2.5D (visual Perception)
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2.5D is an effect in visual perception. It is the construction of an apparently three-dimensional environment from 2D retinal projections.Watt, R.J. and B.J. Rogers. "Human Vision and Cognitive Science." In Cognitive Psychology Research Directions in Cognitive Science: European Perspectives Vol. 1, edited by Alan Baddeley and Niels Ole Bernsen, 10–12. East Sussex: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1989. While the result is technically 2D, it allows for the illusion of depth. It is easier for the eye to discern the distance between two items than the depth of a single object in the view field. Computers can use 2.5D to make images human faces look lifelike. Perception of the physical environment is limited because of visual and cognitive issues. The visual problem is the lack of objects in
three-dimensional space Three-dimensional space (also: 3D space, 3-space or, rarely, tri-dimensional space) is a geometric setting in which three values (called ''parameters'') are required to determine the position (geometry), position of an element (i.e., Point (m ...
to be imaged with the same projection, while the cognitive problem is that the perception of an object depends on the observer. David Marr found that 2.5D has visual projection constraints that exist because "parts of images are always (deformed) discontinuities in luminance". Therefore, in reality, the observer does not see all of the surroundings but constructs a viewer-centred three-dimensional view.


Blur perception

A primary aspect of the human visual system is blur perception. Blur perception plays a key role in focusing on near or far objects. Retinal focus patterns are critical in blur perception as these patterns are composed of distal and proximal retinal defocus. Depending on the object's distance and motion from the observer, these patterns contain a balance and an imbalance of focus in both directions. Human blur perceptions involve blur detection and blur discrimination. Blur goes across the central and peripheral retina. The model has a changing nature and a model of blur perception is in
dioptric Dioptrics is the branch of optics dealing with refraction, similarly the branch dealing with mirror A mirror or looking glass is an object that Reflection (physics), reflects an image. Light that bounces off a mirror will show an image of ...
space while in near viewing. The model can have suggestions according to depth perception and accommodating control.


Digital synthesis

The 2.5D range data is obtained by a
range imaging Range imaging is the name for a collection of techniques that are used to produce a 2D image showing the distance to points in a scene from a specific point, normally associated with some type of sensor device. The resulting range image has pix ...
system, and the 2D colour image is taken by a regular camera. These two data sets are processed individually and then combined. Human face output can be lifelike and be manipulated by computer graphics tools. In facial recognition, this tool can provide complete facial details. Three different approaches are used in colour edge detection: * Analyze each colour independently and then combine them; * Analyze the '
luminance Luminance is a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light travelling in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through, is emitted from, or is reflected from a particular area, and falls withi ...
channel' and use the
chrominance Chrominance (''chroma'' or ''C'' for short) is the signal used in video systems to convey the color information of the picture (see YUV color model), separately from the accompanying luma signal (or Y' for short). Chrominance is usually represente ...
channels to aid other decisions; * Treat the colour image as a vector field, and use derivatives of the vector field as the colour gradient. 2.5D (
visual perception Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflecte ...
) offers an automatic approach to making human face models. It analyzes a range data set and a color perception image. The sources are analyzed separately to identify the anatomical sites of features, craft the geometry of the face and produce a volumetric facial model. The two methods of feature localization are a deformable template and chromatic edge detection. The range imaging system contains benefits such as having problems become avoided through contact measurement. This would be easier to keep and is much safer and other advantages also include how it is needless to calibrate when measuring an object of similarity, and enabling the machine to be appropriate for facial range data measurement. 2.5D datasets can be conveniently represented in a framework of boxels (axis-aligned, non-overlapping boxes). They can be used to directly represent objects in the scene or as
bounding volume In computer graphics and computational geometry, a bounding volume for a set of objects is a closed volume that completely contains the union of the objects in the set. Bounding volumes are used to improve the efficiency of geometrical operatio ...
s.
Leonidas J. Guibas Leonidas John Guibas ( el, Λεωνίδας Γκίμπας) is the Paul Pigott Professor of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. He heads the Geometric Computation group in the Computer Science Department. Guibas ...
and Yuan Yao's work showed that axis-aligned disjoint rectangles can be ordered into four orders so that any ray meets them in one of the four orders. This is applicable to boxels and has shown that four different partitionings of the boxels into ordered sequences of disjoint sets exist. These are called antichains and enable boxels in one antichain to occlude boxels in subsequent antichains. The expected runtime for the antichain partitioning is O(n log n), where n is the number of boxels. This partitioning can be used for the efficient implementation of virtual drive-throughs and ray tracing. A person's perception of a visual representation involves three successive stages * The 2D representation component yields an approximate description. * The 2.5D representation component adds visuospatial properties to the object's surface. * The 3D representation component adds depth and volume.


Applications

Uses for a human face model include medicine, identification, computer animation, and intelligent coding.


References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Visual perception Visual perception Articles containing video clips