File:1991 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician wh ...
, elected Elected may refer to:
* "Elected" (song), by Alice Cooper, 1973
* ''Elected'' (EP), by Ayreon, 2008
*The Elected, an American indie rock band
See also
*Election
An election is a formal group decision-making process by which a populatio ...
as Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...
's first president
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
, waves the new flag of Russia after the 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup,, "August Putsch". was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Soviet Union's Communist Party to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet ...
, orchestrated by Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
hardliners; Mount Pinatubo erupts in the Philippines, making it the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century
The 20th (twentieth) century began on
January 1, 1901 ( MCMI), and ended on December 31, 2000 ( MM). The 20th century was dominated by significant events that defined the modern era: Spanish flu pandemic, World War I and World War II, nucle ...
; MTS Oceanos
MTS ''Oceanos'' was a France, French-built and Greece, Greek-owned cruise ship that sank in 1991 when she suffered uncontrolled flooding. Her captain, Yiannis Avranas, and some of the crew were convicted of negligence for fleeing the ship with ...
sinks off the coast of South Africa, but the crew notoriously abandons the vessel before the passengers are rescued; Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Soviet flag
The State Flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (), commonly known as the Soviet flag (), was the official state flag of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) from 1922 to 1991. The flag's design and symbolism are derived from ...
is lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the flag of the Russian Federation
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...
; The United States and soon-to-be dissolved Soviet Union sign the START I Treaty; A tropical cyclone strikes
Strike may refer to:
People
* Strike (surname)
Physical confrontation or removal
*Strike (attack), attack with an inanimate object or a part of the human body intended to cause harm
*Airstrike, military strike by air forces on either a suspected ...
Bangladesh
Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...
, killing nearly 140,000 people; Lauda Air Flight 004 crashes after one of its thrust reversers activates during the flight; A United States-led coalition initiates Operation Desert Storm to remove Iraq and Saddam Hussein from Kuwait, 300x300px, thumb
rect 0 0 200 200 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt
The 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, also known as the August Coup,, "August Putsch". was a failed attempt by hardliners of the Soviet Union's Communist Party to forcibly seize control of the country from Mikhail Gorbachev, who was Soviet ...
rect 200 0 400 200 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines' Luzon Volcanic Arc was the second-largest volcanic eruption of the 20th century, behind only the 1912 eruption of Novarupta in Alaska. Eruptive activity began on April 2 as a series of ...
rect 400 0 600 200 MTS Oceanos
MTS ''Oceanos'' was a France, French-built and Greece, Greek-owned cruise ship that sank in 1991 when she suffered uncontrolled flooding. Her captain, Yiannis Avranas, and some of the crew were convicted of negligence for fleeing the ship with ...
rect 0 200 300 400 Operation Desert Storm
rect 300 200 600 400 Dissolution of the Soviet Union
rect 0 400 200 600 Lauda Air Flight 004
rect 200 400 400 600 1991 Bangladesh cyclone
The 1991 Bangladesh cyclone was among the deadliest tropical cyclones on record. Forming out of a large area of convection over the Bay of Bengal on April 24, the tropical cyclone initially developed gradually while meandering over the sout ...
rect 400 400 600 600 START I
It was the final year of the
Cold War that had begun in
1947
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Events
January
* January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...
. During the year, the
Soviet Union collapsed, leaving fifteen sovereign republics and the
CIS in its place. In July 1991,
India abandoned its policies of
socialism and
autarky
Autarky is the characteristic of self-sufficiency, usually applied to societies, communities, states, and their economic systems.
Autarky as an ideal or method has been embraced by a wide range of political ideologies and movements, especially ...
and began extensive
neoliberal
Neoliberalism (also neo-liberalism) is a term used to signify the late 20th century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated with free-market capitalism after it fell into decline following the Second World War. A prominent fa ...
changes to its economy. This increased GDP, but also increased
economic inequality
There are wide varieties of economic inequality, most notably income inequality measured using the distribution of income (the amount of money people are paid) and wealth inequality measured using the distribution of wealth (the amount of w ...
over the next two decades. A
UN-authorized
coalition force from 34 nations fought against
Iraq, which had
invaded
An invasion is a military offensive in which large numbers of combatants of one geopolitical entity aggressively enter territory owned by another such entity, generally with the objective of either: conquering; liberating or re-establishing con ...
and
annexed
Annexation (Latin ''ad'', to, and ''nexus'', joining), in international law, is the forcible acquisition of one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory. It is generally held to be an illegal act ...
Kuwait in the previous year,
1990. The conflict would be called the
Gulf War and would mark the beginning of a since-constant American military presence in the Middle East. The clash between
Serbia and the other
Yugoslav republics would lead into the beginning of the
Yugoslav Wars, which ran through the rest of the decade.
In the context of the
apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid wa ...
, the year after the liberation of political prisoner
Nelson Mandela, the Parliament of South Africa
repeals the Population Registration Act, 1950 overturning the racial classification of the population, a key component of apartheid.
The year 1991 saw the rise of a 10 years long
boost of the US domestic economy with the
Dow Jones Industrial Average
The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States.
The DJIA is one of the oldest and most commonly followed equity indexe ...
remarkably closing in April at above 3,000 for the first time. This situation would only be cut short by the
Dot-com bubble of 2000–2002.
In August, the
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet.
Documents and downloadable media are made available to the network through web se ...
, originally conceived during the previous year, was released outside
CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Gene ...
to other research institutions starting in January 1991 and publicly announced in August, also establishing the first website ever, "info.cern.ch". This step was a key factor that lead to the mid-1990s public breakthrough of the internet, which would eventually accelerate the already ongoing
globalization around the globe.
In terms of
popular culture, during this year
alternative rock
Alternative rock, or alt-rock, is a category of rock music that emerged from the independent music underground of the 1970s and became widely popular in the 1990s. "Alternative" refers to the genre's distinction from mainstream or commercia ...
saw a new height of popularity when some of the earliest music exponents of the virtually unknown
grunge
Grunge (sometimes referred to as the Seattle sound) is an alternative rock Music genre, genre and subculture that emerged during the in the American Pacific Northwest state of Washington (state), Washington, particularly in Seattle and nearby to ...
sound were released, including the influential ''
Nevermind
''Nevermind'' is the second studio album by the American rock band Nirvana, released on September 24, 1991, by DGC Records. It was Nirvana's first release on a major label and the first to feature drummer Dave Grohl. Produced by Butch Vig, ''Nev ...
'' album by Seattle-based band
Nirvana
( , , ; sa, निर्वाण} ''nirvāṇa'' ; Pali: ''nibbāna''; Prakrit: ''ṇivvāṇa''; literally, "blown out", as in an oil lampRichard Gombrich, ''Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benāres to Modern Colombo.' ...
in September 1991. It was also in 1991 that
hip-hop music reached an unprecedented mainstream level of success.
Electronic music derivative forms were also starting to gain momentum and would define, alone with the previous scenes, the sound for most of the decade.
Events
January
*
January 1 –
Czechoslovakia becomes the second
Eastern European country to abandon its
command economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economy-wide economic plans and production plans. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized, part ...
.
*
January 5 –
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
n troops attack
Tskhinvali
Tskhinvali ( ka, ცხინვალი ) or Tskhinval ( os, Цхинвал, Чъреба, Tskhinval, Chreba, ; rus, Цхинва́л(и), r=Tskhinvál(i), ) is the capital of the disputed ''de facto'' independent Republic of South Ossetia, int ...
, the capital of
South Ossetia
South Ossetia, ka, სამხრეთი ოსეთი, ( , ), officially the Republic of South Ossetia – the State of Alania, is a international recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, partially recognised Landlocked country, ...
, starting the
1991–92 South Ossetia War.
*
January 7 –
1991 Haitian coup d'état
The 1991 Haitian coup d'état took place on 29 September 1991, when President Jean-Bertrand Aristide, elected eight months earlier in the 1990–91 Haitian general election, was deposed by the Armed Forces of Haiti. Haitian military officers, pr ...
: An attempted coup by the
Tonton Macoute
The Tonton Macoute ( ht, Tonton Makout) or simply the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier. In 1970 the militia was renamed the ' (VSN, Voluntee ...
, a paramilitary force under former dictator
Jean-Claude Duvalier, is thwarted in Haiti. On July 30, he is convicted by a jury of attempting to overthrow the country's first
democratically elected government.
*
January 9
**
Gulf War:
U.S. Secretary of State
The United States secretary of state is a member of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States and the head of the U.S. Department of State. The office holder is one of the highest ranking members of the president's C ...
James Baker meets with
Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz but fails to produce a plan for the withdrawal of
Iraqi troops from Kuwait.
** In
Sebokeng
Sebokeng () locally called Zweni by residents, is a middle-class township in the Emfuleni Local Municipality in southern Gauteng, South Africa near the industrial cities of Vanderbijlpark and Vereeniging. Other neighboring townships include Evato ...
,
South Africa, gunmen open fire on mourners attending the funeral of an
African National Congress
The African National Congress (ANC) is a social-democratic political party in South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when the first post-apartheid election installe ...
leader, killing 45 people.
*
January 12 – Gulf War: The
102nd U.S. Congress passes a
resolution
Resolution(s) may refer to:
Common meanings
* Resolution (debate), the statement which is debated in policy debate
* Resolution (law), a written motion adopted by a deliberative body
* New Year's resolution, a commitment that an individual m ...
authorizing the use of
military force
A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...
to expel
Iraqi forces from
Kuwait.
*
January 13
**Singing Revolution:
Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
forces storm
Vilnius to stop
Lithuanian independence,
killing 14 civilians and injuring 702 more. In
Latvia, a
series of confrontations between the
Latvian government and the
Soviet government take place in
Riga.
*
January 15
** Gulf War: The
UN deadline for the withdrawal of
Iraqi forces from
occupied Kuwait expires, preparing the way for the start of
Operation Desert Storm.
**
Prime Minister of Cape Verde
This article lists the prime ministers of Cape Verde, an island country in the Atlantic Ocean off the coast of West Africa, since the establishment of the office of prime minister in 1975. Pedro Pires was the first person to hold the office, ta ...
Pedro Pires
Pedro de Verona Rodrigues Pires (; born 29 April 1934) is a Cape Verdean politician who served as Prime Minister of Cape Verde from 1975 to 1991, and later as President from 2001 to 2011.
Life and career
Pires was born in São Filipe, Fogo, Cap ...
resigns following
his party's loss in the
Cape Verdean parliamentary election, the first ever
multiparty election in an
African nation. Later on February 17,
António Mascarenhas Monteiro
António Manuel Mascarenhas Gomes Monteiro (; 16 February 1944 – 16 September 2016) was the first democratically elected President of Cape Verde from 22 March 1991 to 22 March 2001.
Early life and education
Born in Ribeira da Barca in 19 ...
wins the
country's first multiparty presidential election since 1975.
*
January 16
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Sp ...
– Gulf War:
Operation Desert Storm begins with air strikes against
Iraq.
*
January 17
**Gulf War: Iraq fires eight
Scud
A Scud missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. It was exported widely to both Second and Third World countries. The term comes from the NATO reporting name attached to the m ...
missiles into Israel.
Iraqi attacks continue with 15 people injured in
Tel Aviv on January 19 and 96 people injured in
Ramat Gan on January 22.
**
Harald V of Norway becomes the
king of Norway after the death of his father,
Olav V
Olav V (; born Prince Alexander of Denmark; 2 July 1903 – 17 January 1991) was the King of Norway from 1957 until his death in 1991.
Olav was the only child of King Haakon VII of Norway and Maud of Wales. He became heir apparent to the Nor ...
.
*
January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chine ...
–
Eastern Air Lines shuts down after 62 years of operations, citing financial problems. Later on December 4,
Pan American World Airways ceases its operations.
*
January 22 – Gulf War: The
British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gur ...
SAS patrol,
Bravo Two Zero
Bravo Two Zero was the call sign of an eight-man British Army Special Air Service (SAS) patrol, deployed into Iraq during the First Gulf War in January 1991. According to Chris Ryan's account, the patrol was given the task of gathering intelli ...
, is deployed in Iraq.
*
January 24
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula.
* 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt.
*1438 – The Counc ...
– The
government of Papua New Guinea
The politics of Papua New Guinea takes place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic multi-party system, whereby the prime minister is the head of government. Papua New Guinea is an independent Commonwealth realm, with the mo ...
signs a peace agreement with
separatist leaders from
Bougainville Island
Bougainville Island (Tok Pisin: ''Bogenvil'') is the main island of the Autonomous Region of Bougainville, which is part of Papua New Guinea. It was previously the main landmass in the German Empire-associated North Solomons. Its land area is ...
, ending
fighting that had gone on since
1988
File:1988 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The oil platform Piper Alpha explodes and collapses in the North Sea, killing 165 workers; The USS Vincennes (CG-49) mistakenly shoots down Iran Air Flight 655; Australia celebrates its Bicentenn ...
.
*
January 26 –
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
Siad Barre
Mohamed Siad Barre ( so, Maxamed Siyaad Barre, Osmanya script: ; ar, محمد سياد بري; c. 1910 – 2 January 1995) was a Somali head of state and general who served as the 3rd president of the Somali Democratic Republic from 1969 to 19 ...
is overthrown and
Somalia enters a civil war. Three days later,
Ali Mahdi Muhammad
Ali Mahdi Muhammad ( so, Cali Mahdi Maxamed, ar, علي مهدي محمد) (1 January 1939 – 10 March 2021) was a Somali entrepreneur and politician. He served as President of Somalia from 26 January 1991 to 3 January 1997. The Cairo Agreeme ...
is inaugurated as the next president.
