The 2022 Philippine general election took place on May 9, 2022, for executive and legislative branches of the government – national, provincial, and local, except for the
barangay
A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as barrio (abbreviated as Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolitan ...
officials.
At the top of the ballot is the
election
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has opera ...
for successors to Philippine President
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ...
and Vice President
Leni Robredo
Maria Leonor "Leni" Gerona Robredo (; born Maria Leonor Santo Tomas Gerona; April 23, 1965) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 14th vice president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022.
She was the wife of the late Jesse ...
. There were also elections for:
* 12 seats to the
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
;
* All 316 seats to the
House of Representatives
House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...
;
* All 81 governors and vice governors, and 782 seats to
provincial boards in all
provinces
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outsi ...
;
* All 146 city mayors and vice mayors, and 1,650 seats to
city councils
A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area. Depending on the location and classification of the municipality it may be known as a city council, town council, town board, community council, rural council ...
in all
cities
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
* All 1,488 municipal mayors and vice mayors, and 11,908 seats to
municipal councils in all
municipalities
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
The first election to the
Bangsamoro Parliament was scheduled to be held on the same date, but was rescheduled to 2025.
This is the first election in
Davao de Oro
Davao de Oro, officially the Province of Davao de Oro ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Davao de Oro; tgl, Lalawigan ng Davao de Oro), is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital is Nabunturan. It used to be part of ...
under such name, as it was renamed from "Compostela Valley" in December 2019
after a successful plebiscite.
Preparation
Commission on Elections membership
In September 2020, President
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ...
appointed lawyer Michael Peloton as commissioner, filling in for the seat vacated by Luie Tito Guia's retirement. As this was a regular appointment as opposed to an ad interim one made when Congress is in recess, Peloton has to be confirmed by the
Commission on Appointments
The Commission on Appointments ( fil, Komisyon sa Paghirang, abbreviated as CA) is a constitutional body which confirms or rejects certain political appointments made by the President of the Philippines. The current commission was created by th ...
before he can take office. In November, Duterte appointed
Davao del Norte
Davao del Norte ( ceb, Amihanang Dabaw; tl, Hilagang Davao), officially the Province of Davao del Norte, is a province in the Philippines located in the Davao Region in Mindanao. Its capital and largest city is Tagum. The province also includes ...
election supervisor Aimee Ferolino Ampoloquio to the seat vacated by Al Parreño.
By October 2021, there were reports that Duterte will appoint the Melvin Matibag, the secretary-general of the
PDP–Laban
Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (), abbreviated as PDP–Laban, is a democratic socialist List of political parties in the Philippines, political party in the Philippines founded in 1982. It was part of the country's ruling party al ...
faction preferred by the former, as chairman. Matibag denied he knows about him in talks in being appointed as chairman. Several weeks later, Duterte appointed Rey Bulay, chief prosecutor of
Manila
Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populate ...
, as commissioner, with a term ending in 2027, replacing Peloton, who was rejected by the Commission on Appointments. Bulay was accepted by the Commission on Appointments on December 1.
Chairman Sheriff Abas and commissioners
Rowena Guanzon
Maria Rowena Amelia Villena Guanzon (, born August 29, 1957), is a Filipina lawyer, public servant, and politician who notably served as Philippine Commission on Elections commissioner from 2015 to 2022 under President Benigno Aquino III and ...
and
Antonio Kho Jr. retired on February 2, 2022. Over a month later, acting presidential spokesperson
Martin Andanar
Jose Ruperto Martin Marfori Andanar (born August 21, 1974) is a Filipino television news personality, news anchor, radio commentator, podcaster, and voice-over artist. He served as the secretary of the Presidential Communications Office of the ...
announced the appointments of
Saidamen Balt Pangarungan
Saidamen Balt Pangarungan (born September 23, 1950) is a Filipino businessman, lawyer and politician who previously served as the ''ad interim'' Chairman of the Commission on Elections from March–June 2022. He previously served as the secreta ...
as chairman, and George Erwin Garcia and Aimee Neri as commissioners. Garcia, who lists presidential candidate
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. ( , , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials PBBM or BBM, is a Filipino politician who is the 17th and current president of the Philippines. He previously served as a senat ...
as a previous client, promised to inhibit himself from cases involving his former clients, including Marcos.
Voter registration
Voter registration
In electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise eligible to vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted to vote.
The ru ...
began on January 20, 2020, and was scheduled to end on September 30, 2021. The commission expects 4.3 million eligible voters to register. Registration was suspended in some areas in
Cavite
Cavite, officially the Province of Cavite ( tl, Lalawigan ng Kabite; Chavacano: ''Provincia de Cavite''), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region in Luzon. Located on the southern shores of Manila Bay and southwest ...
,
Laguna and
Batangas
Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas ( tl, Lalawigan ng Batangas ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. Its capital is the city of Batangas, and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and La ...
due to the
Taal Volcano eruption, and in
Makilala, Cotabato
Makilala, officially the Municipality of Makilala ( hil, Banwa sang Makilala; ceb, Lungsod sa Makilala; tl, Bayan ng Makilala), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Cotabato, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a popula ...
due to
an earthquake. However, even before registration for 2022 opened, many other voters enrolled early between August 1 and September 30, 2019, ahead of the
barangay and Sangguniang Kabataan elections initially scheduled for May 11, 2020, but were eventually postponed after the general election to December 5, 2022.
On March 10, the commission suspended voter registration in the entire country due to the
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
The COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines has resulted in, as of , reported cases, resulting in reported deaths, the fifth-highest in Southeast Asia, behind Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The first case in the Philippines was iden ...
. By June, the commission announced its initial resumption on July 1. However, the commission suspended voter registration anew up to August 31. The commission later stated on August 15 that voter registration would resume on September 1 in areas under
general community quarantine (GCQ) or modified general community quarantine (MGCQ). Areas under enhanced community quarantine (ECQ) and modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ) will have their registration suspended.
Registration in the province of
Palawan
Palawan (), officially the Province of Palawan ( cyo, Probinsya i'ang Palawan; tl, Lalawigan ng Palawan), is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of Mimaropa. It is the largest province in the country in ...
was also suspended due to the
plebiscite to divide it into three provinces on March 13, 2021. The plebiscite was originally set on May 11, 2020, but was rescheduled due to the pandemic.
In some areas, almost eight months of voter registration were lost due to lockdowns. There were calls to extend voter registration after September 30, 2021, but the commission rejected this, saying that this will delay other election-related activities. The commission instead allowed voter registration to continue in areas under modified enhanced community quarantine (MECQ) starting on September 6, with longer hours, and even in malls.
