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The 24-pounder long gun was a heavy calibre piece of
artillery Artillery is a class of heavy military ranged weapons that launch munitions far beyond the range and power of infantry firearms. Early artillery development focused on the ability to breach defensive walls and fortifications during siege ...
mounted on warships of the Age of Sail. 24-pounders were in service in the navies of France, Spain, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United States. They were comparable to the
Canon de 24 Gribeauval The Canon de 24 Gribeauval was a French 24-pounder cannon and part of the Gribeauval system developed by Jean Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval. It was part of the siege artillery. The canon de 24 Gribeauval was used extensively during the wars foll ...
used by the French Army as its largest piece of
siege artillery Siege artillery (also siege guns or siege cannons) are heavy guns designed to bombard fortifications, cities, and other fixed targets. They are distinct from field artillery and are a class of siege weapon capable of firing heavy cannonballs o ...
. 24-pounders were used as main guns on the heaviest frigates of the early 19th century and on
fourth-rate In 1603 all English warships with a compliment of fewer than 160 men were known as 'small ships'. In 1625/26 to establish pay rates for officers a six tier naval ship rating system was introduced.Winfield 2009 These small ships were divided i ...
ships of the line, on the second deck of
first-rate In the rating system of the British Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a first rate was the designation for the largest ships of the line. Originating in the Jacobean era with the designation of Ships Royal capable of carrying ...
ships of the line, and on the second deck of a few large
third-rate In the rating system of the Royal Navy, a third rate was a ship of the line which from the 1720s mounted between 64 and 80 guns, typically built with two gun decks (thus the related term two-decker). Years of experience proved that the third r ...
s.


Usage

The 24-pounder
calibre In guns, particularly firearms, caliber (or calibre; sometimes abbreviated as "cal") is the specified nominal internal diameter of the gun barrel bore – regardless of how or where the bore is measured and whether the finished bore match ...
was consistent with both the French and the British calibre systems, and was a widespread gun amongst nations between the 17th and the 19th century. From the late 18th century, the
French Navy The French Navy (french: Marine nationale, lit=National Navy), informally , is the maritime arm of the French Armed Forces and one of the five military service branches of France. It is among the largest and most powerful naval forces in t ...
used the 24-pounder in two capacities: as main gun on frigates and 64-guns, or as secondary artillery on three-deckers and even enlarged versions
two-decker A two-decker is a sail warship which carried her guns on two fully armed decks. Usually additional guns were carried on the upper works (forecastle and quarterdeck), but this was not a continuous battery and thus not counted as a full gun deck ...
s. Under
Louis XV Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (french: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached ...
, a typical heavy frigate would carry
12-pounder long gun The 12-pounder long gun was an intermediary calibre piece of artillery mounted on warships of the Age of sail. They were used as main guns on the most typical frigates of the early 18th century, on the second deck of fourth-rate ships of the line, ...
s until 1772, when the two vessels of the were built to carry 24-pounders; these proved too heavy in practical use, however, and the vessels were re-equipped with 18-pounders, heralding the coming of the 18-pounder frigate that would become the standard in many navies of the late 18th century. The experiment was tried again in 1785 with , a successful design that opened the way to a standardisation on the 24-pounder frigate exemplified by the . Overall, 14 of these heavy frigates were built between ''Pomone'' in 1785, and in 1798, each carrying between 24 and 30 24-pounders. After the Bourbon Restoration, frigates were built using a different artillery system, carrying 30-pounders. Two-deckers used the 24-pounder in two capacities: on the smallest two-deckers of 64 guns, the 24-pounder constituted the main artillery, with 26 pieces. Typical
74-gun The "seventy-four" was a type of two- decked sailing ship of the line, which nominally carried 74 guns. It was developed by the French navy in the 1740s, replacing earlier classes of 60- and 62-gun ships, as a larger complement to the recently-de ...
vessels carried a 36-pounder main battery and an 18-pounder secondary battery, until the enlarged variant of the appeared in 1803, comprising and . More significantly, the 24-pounder armed the secondary battery of all 80-gun ships of the line from 1749, when the introduced the practice, resulting in a two-decker with enough firepower to challenge a three-decker of the time. During the reign of
Louis XIV , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Ver ...
, three-deckers were standardised on a 36-pounder main artillery and an 18-pounder secondary battery. From the mid-18th century, under
Louis XV Louis XV (15 February 1710 – 10 May 1774), known as Louis the Beloved (french: le Bien-Aimé), was King of France from 1 September 1715 until his death in 1774. He succeeded his great-grandfather Louis XIV at the age of five. Until he reached ...
, the secondary battery was strengthened to 24-pounders, beginning with the design that yielded . The other
capital ship The capital ships of a navy are its most important warships; they are generally the larger ships when compared to other warships in their respective fleet. A capital ship is generally a leading or a primary ship in a naval fleet. Strategic im ...
s of the era, , flagship of
François Joseph Paul de Grasse François Joseph Paul, Comte de Grasse, Marquis of Grasse-Tilly SMOM (13 September 1722 – 11 January 1788) was a career French officer who achieved the rank of admiral. He is best known for his command of the French fleet at the Battle of th ...
during the American War of Independence, and , flagship at the Battle of Ushant, similarly carried 24-pounders as secondary batteries. The practices was continued with the and the . During the
First French Empire The First French Empire, officially the French Republic, then the French Empire (; Latin: ) after 1809, also known as Napoleonic France, was the empire ruled by Napoleon Bonaparte, who established French hegemony over much of continental E ...
, 24-pounders would also arm Type 1 Model Towers for coastal defence. In the
Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against ...
, the 24-pounder was similarly used on some heavy frigates, which carried 26 guns.
Fourth-rate In 1603 all English warships with a compliment of fewer than 160 men were known as 'small ships'. In 1625/26 to establish pay rates for officers a six tier naval ship rating system was introduced.Winfield 2009 These small ships were divided i ...
ships carried 22 on their secondary batteries, and
third-rate In the rating system of the Royal Navy, a third rate was a ship of the line which from the 1720s mounted between 64 and 80 guns, typically built with two gun decks (thus the related term two-decker). Years of experience proved that the third r ...
s carried 32.
First-rate In the rating system of the British Royal Navy used to categorise sailing warships, a first rate was the designation for the largest ships of the line. Originating in the Jacobean era with the designation of Ships Royal capable of carrying ...
s carried thirty-four 24-pounders on their middle deck.