*
January 29
** In
South Africa,
Nelson Mandela of the
African National Congress
The African National Congress (ANC) is a social-democratic political party in South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when the first post-apartheid election installe ...
and
Mangosuthu Buthelezi
Prince Mangosuthu Gatsha Buthelezi (born 27 August 1928) is a South African politician and Zulu traditional leader who is currently a Member of Parliament and the traditional prime minister to the Zulu royal family. He was Chief Minister of the ...
of the
Inkatha Freedom Party
The Inkatha Freedom Party ( zu, IQembu leNkatha yeNkululeko, IFP) is a right-wing political party in South Africa. The party has been led by Velenkosini Hlabisa since the party's 2019 National General Conference. Mangosuthu Buthelezi founded ...
agree to end violence between the two organizations.
** Gulf War: The first major ground engagement of the war, the
Battle of Khafji
The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the Persian Gulf War. It took place in and around the Saudi Arabian city of Khafji, from 29 January to 1 February 1991 and marked the culmination of the Coalition's air campaign ov ...
, begins. The battle lasts until February 1.
February
*
February 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
* 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn
The (First) Peace of Thorn w ...
**
USAir Flight 1493
On the evening of February 1, 1991, USAir Flight 1493, a Boeing 737-300, collided with SkyWest Airlines Flight 5569, a Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner turboprop aircraft, upon landing at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). Though air traff ...
collides with a
SkyWest Airlines Fairchild Metroliner
The Fairchild Swearingen Metroliner (previously the Swearingen Metro and later Fairchild Aerospace Metro) is a 19-seat, pressurized, twin-turboprop airliner first produced by Swearingen Aircraft and later by Fairchild Aircraft at a plant in San ...
at
Los Angeles International Airport, killing 34 people.
** A 6.4
Hindu Kush earthquake causes severe damage in
northeast Afghanistan, leaving 848 dead and 200 injured.
*
February 7
**1991 Haitian coup d'état:
Haiti's first democratically elected president,
Jean-Bertrand Aristide
Jean-Bertrand Aristide (born 15 July 1953) is a Haitian former Salesian priest and politician who became Haiti's first democratically elected president. A proponent of liberation theology, Aristide was appointed to a parish in Port-au-Prince ...
, is sworn in. He is
ousted on September 30 and later
reinstated in 1994. In response to the coup and in an effort to encourage the coup leaders to
restore democracy, the
U.S.
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...
expands
trade sanctions on Haiti to include all goods except food and medicine on October 29.
** The
Provisional Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army (IRA; ), also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republicanism, Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, fa ...
launches a
mortar attack on 10 Downing Street during a
cabinet meeting.
** Gulf War: Ground troops cross the
Saudi Arabian border and enter Kuwait, thus starting the ground phase of the war.
*
February 11 – The
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) is formed in
The Hague, Netherlands.
*
February 13 – Gulf War: Two laser-guided "smart bombs"
destroy an underground bunker in Baghdad, killing hundreds of Iraqis.
US military intelligence
The Military Intelligence Corps is the intelligence branch of the United States Army. The primary mission of military intelligence in the United States Army is to provide timely, relevant, accurate, and synchronized intelligence and electronic ...
claims it was a military facility while Iraqi officials identify it as a
bomb shelter
A bomb shelter is a structure designed to provide protection against the effects of a bomb.
Types of shelter
Different kinds of bomb shelters are configured to protect against different kinds of attack and strengths of hostile explosives.
Air ...
.
*
February 15 – The
Visegrád Group, establishing cooperation to move toward
free-market systems, is signed by the leaders of
Czechoslovakia,
Hungary, and
Poland.
*
February 16 – Singing Revolution: The
Council of Lithuania
The Council of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Taryba, german: Litauischer Staatsrat, pl, Rada Litewska), after July 11, 1918 the State Council of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Valstybės Taryba) was convened at the Vilnius Conference that took place betwe ...
declares the
independence of Lithuania, ending decades of
Soviet rule over the country.
*
February 18 – The
Provisional Irish Republican Army
The Irish Republican Army (IRA; ), also known as the Provisional Irish Republican Army, and informally as the Provos, was an Irish republicanism, Irish republican paramilitary organisation that sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, fa ...
explodes
bombs in the early morning, at both
Paddington station
Paddington, also known as London Paddington, is a Central London railway terminus and London Underground station complex, located on Praed Street in the Paddington area. The site has been the London terminus of services provided by the Great We ...
and
Victoria station, in London.
*
February 20 –
President of Albania Ramiz Alia
Ramiz Tafë Alia (; 18 October 1925 – 7 October 2011) was an Albanian politician serving as the second and last leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1985 to 1991, serving as First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albani ...
dismisses the government of
Prime Minister Adil Çarçani
Adil Çarçani (5 May 1922 – 13 October 1997) was an Albanian politician who served as the 24th Prime Minister of Albania during the Communist era led by Enver Hoxha. He served as the titular head of the Albanian government in the years immedia ...
and appoints
Fatos Nano
Fatos Nano (; born 16 September 1952) is an Albanian socialist politician who served as Prime Minister of Albania in 1991, from 1997 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2005. He was the first leader and founder of the Socialist Party of Albania and a member ...
as the next prime minister in an effort to stem
pro-democracy protests.
*
February 22 – Gulf War:
Iraq accepts a Soviet-proposed cease fire agreement. The U.S. rejects the agreement, instead saying that retreating Iraqi forces will not be attacked if they leave Kuwait within 24 hours.
*
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– In
Thailand, General
Sunthorn Kongsompong
Sunthorn Kongsompong ( th, สุนทร คงสมพงษ์, , ; 1 August 1931 – 2 August 1999) was the ''de facto'' head of government of Thailand from 1991 to 1992, after a military coup d'etat led by Sunthorn and General Suchinda Kr ...
deposes Prime Minister
Chatichai Choonhavan
Chatichai Choonhavan ( th, ชาติชาย ชุณหะวัณ, , ; 5 April 1920 – 6 May 1998) was a Thai army officer, diplomat and politician. From 1986 to 1991, he was the chairman of the Thai Nation Party and served as the Prim ...
in a
bloodless coup d'état.
*
February 25 – Gulf War: Part of an Iraqi
Scud missile hits an American military barracks in
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 29 U.S. soldiers and injuring 99 more. It is the single-most devastating attack on U.S. forces during the war.
*
February 26 – Gulf War: On
Baghdad radio, Iraqi leader
Saddam Hussein announces the withdrawal of Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Iraqi soldiers set
fire to Kuwaiti oil fields as they retreat; the fire lasts until November 7.
*
February 27
** Gulf War:
U.S. President Bush declares victory over Iraq and orders a cease-fire. U.S. troops
begin to leave the
Persian Gulf on March 10.
** In the
Bangladeshi general election, the
Bangladesh Nationalist Party
The Bangladesh Nationalist Party ( bn, বাংলাদেশ জাতীয়তাবাদী দল, Bangladesh Jātīyotābādī Dol; BNP) is a centre-right to right-wing nationalist, political party in Bangladesh and one of the major ...
wins 139 of 300 seats in the
Jatiyo Sangshad, leading BNP leader
Khaleda Zia
Khaleda Zia (; born Khaleda Khanam Putul in 1945) is a Bangladeshi politician who served as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh from March 1991 to March 1996, and again from June 2001 to October 2006. She was the first female prime minister of Ba ...
to become the
president
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
on March 19.
March
*
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 &nd ...
** Singing Revolution: Voters in
Estonia and
Latvia vote more than 3-to-1 in favor of independence from the
Soviet Union.
** The
first presidential election in the
history of São Tomé and Príncipe is won by
Miguel Trovoada
Miguel dos Anjos da Cunha Lisboa Trovoada (born December 27, 1936) was the prime minister from 1975 to 1979 and second president of São Tomé and Príncipe 1991 to 2001. On 16 July 2014, he was appointed the Special Representative of the Unite ...
.
**A video captures the beating of motorist
Rodney King by
Los Angeles police officers. Four
Los Angeles police officers are indicted on March 15 for the beating.
*
March 6
Events Pre-1600
* 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor.
* 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
* 845 ...
–
Prime Minister of India Chandra Shekhar
Chandra Shekhar ( 17 April 1927 – 9 August 2015) was an Indian politician who served as the 8th Prime Minister of India, between 10 November 1990 and 21 June 1991. He headed a minority government of a breakaway faction of the Janata Dal with ...
resigns following a dispute with former Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi, whose support had kept him in power.
*
March 9
Events Pre-1600
*141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
*1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
*1226 &ndas ...
–
Massive demonstrations are held against
Slobodan Milošević in
Belgrade
Belgrade ( , ;, ; names in other languages) is the capital and largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers and the crossroads of the Pannonian Plain and the Balkan Peninsula. Nearly 1,166,763 m ...
; two people are killed and
tanks are deployed in the streets.
*
March 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: In the
Salvadoran legislative election, the
Nationalist Republican Alliance
The Nationalist Republican Alliance ( es, Alianza Republicana Nacionalista, ARENA) is a conservative, right-wing political party of El Salvador. It was founded on 30 September 1981 by retired Salvadoran Army Major Roberto D'Aubuisson. It defines ...
wins 39 of the 48 seats in the
legislative assembly.
*
March 13
** The
U.S. Department of Justice
The United States Department of Justice (DOJ), also known as the Justice Department, is a federal executive department of the United States government tasked with the enforcement of federal law and administration of justice in the United Stat ...
announces that
Exxon has agreed to pay $1 billion for the clean-up of the
Exxon Valdez oil spill in
Alaska
Alaska ( ; russian: Аляска, Alyaska; ale, Alax̂sxax̂; ; ems, Alas'kaaq; Yup'ik: ''Alaskaq''; tli, Anáaski) is a state located in the Western United States on the northwest extremity of North America. A semi-exclave of the U.S., ...
.
** The
Acid Rain Treaty of 1991 is signed between the
American
American(s) may refer to:
* American, something of, from, or related to the United States of America, commonly known as the "United States" or "America"
** Americans, citizens and nationals of the United States of America
** American ancestry, pe ...
and
Canadian governments.
*
March 14
**Gulf War:
Emir of Kuwait Jaber Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah returns to
Kuwait after seven months of exile in
Saudi Arabia.
**
The Troubles: After 16 years in prison for allegedly bombing a
public house in a
Provisional IRA attack, the "
Birmingham Six
The Birmingham Six were six Irishmen who were each sentenced to life imprisonment in 1975 following their false convictions for the 1974 Birmingham pub bombings. Their convictions were declared unsafe and unsatisfactory and quashed by the C ...
" are freed when a court determines that the police fabricated evidence.
*
March 15
**
Germany formally regains complete independence after the four
post-World War II
The aftermath of World War II was the beginning of a new era started in late 1945 (when World War II ended) for all countries involved, defined by the decline of all colonial empires and simultaneous rise of two superpowers; the Soviet Union (U ...
occupying powers (
France, the
U.K.
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Europe, off the north-western coast of the continental mainland. It comprises England, Scotland, Wales and North ...
, the
U.S.
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...
, and the
U.S.S.R.
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...
) relinquish all remaining rights to the country.
** The
U.S. and Albania resume diplomatic relations for the first time
since 1939.
*
March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ei ...
** Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In
a national referendum, 77% of voters in the
Soviet Union vote in favor of keeping the 15
Soviet republics
The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics ( rus, Сою́зные Респу́блики, r=Soyúznye Respúbliki) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( ...
together; six Union Republics effectively boycott the referendum.
** In the
Finnish parliamentary election, the
Centre Party wins 55 of 200 seats in the
parliament, ending 25 years of dominance by the
Social Democratic Party of Finland.
*
March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– The
Sierra Leone Civil War begins when the
Revolutionary United Front attempts a coup against the
Sierra Leone government.
*
March 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6.
* 1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margat ...
– The
Beninese presidential election, Benin's first presidential election
since 1970, is won by
Nicéphore Soglo
Nicéphore Dieudonné Soglo (born November 29, 1934) is a Beninese politician who was Prime Minister of Benin from 1990 to 1991 and President from 1991 to 1996. He was Mayor of Cotonou from 2003 to 2015. Soglo was married to Rosine Vieyra Soglo ...
.
*
March 26
** In
Mali, military officers led by
Amadou Toumani Touré arrest
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
Moussa Traoré and suspend the
constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed.
When these princi ...
.
**
Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
,
Brazil,
Uruguay and
Paraguay sign the
Treaty of Asunción
The Treaty of Asunción was a treaty between the countries of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay signed on March 26, 1991. The objective of the treaty, signed in Asunción, was to establish a common market among the participating countries, ...
, establishing
Mercosur.
*
March 31
Events Pre-1600
* 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.
* 1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the ...
**
Albania
Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and shares la ...
holds its
first multi-party elections since
1923
Events
January–February
* January 9 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory).
* January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area, t ...
. The socialist ruling
Party of Labour of Albania won a landslide victory with 169 of the 250 seats in the
parliament.
[ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p137 ]
**Dissolution of the Soviet Union:
Georgia votes for independence from the
Soviet Union while on April 9, the
Supreme Council declares the independent
Republic of Georgia.
April
*
April 2
Events Pre-1600
*1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Joh ...
–
Government-imposed prices increase double or triple the cost of
consumer goods in the Soviet Union
Consumer goods in the Soviet Union were usually produced by a two-category industry. Group A was "heavy industry", which included all goods that serve as an input required for the production of some other, final good. Group B was "consumer goods" ...
.
*
April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
* 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
* ...
–
Iraq disarmament crisis
The Iraq disarmament crisis was claimed as one of primary issues that led to the multinational invasion of Iraq on 20 March 2003. Since the 1980s, Iraq was widely assumed to have been producing and extensively running the programs of biologi ...
