1927)
* 2012 – Karl Benjamin, American painter and educator (b. 1925)
* 2012 – Miriam Ben-Porat, Russian-Israeli lawyer and jurist (b. 1918)
* 2012 – Lupe Ontiveros, American actress (b. 1942)
* 2012 – James D. Watkins, American admiral and politician, 6th United States Secretary of Energy (b. 1927)
*2013 – Luther F. Cole, American lawyer and politician (b. 1925)
* 2013 – Harley Flanders, American mathematician and academic (b. 1925)
* 2013 – Sung Jae-gi, South Korean philosopher and activist (b. 1967)
* 2013 – George P. Mitchell, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1919)
*2014 – Oleh Babayev, Ukrainian businessman and politician (b. 1965)
* 2014 – Charles R. Larson, American admiral (b. 1936)
* 2014 – Richard MacCormac, English architect, founded MJP Architects (b. 1938)
* 2014 – Sergei O. Prokofieff, Russian anthropologist and author (b. 1954)
* 2014 – Roland Verhavert, Belgian director, producer, and screenwriter (b. 1927)
*2015 – Bijoy Krishna Handique, Indian lawyer and politician, Ministry of Mines (India), Indian Minister of Mines (b. 1934)
* 2015 – Flora MacDonald (politician), Flora MacDonald, Canadian banker and politician, 10th Minister of Communications (Canada), Canadian Minister of Communications (b. 1926)
* 2015 – Leo Reise, Jr., Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1922)
* 2015 – Ann Rule, American police officer and author (b. 1931)
*2017 – June Foray, American voice actress (b. 1917)
* 2017 – Patti Deutsch, American voice artist and comedic actress (b. 1943)
* 2017 – Ronald Phillips (murderer), Ronald Phillips, American criminal (b. 1973)
*2018 – Adem Demaçi, Kosovo Albanian politician and writer (b. 1936)
* 2018 – John Kline (basketball), John Kline, American basketball player (b. 1931)
*2019 – Russi Taylor, American voice actress (b. 1944)
* 2019 – Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, Cuban Roman Catholic prelate (b. 1936)
*2020 – Olivia de Havilland, American actress (b. 1916)
*2021 – Joey Jordison, American musician (b. 1975)
Holidays and observances
*Christian Calendar of saints, feast day:
**Andrew of Phú Yên
**Saint Anne, Anne (Western Christianity)
**Bartolomea Capitanio
**Beatification, Blessed Maria Pierina
**Joachim (Western Christianity)
**Paraskevi of Rome (Eastern Orthodox Church)
**Saint Venera, Venera
**July 26 (Eastern Orthodox liturgics)
*Emancipation Day#Caribbean, Day of National Significance (Barbados)
*Day of the National Rebellion (Cuba)
*Esperanto Day
*Independence Day (Liberia), celebrates the independence of
Liberia
Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ...
from the American Colonization Society in 1847.
*Independence Day (Maldives), celebrates the independence of Maldives from the United Kingdom in 1965.
*Kargil Vijay Diwas, Kargil Victory Day or ''Kargil Vijay Diwas'' (India)
References
External links
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{{DEFAULTSORT:July 26
Days of the year
July