With barely a week before registration closed, the Senate passed a bill on
second reading
A reading of a bill is a stage of debate on the bill held by a general body of a legislature.
In the Westminster system, developed in the United Kingdom, there are generally three readings of a bill as it passes through the stages of becoming ...
extending registration for another month. The House of Representatives likewise passed a similar bill days later, also on second reading. Earlier, both chambers separately passed resolutions urging the commission to extend registration, while the Senate threatened to cut the commission's 2022 budget if registration is not extended. On the eve of the end of registration, Sheriff Abas announced that they approved extending registration from October 11 to 30 for voters in the Philippines, and from October 1 to 14 for overseas voters.
On the same day, President Duterte signed into law extending registration for 30 days from when it is made effective.
After extended registration ended, the commission announced that 400,000 people registered in October. The commission tallied 65,745,529 voters in the Philippines, with
Calabarzon
Calabarzon (), formally known as the Southern Tagalog Mainland, is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IV-A. The region comprises five provinces: Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, and Rizal; and one highly urban ...
being the
region
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and t ...
with the most voters, with 9.1 million voters. The total was almost 4 million more as compared to
2019
File:2019 collage v1.png, From top left, clockwise: Hong Kong protests turn to widespread riots and civil disobedience; House of Representatives votes to adopt articles of impeachment against Donald Trump; CRISPR gene editing first used to experim ...
. By January 2022, the commission announced that they will print 67,442,714 ballots, with 1,697,202 of these for overseas
absentee voting
An absentee ballot is a vote cast by someone who is unable or unwilling to attend the official polling station to which the voter is normally allocated. Methods include voting at a different location, postal voting, proxy voting and online vot ...
. The commission later released per-location total of registered voters, with
Cebu
Cebu (; ceb, Sugbo), officially the Province of Cebu ( ceb, Lalawigan sa Sugbo; tl, Lalawigan ng Cebu; hil, Kapuroan sang Sugbo), is a province of the Philippines located in the Central Visayas region, and consists of a main island and 167 ...
(including
independent cities associated with it) as the most vote-rich
province
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or sovereign state, state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''Roman province, provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire ...
,
Quezon City
Quezon City (, ; fil, Lungsod Quezon ), also known as the City of Quezon and Q.C. (read in Filipino as Kyusi), is the List of cities in the Philippines, most populous city in the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a populatio ...
the most vote-rich
city
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
, and
Calabarzon
Calabarzon (), formally known as the Southern Tagalog Mainland, is an administrative region in the Philippines, designated as Region IV-A. The region comprises five provinces: Batangas, Cavite, Laguna, Quezon, and Rizal; and one highly urban ...
being the most vote-rich
region
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as zones, lands or territories, are areas that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and t ...
.
In connection to the
2021 Southeast Asian Games which will be held in Vietnam from May 12 to 23, 2022, the
Philippine Sports Commission
The Philippine Sports Commission (PSC, ) is an agency of the Philippine government which tackles matters concerning sports in the country. The sports agency is independent from the Philippine Olympic Committee which enjoys autonomy from the gov ...
lobbied the commission to allow the participants to vote as local absentee voters. The commission denied the request, saying that unless a participant is a government official or employee, a member of either the
Philippine National Police
The Philippine National Police ( fil, Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas, acronymed as PNP) is the armed national police force in the Philippines. Its national headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. Current ...
or
Armed Forces of the Philippines
The Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) ( fil, Sandatahang Lakas ng Pilipinas) are the military forces of the Philippines. It consists of three main service branches; the Army, the Air Force, and the Navy (including the Marine Corps). The P ...
who was assigned in places where one is not a voter, or media covering the games, the athlete cannot vote as a local absentee voter.
Election automation and logistics
Representative from Camarines Sur
Luis Raymund Villafuerte
Luis Raymund "L-Ray" Favis Villafuerte Jr. (born June 3, 1968) is a Filipino politician serving as the Representative of Camarines Sur's 2nd district since 2016. He was a House Deputy Speaker from 2019 until October 14, 2020. He previously ...
proposed to use a hybrid electoral system in 2022, or manual counting of votes, then electronic transmission of results. This is in contrast to the automated counting and transmission system
used since 2010. He cited 40 lawsuits on the current system used by the Commission on Elections as evidence to shift away from automated counting of votes. President
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ...
has suggested junking
Smartmatic
Smartmatic (also referred as Smartmatic Corp. or Smartmatic International) or Smartmatic SGO Group is a multinational company that builds and implements electronic voting systems. The company also produces smart cities solutions (including publ ...
as the automation partner for future elections because of problems from the
previous election. However, Smartmatic expressed its interest to participate in future elections. In May 2021, the commission awarded the contract to conduct automated elections, specifically the software that will be used in the voting machines, to Smartmatic.
Administration of logistics related to the election was awarded to F2 Logistics in August 2021. A former commissioner has questioned the deal because of the company's association with
Dennis Uy
Dennis Ang Uy (; born September 26, 1973) is a Filipino businessman and diplomat. Uy is the founder of Udenna Corporation, which has stakes in various businesses including Phoenix Petroleum.
Early life and education
Dennis Ang Uy was born a ...
, who donated to
Duterte's 2016 presidential campaign. The commission stated that the deal with F2 Logistics is legal and valid.
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic
In April 2020,
COMELEC COMELEC or Comelec may refer to any of the following:
* Commission on Elections (Philippines) (Comelec)
* North African Power Pool
The Comité Maghrébin de l'Electricité (COMELEC), also Maghreb Electricity Committee and North African Power Poo ...
Commissioner
Rowena Guanzon
Maria Rowena Amelia Villena Guanzon (, born August 29, 1957), is a Filipina lawyer, public servant, and politician who notably served as Philippine Commission on Elections commissioner from 2015 to 2022 under President Benigno Aquino III and ...
has proposed
voting by mail
Postal voting is voting in an election where ballot papers are distributed to electors (and typically returned) by Mail, post, in contrast to electors voting in person at a polling place, polling station or electronically via an electronic voti ...
as an option in the elections, mainly due to the
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic, also known as the coronavirus pandemic, is an ongoing global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The novel virus was first identif ...
.
By May 2021, Commissioner Antonio Kho Jr. said that voting hours will be extended, as the eight-hour timeframe given for previous elections cannot be used any longer. As for voting in multiple days, Kho said that only a law passed by Congress will allow that to happen.
Senator
Juan Miguel Zubiri
Juan Miguel "Migz" Fernandez Zubiri (; born April 13, 1969) is a Filipino businessman and politician serving as the President of the Senate of the Philippines, Senate President of the Philippines since July 25, 2022. Since 2016, he has been on ...
