A general election was held between Saturday, 20 October and Sunday, 21 October 1990 for members of the 8th

Parliament of Malaysia The Parliament of Malaysia ( ms, Parlimen Malaysia) is the national legislature of Malaysia, based on the Westminster system. The bicameral parliament consists of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives, lit. "People's Assembly") and the D ...

. Voting took place in all 180 parliamentary constituencies of Malaysia, each electing one Member of Parliament to the Dewan Rakyat, the dominant house of Parliament. State elections also took place in 351 state constituencies in 11 (out of 13, except

Sabah Sabah () is a state of Malaysia located in northern Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Sabah borders the Malaysian state of Sarawak to the southwest and the North Kalimantan province of Indonesia to the south. The Federal Territory ...

and

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast, ...

) states of Malaysia on the same day. The result was a victory for the

Barisan Nasional The National Front ( ms, Barisan Nasional; abbrev: BN) is a political coalition of Malaysia that was founded in 1973 as a coalition of centre-right and right-wing political parties. It is also the third largest political coalition with 30 ...

(BN) at the federal level and 10 of the 11 state elections. The opposition alliance Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU) won a landslide victory over BN in the state of

Kelantan Kelantan (; Jawi: ; Kelantanese Malay: ''Klate'') is a state in Malaysia. The capital is Kota Bharu and royal seat is Kubang Kerian. The honorific name of the state is ''Darul Naim'' (Jawi: ; "The Blissful Abode"). Kelantan is located in t ...

, winning all 39 state assembly seats. Voter turnout was 72.3%.

Background

The elections marked the first after

United Malays National Organisation The United Malays National Organisation ( Malay: ; Jawi: ; abbreviated UMNO () or less commonly PEKEMBAR), is a nationalist right-wing political party in Malaysia. As the oldest continuous national political party within Malaysia (since its ...

(UMNO) party split and the subsequent

constitutional crisis In political science, a constitutional crisis is a problem or conflict in the function of a government that the political constitution or other fundamental governing law is perceived to be unable to resolve. There are several variations to this ...

in 1988. The reconstituted UMNO Baru (New UMNO), led by incumbent Prime Minister

Mahathir Mohamad Mahathir bin Mohamad ( ms, محاضير بن محمد, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; ; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician, author, and physician who served as the 4th and 7th Prime Minister of Malaysia. He held the office ...

, and the newly formed

Parti Melayu Semangat 46 The Parti Melayu Semangat 46 or ''Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46)'' is a now defunct Malaysian political party. The party was formed in 1988, and dissolved in 1996. It was formed by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's "Team B" faction of the United Malays ...

(S46), led by

Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah Tan Sri Tengku Razaleigh bin Tengku Mohd Hamzah ( Jawi: تڠکو غزالي بن تڠکو محمد حمزة; born 13 April 1937) is a Malaysian politician who served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Gua Musang from August 1986 to Novembe ...

, contested for the first time in the elections. It also marked the first time in country general election history when a credible, multi-ethnic coalition have been formed the challenge the dominance of

. This also lead the country political scene from a dominant party system into

two party system A two-party system is a political party system in which two major political parties consistently dominate the political landscape. At any point in time, one of the two parties typically holds a majority in the legislature and is usually referr ...

. The Muslim opposition parties,

Pan-Malaysian Islamic Party The Malaysian Islamic Party (PAS; ms, Parti Islam Se-Malaysia; ms, ڤرتي إسلام سمليسيا, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset) is an Islamist political party in Malaysia. As the party focused on Islamic fundamentalism, PAS ...

(PAS), Semangat 46, Barisan Jemaah Islamiah Se-Malaysia (BERJASA) and

Parti Hizbul Muslimin Malaysia The Muslim People's Party of Malaysia (, Jawi: ڤرتي هيزبول مسلمين مليسيا ; often known by its acronym: HAMIM) was a political party in Malaysia. HAMIM was founded in 1983 by Asri Muda, the former President of the Pan-Ma ...