British iron 24-pounders

Four lengths of iron 24-pounders are mentioned in a notebook from the 1720s: , , , and long. Ten surviving guns which are likely examples of the 9-foot version weigh between 48 and 49 hundredweight. These guns are very similar to the gun of 9 feet and 49 hundredweight which was detailed in the mensuration of 1743. In the establishment of 1764, two new iron 24-pounders were specified (1 source specifies both guns were 9 feet long, but this is likely an error): One other 24-pounder is mentioned in sources from 1780 and later, specifically a gun of 10 feet and 52 hundredweight. It is unknown whether the gun was new or the same as the 10 foot 24-pounder mentioned above.


Blomefield's 24-pounders

Sir Thomas Blomefield developed several iron 24-pounders as part of his system of gun construction from the 1790s onward: Except the guns of 50, 47, 22, and 20 hundredweight, most of these guns were little used, and declared obsolete in 1865 by the War Department. The guns cast in 1813 were designed to be evaluated against
William Congreve William Congreve (24 January 1670 – 19 January 1729) was an English playwright and poet of the Restoration period. He is known for his clever, satirical dialogue and influence on the comedy of manners style of that period. He was also a mi ...
's new pattern of gun. The guns of 9 feet 50 hundredweight and 9 feet 47 hundredweight were highly regarded as siege guns and widely used in that role in addition to their naval use. The guns of 22 and 20 hundredweight were mostly used in casemates and flank defenses as replacements for 24-pounder carronades.


Congreve's 24-pounders

In response to a desire for lighter 24-pounders that could still be double-shotted, William Congreve designed a radical new type of 24-pounder, which was shorter, lighter, and with more metal concentrated around the gun breech rather than the chase (gun barrel). It had a muzzle similar to a carronade, and the breeching ring was discarded in favor of a hole in the center of the neck of the cascabel. Because the weight of the cannon was much farther back, the trunnions could also be cast much farther rearward than in a similar conventional cannon. Initially two guns were manufactured for testing: The heavier gun was tested in HMS ''Eurotas'' in October 1813, and the lighter gun was tested on HMS ''Pactolus'' in February 1814. The results were so favorable (despite somewhat violent recoil) that 300 more guns were ordered, and by 1820, Congreve noted 700 guns as being cast. Congreve also suggested several other guns to be constructed according to his principle, including a 24-pounder of 8 feet and 50 hundredweight. However, the recoil of the guns when in service proved to be worse than the trials indicated, and they were withdrawn from service by 1830, except in
East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and South ...
service. That year, 800 24-pounders were bored-up to produce 32-pounders, and they remained in active service in that role past 1865. Congreve's other suggested guns were never used beyond the testing stage.


Later 24-pounder designs

In 1853, the Aide-Mémoire mentioned 2 designs by Millar: These were similar to the Blomefield designs, but with a slightly smaller caliber of 5.792 instead of 5.823 inches. In addition, a number of guns designated "N.P." for New Pattern appear in the records of the Committee on Ordnance. These have lengths of 9, 9, 8, , , and , but no other details are mentioned. Finally, a 24-pounder of either or and 18 cwt was mentioned, and it was declared obsolete in 1865 by the War Department. Images are available showing 24-pounder long guns as the main gun deck armament on the as used during the American Revolution; and the USS ''Constitution'' and USS ''Constellation'' as two of the
original six frigates of the United States Navy The United States Congress authorized the original six frigates of the United States Navy with the Naval Act of 1794 on March 27, 1794, at a total cost of $688,888.82 (). These ships were built during the formative years of the United States Nav ...
starting in 1797. From the
War of 1812 The War of 1812 (18 June 1812 – 17 February 1815) was fought by the United States, United States of America and its Indigenous peoples of the Americas, indigenous allies against the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, United Kingdom ...
until the 1840s, The U.S. Navy used three classifications: the gun proper, which had a barrel weight of per pound of shot, the double-fortified gun which had a barrel weight of per pound of shot, and the medium gun, which had a barrel weight of per pound of shot. By comparison, a carronade would have a barrel weight of per pound of shot.Simpson (1886), vol. 73, Issue 437, p.882.


Citations


References

* Jean Boudriot et Hubert Berti, ''L'Artillerie de mer : marine française 1650–1850'', Paris, éditions Ancre, 1992 () (notice BNF no FRBNF355550752). * Jean Peter, ''L'artillerie et les fonderies de la marine sous Louis XIV'', Paris, Economica, 1995, 213 p. (). *Simpson, Rear-Admiral Edward, U.S.N. (1886) "United States Naval Artillery". ''Harper's New Monthly Magazine'', vol. 73, Issue 437, pp. 779–794. * {{DEFAULTSORT:24-pounder long gun Naval guns of France 152 mm artillery Cannon