: The
UN Security Council passes
Resolution 687, which calls for the destruction or removal of all of
Iraq's chemical and biological weapons and a complete ban of
ballistic missile
A ballistic missile is a type of missile that uses projectile motion to deliver warheads on a target. These weapons are guided only during relatively brief periods—most of the flight is unpowered. Short-range ballistic missiles stay within the ...
s with a range greater than 150 km. It also calls for an end to Iraq's
support for international terrorism; it is accepted by Iraq three days later.
*
April 4
Events Pre-1600
*503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
* 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground.
* 611 – ...
**
U.S. Senator
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
The composition and power ...
John Heinz and six other people are killed when a
helicopter collides with their plane over
Merion
Merion Station, also known as Merion, is an unincorporated community in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania. It borders Philadelphia to its west and is one of the communities that make up the Philadelphia Main Line. Merion Station is part of Lower Me ...
,
Pennsylvania.
** Forty people
are taken hostage in
Sacramento
)
, image_map = Sacramento County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Sacramento Highlighted.svg
, mapsize = 250x200px
, map_caption = Location within Sacramento ...
, California; six gunmen and hostages are killed.
*
April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his ...
** Former
U.S. Senator
The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, with the House of Representatives being the lower chamber. Together they compose the national bicameral legislature of the United States.
The composition and power ...
John Tower
John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was an American politician, serving as a Republican United States Senator from Texas from 1961 to 1985. He was the first Republican Senator elected from Texas since Reconstruction. Towe ...
and 22 others are killed in
an airplane crash in
Brunswick,
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
.
**
Space Shuttle ''Atlantis'' leaves an observatory in Earths orbit to study
gamma rays before returning
on April 11. It is followed by
Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', which studies instruments related to the
Strategic Defense Initiative from
April 29 to May 6.
Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' carries the
Spacelab into orbit
on June 5.
*
April 9 – The first
Soviet troops leave
Poland.
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
** A
South Atlantic tropical cyclone develops in the
Southern Hemisphere off the coast of
Angola
, national_anthem = " Angola Avante"()
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capital = Luanda
, religion =
, religion_year = 2020
, religion_ref =
, coordina ...
, the first of its kind to be documented by
weather satellites.
** The Italian ferry ''
Moby Prince'' collides with an oil tanker in dense fog off
Livorno,
Italy, resulting in 140 deaths with one survivor.
*
April 12
Events Pre-1600
* 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I.
* 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted ...
– The
Warsaw Stock Exchange opens in
Poland.
*
April 14
Events Pre-1600
*43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum.
* 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor Otho i ...
– In the
Netherlands, thieves steal 20 paintings worth $500 million from the
Van Gogh Museum
The Van Gogh Museum () is a Dutch art museum dedicated to the works of Vincent van Gogh and his contemporaries in the Museum Square in Amsterdam South, close to the Stedelijk Museum, the Rijksmuseum, and the Concertgebouw. The museum opened on ...
in
Amsterdam; they are found in an abandoned car near the museum less than an hour later.
*
April 15
Events Pre-1600
* 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings.
*1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscard.
...
** The
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is inaugurated.
** End of Apartheid: The
European Economic Community
The European Economic Community (EEC) was a regional organization created by the Treaty of Rome of 1957,Today the largely rewritten treaty continues in force as the ''Treaty on the functioning of the European Union'', as renamed by the Lisbo ...
lifts
economic sanctions on
South Africa.
*
April 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1457 BC – Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.
* 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide.
* 73 – Masad ...
–
18 –
General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev begins the first ever visit of a
Soviet leader to Japan, but fails to resolve the
two countries' dispute over ownership of the
Kuril Islands
The Kuril Islands or Kurile Islands (; rus, Кури́льские острова́, r=Kuril'skiye ostrova, p=kʊˈrʲilʲskʲɪjə ɐstrɐˈva; Japanese: or ) are a volcanic archipelago currently administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast in the ...
.
*
April 17
Events Pre-1600
*1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
* 1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Has ...
– The
Dow Jones Industrial Average
The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA), Dow Jones, or simply the Dow (), is a stock market index of 30 prominent companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States.
The DJIA is one of the oldest and most commonly followed equity indexe ...
closes above 3,000 for the first time in history, at 3,004.46.
*
April 18 – Iraq disarmament crisis: Iraq declares some of its
chemical weapon
A chemical weapon (CW) is a specialized munition that uses chemicals formulated to inflict death or harm on humans. According to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), this can be any chemical compound intended as a ...
s and materials to the UN, as required by
Resolution 687, and claims that it does not have a
biological weapons
A biological agent (also called bio-agent, biological threat agent, biological warfare agent, biological weapon, or bioweapon) is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, fungus, or toxin that can be used purposefully as a weapon in bioterroris ...
program.
*
April 19
Events Pre-1600
*AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
* 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at ...
–
George Carey is enthroned as
Archbishop of Canterbury
The archbishop of Canterbury is the senior bishop and a principal leader of the Church of England, the ceremonial head of the worldwide Anglican Communion and the diocesan bishop of the Diocese of Canterbury. The current archbishop is Jus ...
, the spiritual leader of the worldwide
Anglican Communion
The Anglican Communion is the third largest Christian communion after the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches. Founded in 1867 in London, the communion has more than 85 million members within the Church of England and other ...
.
*
April 22
Events Pre-1600
*1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
*1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
*1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern hem ...
**A 7.7
Limon earthquake strikes
Costa Rica and
Panama with a maximum Mercalli intensity, causing between 47 and 87 deaths and up to 759 injuries.
**In
Taiwan, the
Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion
The Temporary Provisions Effective During the Period of National Mobilization for Suppression of the Communist Rebellion were provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of China effective from 1948 to 1991 and amended four times by the Centr ...
are abolished, having been in effect for 43 years.
*
April 23
Events Pre-1600
* 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene.
* 599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in sout ...
–
Prime Minister of Iceland
The prime minister of Iceland ( is, Forsætisráðherra Íslands) is Iceland's head of government. The prime minister is appointed formally by the president and exercises executive authority along with the cabinet subject to parliamentary supp ...
Steingrímur Hermannsson
Steingrímur Hermannsson (pronounced ; 22 June 1928 – 1 February 2010) was an Icelandic politician who served as prime minister of Iceland from 1983 to 1987, and again from 1988 to 1991.
Early childhood
Steingrímur's father was Hermann Jó ...
resigns following
an inconclusive parliamentary election; he is succeeded by
Davíð Oddsson
Davíð Oddsson (pronounced ; born 17 January 1948) is an Icelandic politician, and the longest-serving prime minister of Iceland, in office from 1991 to 2004. From 2004 to 2005 he served as foreign minister. Previously, he was Mayor of Reykjav ...
on April 30.
*
April 26
Events Pre-1600
*1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
*1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
*147 ...
** A series of
55 tornadoes break out in the
central U.S., killing 21. The most notable tornado strikes
Andover
Andover may refer to:
Places Australia
*Andover, Tasmania
Canada
* Andover Parish, New Brunswick
* Perth-Andover, New Brunswick
United Kingdom
* Andover, Hampshire, England
** RAF Andover, a former Royal Air Force station
United States
* Andov ...
,
Kansas.
**
Esko Aho
Esko Tapani Aho (born 20 May 1954) is a Finnish politician who was prime minister of Finland from 1991 to 1995.
Early life and career
Aho was born in Veteli, Finland. Prior to attending university, he began a career in politics. From 1974 to ...
at the age of 36 becomes the youngest-ever
Prime Minister of Finland.
*
April 29
Events Pre-1600
*1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
*1386 – Battle of the Vikhra River: The Principality of Smolensk is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and beco ...
** A
tropical cyclone hits
Bangladesh
Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...
, killing an estimated 138,000 people.
** A 7.0
earthquake in
Racha
Racha (also Račha, , ''Račʼa'') is a highland area in western Georgia, located in the upper Rioni river valley and hemmed in by the Greater Caucasus mountains. Under Georgia's current subdivision, Racha is included in the Racha-Lechkhumi an ...
,
Georgia
Georgia most commonly refers to:
* Georgia (country), a country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia
* Georgia (U.S. state), a state in the Southeast United States
Georgia may also refer to:
Places
Historical states and entities
* Related to the ...
, kills 270 people and leaves 100,000 others homeless.
*
April 29
Events Pre-1600
*1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
*1386 – Battle of the Vikhra River: The Principality of Smolensk is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and beco ...
–
30 – In
Lesotho, a bloodless coup ousts military ruler
Justin Lekhanya, with Chairman of the Military Council
Elias Phisoana Ramaema Major-General Elias Phisoana Ramaema (10 November 1933 – 11 December 2015) was Chairman of the Military Council and Council of Ministers of Lesotho (Head of government) from 2 May 1991 to 2 April 1993.
Born at Mapoteng, Berea District, Ramaema c ...
replacing him two days later.
May
*
May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
* 1169 &ndas ...
– Angolan Civil War: The
MPLA
The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola ( pt, Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola, abbr. MPLA), for some years called the People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola – Labour Party (), is an Angolan left-wing, social de ...
and
UNITA agree to the
Bicesse Accords, which are formally signed on May 31 in
Lisbon.
[Wright, George. ''The Destruction of a Nation: United States' Policy Towards Angola Since 1945'', 1997. Page 159.]
*
May 6
Events Pre-1600
*1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
*1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Spani ...
– In the
U.S.
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...
, ''
Time'' magazine publishes "
The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power
"The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power" is an article, written in 1991 by U.S. investigative journalist Richard Behar, which is highly critical of Scientology.
It was first published by ''Time'' magazine on May 6, 1991, as an eight-page cover s ...
," an article highly critical of the
Scientology
Scientology is a set of beliefs and practices invented by American author L. Ron Hubbard, and an associated movement. It has been variously defined as a cult, a Scientology as a business, business, or a new religious movement. The most recent ...
movement.
*
May 12
Events Pre-1600
* 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism.
* 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tan ...
–
Nepal holds its first multiparty
legislative election since
1959
Events January
* January 1 - Cuba: Fulgencio Batista flees Havana when the forces of Fidel Castro advance.
* January 2 - Lunar probe Luna 1 was the first man-made object to attain escape velocity from Earth. It reached the vicinity of ...
.
*
May 15 –
Édith Cresson
Édith Cresson (; née Campion; born 27 January 1934) is a French politician from the Socialist Party. She served as Prime Minister of France from 1991 to 1992, the first woman to do so. She was the only woman to be prime minister until 2022, whe ...
becomes France's first female
prime minister.
*
May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
* 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
* 13 ...
–
Elizabeth II becomes the first
British monarch
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional form of government by which a hereditary sovereign reigns as the head of state of the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies (the Baili ...
to address the
U.S. Congress during a 13-day royal visit in
Washington, D.C.
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, Na ...
*
May 18 –
Somaliland secedes from
Somalia; its independence is
not recognised by the
international community.
*
May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
* 1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
* 1445 ...
– Dissolution of Yugoslavia: In the
Croatian independence referendum
Croatia held an independence referendum on 19 May 1991, following the Croatian parliamentary elections of 1990 and the rise of ethnic tensions that led to the breakup of Yugoslavia. With 83 percent turnout, voters approved the referendum, ...
, voters in the
Socialist Republic of Croatia vote to leave
Yugoslavia.
*
May 21
**At
Sriperumbudur, India, a suicide bomber attacks a political meeting,
killing former Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi and at least 14 others.
**Ethiopian Civil War:
Mengistu Haile Mariam
Mengistu Haile Mariam ( am, መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማሪያም, pronunciation: ; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian politician and former army officer who was the head of state of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991 and General Secretary of the Work ...
, president of the
People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, flees
Ethiopia to
Zimbabwe, effectively bringing the
Ethiopian Civil War to an end.
*
May 22
Events Pre-1600
* 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
* 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
*11 ...
– Acting
Prime Minister of South Korea Ro Jai-bong
Ro Jai-bong (born February 8, 1936) is a South Korean politician. He served from December 1990 to May 1991 as the 22nd prime minister of South Korea
The prime minister of the Republic of Korea (PMOTROK or PMOSK; ) is the deputy head of gover ...
resigns in the wake of rioting following the beating to death of a student by police on April 26. He is succeeded by
Chung Won-shik
Chung Won-shik (5 August 1928 – 12 April 2020) was a South Korean politician, educator, soldier, and author. He was the 21st Prime Minister of South Korea.
Life
From 1951 to 1955, Chung served as an officer in the South Korean Army. Followi ...
two days later.
*
May 24 – Following authorisation by
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir,
Operation Solomon
Operation Solomon ( he, מבצע שלמה, Mivtza Shlomo) was a covert Israeli military operation in May 24 to 25, 1991, to airlift Ethiopian Jews to Israel. Non-stop flights of 35 Israeli aircraft, including Israeli Air Force C-130s and El Al ...
commences to airlift most of the remaining
Beta Israel
The Beta Israel ( he, בֵּיתֶא יִשְׂרָאֵל, ''Bēteʾ Yīsrāʾēl''; gez, ቤተ እስራኤል, , modern ''Bēte 'Isrā'ēl'', EAE: "Betä Ǝsraʾel", "House of Israel" or "Community of Israel"), also known as Ethiopian Jews ...
community from
Ethiopia to Israel.
*
May 25
Events Pre-1600
*567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
* 240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toled ...
– The
Surinamese general election is won by the military-backed
New Front for Democracy and Development.
[ Nohlen, D (2005) ''Elections in the Americas: A data handbook, Volume I'', p614 ]
*
May 26
Events Pre-1600
* 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe.
* 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire tak ...
–
Lauda Air Boeing 767 crashes near
Bangkok
Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...
,
Thailand, killing all 223 people on board.