(HAMIM) teamed up to form the

Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah The Angkatan Perpaduan Ummah (APU or ''Muslims Unity Movement'') was an informal Malaysian political coalition. The now defunct political coalition was formed by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's formation of Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46 or Semangat 46 ...

(APU). On the other hand, Semangat 46, Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS), which withdrew from the Barisan Nasional (BN) at the eleventh hour of the general election, teamed up as

Gagasan Rakyat The Gagasan Rakyat (GR or ''People's Might'') was an opposition Malaysian political coalition. The now defunct political coalition was founded by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's formation of Parti Melayu Semangat 46 (S46 or Semangat 46) after leaving ...

. However, these two opposition alliances cooperated in the election but not openly due to the sensitivity of the secular DAP and the

Islamic Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the ma ...

PAS working together.

Results

Dewan Rakyat

At the federal level, the BN coalition under the leadership of incumbent Prime Minister

won 127 of the 180 parliament seats to form the federal government. , - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;", National Front, , BN, , 2,985,392, , 53.38, , 127, , 70.56, , -21 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=10, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;",

, , UMNO , , , , , , 71 , , 39.44 , , -12 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;",

Malaysian Chinese Association The Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA; zh, 马来西亚华人公会; ; ta, மலேசிய சீனர் சங்கம், initially known as the Malayan Chinese Association) is a uni-racial political party in Malaysia that seeks to ...

, , MCA , , , , , , 18 , , 10.00 , , +1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: red;" , , style="text-align:left;",

United Traditional Bumiputera Party Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB; en, United Bumiputera Heritage Party) is a right-wing political party in Malaysia. It is currently the largest political party in Sarawak. Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu was formed from the combination o ...

, , PBB, , 101,243 , , , , 10 , , 5.56 , , +2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;",

Malaysian Indian Congress The Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC; ta, மலேசிய இந்திய காங்கிரஸ், Malēciya Intiya Kāṅkiras; formerly known as Malayan Indian Congress) is a Malaysian political party. It is one of the founding membe ...

, , MIC , , , , , , 6 , , 3.33 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #008000;" , , style="text-align:left;", United Sabah National Organisation, , USNO, , , , , , 6 , , 3.33 , , +1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #FF0000;" , , style="text-align:left;", Malaysian People's Movement Party, , Gerakan, , , , , , 5 , , 2.78 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , , style="text-align:left;", Sarawak Native People's Party, , PBDS , , 22,590 , , , , 4 , , 2.22 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: yellow;" , , style="text-align:left;", Sarawak United People's Party, , SUPP , , 102,687 , , , , 4 , , 2.22 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: ;" , , style="text-align:left;",

Sarawak National Party The Sarawak National Party known by its acronym as "SNAP", is now a defunct political party in Malaysia. It was a member party of the Alliance Party from 1963 to 1966 and a member of Barisan Nasional (BN) coalition from 1976 until its expulsion ...

, , SNAP, , 35,754 , , , , 3 , , 1.67 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #DAA520;" , , style="text-align:left;", People's Progressive Party, , PPP, , , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: green;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;", Parties in the informal coalition, Muslims Unity Movement, , APU, , 1,218,211, , 21.78, , 15, , 8.33, , New , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan="2", , style="background-color: ;" , , style="text-align:left;",

Semangat 46 The Parti Melayu Semangat 46 or ''Spirit of 46 Malay Party (S46)'' is a now defunct Malaysian political party. The party was formed in 1988, and dissolved in 1996. It was formed by Tengku Razaleigh Hamzah's "Team B" faction of the United Malays ...

, , S46, , 826,398, , 14.77, , 8, , 4.44, , New , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: ;" , , style="text-align:left;",

, , PAS, , 391,813, , 7.01, , 7, , 3.89, , +6 , - , style="background-color: #ADD8E6;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;", Parties in the informal coalition, People's Concept, , GR, , 1,113,488, , 19.91, , 34, , 18.89, , New , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan="2", , style="background-color: ;" , , style="text-align:left;", Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , 985,228, , 17.61, , 20, , 11.11, , -4 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #ADD8E6;" , , style="text-align:left;",

United Sabah Party The United Sabah Party ( ms, Parti Bersatu Sabah, abbreviated PBS) is a political party of Sabah. The PBS was founded by Joseph Pairin Kitingan in 1985 and it is Sabah's oldest local party. In August 2020, PBS confirmed that they would be usin ...