, in a
privilege speech
Parliamentary privilege is a Immunity from prosecution, legal immunity enjoyed by members of certain legislatures, in which legislators are granted protection against civil or criminal liability for actions done or statements made in the course o ...
, disclosed that he commissioned a
Pulse Asia
Pulse Asia Research Inc. is a public opinion polling body in the Philippines. It was founded by Professor Emeritus Felipe B. Miranda (M.A. Political Science, University of Chicago) of the University of the Philippines Diliman.
Pulse Asia Inc. wa ...
survey in July 2021 which said that 46% of voters will not vote if
COVID-19
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious disease caused by a virus, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was COVID-19 pandemic in Hubei, identified in Wuhan, China, in December ...
cases in their
barangay
A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as barrio (abbreviated as Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolitan ...
is high on election day, with 35% willing to vote and 19% undecided. Zubiri questioned if the public will accept the results if less than majority of the voters turned out to vote.
Postponement of the elections due to COVID-19
The 1987
Constitution of the Philippines
The Constitution of the Philippines (Filipino: ''Saligang Batas ng Pilipinas'' or ''Konstitusyon ng Pilipinas'', Spanish: ''Constitución de la República de Filipinas'') is the constitution or the supreme law of the Republic of the Philippines ...
states that
unless otherwise provided by law, the election of members of Congress is held on the second Monday of May. According to Republic Act No. 7166, the election for national, provincial, city and municipal positions are held on the second Monday of May, since 1992,
and every three years thereafter, with the president and vice president being elected in six-year intervals. It has been three years since the
2019 general election and six years since the
2016 presidential election, and with no law postponing the election to date, this meant that the election is scheduled to be held on May 9, 2022.
However, some congressmen and government officials have suggested postponing the election due to the
COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines
The COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines has resulted in, as of , reported cases, resulting in reported deaths, the fifth-highest in Southeast Asia, behind Vietnam, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand. The first case in the Philippines was iden ...
.
Sherriff Abas, the chairman of the commission, said that it has not entered their minds, that the terms are fixed, adding that they are planning on having the vote done on two days. Postponement would only be possible if Congress passes a law permitting such, and if it is approved by the people in a plebiscite. The commission has no part in scheduling the election outside from what is mandated by the constitution.
A group called Coalition for Life and Democracy petitioned the commission to postpone the elections due to ongoing pandemic. The group conceded that only Congress can postpone the election, and that their petition contained different dates to hold the election: the body of the petition called for it to be rescheduled to May 2023. but the prayer in it called for it to be held in May 2025. Another petition that would affect the election's date was filed on December 31 by the Cusi wing of the
PDP–Laban
Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (), abbreviated as PDP–Laban, is a democratic socialist List of political parties in the Philippines, political party in the Philippines founded in 1982. It was part of the country's ruling party al ...
. Their petition aimed to re-open the filling of candidacies, and to suspend the printing of ballots. The commission tackled both petitions, and announced that both were unanimously dismissed on January 12.
Postponement of the Bangsamoro Parliament election
In November 2020, the 80-person
Bangsamoro Parliament passed a resolution urging Congress to extend the transition from June 2022 to 2025. If Congress agrees, no election shall be held. By July 2021, senator Juan Miguel Zubiri said that postponing the Bangsamoro election to 2025 is likely. In September, the Senate passed a bill postponing the election to 2025.
A few days later, the House of Representatives passed their own version of the bill.
As the two bills are different, it had to be reconciled before being sent to the President Duterte for his signature.
Conference committee
A committee or commission is a body of one or more persons subordinate to a deliberative assembly. A committee is not itself considered to be a form of assembly. Usually, the assembly sends matters into a committee as a way to explore them more ...
approved the Senate version, giving the winner of the 2022 presidential election the power of appointing the next transitional parliament. Duterte then signed the bill into law, postponing the election to 2025.
Electoral system
In the Philippines, congressional and local elections, excluding regional and
barangay
A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as barrio (abbreviated as Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolitan ...
levels, have been synchronized to be held on the second Monday of May every three years, starting in 1992. Presidents and vice presidents have six-year terms, so these are only elected on even-numbered years (1992, 1998, and so on). On election days where there the presidency is not on the ballot, these are called
midterm election
Apart from general elections and by-elections, midterm election
refers to a type of election where the people can elect their representatives and other subnational officeholders (e.g. governor, members of local council) in the middle of the term ...
s, and occur on odd-numbered years (1995, 2001, and so on).
Every position has a separate ballot question, and is voted separately. Since 2010, general elections have been
automated
Automation describes a wide range of technologies that reduce human intervention in processes, namely by predetermining decision criteria, subprocess relationships, and related actions, as well as embodying those predeterminations in machines ...
, and voters have to shade the oval of the candidate nearest to their choice. For executive positions, it is done via the
first-past-the-post voting
In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP), formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts or informally choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting, or score voting, voters cast their ...
(FPTP) system, where the voter has one choice. For elections to the Senate and local legislatures, it is via
multiple non-transferable vote
The multiple non-transferable vote (MNTV) is a group of voting system, in which voters elect several representatives at once, with each voter having more than one vote. MNTV uses multi-member electoral districts or only one district, which conta ...
, where the voter has ''x'' number of choices depending on the number of seats up for election (12 in the case of the Senate), and the ''x'' candidates with the highest number of votes win. For elections to the House of Representatives, the voter has
two votes, one vote is via FPTP, and the other is done via a modified
party-list proportional representation
Party-list proportional representation (list-PR) is a subset of proportional representation electoral systems in which multiple candidates are elected (e.g., elections to parliament) through their position on an electoral list. They can also be us ...
system.
Elections are organized, run, and adjudicated by the
Commission on Elections
An election commission is a body charged with overseeing the implementation of electioneering process of any country. The formal names of election commissions vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and may be styled an electoral commission, a c ...
(COMELEC), an independent governmental body, with appeals under certain conditions allowed to the
Regional Trial Court
The Regional Trial Courts ( fil, Panrehiyong Hukuman sa Paglilitis) are the highest trial courts in the Philippines. In criminal matters, they have original jurisdiction.
History
It was formerly called as the Court of First Instance since the ...
s, the
Congress of the Philippines
The Congress of the Philippines ( fil, Kongreso ng Pilipinas, italic=unset) is the legislature of the national government of the Philippines. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives of the Philippines, House of R ...