*
May 28 – Ethiopian Civil War: The forces of the
Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front seize the capital
Addis Ababa
Addis Ababa (; am, አዲስ አበባ, , new flower ; also known as , lit. "natural spring" in Oromo), is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is also served as major administrative center of the Oromia Region. In the 2007 census, t ...
.
June
*
June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depo ...
–
Mount Unzen
is an active volcanic group of several overlapping stratovolcanoes, near the city of Shimabara, Nagasaki on the island of Kyushu, Japan's southernmost main island.
In 1792, the collapse of one of its several lava domes triggered a megatsuna ...
in
Japan erupts, killing 46 people as a result of
pyroclastic flow.
*
June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
*1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedra ...
**
Fatos Nano
Fatos Nano (; born 16 September 1952) is an Albanian socialist politician who served as Prime Minister of Albania in 1991, from 1997 to 1998 and from 2002 to 2005. He was the first leader and founder of the Socialist Party of Albania and a member ...
resigns as
Prime Minister of Albania
The Prime Minister of Albania ( sq, Kryeministri i Shqipërisë), officially styled Prime Minister of the Republic of Albania ( sq, Kryeministri i Republikës së Shqipërisë), is the head of government of the Republic of Albania and the mo ...
following a nationwide strike.
President of Albania Ramiz Alia
Ramiz Tafë Alia (; 18 October 1925 – 7 October 2011) was an Albanian politician serving as the second and last leader of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania from 1985 to 1991, serving as First Secretary of the Party of Labour of Albani ...
appoints
Ylli Bufi
Ylli Bufi (born 25 May 1948, Tirana) is an Albanian politician who served briefly as the 26th Prime Minister of Albania in 1991.
Career
Bufi is a chemical engineer. He was a member of the Albanian Parliament, and also a member of Socialist Part ...
as his successor.
** A large
solar flare triggers an anomalously large
aurora
An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), also commonly known as the polar lights, is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic). Auroras display dynamic patterns of bri ...
as far south as
Pennsylvania.
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
* 1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
* 1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles of Salerno.
* 1288 ...
**
President of Algeria
The president of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria is the head of state and chief executive of Algeria, as well as the commander-in-chief of the Algerian People's National Armed Forces.
History of the office
The Tripoli Program, whi ...
Chadli Bendjedid
Chadli Bendjedid ( ar, الشاذلي بن جديد; ALA-LC: ''ash-Shādhilī bin Jadīd''; 14 April 1929 – 6 October 2012) was the third President of Algeria and an Algerian Nationalist. His presidential term of office ran from 9 February 1 ...
dismisses
Prime Minister Mouloud Hamrouche
Mouloud Hamrouche ( ar, مولود حمروش) (born 3 January 1943 in Constantine, Algeria) was the head of government of Algeria from 5 September 1989 to 5 June 1991.
Biography
He was born in Constantine, Algeria. He was a leading member ...
following 11 days of protests against the government and replaces him with
Sid Ahmed Ghozali
Sid Ahmed Ghozali ( ar, سيد أحمد غزالي) (born 31 March 1937 in Maghnia, Algeria) is an Algerian politician who was the Prime Minister of Algeria from 1991 to 1992.
Early life
He was a member of the National Liberation Front party an ...
.
** End of Apartheid:
South Africa repeals the last legal foundations of
apartheid
Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid wa ...
.
*
June 7
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).
* 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state.
*1002 – Henry II ...
– Approximately
200,000 people attend a parade of 8,800 returning Persian Gulf War troops in
Washington, D.C.
*
June 9
Events Pre-1600
*411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.
* 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
* 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending the Ju ...
– A major collapse at the
Emaswati Colliery in
Swaziland traps 26 miners 65 meters below the surface; they are rescued 30 hours later.
*
June 12
**
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician wh ...
is elected
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
of the
Russian SFSR
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
; he officially begins his term on July 10.
** Sri Lankan Civil War:
Sri Lankan Army soldiers
kill 152 civilians in
Kokkadichcholai
Kokkadichcholai ( ta, கொக்கட்டிச்சோலை) is a village in Batticaloa District within the Eastern Province of Sri Lanka.
Etymology
According to legend, the name of the village comes from the Kokkatti tree.
Geography
...
.
** The
Party of Labour of Albania is dissolved and succeeded by the
Socialist Party of Albania
The Socialist Party of Albania ( sq, Partia Socialiste e Shqipërisë, PS or PSSh) is a social-democratic political party in Albania. It has been described as centre-left, to left-wing. It was founded on 13 June 1991. The PS is an associate of t ...
, marking the end of
communist rule in Albania.
*
June 15
** In the Philippines,
Mount Pinatubo erupts in the
second largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century; the final death toll exceeds 800. This eruption caused a global cooling of the world by around 0.4°C.
** The
Indian general elections end; the
Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British ...
wins the most seats but fails to secure a majority. Six days later, Congress leader
P. V. Narasimha Rao
Pamulaparthi Venkata Narasimha Rao (28 June 1921 – 23 December 2004) was an Indian lawyer, statesman and politician who served as the 9th prime minister of India from 1991 to 1996. He is known for introducing various liberal reforms to Indi ...
becomes
Prime Minister of India.
*
June 16 –
Father's Day Bank Massacre
The Father's Day Bank Massacre was a bank robbery and shooting that took place on Sunday, June 16, 1991, at the United Bank Tower (now the Wells Fargo Center) in Denver, Colorado. The perpetrator killed four unarmed bank guards and held up six t ...
: Four
security guard
A security guard (also known as a security inspector, security officer, or protective agent) is a person employed by a government or private party to protect the employing party's assets (property, people, equipment, money, etc.) from a variety ...
s are shot to death during a
bank robbery
Bank robbery is the criminal act of stealing from a bank, specifically while bank employees and customers are subjected to force, violence, or a threat of violence. This refers to robbery of a bank branch or teller, as opposed to other bank- ...
at the United Bank Tower in
Denver,
Colorado
Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the ...
, United States. The person subsequently charged with the crime was acquitted, and the case remains unsolved.
*
June 17
Events Pre-1600
* 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism.
*1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...
** End of Apartheid: The
South African Parliament
The Parliament of the Republic of South Africa is South Africa's legislature; under the present Constitution of South Africa, the bicameral Parliament comprises a National Assembly and a National Council of Provinces. The current twenty-seve ...
repeals the
Population Registration Act
The Population Registration Act of 1950 required that each inhabitant of South Africa be classified and registered in accordance with their racial characteristics as part of the system of apartheid.
Social rights, political rights, educational ...
, which had required
racial classification
A race is a categorization of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into groups generally viewed as distinct within a given society. The term came into common usage during the 1500s, when it was used to refer to groups of variou ...
of all South Africans at birth.
**
President of Turkey Turgut Özal appoints
Mesut Yılmaz
Ahmet Mesut Yılmaz () (6 November 1947 – 30 October 2020) was a Turkish politician. He was the leader of the Motherland Party ( tr, Anavatan Partisi, ANAP) from 1991 to 2002, and served three times as Prime Minister of Turkey. His first two p ...
as
Prime Minister following
Yıldırım Akbulut
Yıldırım Akbulut (; 2 September 1935 – 14 April 2021) was a Turkish politician, who was a leader of the Motherland Party (ANAP), the Prime Minister of Turkey, and twice the Speaker of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
A lawyer by pr ...
's resignation. Yılmaz forms a new government on June 23, which lasts until November when it is replaced by the government of
Süleyman Demirel.
[''Türkiye'nin 75 Yılı'', Tempo yayıncılık, İstanbul, 1998]
*
June 20
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory.
*1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting ...
– In
West Germany, the
Bundestag
The Bundestag (, "Federal Diet") is the German federal parliament. It is the only federal representative body that is directly elected by the German people. It is comparable to the United States House of Representatives or the House of Commons ...
votes to move the capital from
Bonn
The federal city of Bonn ( lat, Bonna) is a city on the banks of the Rhine in the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia, with a population of over 300,000. About south-southeast of Cologne, Bonn is in the southernmost part of the Rhine-Ruhr ...
to
Berlin.
*
June 23
Events Pre-1600
* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
* 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
*1280 – The Spanish Re ...
–
28 – Iraq disarmament crisis: UN inspection teams attempt to intercept Iraqi vehicles carrying nuclear related equipment. Iraqi soldiers fire warning shots in the air to prevent inspectors from approaching the vehicles.
*
June 25 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia:
Croatia and
Slovenia declare their independence from
Yugoslavia.
*
June 28
Events Pre-1600
*1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch.
*1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II.
*1461 – Ed ...
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union:
Comecon
The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (, ; English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, CEMA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along wit ...
is dissolved in
Moscow,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...
.
July
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
** In the
U.S.
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...
, telephone services go down in
Washington, D.C.
)
, image_skyline =
, image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, Na ...
,
Pittsburgh,
Los Angeles, and
San Francisco as a result of a software bug, affecting nearly twelve million customers.
** The
Warsaw Pact is officially dissolved in
Prague,
Czechoslovakia.
** The world's first
GSM
The Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is a standard developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) to describe the protocols for second-generation ( 2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile devices such as ...
telephone call is made in
Finland.
*
July 7
Events Pre-1600
*1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
*1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistado ...
– Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The
Brioni Agreement ends the
Ten-Day War
The Ten-Day War ( sl, desetdnevna vojna), or the Slovenian War of Independence (), was a brief armed conflict that followed Slovenia's declaration of independence from Yugoslavia on 25 June 1991. It was fought between the separatists of the ...
in
Slovenia.
*
July 4
Events Pre-1600
*362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaimed ...
–
President of Colombia César Gaviria
César Augusto Gaviria Trujillo ( ; born 31 March 1947) is a Colombian economist and politician who served as the President of Colombia from 1990 to 1994, Secretary General of the Organization of American States from 1994 to 2004 and National Di ...
lifts the country's 7-year-long
state of emergency
A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to be able to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state du ...
.
*
July 9
Events Pre-1600
* 118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...
** End of Apartheid: The
International Olympic Committee readmits South Africa to the
Olympics. The next day,
U.S. President Bush terminates
1986
The year 1986 was designated as the International Year of Peace by the United Nations.
Events January
* January 1
**Aruba gains increased autonomy from the Netherlands by separating from the Netherlands Antilles.
** Spain and Portugal ent ...
-enacted
U.S. sanctions on
South Africa.
** Iran–Contra affair:
Alan Fiers
Alan Dale Fiers Jr. (born 15 April 1939) is an American former Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officer, who served as President Ronald Reagan's chief of the CIA's Central American Task Force from October 1984 until his retirement in 1988. Fiers ...
agrees to plead guilty to two charges of lying to the
U.S. Congress. Later on September 16,
D.C. Judge Gerhard Gesell
Gerhard Alden Gesell (June 16, 1910 – February 19, 1993) was a United States district judge of the United States District Court for the District of Columbia.
Education and career
Born in Los Angeles, California, Gesell received a Bachelor of A ...
issues a ruling clearing
Col.
Colonel (abbreviated as Col., Col or COL) is a senior military officer rank used in many countries. It is also used in some police forces and paramilitary organizations.
In the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, a colonel was typically in charge of ...
Oliver North of all charges.
*
July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdi ...
** A
solar eclipse of record totality occurs in the Northern hemisphere. It is seen by 20 million people in
Hawaii,
Mexico, and
Colombia.
**
Nigeria Airways Flight 2120
Nigeria Airways Flight 2120 was a chartered passenger flight from Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, to Sokoto, Nigeria, on 11 July 1991, which caught fire shortly after takeoff from King Abdulaziz International Airport and crashed while attempting to retur ...
, a
Douglas DC-8 operated by Canadian airline
Nolisair
Nolisair was a Canadian company, the parent company of Nationair Canada, a Canadian airline, and of Technair, an aircraft maintenance company. The company was owned by Robert Obadia. The headquarters was located in the Nationair Canada Build ...
, catches fire and crashes soon after takeoff from
Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia, killing all 261 people on board.
*
July 15
Events Pre-1600
*484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome
* 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar).
* 756 &ndash ...
–
Chemical Bank
Chemical Bank was a bank with headquarters in New York City from 1824 until 1996. At the end of 1995, Chemical was the third-largest bank in the U.S., with about $182.9 billion in assets and more than 39,000 employees around the world.
Beginning ...
and
Manufacturers Hanover Corporation
Manufacturers Hanover Corporation was the bank holding company formed as parent of Manufacturers Hanover Trust Company, a large New York bank formed by a merger in 1961. After 1969, Manufacturers Hanover Trust became a subsidiary of Manufac ...
amalgamate, becoming the
largest bank merger in history.
*
July 16 –
Soviet President
The president of the Soviet Union (russian: Президент Советского Союза, Prezident Sovetskogo Soyuza), officially the president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (), abbreviated as president of the USSR (), was ...
Gorbachev arrives in
London to ask for aid from the leaders of the
G7.
*
July 18
Events Pre-1600
*477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
*387 BC – Roman-Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, lead ...
– The governments of
Mauritania and
Senegal sign a treaty ending the
Mauritania–Senegal Border War
The Mauritania–Senegal Border War was a conflict fought between the West African countries of Mauritania and Senegal along their shared border during 1989–1991. The conflict began around disputes over the two countries' River Senegal border ...
, which had been fought since
1989
File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress Street Viaduct, Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxo ...
.
*
July 22
**
U.S. boxer Mike Tyson is arrested and charged with the rape of
Miss Black America
The Miss Black America beauty contest is a competition for young African-American women. The pageant has garnered the support of artists, activists and performers including Stevie Wonder, Curtis Mayfield, and Oprah Winfrey. After 40 years, in 200 ...
contestant
Desiree Washington
Michael Gerard Tyson (born June 30, 1966) is an American former professional boxer who competed from 1985 to 2005. Nicknamed "Iron Mike" and "Kid Dynamite" in his early career, and later known as "The Baddest Man on the Planet", Tyson is cons ...
three days earlier, in
Indianapolis
Indianapolis (), colloquially known as Indy, is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion ...