, , PBS, , 128,260, , 2.29, , 14, , 7.78, , +4 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;", Malaysian People's Party, , PRM, , , , , , 0, , 0.00, , 0 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;",

People's Justice Front People's Justice Front or in ms, Angkatan Keadilan Rakyat (AKAR) was a splinter party of Parti Bersatu Sabah (PBS) formed in 1989 which was led by Dusun and Bajau ethnic-based leaders namely Mark Koding, Kalakau Untol and Pandikar Amin Mulia. I ...

, , AKAR, , , , , , 0, , 0.00, , New , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;",

Sarawak Malaysian People's Association The Sarawak Malaysian People's Association or ''Persatuan Rakyat Malaysia Sarawak'' (PERMAS) is now a defunct Malaysian political party based in Sarawak.The party itself was formed in 1987, during the infamous 1987 Ming Court Affair, by a facti ...

, , PERMAS, , 27,618 , , , , 0, , 0.00, , New , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;",

Sarawak United Labour Party Sarawak (; ) is a state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the Malaysian state of Sabah to the northeast ...

, , PLUS, , 162 , , , , 0, , 0.00, , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;", Independents and other parties, , , , 276,136, , 4.94, , 4, , 2.22, , 0 , - , colspan=4 style="text-align:left;", Valid votes, , 5,593,227, , rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , colspan=4 style="text-align:left;",

Invalid Invalid may refer to: * Patient, a sick person * one who is confined to home or bed because of illness, disability or injury (sometimes considered a politically incorrect term) * .invalid, a top-level Internet domain not intended for real use As ...

blank vote A protest vote (also called a blank, null, spoiled, or " none of the above" vote) is a vote cast in an election to demonstrate dissatisfaction with the choice of candidates or the current political system. Protest voting takes a variety of forms ...

s, , 158,498 , - , colspan=4 style="text-align:left;", Total ( turnout: 72.3%), , 5,751,725, , 100.00, , 180, , 100.00, , +3 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" , Did not vote, , 2,248,275, , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" ,

Registered voters In electoral systems, voter registration (or enrollment) is the requirement that a person otherwise eligible to vote must register (or enroll) on an electoral roll, which is usually a prerequisite for being entitled or permitted to vote. The ru ...

, , 8,000,000 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , 8,882,000 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="4" , Malaysian population, , 17,764,000 , - , colspan=9 style="text-align:left;", Source: Nohlen et al

Results by state

Johor

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 18 , , , , , , 18 , , 100.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=3, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 12 , , , , , , 12 , , 66.67 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 5 , , , , , , 5 , , 27.78 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MIC , , 1 , , , , , , 1 , , 5.56 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , , , , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , , , , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

voter turnout In political science, voter turnout is the participation rate (often defined as those who cast a ballot) of a given election. This can be the percentage of registered voters, eligible voters, or all voting-age people. According to Stanford Univ ...

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 18 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Johor's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Kedah

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 14 , , 300,705 , , 62.32 , , 14 , , 100.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=2, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 12 , , 258,834 , , 53.64 , , 12 , , 85.71 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 2 , , 41,871 , , 8.68 , , 2 , , 14.29 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , S46, , 8 , , 99,007 , , 20.52 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , New , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 6 , , 76,936 , , 15.94 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , 1 , , 5,360 , , 1.11 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents , , IND , , 1 , , 537 , , 0.11 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , 482,545 , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , 14,838 , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , 497,383 , , 100.00 , , 14 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Kedah's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Kelantan

, , S46, , 7 , , 140,284 , , 34.19 , , 7 , , 53.85 , , New , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 13 , , 134,273 , , 32.73 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , -12 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 13 , , 134,273 , , 32.73 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , -12 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 6 , , 133,251 , , 32.48 , , 6 , , 46.15 , , +5 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents , , IND , , 7 , , 2,463 , , 0.60 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , 410,271 , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , 10,228 , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , 420,499 , , 100.00 , , 13 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Kelantan's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Kuala Lumpur