, or the
Supreme Court of the Philippines
The Supreme Court ( fil, Kataas-taasang Hukuman; colloquially referred to as the ''Korte Suprema'' lso used in formal writing is the highest court in the Philippines. The Supreme Court was established by the Second Philippine Commission on Ju ...
sitting as the
House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal
The House of Representatives Electoral Tribunal (HRET) is an electoral tribunal that decides election protests in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. It consists of six representatives and three justices of the Supreme Court of the Phi ...
, the
Senate Electoral Tribunal
The Senate Electoral Tribunal (SET) is an electoral tribunal that decides election protests in the Senate of the Philippines. It consists of 6 senators nominated by the Senate, and 3 justices of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, who are desig ...
, or the
Presidential Electoral Tribunal
The Presidential Electoral Tribunal (PET) is an electoral tribunal that decides election protests involving the election of the President of the Philippines and Vice President of the Philippines. It is composed of justices of the Supreme Court o ...
.
Calendar
This is the latest published calendar by COMELEC:
Timetable
Ballot printing was initially scheduled to start on January 15, 2022. However, technical issues hounded the printing, and the commission postponed it to January 17, and then to January 19. The commission started printing ballots on January 20, 2022.
Parties and coalitions
As this is a presidential election year, presidential candidates may endorse a running mate for vice president, a senatorial slate, district and party-list representatives, and local officials, who may not be of the same party or coalition as him/her. Political parties in the Philippines have been described as "temporary political alliances", or argued that there are no parties at all, just "fan clubs of politicians".
Party-switching is not uncommon. The dependence of parties on personalities instead of issues is seen as a factor on why this is so.
Parties and seats held prior to the elections
The following table is sorted by which national party holds the presidency, vice presidency, number of House of Representatives (House) seats, then the number of Senate seats.
National conventions and assemblies
National political conventions and assemblies were held to nominate candidates in the upcoming election. The
PDP–Laban
Partido Demokratiko Pilipino–Lakas ng Bayan (), abbreviated as PDP–Laban, is a democratic socialist List of political parties in the Philippines, political party in the Philippines founded in 1982. It was part of the country's ruling party al ...
's two factions held separate conventions. On September 8, 2021, the Cusi faction held their national convention in
San Fernando, Pampanga
San Fernando, officially the City of San Fernando ( pam, Lakanbalen ning Sampernandu; fil, Lungsod ng San Fernando), is a 1st class Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, component city and capital of the Provinces of the Philippines, ...
. The faction selected Senator
Bong Go
Christopher Lawrence "Bong" Tesoro Go (; born June 14, 1974) is a Filipino politician serving as a Senator since 2019. He previously served in the Cabinet of President Rodrigo Duterte as Special Assistant to the President and Head of the Presi ...
as their presidential nominee and incumbent president
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ...
as his running mate. They also nominated eight people for senator. The opposing faction led by Pimentel held their convention in
Quezon City
Quezon City (, ; fil, Lungsod Quezon ), also known as the City of Quezon and Q.C. (read in Filipino as Kyusi), is the List of cities in the Philippines, most populous city in the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a populatio ...
on September 19, 2021. Senator
Manny Pacquiao
Emmanuel Dapidran Pacquiao Sr. (; born December17, 1978) is a Filipino politician and former professional boxer. Nicknamed "PacMan", he is regarded as one of the greatest professional boxers of all time. He served as a Senator of the Philip ...
was nominated as their presidential candidate. On the same day, the
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas
Partido Federal ng Pilipinas ( en, Federal Party of the Philippines; PFP) is a national political party in the Philippines. It is chaired by Bongbong Marcos, president of the Philippines who won by a landslide in the 2022 election. During the r ...
(PFP) held their own convention, nominating former senator
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. ( , , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials PBBM or BBM, is a Filipino politician who is the 17th and current president of the Philippines. He previously served as a senat ...
as their presidential candidate.
He was also nominated by the
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (KBL) in their convention, which they held on September 24.
National democracy National Democracy may refer to:
* National Democracy (Czech Republic)
* National Democracy (Italy)
* National Democracy (Philippines)
* National Democracy (Poland)
* National Democracy (Spain)
See also
* Civic nationalism, a general concept
* ...
coalition
Makabayan
Makabayang Koalisyon ng Mamamayan (Makabayan; ) is a coalition of twelve party-lists in the House of Representatives of the Philippines. It was founded on April 16, 2009. The founding assembly was held at UP Theatre, Diliman, Quezon City.
Party-l ...
held their assembly on September 27 and nominated nominees for its party-lists. The
Aksyon Demokratiko
Aksyon Demokratiko ( ) or simply Aksyon is a political party in the Philippines founded by Raul Roco. It was recognized as a national political party in 1998 by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) and is considered to be one of the major partie ...
party also held their convention on September 27 in
Manila
Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populate ...
, selecting
Manila
Manila ( , ; fil, Maynila, ), officially the City of Manila ( fil, Lungsod ng Maynila, ), is the capital of the Philippines, and its second-most populous city. It is highly urbanized and, as of 2019, was the world's most densely populate ...
mayor
Isko Moreno
Francisco Moreno Domagoso (born October 24, 1974), popularly known by his stage name Isko Moreno or Isko Moreno Domagoso (), is a Filipino politician and actor who previously served as the 27th mayor of Manila from 2019 to 2022. Before headi ...
and
Willie Ong
Willy or Willie is a masculine, male given name, often a diminutive form of William or Wilhelm, and occasionally a nickname. It may refer to:
People Given name or nickname
* Willie Aames (born 1960), American actor, television director, and scree ...
as their standard bearers for the presidential and vice presidential elections respectively.
Aksyon also nominated two persons as their senatorial candidates.
PROMDI
The Progressive Movement for the Devolution of Initiatives or Probinsya Muna Development Initiative (; ), abbreviated as PROMDI or Abag-Promdi, is a political party in the Philippines based in Cebu.
The party was founded in 1997 by Lito Osmeña ...
held their national convention in
Cebu City
Cebu City, officially the City of Cebu ( ceb, Dakbayan sa Sugbo; fil, Lungsod ng Cebu; hil, Dakbanwa sang Sugbo), is a 1st class Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, highly urbanized city in the Central Visayas Regions of the P ...
on the same day, nominating Pacquiao as their presidential candidate and approving an electoral alliance between PROMDI and the Pimentel faction of PDP–Laban.
On September 28, two labor parties,
Labor Party Philippines (LPP) and Partido Lakas ng Manggagawang Pilipino (PLMP), held their political convention in
Mabalacat
Mabalacat, officially the City of Mabalacat ( pam, Lakanbalen ning Mabalacat; fil, Lungsod ng Mabalacat), is a 3rd class component city in the province of Pampanga, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 293,244 people ...