,
Indiana.
** American
serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer is arrested after the remains of eleven men and boys are found in his
Milwaukee apartment.
*
July 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
*1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
* 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Sti ...
–
Finance Minister of India
The Minister of Finance (Vitta Mantrī ) (or simply, the Finance Minister, short form FM) is the head of the Ministry of Finance of the Government of India. One of the senior offices of the Union Cabinet, the finance minister is responsible for ...
Manmohan Singh announces a new industrial policy, marking the start of
economic liberalisation in India
The economic liberalisation in India refers to the opening of the country's economy to the world with the goal of making the economy more market and service-oriented, thus expanding the role of private and foreign investment. Indian economi ...
.
*
July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge ...
– British astronomers announce they have found what appears to be an
extrasolar planet
An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first possible evidence of an exoplanet was noted in 1917 but was not recognized as such. The first confirmation of detection occurred in 1992. A different planet, init ...
.
*
July 29
Events Pre-1600
*587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple.
* 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12.
* 904 – Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo o ...
– In
New York City, a grand jury indicts
Bank of Credit and Commerce International
The Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) was an international bank founded in 1972 by Agha Hasan Abedi, a Pakistani financier. The bank was registered in Luxembourg with head offices in Karachi and London. A decade after opening, BC ...
of the largest bank fraud in history, accusing the bank of defrauding depositors of US$5 billion.
*
July 31
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
* 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tra ...
**
U.S. President Bush and
Soviet President Gorbachev sign
START I in
Moscow,
Soviet Union.
** Singing Revolution:
Soviet Special Purpose Police Unit (OMON) forces kill seven
Lithuanian customs officials in
Medininkai
Medininkai (; be, Меднікі) is a village in Lithuania, located east of Vilnius city municipality and from the Lithuanian–Belarusian border.
The village is situated on the Medininkai Highland, near the highest points of Lithuania � ...
, the deadliest of the
Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts.
August
*
August 1
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic.
*AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under ...
–
Israel agrees to participate in the
Madrid Conference of 1991
The Madrid Conference of 1991 was a peace conference, held from 30 October to 1 November 1991 in Madrid, hosted by Spain and co-sponsored by the United States and the Soviet Union. It was an attempt by the international community to revive the ...
, which opens on October 30.
*
August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during t ...
– The cruise liner ''
MTS Oceanos
MTS ''Oceanos'' was a France, French-built and Greece, Greek-owned cruise ship that sank in 1991 when she suffered uncontrolled flooding. Her captain, Yiannis Avranas, and some of the crew were convicted of negligence for fleeing the ship with ...
'' sinks off the
coast of South Africa, leading to the rescue of all 571 passengers on board by
SAAF helicopters.
*
August 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
*1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ...
–
Tim Berners-Lee
Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955), also known as TimBL, is an English computer scientist best known as the inventor of the World Wide Web. He is a Professorial Fellow of Computer Science at the University of Oxford and a profess ...
announces the
World Wide Web
The World Wide Web (WWW), commonly known as the Web, is an information system enabling documents and other web resources to be accessed over the Internet.
Documents and downloadable media are made available to the network through web se ...
project and software on the alt.hypertext newsgroup. The first website, "info.cern.ch", is created.
*
August 7
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Co ...
– Former Iranian
prime minister Shapour Bakhtiar
Shapour Bakhtiar ( fa, شاپور بختیار, ; 26 June 19146 August 1991) was an Iranian politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Iran under the Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. In the words of historian Abbas Milani: "more than once in ...
is assassinated in the Parisian suburb of
Suresnes.
*
August 8
Events Pre-1600
* 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as t ...
– The
Warsaw radio mast, the tallest structure in the world at the time, collapses.
*
August 17
Events Pre-1600
*309/ 310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike.
* 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
* 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...
– The remains of the
Prussian King Frederick the Great
Frederick II (german: Friedrich II.; 24 January 171217 August 1786) was King in Prussia from 1740 until 1772, and King of Prussia from 1772 until his death in 1786. His most significant accomplishments include his military successes in the Sil ...
are re-interred in
Potsdam
Potsdam () is the capital and, with around 183,000 inhabitants, largest city of the German state of Brandenburg. It is part of the Berlin/Brandenburg Metropolitan Region. Potsdam sits on the River Havel, a tributary of the Elbe, downstream of ...
, Germany.
*
August 17
Events Pre-1600
*309/ 310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike.
* 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
* 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...
–
20 –
Hurricane Bob
Hurricane Bob was one of the costliest hurricanes in New England history. The second named storm and first hurricane of the 1991 Atlantic hurricane season, Bob developed from an area of low pressure near The Bahamas on August 16. The depress ...
hits
North Carolina and
New England, killing 17 people and causing US$1.5 billion in damage.
*
August 19
Events Pre-1600
*295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War.
*43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later known ...
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union:
Soviet President
The president of the Soviet Union (russian: Президент Советского Союза, Prezident Sovetskogo Soyuza), officially the president of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (), abbreviated as president of the USSR (), was ...
Mikhail Gorbachev is put under
house arrest while vacationing in
Crimea
Crimea, crh, Къырым, Qırım, grc, Κιμμερία / Ταυρική, translit=Kimmería / Taurikḗ ( ) is a peninsula in Ukraine, on the northern coast of the Black Sea, that has been occupied by Russia since 2014. It has a po ...
during
an attempted coup. Led by
Vice President
A vice president, also director in British English, is an officer in government or business who is below the president (chief executive officer) in rank. It can also refer to executive vice presidents, signifying that the vice president is on ...
Gennady Yanayev
Gennady Ivanovich Yanayev (russian: Генна́дий Ива́нович Яна́ев, link=no; 26 August 193724 September 2010) was a Soviet politician who served as the first and only vice president of the Soviet Union. Yanayev's politica ...
and seven others, the coup collapses in less than 72 hours and is protested by over 100,000 people outside the
parliament building. He returns to
Moscow three days later and arrests the coup leaders.
*
August 20
Events Pre-1600
*AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile.
* 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take contro ...
– Singing Revolution:
Estonia declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by
Latvia the next day.
*
August 22
Events Pre-1600
* 392 – Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
* 851 – Battle of Jengland: Erispoe defeats Charles the Bald near the Breton town of Jengland.
*1138 – Battle of the Standard between Scot ...
– Singing Revolution:
Iceland becomes the first nation to recognize the independence of the
Baltic states
The Baltic states, et, Balti riigid or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term, which currently is used to group three countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. All three countries are members of NATO, the European Union, the Eurozone, ...
. It is followed by the
U.S.
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territo ...
on September 2 and the
Soviet Union on September 6.
*
August 23
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Caesar ...
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russia restores the
white-blue-red tricolour as its
national flag
A national flag is a flag that represents and symbolizes a given nation. It is flown by the government of that nation, but usually can also be flown by its citizens. A national flag is typically designed with specific meanings for its colours a ...
.
*
August 24
Events Pre-1600
* 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father.
* 394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is writte ...
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union:
Ukraine declares independence, followed by
Belarus the next day, from the Soviet Union.
*
August 25
Events Pre-1600
* 19 – The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to ...
** Dissolution of Yugoslavia:
Serbian forces begin an attack on the
Croatian town of
Vukovar
Vukovar () ( sr-Cyrl, Вуковар, hu, Vukovár, german: Wukowar) is a city in Croatia, in the eastern region of Slavonia. It contains Croatia's largest river port, located at the confluence of the Vuka and the Danube. Vukovar is the seat o ...
.
**
Linus Torvalds posts messages to the
Usenet newsgroup comp.os.minix, regarding the new operating system kernel he had developed, called
Linux.
**
Michael Schumacher
Michael Schumacher (; ; born 3 January 1969) is a German former racing driver who competed in Formula One for Jordan, Benetton, Ferrari, and Mercedes. Schumacher has a joint-record seven World Drivers' Championship titles (tied with Lewis ...
, regarded as one of the greatest
Formula One drivers in history, makes his
Formula One debut at the
Belgian Grand Prix
The Belgian Grand Prix ( French: ''Grand Prix de Belgique''; Dutch: ''Grote Prijs van België''; German: ''Großer Preis von Belgien'') is a motor racing event which forms part of the Formula One World Championship.
The first national race o ...
.
*
August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...
– Lebanon Hostage Crisis:
Maronite general
Michel Aoun
Michel Naim Aoun ( ar, ميشال نعيم عون ; born 30 September 1933) is a Lebanese politician and former military general who served as the President of Lebanon from 31 October 2016 until 30 October 2022.
Born in Haret Hreik to a Ma ...
leaves
Lebanon via a French ship into exile.
*
August 30
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple.
*1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
* 1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union:
Moldova
Moldova ( , ; ), officially the Republic of Moldova ( ro, Republica Moldova), is a Landlocked country, landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the west and Ukraine to the north, east, and south. The List of states ...
declares independence from the Soviet Union, followed by
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...
.
*
August 31
Events Pre-1600
*1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty.
* 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one year. ...
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union:
Kyrgyzstan and
Uzbekistan declare their independence;
Tajikistan
Tajikistan (, ; tg, Тоҷикистон, Tojikiston; russian: Таджикистан, Tadzhikistan), officially the Republic of Tajikistan ( tg, Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Jumhurii Tojikiston), is a landlocked country in Centr ...
follows suit on
September 9.
September
*
September 3 – In
Hamlet,
North Carolina,
a grease fire breaks out at the Imperial Foods chicken processing plant, killing 25 people.
*
September 4 –
Sverdlovsk's name is restored to its
pre-communist–era name Yekaterinburg. Two days later,
Leningrad
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
is renamed
St. Petersburg
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
.
*
September 5
Events Pre-1600
* 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
*1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
*1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Hen ...
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The
Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union
The Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union (russian: Съезд народных депутатов СССР, ''Sʺezd narodnykh deputatov SSSR'') was the highest body of state authority of the Soviet Union from 1989 to 1991.
Backg ...
self-dissolves, being replaced by
Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union
The Supreme Soviet of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ( rus, Верховный Совет Союза Советских Социалистических Республик, r=Verkhovnyy Sovet Soyuza Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respubl ...
and
State Council of the Soviet Union
Following the August 1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt, the State Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (russian: Государственный Совет СССР), but also known as the State Soviet, was formed on 5 Septembe ...
.
*
September 8
Events Pre-1600
* 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
*1100 – Election of Antipope The ...
– Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The
Republic of Macedonia becomes independent, beginning a
name dispute with
Greece.
*
September 11
Events Pre-1600
* 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hu ...
**Lebanon Hostage Crisis:
Israel releases
51 Arab prisoners and the bodies of nine guerrillas, paving the way for the release of the last
western hostages in Lebanon.
**The
Soviet Union announces plans to withdraw
military and economic aid to
Cuba.
*
September 15 – In the
Swedish general election, the
Social Democrats suffer their worst election results in 60 years, leading to the resignation of
Prime Minister Ingvar Carlsson.
*
September 17
Events Pre-1600
*1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia".
*1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Emp ...
–
North Korea,
South Korea,
Estonia,
Latvia,
Lithuania, the
Marshall Islands, and
Micronesia join the
UN.
*
September 19
Events Pre-1600
* 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed.
* 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...
–
Ötzi the Iceman
Ötzi, also called the Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived some time between 3350 and 3105 BC, discovered in September 1991 in the Ötztal Alps (hence the nickname "Ötzi") on the border between Austria and Italy.
Ötzi is believed to ...
is found in the
Alps
The Alps () ; german: Alpen ; it, Alpi ; rm, Alps ; sl, Alpe . are the highest and most extensive mountain range system that lies entirely in Europe, stretching approximately across seven Alpine countries (from west to east): France, Sw ...
.
*
September 21
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army and consolidates his power.
*1170 – The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Norman invaders.
*1217 – Livonian Crusade: The Estonian leader Lembitu and Livonian lead ...
– Dissolution of the Soviet Union:
Armenia
Armenia (), , group=pron officially the Republic of Armenia,, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of Western Asia.The UNbr>classification of world regions places Armenia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , , and ''Ox ...
declares independence from the Soviet Union. Nearly a month later on October 27, Turkmenistan declares its independence. Kazakhstan follows suit on December 16.
*
September 21
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army and consolidates his power.
*1170 – The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Norman invaders.
*1217 – Livonian Crusade: The Estonian leader Lembitu and Livonian lead ...
– September 30, 30 – Iraq disarmament crisis: International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA inspectors discover files on Iraq and weapons of mass destruction, Iraq's hidden nuclear weapons program. Iraqi officials refuse to let them leave with the documents, prompting a standoff that continues until the U.N. Security Council, UN Security Council threatens enforcement actions on Iraq.
* September 22 – The Huntington Library makes the Dead Sea Scrolls available to the public for the first time.
* September 24 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Lebanese kidnappers release Jackie Mann after more than two years of captivity.
* September 25 – Salvadoran Civil War: Representatives of the Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front reach an agreement with President of El Salvador Alfredo Cristiani, setting the stage for the end of the war.
* September 27 – U.S President George H. W. Bush announces unilateral reductions in short-range nuclear weapons and calls off 24-hour alerts for long-range bombers. The
Soviet Union responds with similar unilateral reductions on October 5.
* September 29 – Salvadoran Civil War: An army colonel of the Atlácatl Battalion is found guilty of the 1989 murders of Jesuits in El Salvador, 1989 murders of six Jesuits.