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 align=left, National Front, , BN , , , , , , , , , , , , , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , align=left,

, , UMNO , , , , , , , , , , , , , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 align=left,

, , PAS , , , , , , , , , , , , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" bgcolor="dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , , , 100.00 , , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" bgcolor="dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Kuala Lumpur's population, , , - , align=left colspan=10, Source:

Labuan

Malacca

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 5 , , , , , , 4 , , 80.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=2, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 3 , , , , , , 3 , , 60.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 2 , , , , , , 1 , , 20.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , , , , , , , 1 , , 20.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 5 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Malacca's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Negeri Sembilan

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 7 , , , , , , 7 , , 100.00 , , +2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=3, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 4 , , , , , , 4 , , 57.14 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 2 , , , , , , 2 , , 28.57 , , +2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MIC , , 1 , , , , , , 1 , , 14.29 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , , , , , , , 0 , , 0.00 , , -2 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 7 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Negeri Sembilan's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Pahang

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 10 , , 203,504 , , 63.04 , , 10 , , 100.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=2, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 7 , , , , , , 7 , , 70.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 3 , , , , , , 3 , , 30.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , S46 , , 5 , , 66,337 , , 20.55 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 3 , , 29,960 , , 9.28 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , 2 , , 23,030 , , 7.13 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 10 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Pahang's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Penang

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 11 , , 213,532 , , 51.00 , , 5 , , 45.45 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=3, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 4 , , 85,315 , , 20.38 , , 4 , , 36.36 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #FF0000;" , , style="text-align:left;" , Malaysian People's Movement Party, , Gerakan, , 4 , , 64,485 , , 15.40 , , 1 , , 9.09 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 3 , , 63,732 , , 15.22 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , 7 , , 170,053 , , 40.61 , , 6 , , 54.55 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 2 , , 14,322 , , 3.42 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , , colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" , Malaysian People's Party, , PRM , , 1 , , 13,620 , , 3.25 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" ,

, , S46 , , 1 , , 7,174 , , 1.71 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , New , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , 418,701 , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , 9,371 , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: 73.75%) , , 428,072 , , 100.00 , , 11 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , 152,336 , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , 580,408 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Penang's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Perak

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 23 , , 391,628 , , 56.17 , , 19 , , 82.61 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=4, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , , , , , , , 11 , , 47.83 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , , , , , , , 3 , , 13.04 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #FF0000;" , , style="text-align:left;" , Malaysian People's Movement Party, , Gerakan, , , , , , , , 3 , , 13.04 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MIC , , , , , , , , 2 , , 8.70 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , 11 , , 186,147 , , 26.70 , , 4 , , 17.39 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , S46 , , 8 , , 82,865 , , 11.89 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 4 , , 33,955 , , 4.87 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

Independent Independent or Independents may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Artist groups * Independents (artist group), a group of modernist painters based in the New Hope, Pennsylvania, area of the United States during the early 1930s * Independe ...

, , IND , , 2 , , 2,623 , , 0.38 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 23 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Perak's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Perlis

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 2 , , 47,767 , , 65.45 , , 2 , , 100.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 2 , , 47,767 , , 65.45 , , 2 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 1 , , 13,154 , , 18.02 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" ,

, , S46 , , 1 , , 12,056 , , 16.52 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , New , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , 72,977 , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , 2,544 , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: 76.21%) , , 75,521 , , 100.00 , , 2 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , 23,570 , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , 99,091 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Perlis's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Sabah

, , PBS , , 14 , , 128,261 , , , , 14 , , 70.00 , , +7 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 7 , , 57,365 , , , , 6 , , 30.00 , , -2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #008000;" , , style="text-align:left;" , United Sabah National Organisation, , USNO , , , , , , , , 6 , , 30.00 , , -2 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , 9 , , 28,547 , , , , 3 , , 21.43 , , +1 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;",