. This convention oversaw the nomination of Marcos as their presidential nominee and the approval of the electoral alliance between LPP and PLMP, endorsement of the AAsenso party-list, and approval of partnerships between LPP and KBL and LPP and PFP. The
Partido Lakas ng Masa
The Partido Lakas ng Masa (PLM; ) is a democratic socialist political party in the Philippines. Created in 2009, it includes as its affiliate the labor group Bukluran ng Manggagawang Pilipino and is Sanlakas' political party for purposes of co ...
(PLM) also held their national convention on the same day and nominated labor leader
Leody de Guzman
Leodegario "Ka Leody" Quitain de Guzman (; born July 25, 1959) is a Filipino socialist labor rights activist who ran for president in the 2022 Philippine presidential elections, under the Partido Lakas ng Masa. He is currently the chairperson ...
as their presidential bet.
Some of the results of the national conventions were noticeably not followed. For the Cusi faction of the PDP–Laban, Bong Go declined to run for president,
and Rodrigo Duterte, who originally accepted the nomination,
changed his mind and announced his retirement from politics. In the end, Go became the vice presidential nominee, while
Ronald dela Rosa
Ronald Marapon dela Rosa (born January 21, 1962), also known as Bato, is a Filipino
Filipino may refer to:
* Something from or related to the Philippines
** Filipino language, standardized variety of 'Tagalog', the national language and one ...
was named their presidential nominee. For the Pimentel faction of the same party, Manny Pacquiao was named their standard bearer, but carried the PROMDI party banner in his candidacy, after their faction and PROMDI forged an electoral alliance. Marcos, who was nominated by at least four parties, chose to run under the Partido Federal ng Pilipinas. PLM only nominated De Guzman for president in their convention. Former
Akbayan
The Akbayan Citizens' Action Party, better known as Akbayan (), is a democratic socialist and progressive political party in the Philippines. Akbayan is noted as a leading member of the progressive movement in the Philippines, having been forme ...
representative
Walden Bello
Walden Flores Bello (born November 11, 1945) is a Filipino academic, environmentalist, and social activist who served as a member of the House of Representatives of the Philippines. He is an international adjunct professor at Binghamton Univers ...
was eventually chosen to be his running mate.
The Makabayan bloc would also later endorse vice president
Leni Robredo
Maria Leonor "Leni" Gerona Robredo (; born Maria Leonor Santo Tomas Gerona; April 23, 1965) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 14th vice president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022.
She was the wife of the late Jesse ...
and senator
Francis Pangilinan
Francis Pancratius "Kiko" Nepomuceno Pangilinan (; born August 24, 1963) is a Filipino lawyer, politician, and farm owner who served as a Senator from 2001 to 2013 and from 2016 to 2022. He was the Senate Majority Leader from 2004 to 2008.
A ...
as their presidential and vice presidential candidates respectively.
In the flurry of substitutions prior to the deadline, Rodrigo Duterte and Bong Go, erstwhile PDP–Laban politicians, were to run under the
Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan
Pederalismo ng Dugong Dakilang Samahan (; abbreviated as PDDS) is a national political party in the Philippines accredited by the Commission on Elections (COMELEC) on October 30, 2018. It was founded by Presidential Anti-Corruption (PACC) Chairma ...
as senator and president respectively, to avoid legal complications amidst the
ongoing dispute in PDP–Laban. Go himself later on announced his withdrawal from the presidential election.
Coalitions
The Philippines is a
multi-party democracy
In political science, a multi-party system is a political system in which multiple political parties across the political spectrum run for national elections, and all have the capacity to gain control of government offices, separately or in coal ...
. This means parties enter into coalitions and alliances with each other prior to, during and after elections in order to be a part of government. These coalitions are ordered by date when it was formalized.
Issues
Relationship with China
Laura del Rosario, a former Undersecretary for International Economic Affairs, encouraged the public to reject "Manchurian candidates," or candidates who are clandestinely supported by
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
, who is currently involved in
territorial disputes
A territorial dispute or boundary dispute is a disagreement over the possession or control of land between two or more political entities.
Context and definitions
Territorial disputes are often related to the possession of natural resources s ...
with the Philippines. Del Rosario also said that to ensure that a pro-Chinese leader is elected, China may support more than one candidate in the election.
Candidate substitution
Substitution of candidates aside from death or illness is allowed in the Philippines, under the Omnibus Election Code. In case of withdrawal, the substitute can replace the original candidate only on the commission's set schedule; for death or disqualification, the substitute can replace the original candidate until midday of election day. Incumbent president
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ...
notably was a substitute in 2016 where he won. Deputy speaker
Rufus Rodriguez proposed to ban such substitutions, and to reimpose the old rule that automatically makes candidates deemed as resigned on any political position that they are on. The commission promised to be firm on rules regarding substitution after
Sara Duterte
Sara Vicenta Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio (, ; born May 31, 1978), commonly known as Inday Sara, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who is the 15th and current vice president of the Philippines. She is the third female vice president, the third ...
missed the deadline to file a presidential candidacy.
Smartmatic data breach
On January 10, 2022, the
Manila Bulletin
The ''Manila Bulletin'' (), (also known as the ''Bulletin'' and previously known as the ''Manila Daily Bulletin'' from 1906 to September 23, 1972, and the ''Bulletin Today'' from November 22, 1972, to March 10, 1986) is the Philippines' largest ...
published an article alleging that the COMELEC's servers were hacked by a group, who downloaded more than 60 gigabytes of data containing usernames and passwords for the
vote-counting machines (VCMs) and other sensitive information. The commission initially denied its servers were breached and asserted that their system has not yet been connected to any network and that no PINs have been generated yet. Following the report, the
National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) launched its own investigation into the incident. Another investigation by the
Department of Information and Communications Technology (DICT) asserted that it was not the COMELEC that was hacked, but its software contractor,
Smartmatic
Smartmatic (also referred as Smartmatic Corp. or Smartmatic International) or Smartmatic SGO Group is a multinational company that builds and implements electronic voting systems. The company also produces smart cities solutions (including publ ...
. A public hearing was held by the Senate. On March 17, 2022, senators
Imee Marcos
Maria Imelda Josefa Remedios "Imee" Romualdez Marcos (; born November 12, 1955) is a Filipina politician and former actress serving as a Senator since 2019. She is the daughter of Ferdinand Marcos and former first lady Imelda Marcos and the ol ...
and
Tito Sotto
Vicente Castelo Sotto III (; born August 24, 1948), professionally known as Tito Sotto, is a Filipino politician, entertainer and athlete who served as Senate President from 2018 to 2022. Before that, had two stints each as Senate Majority Lea ...