October
* October 1 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: Forces of the Yugoslav People's Army Croatian War of Independence, surround Dubrovnik, beginning the Siege of Dubrovnik, which lasts until May 31, 1992.
* October 3 – Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives Tom Foley announces the House banking scandal, closure of the House Bank by the end of the year after revelations that House members have written numerous bad checks.
*October 4 – Carl Bildt succeeds
Ingvar Carlsson as Prime Minister of Sweden.
* October 6 – Mikhail Gorbachev, President Gorbachev condemns antisemitism in the Soviet Union in a statement read on the 50th anniversary of the Babi Yar, Babi Yar massacres, which saw the death of History of the Jews in Ukraine, 35,000 Jews in Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukraine during Eastern Front (World War II), WWII.
* October 7 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The Yugoslav Air Force bombs the office of President of Croatia, Croatian President Franjo Tuđman, causing the Croatian Parliament to cut all remaining ties with Yugoslavia the next day.
* October 11
** In the
Russian SFSR
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
, the KGB is replaced by the Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia), SVR, with the KGB officially ending operations on November 6.
** Iraq disarmament crisis: The U.N. Security Council, UN Security Council passes United Nations Security Council Resolution 715, Resolution 715, demanding that Iraq "accept unconditionally the inspectors and all other personnel designated by the United Nations Special Commission, Special Commission." Iraq rejects the resolution, calling it "unlawful".
* October 12 – Askar Akayev is confirmed as the first president of Kyrgyzstan in an uncontested poll.
* October 13 – In the 1991 Bulgarian parliamentary election, Bulgarian parliamentary election, the Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria), Union of Democratic Forces defeats the Bulgarian Socialist Party, leaving no remaining Communist governments in
Eastern Europe.
[ Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p369 ]
* October 15
** Clarence Thomas is confirmed as the new U.S. Supreme Court Justice following Thurgood Marshall's retirement.
** The leaders of the Baltic States, Arnold Rüütel of
Estonia, Anatolijs Gorbunovs of
Latvia and the Vytautas Landsbergis of
Lithuania, signed the OSCE Final Act in Helsinki, Finland.
* October 18 – The
Soviet Union restores its Israel–Russia relations, diplomatic relations with
Israel, which had been suspended since the Six-Day War, 1967 Six-Day War.
* October 20
** The Harare Declaration is signed in Harare,
Zimbabwe, laying down the Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria.
** A Oakland firestorm of 1991, large suburban firestorm centered in Oakland Hills, Oakland, California, Oakland Hills, California, kills 25 people and injures 150 others.
** A 6.8 Moment magnitude scale, M
w 1991 Uttarkashi earthquake, earthquake strikes Uttarkashi district, Uttarkashi,
India, killing at least 768 people and destroying thousands of homes.
* October 21 – Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Jesse Turner, a mathematics professor who has been held hostage for more than four years, is released.
* October 23 – In Paris, the Vietnam-backed government of the People's Republic of Kampuchea, state of Cambodia signs an agreement with the Khmer Rouge to end Cambodian Civil War, the civil war and bring the Khmer Rouge into power despite its role in the Cambodian genocide. The deal ends the Cambodian–Vietnamese War and results in the creation of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia, UN Transitional Authority in Cambodia.
* October 27 – The first 1991 Polish parliamentary election, free parliamentary elections in
Poland since 1928 Polish legislative election, 1928 are held.
* October 28 – November 4 – The 1991 Perfect Storm strikes the northeastern United States, northeastern U.S. coast and Atlantic Canada, causing over US$200 million of damage and resulting in 12 direct fatalities.
* October 29 – NASA's Galileo (spacecraft), Galileo spacecraft makes its closest approach to 951 Gaspra, becoming the first probe to visit an asteroid.
* October 31 – November 3 – The 1991 Halloween blizzard, Halloween blizzard hits the Upper Midwest, U.S. Upper Midwest, killing 22 people and causing US$100 million in damage.
November
* November 4 – November 5, 5 – End of Apartheid: The
African National Congress
The African National Congress (ANC) is a social-democratic political party in South Africa. A liberation movement known for its opposition to apartheid, it has governed the country since 1994, when the first post-apartheid election installe ...
leads a general strike, demanding representation in Government of South Africa, the government and an end to the value-added tax.
* November 5 – China and Vietnam restore China–Vietnam relations, diplomatic relations after a 13-year rift which followed the Sino-Vietnamese War, 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War.
* November 6 – The Communist Party of the Soviet Union, CPSU and its republic-level division, the Communist Party of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Communist Party of the Russian SFSR, are banned in the Russian SFSR by Ukase, presidential decree.
* November 7 – The first report on carbon nanotubes is published by Sumio Iijima in ''Nature (journal), Nature''.
* November 9 – The British Joint European Torus, JET fusion reactor generates 1.5 MW output power.
* November 14
**American government, American and Government of the United Kingdom, British authorities announce indictments against two Libyan Intelligence Service, Libyan intelligence officials in connection with the downing of the Pan Am Flight 103.
** House of Norodom, Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk returns to Phnom Penh after 13 years of exile.
** Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Kidnappers in
Lebanon set Anglican Communion, Anglican Church envoys Terry Waite and Thomas Sutherland (academic), Thomas Sutherland free.
* November 18
** Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The forces of the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Serb paramilitaries take the
Croatian town of
Vukovar
Vukovar () ( sr-Cyrl, Вуковар, hu, Vukovár, german: Wukowar) is a city in Croatia, in the eastern region of Slavonia. It contains Croatia's largest river port, located at the confluence of the Vuka and the Danube. Vukovar is the seat o ...
after the 87-day Battle of Vukovar. They Vukovar massacre, kill more than 260 Croatian prisoners of war.
** An
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of t ...
i Mil Mi-8 helicopter carrying a 19-member peacekeeping mission team is 1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown, shot down by Armenian military, Armenian military forces in Khojavend District, Khojavend district, Azerbaijan.
* November 21 – The 1991 United Nations Secretary-General selection, UN Security Council recommends Prime Minister of Egypt, Egypt's deputy prime minister Boutros Boutros-Ghali to be the next Secretary-General of the United Nations, Secretary-General of the UN.
* November 23 – Members of the Communist Party of Great Britain vote to dissolve the party and found the think-tank Democratic Left (UK), Democratic Left in its place.
* November 24 – Queen (band), Queen lead singer Freddie Mercury dies in
London from AIDS induced pneumonia. In an unrelated incident, Kiss (band), Kiss drummer Eric Carr dies from heart cancer.
* November 26 – The National Assembly (Azerbaijan), National Assembly of Azerbaijan Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, abolishes the autonomous status of the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast and renames several cities to their Azerbaijani language, Azeri names.
* November 27 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia: The
UN Security Council unanimously adopts a resolution opening the way to the establishment of United Nations Protection Force, peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia.
December
* December 1 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Ukraine, Ukrainians vote overwhelmingly for Ukrainian Independence Day, independence from the Soviet Union in a 1991 Ukrainian independence referendum, referendum.
* December 4
** Lebanon Hostage Crisis: Journalist Terry A. Anderson is released after seven years of captivity as a hostage in Beirut – the last and longest-held American hostage in
Lebanon.
**John Leonard Orr, one of the most prolific serial arsonists of the 20th century, is arrested in California.
* December 8 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: In the Białowieża Forest Nature Reserve in Belarus, the leaders of
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...
,
Belarus, and
Ukraine sign Belovezha Accords, an agreement officially ending the
Soviet Union and establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) in its place.
* December 11 – Dissolution of Yugoslavia:
Croatian forces Paulin Dvor massacre, kill 18 Serbs and one Hungarian in the village of Paulin Dvor, Croatia.
* December 12
** The government of Nigeria moves the capital from Lagos to Abuja.
**
Ukraine becomes the first Post-Soviet states, post-Soviet republic to LGBT rights by country or territory, decriminalize homosexuality.
* December 15 – The Egyptian ferry sinks in the Red Sea, killing more than 450 people.
* December 16 – The United Nations General Assembly, UN General Assembly adopts United Nations General Assembly Resolution 46/86, UN General Assembly Resolution 46/86, repealing a United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379, previous resolution adopted in 1975 which had ruled that Zionism is a form of racism.
* December 19
**Paul Keating defeats Bob Hawke in a Australian Labor Party, Labor Party December 1991 Australian Labor Party leadership spill, leadership ballot and consequently becomes the Prime Minister of Australia; he is sworn in the following day.
** Skarnsund Bridge opens in Norway, becoming the world's longest cable-stayed bridge for two years with a span of .
* December 21 – The North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NAC-C) meets for the first time.
* December 22 – Armed opposition groups launch a 1991–92 Georgian coup d'état, military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.
* December 24 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: Russian SFSR
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
Boris Yeltsin
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin ( rus, Борис Николаевич Ельцин, p=bɐˈrʲis nʲɪkɐˈla(j)ɪvʲɪtɕ ˈjelʲtsɨn, a=Ru-Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin.ogg; 1 February 1931 – 23 April 2007) was a Soviet and Russian politician wh ...
sends a letter to UN Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, declaring that
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eight ...
will be the succeeding country to the collapsing Soviet Union in the United Nations.
* December 25
** Dissolution of the Soviet Union:
Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as president of the Soviet Union, from which most republics have already seceded, anticipating the dissolving of the History of the Soviet Union, 69-year-old state.
** The
Russian SFSR
The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Russian SFSR or RSFSR ( rus, Российская Советская Федеративная Социалистическая Республика, Rossíyskaya Sovétskaya Federatívnaya Soci ...
officially renames itself the ''Russia, Russian Federation''.
* December 26 – Dissolution of the Soviet Union: The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union, Supreme Soviet meets for the last time, formally dissolves the
Soviet Union, and adjourns ''Adjournment sine die, sine die'', ending the
Cold War. All remaining Soviet institutions eventually cease operation on December 31.
Births
January
* January 3 – Goo Hara, South Korean singer and actress (d. 2019)
*
January 7
** Eden Hazard, Belgian football player
** Caster Semenya, South African athlete
*
January 9 – Álvaro Soler, Spanish-German singer
*
January 12 – Pixie Lott, British singer
*
January 15 – Darya Klishina, Russian long jumper
*
January 17
** Trevor Bauer, American baseball player
** Willa Fitzgerald, American actress
* January 19 – Erin Sanders, American actress
* January 20 – Jolyon Palmer, British racing driver, motorsport commentator and columnist
* January 21 – Craig Roberts, Welsh actor, writer and director
* January 23 – Steve Birnbaum, American footballer
* January 28 – Calum Worthy, Canadian actor and musician
*
January 29 – Hugh Grosvenor, 7th Duke of Westminster, Hugh Grosvenor, British aristocrat, billionaire and businessman
February
* February 4 – Mathew Leckie, Australian footballer
* February 6
** Maxi Iglesias, Spanish actor and model
** Aleksandar Katai, Serbian footballer
* February 8
** Genzebe Dibaba, Ethiopian middle- and long-distance runner
** Wahbi Khazri, Tunisian footballer
* February 10 – Emma Roberts, American actress and singer
* February 14
** Raquel Calderón Argandoña, Chilean actress, singer, and lawyer
** Karol G, Colombian reggaeton singer and songwriter
* February 17
** Ed Sheeran, English singer, songwriter, guitarist, record producer, and actor
** Bonnie Wright, English actress, film director, screenwriter, model, and producer
*
February 18
** Malese Jow, American actress and singer
** Henry Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2009)
*
February 20 – Hidilyn Diaz, Filipina Olympic weightlifter and airwoman
* February 21
** Riyad Mahrez, French-Algerian footballer
** Solar (singer), Solar, South Korean singer and actress
** Joe Alwyn, English actor
*
February 22 – Robin Stjernberg, Swedish pop singer
*
February 26 – CL (singer), CL, South Korean singer and dancer
* February 28 – Sarah Bolger, Irish actress
March
*
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 &nd ...
– Park Cho-rong, South Korean singer and actress
* March 4 – Aoi Nakamura, Japanese actor
* March 5 – Ramiro Funes Mori, Argentine footballer
*
March 6
Events Pre-1600
* 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor.
* 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
* 845 ...
– Tyler, The Creator, American rapper
* March 8 – Devon Werkheiser, American actor, singer, and musician
* March 11
** Linlin, Chinese singer
** Poonam Pandey, Indian Bollywood actress
*
March 13 – Luan Santana, Brazilian singer
* March 16 – Wolfgang Van Halen, American musician
* March 21 – Antoine Griezmann, French footballer
*
March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Madelyn Deutch, American actress, director, musician and writer
* March 28 – Derek Carr, American football player
* March 29
** Irene (singer), Irene, South Korean singer, rapper, television host, and model She grew up in Buk-gu, Daegu, Buk-gu.
** N'Golo Kanté, French footballer
** Hayley McFarland, American actress
April
*
April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
* 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
* ...
– Hayley Kiyoko, American singer and actress
*
April 4
Events Pre-1600
*503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
* 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground.
* 611 – ...
– Jamie Lynn Spears, American singer and actress
*
April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his ...
– Yassine Bounou, Moroccan football player
* April 7 – Anne-Marie, English singer
*
April 9 – Gai Assulin, Israeli footballer
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
– AJ Michalka, American actress, voice actress, singer and musician
* April 11
** Thiago Alcântara, Spanish footballer
** James Magnussen, Australian swimmer
*
April 15
Events Pre-1600
* 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings.
*1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscard.
...