, , AKAR , , 4 , , 12,655 , , , , 6 , , 30.00 , , -2 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 24 , , 85,688 , , , , 4 , , 14.81 , , +2 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 20 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Sabah's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Sarawak

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 27 , , 262,274 , , 57.09 , , 21 , , 77.78 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=4, , style="background-color: yellow;" , , style="text-align:left;" , Sarawak United People's Party, , SUPP , , 8 , , 102,687 , , 22.35 , , 4 , , 14.81 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: red;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PBB, , 10 , , 101,243 , , 22.04 , , 10 , , 37.04 , , +2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: ;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , SNAP, , 5 , , 35,754 , , 7.78 , , 3 , , 11.11 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , , style="text-align:left;" , Sarawak Native People's Party, , PBDS , , 4 , , 22,590 , , 4.92 , , 4 , , 14.81 , , -1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , 8 , , 87,017 , , 18.94 , , 2 , , 7.41 , , +1 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;",

, , PERMAS, , 9 , , 27,618 , , 6.01 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;",

, , PLUS, , 1 , , 162 , , 0.04 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Independents, , IND, , 25 , , 82,327 , , 17.92 , , 4 , , 14.81 , , +2 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , 459,398 , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 27 , , 100.00 , , +3 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Sarawak's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Selangor

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 14 , , , , , , 11 , , 78.57 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=3, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 7 , , , , , , 7 , , 50.00 , , 0 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #0000FF;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MCA , , 5 , , , , , , 2 , , 14.29 , , -1 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , style="background-color: #29AB87;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , MIC , , 2 , , , , , , 2 , , 14.29 , , 0 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , Democratic Action Party, , DAP, , , , , , , , 3 , , 21.43 , , +1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

s, , , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: %) , , , , 100.00 , , 14 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Selangor's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

Terengganu

, - ! rowspan=2 colspan=4 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Party ! rowspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Candidates ! colspan=2 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Vote ! colspan=3 style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Seats , - ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Votes ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , Won ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , % ! style="background-color:#E9E9E9;text-align:center;" , +/– , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" , National Front, , BN , , 8 , , 141,855 , , 54.14 , , 6 , , 75.00 , , -2 , -style="background:#EFEFEF;" , rowspan=1, , style="background-color: #E62020;" , , style="text-align:left;" ,

, , UMNO , , 8 , , 141,855 , , 54.14 , , 6 , , 75.00 , , -2 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , S46 , , 4 , , 62,006 , , 23.66 , , 1 , , 12.50 , , New , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 style="text-align:left;" ,

, , PAS , , 4 , , 57,593 , , 21.98 , , 1 , , 12.50 , , +1 , - , style="background-color: ;" , , colspan=2 colspan=2 style="text-align:left;", Independents, , IND, , 2 , , 566 , , 0.22 , , 0 , , 0.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Valid votes, , 262,020 , , rowspan=2 colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

s, , 7,068 , - , colspan="5" style="text-align:left;" , Total votes (

: 82.44%) , , 269,088 , , 100.00 , , 8 , , 100.00 , , 0 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Did not vote, , 57,328 , , rowspan="4" colspan="4" style="background-color:#dcdcdc", , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" ,

, , 326,416 , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Voting age population (aged 21 years and above), , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan="5" , Terengganu's population, , , - , style="text-align:left;" colspan=10 , Source:

State Assemblies

At the state level, the BN won 10 out of the 11 state elections. The APU won all 39 state seats in

to form the state government, with 24 seats going to PAS and 15 for Semangat 46.

References

Arah Aliran Malaysia: Penilaian Pilihan Raya
satu himpunan kerta kertas 62-halaman daripada Institut Penyelidikan Asia Tenggara selepas pilihan raya 1999. {{Malaysian elections

1990 File:1990 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1990 FIFA World Cup is played in Italy; The Human Genome Project is launched; Voyager I takes the famous Pale Blue Dot image- speaking on the fragility of humanity on Earth, astrophysicis ...

General election A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation, state, or territory's primary legislative body, and are different from by-elections ( ...

October 1990 events in Asia