, after the Senate's executive session with COMELEC officials, revealed that Smartmatic was breached after an employee allowed a group to copy data from a company-issued laptop. The commission later met with Smartmatic officials on March 31. On April 1, the COMELEC confirmed the Smartmatic breach, but clarified that the leaked data was not related to the elections, and that the
SD card
Secure Digital, officially abbreviated as SD, is a proprietary non-volatile flash memory card format developed by the SD Association (SDA) for use in portable devices.
The standard was introduced in August 1999 by joint efforts between SanDis ...
s for the VCMs were not compromised.
Election-related violence
Even before the day of elections, multiple cases of gun violence and attacks were reported in different areas of the country. In
Ilocos Sur
Ilocos Sur, officially the Province of Ilocos Sur ( ilo, Probinsia ti Ilocos Sur; tl, Lalawigan ng Ilocos Sur), is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Located on the mouth of the Mestizo River is the capital o ...
, a shoot-out led to 2 injuries.
The commission placed the following places under strict and additional control. Once it is placed under COMELEC control, the commission have the direct supervision over officials and employees, and full control over law enforcement agencies guarding the area. Prior to the release of the initial two places, the commission withheld releasing a list of such areas because it has not yet been validated.
Most of the places under usurped control of the commission are located in
Mindanao
Mindanao ( ) ( Jawi: مينداناو) is the second-largest island in the Philippines, after Luzon, and seventh-most populous island in the world. Located in the southern region of the archipelago, the island is part of an island group of ...
.
*
Malabang,
Lanao del Sur
Lanao del Sur ( tl, Timog Lanao; Maranao and ilp, Pagabagatan Ranao), officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capital is the city of ...
, due to a "recent spate of killings"
*
Tubaran
Tubaran, officially the Municipality of Tubaran (Maranao language, Maranao: ''Inged a Tubaran''; tl, Bayan ng Tubaran), is a 4th class municipality of the Philippines, municipality in the Philippine Province, province of Lanao del Sur, Philippine ...
, Lanao del Sur, which has a history of election-related violence
* The following places in
Bangsamoro
ar, منطقة بانجسامورو ذاتية الحكم فى مسلمى مينداناو
, native_name =
, settlement_type = Autonomous region
, anthem = Bangsamoro Hymn
, image_skyline ...
, upon recommendation of the police, military, and the regional election director
**
Marawi
Marawi, officially the Islamic City of Marawi (Maranao language, Maranao: ''Inged a Marawi''; fil, Islamikong Lungsod ng Marawi), is a 4th class Cities of the Philippines#Legal classification, component city and capital of the Provinces of th ...
, Lanao del Sur
**
Maguing
Maguing, officially the Municipality of Maguing ( Maranao: ''Inged a Maguing''; tl, Bayan ng Maguing), is a 2nd class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 30,436 people.
...
, Lanao del Sur
**
Buluan,
Maguindanao
Maguindanao (, Maguindanao language, Maguindanaon: ''Prubinsya nu Magindanaw''; Iranun language, Iranun'': Perobinsia a Magindanao''; tl, Lalawigan ng Maguindanao) was a Provinces of the Philippines, province of the Philippines located in the ...
**
Datu Odin Sinsuat
Datu Odin Sinsuat, officially the Municipality of Datu Odin Sinsuat (Maguindanao language, Maguindanaon: ''Inged nu Datu Odin Sinsuat''; Iranun language, Iranun: ''Inged a Datu Odin Sinsuat''; tl, Bayan ng Datu Odin Sinsuat), is a municipality ...
, Maguindanao
**
Datu Piang
*
*
*
*
*
1846 births
1933 deaths
Members of the Philippine Legislature
Filipino datus, rajas and sultans
Filipino Muslims
People from Cotabato City
{{philippines-bio-stub
Filipino politicians of Chinese descent , Maguindanao
**
Mangudadatu, Maguindanao
**
Pandag, Maguindanao
**
Sultan Kudarat
Sultan Kudarat, officially the Province of Sultan Kudarat ( hil, Kapuoran sang Sultan Kudarat; Maguindanaon: ''Dairat nu Sultan Kudarat'', Jawi: دايرت نو سلطان كودرت; ceb, Lalawigan sa Sultan Kudarat; tl, Lalawigan ng Sul ...
, Maguindanao
*
Misamis Occidental
Misamis Occidental ( ceb, Kasadpang Misamis; Subanen languages, Subanen: ''Sindepan Mis'samis''; fil, Kanlurang Misamis), officially the Province of Misamis Occidental, is a Provinces of the Philippines, province located in the Regions of the Ph ...
, for security and safety concerns
*
Pilar,
Abra, upon petition of its mayor
On the election day itself, several separate incidents of grenade explosions were reported in the Maguindanaon towns of
Datu Unsay and
Shariff Aguak
Shariff Aguak, officially the Municipality of Shariff Aguak ( Maguindanaoan: ''Kuta Shariff Aguak''), is a 3rd class municipality in the province of Maguindanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 33,982 peop ...
, which resulted in nine minor injuries. In
Buluan town in the same province, a gun attack led to the deaths of three guards. In
Datu Piang
*
*
*
*
*
1846 births
1933 deaths
Members of the Philippine Legislature
Filipino datus, rajas and sultans
Filipino Muslims
People from Cotabato City
{{philippines-bio-stub
Filipino politicians of Chinese descent , six were hurt when a grenade exploded in front of a polling center.
One day after the elections, protests and escalations in the municipal capitol of
Butig
Butig, officially the Municipality of Butig (Maranao: ''Dalm a Butig''), is a 6th class municipality in the province of Lanao del Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 22,768 people.
This ancient and royal town ...
in
Lanao del Sur
Lanao del Sur ( tl, Timog Lanao; Maranao and ilp, Pagabagatan Ranao), officially the Province of Lanao del Sur, is a province in the Philippines located in the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM). The capital is the city of ...
resulted in multiple injuries and damages to the building's windows. The AFP calmed down the situation after sending additional personnel in the area. Accusations of electoral cheating by bringing VCMs into the capitol as well as allegations of ballot frauds were seen as the primary reason for the conflict between the two camps in the mayoral race.
Issues with vote-counting machines
Out of the 106,174
vote-counting machines (VCMs) used in the elections, about 1,800 malfunctioned in election day. Commissioner George Garcia listed the common issues that the VCMs encountered as follows:
* 940 VCMs had paper jam
* 606 VCMs rejected ballots
* 158 VCMs had issues with the VCM scanner
* 87 VCMs were not printing
* 76 VCMs were not printing properly
The affected VCMs were repaired by technicians and only ten faulty machines were replaced.