** Javier Fernández (figure skater), Javier Fernandez, Spanish figure skater
** Anastasia Vinnikova, Belarusian singer
* April 20 – Luke Kuechly, American football player
* April 25 – Alex Shibutani, American ice dancer
May
* May 2
** Jeong Jinwoon, South Korean idol singer and actor
** Ilya Zakharov, Russian diver
* May 3 – Carlo Acutis, English-born Italian Catholic computer programmer, beatified (d. 2006)
* May 5 – Raúl Jiménez, Mexican footballer
* May 8 – Laura Chimaras, Venezuelan actress
* May 9 – Majlinda Kelmendi, Kosovan judoka
*
May 22
Events Pre-1600
* 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
* 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
*11 ...
** Sophia Abrahão, Brazilian actress
** Suho, South Korean singer, actor, and model
* May 23 – Lena Meyer-Landrut, German singer
*
May 24 – Erika Umeda, Japanese singer
*
May 25
Events Pre-1600
*567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans.
* 240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toled ...
– Derrick Williams (basketball), Derrick Williams, American basketball player
* May 27 – Beauden Barrett, New Zealand rugby union player
*
May 28 – Alexandre Lacazette, French footballer
* May 29 – Tan Zhongyi, Chinese chess player
* May 31 – Azealia Banks, American singer
June
* June 1 – Zazie Beetz, German-American actress
*
June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depo ...
– Natasha Dupeyrón, Mexican actress and singer
*
June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
*1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedra ...
– Ben Stokes, English international cricketer
*
June 7
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).
* 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state.
*1002 – Henry II ...
** Emily Ratajkowski, American model and actress
** Olivia Rogowska, Australian tennis player
* June 10 – Pol Espargaró, Spanish motorcycle racer
* June 14
** André Carrillo, Peruvian footballer
** Kostas Manolas, Greek footballer
** Jesy Nelson, English singer
*
June 16
** Siya Kolisi, South African rugby union player
** Joe McElderry, British singer and model
** Tameka Yallop, Australian footballer
*
June 17
Events Pre-1600
* 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism.
*1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...
– Staz Nair, British actor and singer
* June 18 – Willa Holland, American model and actress
* June 19 – Neta Rivkin, Israeli rhythmic gymnast
*
June 20
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory.
*1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting ...
– Kalidou Koulibaly, French-Senegalese footballer
* June 21 – J. C. Greyling, Namibian rugby union player
*
June 23
Events Pre-1600
* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
* 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
*1280 – The Spanish Re ...
** Katie Armiger, American singer
** Fakhreddine Ben Youssef, Tunisian footballer
* June 24 – Max Ehrich, American actor, singer, and dancer
*
June 25
** Christa Théret, French actress
** Victor Wanyama, Kenyan footballer
*
June 28
Events Pre-1600
*1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch.
*1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II.
*1461 – Ed ...
** Kevin De Bruyne, Belgian footballer
** Kang Min-hyuk, South Korean drummer, actor, and singer
** Seohyun, South Korean singer and actress
* June 29
** Kawhi Leonard, American basketball player
** Suk Hyun-jun, South Korean footballer
July
* July 2
** Kim Go-eun, South Korean actress
** Burna Boy, Nigerian singer, rapper and songwriter
* July 3 – Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, Russian tennis player
* July 5 – Jason Dolley, American actor and musician
*
July 7
Events Pre-1600
*1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
*1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistado ...
– Alesso, Swedish DJ and music producer
* July 8 – Virgil van Dijk, Dutch footballer
*
July 9
Events Pre-1600
* 118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome.
* 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...
– Mitchel Musso, American actor, musician and singer
* July 10 – Atsuko Maeda, Japanese singer and actress
* July 12 – James Rodríguez, Colombian footballer
* July 13 – Seppe Smits, Belgian snowboarder
*
July 15
Events Pre-1600
*484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome
* 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar).
* 756 &ndash ...
** Derrick Favors, American basketball player
** Evgeny Tishchenko, Russian heavyweight boxer
*
July 16 – Alexandra Shipp, American actress
* July 21 – Sara Sampaio, Portuguese model
*
July 22 – Tomi Juric, Australian footballer
* July 23
** Lauren Mitchell, Australian artistic gymnast
** Kianoush Rostami, Iranian weightlifter
*
July 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
*1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
* 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Sti ...
– Emily Bett Rickards, Canadian actress
*
July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge ...
– Amanda Kurtović, Norwegian handball player
* July 30 – Daria Kondakova, Russian rhythmic gymnast
*
July 31
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
* 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tra ...
– Filipa Azevedo, Portuguese singer
August
* August 3 – Ismail Juma, Tanzanian long-distance runner (d. 2017)
* August 5 – Brooke Marie Bridges, American actress
*
August 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
*1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ...
** Irina Kulikova, Russian fashion model
** Jiao Liuyang, Chinese swimmer
*
August 7
Events Pre-1600
* 461 – Roman Emperor Majorian is beheaded near the river Iria in north-west Italy following his arrest and deposition by the ''magister militum'' Ricimer.
* 626 – The Avar and Slav armies leave the siege of Co ...
– Mike Trout, American baseball player
*
August 8
Events Pre-1600
* 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as t ...
– Joël Matip, German footballer
* August 9
** Alexa Bliss, American professional wrestler
** Hansika Motwani, Indian actress
* August 10 – Pratyusha Banerjee, Indian television actress (d. 2016)
* August 11 – Estelle Nze Minko, French handball player
* August 12 – Lakeith Stanfield, American actor and rapper
* August 16
** Evanna Lynch, Irish actress
** Young Thug, American hip hop artist
* August 18 – Brianna Rollins-McNeal, American track and field athlete
*
August 20
Events Pre-1600
*AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile.
* 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take contro ...
– Cory Joseph, Canadian basketball player
*
August 23
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Caesar ...
– Jennifer Abel, Canadian diver
* August 26 – Dylan O'Brien, American actor
September
*
September 4
** Adrien Bart, French sprint canoeist
** Carter Jenkins, American actor
*
September 9
** Kelsey Chow, American actress
** Oscar (footballer, born 1991), Oscar dos Santos Emboaba Júnior, Brazilian footballer
** Lauren Daigle, American singer and songwriter
** Hunter Hayes, American singer, songwriter, record producer and multi-instrumentalist
*
September 11
Events Pre-1600
* 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hu ...
** Jordan Ayew, Ghanaian footballer
** Kygo, Norwegian DJ and record producer
* September 12 – Thomas Meunier, Belgian footballer
* September 13 – Ksenia Afanasyeva, Russian artistic gymnast
* September 14 – Nana (entertainer), Nana, South Korean singer, actress, and model
*
September 15 – Alex Florea, Romanian singer
* September 16 – Marlon Teixeira, Brazilian model
*
September 17
Events Pre-1600
*1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia".
*1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Emp ...
** Minako Kotobuki, Japanese actress and singer
** Mena Massoud, Canadian actor
** Sanne Wevers, Dutch gymnast
* September 22 – Khairul Anuar Mohamad, Malaysian archer
* September 23 – Key (singer), Key, Korean singer
* September 25
**Emmy Clarke, American actress
**Alexander Rossi, American race car driver
* September 27
** Simona Halep, Romanian tennis player
** Islam Makhachev, Russian professional mixed martial artist
October
* October 1 – Gus Kenworthy, British-American Olympic freestyle skier, actor, and YouTuber
* October 2 – Roberto Firmino, Brazilian footballer
* October 4 – Leigh-Anne Pinnock, English singer and songwriter
* October 6 – Roshon Fegan, American actor, rapper, and dancer
* October 7
** Nicole Jung, Korean-American singer in Glendale, California
** Lay Zhang, Chinese singer, actor, dancer, and producer
* October 10
** Gabriella Cilmi, Australian singer
** Lali Espósito, Argentine actress, singer, dancer, and model
** Mariana Pajón, Colombian cyclist
** Xherdan Shaqiri, Swiss footballer
* October 11 – Toby Fox, American video game developer and video game composer
* October 16
** Phan Thi Ha Thanh, Vietnamese artistic gymnast
** Jedward (John and Edward Grimes), Irish twin pop singers
* October 17 – Brenda Asnicar, Argentine actress and singer
* October 18 – Tyler Posey, American actor and musician
* October 21 – Artur Aleksanyan, Armenian Greco-Roman wrestler
* October 23
** Emil Forsberg, Swedish footballer
** Princess Mako of Akishino, Japanese princess
* October 26 – Amala Paul, Indian film actress
* October 30
** Artemi Panarin, Russian ice hockey player
** Tomáš Satoranský, Czech basketball player
November
* November 1
** Jiang Yuyuan, Chinese gymnast
** Anthony Ramos (actor), Anthony Ramos, American actor, singer and songwriter
* November 4
** Olta Boka, Albanian singer
** Bee Vang, American actor
* November 6 – Camila Finn, Brazilian model
* November 11 – Christa B. Allen, American actress
* November 12 – Takatoshi Abe, Japanese track and field athlete
* November 13 – Devon Bostick, Canadian actor
* November 15 – Shailene Woodley, American actress, producer, and activist
* November 16 – Park Hyung-sik, South Korean singer, dancer and actor
* November 20 – Kim Se-yong, South Korean singer and actor
* November 21
** Almaz Ayana, Ethiopian long-distance runner
** Dmitry Martynov, Russian actor
* November 23 – Christian Cueva, Peruvian footballer
* November 24 – Baghdad Bounedjah, Algerian footballer
* November 27 – Himanshi Khurana, Indian model, actress and singer
* November 29 – Becky James, Welsh racing cyclist
December
* December 1 – Sun Yang, Chinese swimmer
* December 2
** Chloe Dufour-Lapointe, Canadian freestyle skier
** Brandon Knight (basketball), Brandon Knight, American basketball player
** Charlie Puth, American singer
* December 4 – Hayley Arceneaux, American physician assistant and astronaut
* December 6
** Milica Mandić, Serbian taekwondo athlete
** CoCo Vandeweghe, American tennis player
* December 9
** Choi Min-ho, South Korean rapper and TV host
** Prince Joachim of Belgium, Archduke of Austria-Este, Belgian prince
* December 10 – Kiki Bertens, Dutch tennis player
* December 11 – Anna Bergendahl, Swedish singer
* December 15 – Eunice Cho, Korean-American actress
* December 19
** Jorge Blanco (musician), Jorge Blanco, Mexican musician, singer, dancer, and actor
** Sumire Uesaka, Japanese voice actress and singer
* December 20
** Jorginho (footballer, born December 1991), Jorginho, Brazilian-Italian footballer
** Jillian Rose Reed, American actress
* December 22 – DaBaby, American rapper
* December 24 – Louis Tomlinson, British singer
* December 26
** Andritany Ardhiyasa, Indonesian footballer
** Eden Sher, American actress
* December 27 – Chloe Bridges, American actress
* December 28 – Belime, Lebanese-born singer
* December 30 – Camila Giorgi, Italian tennis player
Deaths
January
* January 2 – Renato Rascel, Italian actor and singer (b. 1912)
* January 4
** Poon Lim, Chinese sailor (b. 1918)
** Richard Maibaum, American film producer, playwright and screenwriter (b. 1909)
*
January 5 – Vasko Popa, Yugoslavian poet (b. 1922)
* January 8 – Steve Clark, English guitarist (b. 1960)
* January 11 – Carl David Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1905)
*
January 12
** Keye Luke, Chinese-born actor (b. 1904)
** Vasco Pratolini, Italian writer (b. 1913)
* January 14 – Salah Khalaf, Palestinian officer (b. 1933)
*
January 17 – King Olav V of Norway (b. 1903)
* January 19 – John Russell (actor), John Russell, American actor (b. 1921)
*
January 22 – Kenas Aroi, Nauruan politician (b. 1942)
* January 25
** Lilian Bond, English actress (b. 1908)
** Frank Soo, English footballer and manager (b. 1914)
* January 28 – Red Grange, American football player (Chicago Bears) and member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (b. 1903)
*
January 29 – Yasushi Inoue, Japanese historian (b. 1907)
* January 30
** John Bardeen, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1908)
** John McIntire, American actor (b. 1907)
February
*
February 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
* 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn
The (First) Peace of Thorn w ...
– Carol Dempster, American actress (b. 1901)
* February 3 – Nancy Kulp, American actress (b. 1921)
* February 5
** Pedro Arrupe, Spanish priest (b. 1907)
** Dean Jagger, American actor (b. 1903)
* February 6
** Salvador Luria, Italian-born American Nobel biologist (b. 1912)
** Danny Thomas, American singer, comedian, and actor (b. 1912)
** María Zambrano, Spanish essayist and philosopher (b. 1904)
*
February 13 – Arno Breker, German sculptor (b. 1900)
* February 14 – John A. McCone, American politician, 6th Director of Central Intelligence (b. 1902)
* February 21
** John Sherman Cooper, American politician (b. 1901)
** Margot Fonteyn, English ballet dancer (b. 1919)
* February 24 – Jean Rogers, American actress (b. 1916)
*
February 25 – Sverre Hansen (athlete), Sverre Hansen, Norwegian long jumper (b. 1899)
March
* March 1 – Edwin H. Land, inventor of the Polaroid instant camera (b. 1909)
* March 2 – Serge Gainsbourg, French singer (b. 1928)
*
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 &nd ...
– William Penney, Baron Penney, British nuclear physicist (b. 1909)
* March 12 – Ragnar Granit, Finnish neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1900)
*
March 14
** Howard Ashman, American lyricist (b. 1950)
** Doc Pomus, American composer (b. 1925)
*
March 15 – Robin Hill (biochemist), Robin Hill, British plant biochemist (b. 1899)
* March 18 – Vilma Bánky, Hungarian-born actress (b. 1901)
* March 21 – Leo Fender, American instrument maker (b. 1909)
*
March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Elisaveta Bagriana, Bulgarian poet, Nobel Prize in Literature (b. 1893)
*
March 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6.
* 1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margat ...