Voters in several voting precincts complained about the ordeal and many of them exceeded the allotted voting time during election day due to the delays and malfunctions of the machine. Many were told to leave their ballots, with some requiring to sign a
waiver
A waiver is the voluntary relinquishment or surrender of some known right or privilege.
Regulatory agencies of state departments or the federal government may issue waivers to exempt companies from certain regulations. For example, a United St ...
, to the precinct director for them to scan it themselves resulting to the dismay of the voters with many rejecting the offer. Some ballots which were successfully entered into the VCMs before were reportedly not counted after the machine broke down requiring a designated technician to repair or replace it. The COMELEC then ordered a temporary time extension for the precincts encountering the problem.
According to
national security
National security, or national defence, is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government. Originally conceived as protection against military atta ...
adviser
Hermogenes Esperon Jr., there were more than 20,000 attempts to hack the VCMs' system and attempts of automated fraud but all were refuted. Esperon Jr. also noted that of the numbers of malfunctioned VCMs, it did not reach one percent of the total number of VCMs that were used during the
elections
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual or multiple individuals to hold public office.
Elections have been the usual mechanism by which modern representative democracy has operate ...
hence signifying that the system is effective nonetheless.
Observations
The International Coalition for Human Rights in the Philippines (ICHRP), a global human rights group, in its final report released online in June, said the May 2022 elections failed to meet the standards of "free, honest, and fair" voting citing reports of incidents of human rights violations and fraud. ICHRP recommended the restructuring of the
COMELEC COMELEC or Comelec may refer to any of the following:
* Commission on Elections (Philippines) (Comelec)
* North African Power Pool
The Comité Maghrébin de l'Electricité (COMELEC), also Maghreb Electricity Committee and North African Power Poo ...
and replacing
vote-counting machines for future elections.
Campaign
Campaigning for nationally elected positions began on February 8. The commission, due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, prohibited entering houses, kissing and hugging voters, and taking selfies with voters. Campaigns should also get an approval from the local elections office before they are allowed to actually campaign. The commission also set up a
Facebook
Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin M ...
page for its e-rallies, allowing candidates and parties a limited time to campaign. With most of the country being placed in Alert Level 1, the commission recalibrated its rules on March 16, increasing the capacity for venues and removing the need for permits for localities in levels 1 and 2.
The commission, as mandated by the Fair Elections Act, also banned campaign paraphernalia outside the common poster areas in every locality, in public spaces, and in private property without the owner's consent.
''Oplan Baklas''
The
Philippine National Police
The Philippine National Police ( fil, Pambansang Pulisya ng Pilipinas, acronymed as PNP) is the armed national police force in the Philippines. Its national headquarters is located at Camp Crame in Bagong Lipunan ng Crame, Quezon City. Current ...
started its "Oplan Baklas" () on the first day of campaigning. The
Leni Robredo presidential campaign, citing the arbitrary application of the law, were considering legal action on the actions of the authorities, as they removed campaign materials on private properties. This followed the removal of their campaign materials from their media center in
Quezon City
Quezon City (, ; fil, Lungsod Quezon ), also known as the City of Quezon and Q.C. (read in Filipino as Kyusi), is the List of cities in the Philippines, most populous city in the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a populatio ...
, and from their
Santiago, Isabela
Santiago, officially the City of Santiago ( ilo, Siudad ti Santiago; ibg, Siudad nat Santiago; gad, Siudad na Santiago; fil, Lungsod ng Santiago), is a 1st class independent component city in the Cagayan Valley region of the Philippines. A ...
campaign headquarters. Interior Secretary
Eduardo Año
Eduardo Manahan Año (; born October 26, 1961) is a Filipino public official and retired general of the Philippine Army who served as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government in the Cabinet of President Rodrigo Duterte from 2018 to 20 ...
defended their actions, saying that private property owners were first notified of the violations before the campaign materials were removed. 1Sambayan cited ''Diocese of Bacolod v. COMELEC'' Supreme Court case, where "COMELEC (has) no legal basis to regulate expressions made by private citizens." On March 8, the Supreme Court issued a
restraining order
A restraining order or protective order, is an order used by a court to protect a person in a situation involving alleged domestic violence, child abuse, assault, harassment, stalking, or sexual assault.
Restraining and personal protection or ...
against the operation.
Immediately one day after the elections, the
MMDA and several
LGUs conducted a widespread enforcement of removing campaign posters and electoral paraphernalia. Schools and government establishments with nearby posters were prioritized for clearance for the incoming face-to-face classes.
Candidates
Isko-Willie
L
MP3 Alliance
Tuloy ang Pagbabago
Lacson-Sotto
Team Robredo-Pangilinan
Uniteam Marcos-Duterte
Others
Non-Independents
Independents
Results
The
Commission on Elections
An election commission is a body charged with overseeing the implementation of electioneering process of any country. The formal names of election commissions vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, and may be styled an electoral commission, a c ...
published that there would be 18,180 posts up for election, including the 80 seats that would have been disputed in the
Bangsamoro Parliament.
The commission then announced that there will be 18,100 posts up, with a total of 47,853 candidates running across all posts.
Voting for overseas
absentee voting
An absentee ballot is a vote cast by someone who is unable or unwilling to attend the official polling station to which the voter is normally allocated. Methods include voting at a different location, postal voting, proxy voting and online vot ...
began on April 10 and ended on May 9, election day in the Philippines. About 1.6 million were registered voters outside the country.
The commission will declare the winners for all positions, except for president and vice president, where
Congress
A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups. The term originated in Late Middle English to denote an encounter (meeting of a ...
will declare the results.
For president
![2022 Philippine presidential election by province](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/2022_Philippine_presidential_election_by_province.png)
The presidential election will determine the successor of
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ...
. Duterte is term-limited and thus cannot run for president. The Commission on Elections released the official list of candidates on January 18, 2022, with 10 candidates listed on the final ballot.
Bongbong Marcos
Ferdinand "Bongbong" Romualdez Marcos Jr. ( , , ; born September 13, 1957), commonly referred to by the initials PBBM or BBM, is a Filipino politician who is the 17th and current president of the Philippines. He previously served as a senat ...
was elected with over 31 million votes.
For vice president
![2022 Philippine vice presidential election by province](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/2022_Philippine_vice_presidential_election_by_province.png)
The vice presidential election will determine the successor of
Leni Robredo
Maria Leonor "Leni" Gerona Robredo (; born Maria Leonor Santo Tomas Gerona; April 23, 1965) is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 14th vice president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022.
She was the wife of the late Jesse ...