– John Kerr (governor-general), Sir John Kerr, Governor-General of Australia (b. 1914)
* March 25 – Marcel Lefebvre, French Roman Catholic bishop (b. 1905)
* March 27 – Aldo Ray, American actor (b. 1926)
* March 29 – Lee Atwater, American political consultant and strategist (b. 1951)
April
* April 1
** Martha Graham, American dancer and choreographer (b. 1894)
** Paulo Muwanga, Ugandan military officer and statesman, 3rd Prime Minister of Uganda and 6th President of Uganda (b. 1921)
*
April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
* 1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
* ...
– Graham Greene, English novelist (b. 1904)
*
April 4
Events Pre-1600
*503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines.
* 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground.
* 611 – ...
– Max Frisch, Swiss writer (b. 1911)
*
April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his ...
** Sonny Carter, American astronaut (b.
1947
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Events
January
* January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...
)
**
John Tower
John Goodwin Tower (September 29, 1925 – April 5, 1991) was an American politician, serving as a Republican United States Senator from Texas from 1961 to 1985. He was the first Republican Senator elected from Texas since Reconstruction. Towe ...
, American politician (b. 1925)
** William Sidney, 1st Viscount De L'Isle, former Governor-General of Australia (b. 1909)
* April 8
** Dead (musician), Dead, black metal vocalist (b. 1969)
*
April 9 – Forrest Towns, American Olympic athlete (b. 1914)
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
** Kevin Peter Hall, American actor (b. 1955)
** Natalie Schafer, American actress (b. 1900)
*
April 14
Events Pre-1600
*43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum.
* 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor Otho i ...
– Dhalia, Indonesian actress (b. 1925)
*
April 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1457 BC – Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.
* 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide.
* 73 – Masad ...
– David Lean, English film director (b. 1908)
* April 20
** Steve Marriott, English musician (b.
1947
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Events
January
* January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...
)
** Don Siegel, American film director (b. 1912)
** Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal, Mongolian Communist leader, former Party General Secretary, Prime Minister of Mongolia (b. 1916)
*
April 23
Events Pre-1600
* 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene.
* 599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in sout ...
– Johnny Thunders, American guitarist, singer and songwriter (b. 1952)
*
April 26
Events Pre-1600
*1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
*1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
*147 ...
– Carmine Coppola, American composer and conductor (b. 1910)
* April 27 – Robert Velter, French cartoonist (b. 1909)
May
*
May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
* 1169 &ndas ...
** Cesare Merzagora, Italian politician (b. 1898)
** Richard Thorpe, American film director (b. 1896)
* May 3 – Jerzy Kosiński, Polish-American writer (b. 1933)
* May 4 – Mohammed Abdel Wahab, Egyptian singer and composer (b. 1902)
*
May 6
Events Pre-1600
*1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
*1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Spani ...
– Wilfrid Hyde-White, British actor (b. 1903)
* May 8
** Jean Langlais, French composer and organist (b. 1907)
** Rudolf Serkin, Austrian pianist (b. 1903)
* May 14 – Jiang Qing, Chinese radical revolutionary, widow of Mao Zedong (b. 1914)
*
May 15
** Shintaro Abe, Japanese politician (b. 1924)
** Ronald Lacey, English actor (b. 1935)
*
May 21
** Lino Brocka, Filipino film director (b. 1939)
**
Rajiv Gandhi, 6th
Prime Minister of India (b. 1944)
*
May 22
Events Pre-1600
* 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
* 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
*11 ...
** Derrick Henry Lehmer, American mathematician (b. 1905)
** Stan Mortensen, English footballer (b. 1921)
* May 23
** Jean Van Houtte, Belgian politician, 38th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1907)
** Wilhelm Kempff, German pianist (b. 1895)
*
May 24 – Gene Clark, American singer (b. 1944)
* May 29 – Coral Browne, Australian actress (b. 1913)
* May 31 – Angus Wilson, English novelist (b. 1913)
June
* June 1 – David Ruffin, American singer (b. 1941)
* June 2 – Hailu Yimenu, Ethiopian politician, acting Prime Minister of Ethiopia
*
June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depo ...
– Eva Le Gallienne, English-born actress (b. 1899)
* June 6 – Stan Getz, American jazz saxophonist (b. 1927)
*
June 9
Events Pre-1600
*411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.
* 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
* 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending the Ju ...
– Claudio Arrau, Chilean-born pianist (b. 1903)
* June 14 – Peggy Ashcroft, British actress (b. 1907)
*
June 15
** Happy Chandler, 2nd commissioner of Major League Baseball (b. 1898)
** W. Arthur Lewis, Saint Lucian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1915)
* June 18 – Joan Caulfield, American actress (b. 1922)
* June 19 – Jean Arthur, American actress (b. 1900)
* June 24 – Rufino Tamayo, Mexican painter (b. 1899)
*
June 28
Events Pre-1600
*1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch.
*1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II.
*1461 – Ed ...
– Hans Nüsslein, German tennis player (b. 1910)
* June 29 – Henri Lefebvre, French sociologist and philosopher (b. 1901)
July
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– Michael Landon, American actor, writer, director, and producer (b. 1936)
* July 2 – Lee Remick, American actress (b. 1935)
* July 5 – Mildred Dunnock, American actress (b. 1901)
* July 6
** Mudashiru Lawal, Nigerian footballer (b. 1954)
** Anton Yugov, Bulgarian Communist politician, 35th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1904)
* July 8 – James Franciscus, American actor (b. 1934)
*
July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, abdi ...
– Mokhtar Dahari, Malaysian footballer (b. 1953)
* July 12 – Hitoshi Igarashi, Japanese interpreter (b.
1947
It was the first year of the Cold War, which would last until 1991, ending with the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Events
January
* January–February – Winter of 1946–47 in the United Kingdom: The worst snowfall in the country in ...
)
*
July 15
Events Pre-1600
*484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome
* 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. (17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar).
* 756 &ndash ...
– Roger Revelle, American scientist and scholar (b. 1909)
*
July 16 – Robert Motherwell, American painter (b. 1915)
*
July 18
Events Pre-1600
*477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
*387 BC – Roman-Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, lead ...
– Ambrus Nagy, Hungarian fencer and Olympic silver medalist (1956) (b. 1927)
*
July 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
*1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
* 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Sti ...
– Isaac Bashevis Singer, Polish-born Yiddish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1902)
*
July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge ...
– Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, former member of the CPSU Politburo and Deputy Prime Minister (b. 1893)
* July 27 – Pierre Brunet (figure skater), Pierre Brunet, French figure skater (b. 1902)
*
July 29
Events Pre-1600
*587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple.
* 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12.
* 904 – Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo o ...
– Christian de Castries, French general (b. 1902)
August
* August 3 – Ali Sabri, Egyptian politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Egypt (b. 1920)
*
August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during t ...
– Yevgeny Dragunov, Russian weapons designer (b. 1920)
* August 5
** Paul Brown, American football coach (b. 1908)
** Soichiro Honda, Japanese engineer and industrialist (b. 1917)
*
August 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean.
*1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ...
**
Shapour Bakhtiar
Shapour Bakhtiar ( fa, شاپور بختیار, ; 26 June 19146 August 1991) was an Iranian politician who served as the last Prime Minister of Iran under the Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. In the words of historian Abbas Milani: "more than once in ...
, Iranian politician, 45th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1915)
** Harry Reasoner, American journalist and newscaster (b. 1923)
*
August 8
Events Pre-1600
* 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as t ...
** James Irwin, American astronaut (b. 1930)
** Ivan Kozhedub, Soviet aviator (b. 1920)
* August 13 – James Roosevelt, American businessman, Marine, activist, and politician (b. 1907)
* August 16 – Luigi Zampa, Italian film-maker (b. 1905)
*
August 22
Events Pre-1600
* 392 – Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
* 851 – Battle of Jengland: Erispoe defeats Charles the Bald near the Breton town of Jengland.
*1138 – Battle of the Standard between Scot ...
** Colleen Dewhurst, Canadian-born American actress (b. 1924)
** Boris Pugo, Latvian communist politician, Soviet minister of the Interior (b. 1937)
*
August 23
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Caesar ...
– Florence B. Seibert, American biochemist (b. 1897)
*
August 24
Events Pre-1600
* 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father.
* 394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is writte ...
– Sergey Akhromeyev, Marshall of the Soviet Union, Chief of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces (b. 1923)
*
August 30
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple.
*1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
* 1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
** Cyril Knowles, English footballer and manager (b. 1944)
** Jean Tinguely, Swiss painter and sculptor (b. 1925)
September
* September 2 – Alfonso García Robles, Mexican diplomat and politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1911)
*
September 3
** Frank Capra, Italian-born American film director (b. 1897)
** Daniel Prenn, Russian-born German, Polish, and British tennis player (b. 1904)
*
September 4 – Tom Tryon, American actor and writer (b. 1926)
* September 7 – Edwin McMillan, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1907)
*
September 8
Events Pre-1600
* 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
*1100 – Election of Antipope The ...
** Alex North, American film composer (b. 1910)
** Brad Davis (actor), Brad Davis, American actor (b. 1949)
* September 10 – Jack Crawford (tennis), Jack Crawford, Australian tennis champion (b. 1908)
* September 13 – Joe Pasternak, Hungarian-born film director (b. 1901)
*
September 17
Events Pre-1600
*1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia".
*1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Emp ...
– Zino Francescatti, French violinist (b. 1902)
* September 24 – Dr. Seuss (Theodor Seuss Geisel), American author (b. 1904)
* September 25
** Klaus Barbie, German Gestapo leader in Lyon (b. 1913)
** Viviane Romance, French actress (b. 1912)
* September 27 – Oona O'Neill, English actress (b. 1925)
* September 28 – Miles Davis, American jazz trumpeter, bandleader, and composer (b. 1926)
October
* October 2 – Patriarch Demetrios I of Constantinople (b. 1914)
* October 6 – Igor Talkov, Russian singer, poet, and composer (b. 1956)
* October 7 – Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (b. 1916)
* October 9 – Roy Black (singer), Roy Black, German schlager actor and singer (b. 1943)
* October 11 – Redd Foxx, American comedian and actor (b. 1922)
* October 12
** Aline MacMahon, American actress (b. 1899)
** Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, Arkady Strugatsky, Soviet-Russian sci-fi author (b. 1925)
** Regis Toomey, American actor (b. 1898)
* October 13 – Daniel Oduber Quirós, Costa Rican politician, 37th President of Costa Rica (b. 1921)
* October 16 – Ole Beich, Danish musician (b. 1955)
* October 17 – Tennessee Ernie Ford, American singer (b. 1919)
* October 24 – Gene Roddenberry, American television producer (b. 1921)
* October 25 – Bill Graham (promoter), Bill Graham, American promoter (b. 1931)
* October 27
** Howard Kingsbury, American Olympic rower – Men's eights (b. 1904)
** Andrzej Panufnik, Polish musician and composer (b. 1914)
* October 29 – Mario Scelba, Italian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Italy and President of the European Parliament (b. 1901)
November
* November 2
** Irwin Allen, American film and television producer (b. 1916)
** Mort Shuman, American singer, pianist and songwriter (b. 1938)
* November 5
** Fred MacMurray, American actor (b. 1908)
** Robert Maxwell, Slovakian-born media entrepreneur (b. 1923)
* November 6 – Gene Tierney, American actress (b. 1920)
* November 7 – Tom of Finland, Finnish artist (b. 1920)
* November 9 – Yves Montand, French actor and singer (b. 1921)
* November 10 – Eva Bosáková, Czechoslovakian artistic gymnast (b. 1931)
* November 13 – Paul-Émile Léger, Canadian cardinal (b. 1904)
* November 14 – Tony Richardson, English film and theater director (b. 1928)
* November 17 – Adrian Quist, Australian tennis player (b. 1913)
* November 18 – Gustáv Husák, Czechoslovak politician, 9th President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1913)
* November 19 – Reggie Nalder, Austrian actor (b. 1907)
* November 21 – Daniel Mann, American film director (b. 1912)
* November 23 – Klaus Kinski, German actor (b. 1926)
* November 24
** Eric Carr, American drummer (b. 1950)
** Freddie Mercury, British lead singer and pianist (b. 1946)
* November 25 – Eleanor Audley, American actress (b. 1905)
* November 26 – Ed Heinemann, American aircraft designer (b. 1908)
* November 29
** Ralph Bellamy, American actor (b. 1904)
** Nasirdin Isanov, 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (b. 1943)
** Frank Yerby, African American historical novelist (b. 1916)
December
* December 1
** Pat O'Callaghan, Irish athlete (b. 1906)
** George Stigler, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1911)
* December 6 – Richard Stone, Sir Richard Stone, British economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1913)
* December 7 – Gordon Pirie, English athlete (b. 1931)
* December 8 – Buck Clayton, American jazz trumpet player (b. 1911)
* December 9 – Berenice Abbott, American photographer (b. 1898)
* December 10 – Franco Maria Malfatti, Italian politician (b. 1927)
* December 11 – Artur Lundkvist, Swedish author (b. 1906)
* December 12 – Eleanor Boardman, American actress (b. 1898)
* December 15 – Vasily Zaitsev (sniper), Vasily Zaytsev, Russian World War II hero (b. 1915)
* December 18 – George Abecassis, English racing driver (b. 1913)
* December 20 – Walter Chiari, Italian actor (b. 1924)
* December 22 – Ernst Krenek, Austrian-American composer (b. 1900)
* December 27 – Hervé Guibert, French writer and photographer (b. 1955)
* December 28 – Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (b. 1948)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Richard R. Ernst
* Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Economics – Ronald Coase
* Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Nadine Gordimer
* Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Aung San Suu Kyi
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Pierre-Gilles de Gennes
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1991
1991,