. Robredo is eligible to run for a second term but decided to run for president. The Commission on Elections released the official list of candidates on January 18, 2022.
There were nine candidates on the ballot.
Sara Duterte
Sara Vicenta Zimmerman Duterte-Carpio (, ; born May 31, 1978), commonly known as Inday Sara, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who is the 15th and current vice president of the Philippines. She is the third female vice president, the third ...
, daughter of outgoing president
Rodrigo Duterte
Rodrigo Roa Duterte (, ; born March 28, 1945), also known as Digong, Rody, and by the initials DU30 and PRRD, is a Filipino lawyer and politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He is the chairperson ...
, was elected with over 32 million votes.
Congress
Members of the
19th Congress of the Philippines
The 19th Congress of the Philippines ( fil, Ikalabinsiyam na Kongreso ng Pilipinas), composed of the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives, convened on July 25, 2022. The 19th Congress is meeting during the first three years of Bongbon ...
will be elected in this election.
Senate
One half of the membership or 12 of 24 seats in the
Senate
A senate is a deliberative assembly, often the upper house or chamber of a bicameral legislature. The name comes from the ancient Roman Senate (Latin: ''Senatus''), so-called as an assembly of the senior (Latin: ''senex'' meaning "the el ...
, or those last contested in
2016
File:2016 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: Bombed-out buildings in Ankara following the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt; the impeachment trial of Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff; Damaged houses during the 2016 Nagorno-Karabakh ...
, are up for election. Those elected in
2019
File:2019 collage v1.png, From top left, clockwise: Hong Kong protests turn to widespread riots and civil disobedience; House of Representatives votes to adopt articles of impeachment against Donald Trump; CRISPR gene editing first used to experim ...
will be joined by the winners of this election to serve in the 19th Congress. There are 178 people who filed up to run for a Senate seat.
The 64 names were included in the ballot.
Among the senators-elect, four were reelected, five are returning to the Senate, and three, including top-notcher
Robin Padilla
Robinhood Ferdinand Cariño Padilla (; born November 23, 1969), known professionally as Robin Padilla, is a Filipino politician, television personality, martial artist, actor and director currently serving as a Senator of the Philippines since ...
are neophytes.
Juan Miguel Zubiri
Juan Miguel "Migz" Fernandez Zubiri (; born April 13, 1969) is a Filipino businessman and politician serving as the President of the Senate of the Philippines, Senate President of the Philippines since July 25, 2022. Since 2016, he has been on ...
was elected Senate President.
House of Representatives
![2022 Philippine house of representatives elections results](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/2022_Philippine_house_of_representatives_elections_results.svg)
All 316 seats in the
House of Representatives
House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...
will be up for election, an increase of 12 seats from the outgoing
18th Congress. There are now 253
congressional districts
Congressional districts, also known as electoral districts and legislative districts, electorates, or wards in other nations, are divisions of a larger administrative region that represent the population of a region in the larger congressional bod ...
, each electing one representative, and 63 seats elected via the
party-list system A party-list system is a type of electoral system that formally involves political parties in the electoral process, usually to facilitate multi-winner elections. In party-list systems, parties put forward a list of candidates, the party-list who s ...
on a nationwide vote.
There were 733 people who filed to run for Congress.
After the election, allies of president-elect Bongbong Marcos are seen to be the supermajority in the House of Representatives.
Martin Romauldez, a cousin of Marcos, was subsequently elected Speaker.
=Elections at congressional districts
=
=Party-list election
=
Local
Local elections above the
barangay
A barangay (; abbreviated as Brgy. or Bgy.), historically referred to as barrio (abbreviated as Bo.), is the smallest administrative division in the Philippines and is the native Filipino term for a village, district, or ward. In metropolitan ...
level are expected to be held along with the national elections:
*All 81 governors and vice governors, and 782 seats to
provincial boards in all
provinces
A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outsi ...
;
*All 146 city mayors and vice mayors, and 1,650 seats to
city councils
A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area. Depending on the location and classification of the municipality it may be known as a city council, town council, town board, community council, rural council ...
in all
cities
A city is a human settlement of notable size.Goodall, B. (1987) ''The Penguin Dictionary of Human Geography''. London: Penguin.Kuper, A. and Kuper, J., eds (1996) ''The Social Science Encyclopedia''. 2nd edition. London: Routledge. It can be def ...
*All 1,488 municipal mayors and vice mayors, and 11,908 seats to
municipal councils in all
municipalities
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
The term ''municipality'' may also mean the go ...
In popular culture
* "2 joints", hand gesture in support for Isko Moreno
* "Ang Presidente, Bise Presidente", chant in support for Leni Robredo turned into a song by
Gabriel Valenciano
Jose Angelo Gabriel Pangilinan Valenciano (born June 11, 1988), professionally known as Gab Valenciano, is a Filipino dancer, actor, musician, host, percussionist, drummer, choreographer, director, and commercial model. He is the son of Gary Va ...
* "
Bagong Pagsilang
"Bagong Pagsilang" ( en, New Birth Rebirth), also known as "Bagong Lipunan" ( en, New Society) and the "March of the New Society", is a Filipino song commissioned during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos that explicitly extols the Kilusang B ...
", Marcos anthem published in 1973, re-released in 2022 with a new version for the Bongbong Marcos campaign
* "Bagong Pilipinas, Bagong Mukha", campaign jingle composed by
Andrew E.
Andrew Ford Valentino Espiritu (born July 30, 1967) is a Filipino rapper, record producer, actor, toy collector and comedian. He is best known in the Philippines for his 1990 debut hit single "Humanap Ka Ng Panget" (''Look For Someone Ugly''). ...
for Bongbong Marcos and Sara Duterte
* "Kay Leni Tayo", Leni Robredo's campaign jingle
* ''
Yorme: The Isko Domagoso Story'', biographical film about Isko Moreno released in January 2022
References
External links
Vote SAFE Pilipinas official website of the Commission on Elections for the 2022 Philippine general election
* https://2022electionresults.comelec.gov.ph/, official website of the Commission on Elections for the results of the 2022 Philippine general election
{{DEFAULTSORT:Philippine general election, 2022
General
A general officer is an Officer (armed forces), officer of highest military ranks, high rank in the army, armies, and in some nations' air forces, space forces, and marines or naval infantry.
In some usages the term "general officer" refers t ...
2022
File:2022 collage V1.png, Clockwise, from top left: Road junction at Yamato-Saidaiji Station several hours after the assassination of Shinzo Abe; 2022 Sri Lankan protests, Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka in front of the Presidential Secretari ...
General election
A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation, state, or territory's primary legislative body, and are different from by-elections ( ...