Events

January

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the ye ...

– A

United Nations The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and be a centre for harmoni ...

-sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The war results in a stalemate and the division of

Kashmir Kashmir () is the northernmost geographical region of the Indian subcontinent. Until the mid-19th century, the term "Kashmir" denoted only the Kashmir Valley between the Great Himalayas and the Pir Panjal Range. Today, the term encompas ...

, which still continues as of

2022 File:2022 collage V1.png, Clockwise, from top left: Road junction at Yamato-Saidaiji Station several hours after the assassination of Shinzo Abe; Anti-government protest in Sri Lanka in front of the Presidential Secretariat; The global monkeypo ...

. *

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empire ...

–

Luis Muñoz Marín José Luis Alberto Muñoz Marín (February 18, 1898April 30, 1980) was a Puerto Rican journalist, politician, statesman and was the first elected governor of Puerto Rico, regarded as the "Architect of the Puerto Rico Commonwealth." In 1948 he ...

becomes the first democratically elected

Governor of Puerto Rico The governor of Puerto Rico ( es, gobernador de Puerto Rico) is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, and commander-in-chief of the Puerto Rico National Guard. The governor has a duty to enforce local laws, to co ...

. *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...

– The first "networked" television broadcasts take place, as

KDKA-TV KDKA-TV (channel 2) is a television station in Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States, airing programming from the CBS network. It is owned-and-operated station, owned and operated by the network's CBS News and Stations division a ...

Pittsburgh Pittsburgh ( ) is a city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, United States, and the county seat of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, Allegheny County. It is the most populous city in both Allegheny County and Wester ...

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...

goes on the air, connecting east coast and mid-west programming in the

United States The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country Continental United States, primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 U.S. state, states, a Washington, D.C., ...

. *

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. * 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Sp ...

–

Şemsettin Günaltay Mehmet Şemsettin Günaltay (; 17 July 1883 – 19 October 1961) was a Turkish historian, politician, and Prime Minister of Turkey from 1949 to 1950. Biography Günaltay was born 1883 in the Kemaliye town of the Vilayet of Mamuret-ul-Aziz ...

forms the new government of

Turkey Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...

. It is the 18th government, last

single party A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is a ...

government of the

Republican People's Party The Republican People's Party ( tr, Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi, , acronymized as CHP ) is a Kemalist and social-democratic political party in Turkey which currently stands as the main opposition party. It is also the oldest political party i ...

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people ...

– The first

VW Type 1 The Volkswagen Beetle—officially the Volkswagen Type 1, informally in German (meaning "beetle"), in parts of the English-speaking world the Bug, and known by many other nicknames in other languages—is a two-door, rear-engine economy car, ...

to arrive in the

, a 1948 model, is brought to

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

by Dutch businessman Ben Pon. Unable to interest dealers or importers in the Volkswagen, Pon sells the sample car to pay his travel expenses. Only two 1949 models are sold in America that year, convincing Volkswagen chairman

Heinrich Nordhoff Heinz Heinrich Nordhoff (6 January 1899 – 12 April 1968) was a German engineer who led the Volkswagen company as it was rebuilt after World War II. Life and career Nordhoff was born in Hildesheim, the son of a banker. He graduated from the Tech ...

the car has no future in the U.S. (The Type 1 goes on to become an automotive phenomenon.) *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 & ...

– Harry S. Truman is

sworn in Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon ', also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to giv ...

for a full term, as

President of the United States The president of the United States (POTUS) is the head of state and head of government of the United States of America. The president directs the Federal government of the United States#Executive branch, executive branch of the Federal gove ...

. *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...

** The

Council for Mutual Economic Assistance The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (, ; English abbreviation COMECON, CMEA, CEMA, or CAME) was an economic organization from 1949 to 1991 under the leadership of the Soviet Union that comprised the countries of the Eastern Bloc along wit ...

(CMEA or COMECON) is established by the

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nationa ...

and other

communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, ...

nations. ** In the first Israeli elections,

David Ben-Gurion David Ben-Gurion ( ; he, דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first prime minister of Israel. Adopting the nam ...

becomes

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is ...

. *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. * 1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of T ...

** Australian citizenship comes into being. * c.

January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession ...

– Stalin and antisemitism: The media in the

resume a savage propaganda campaign against "

rootless cosmopolitan Rootless cosmopolitan () was a pejorative Soviet epithet which referred mostly to Jewish intellectuals as an accusation of their lack of allegiance to the Soviet Union, especially during the antisemitic campaign of 1948–1953. This campaign ...

s", a euphemism for

Soviet Jews The history of the Jews in the Soviet Union is inextricably linked to much earlier expansionist policies of the Russian Empire conquering and ruling the eastern half of the European continent already before the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. "For ...

, accusing them of being pro-Western and

antisocialist Criticism of socialism (also known as anti-socialism) is any critique of socialist models of economic organization and their feasibility as well as the political and social implications of adopting such a system. Some critiques are not directed ...

. *

January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. *1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...

– Forces from the

Chinese Communist Party The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the CCP emerged victorious in the Chinese Ci ...

enter Beijing.

February

February 10 Events Pre-1600 *1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparki ...

–

Arthur Miller Arthur Asher Miller (October 17, 1915 – February 10, 2005) was an American playwright, essayist and screenwriter in the 20th-century American theater. Among his most popular plays are ''All My Sons'' (1947), '' Death of a Salesman'' (1 ...

's tragedy ''

Death of a Salesman ''Death of a Salesman'' is a 1949 stage play written by American playwright Arthur Miller. The play premiered on Broadway in February 1949, running for 742 performances. It is a two-act tragedy set in late 1940s Brooklyn told through a montage ...

'' opens at the

Morosco Theatre The Morosco Theatre was a Broadway theatre near Times Square in New York City from 1917 to 1982. It housed many notable productions and its demolition, along with four adjacent theaters, was controversial. History Located at 217 West 45th Stree ...

New York City New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the List of United States cities by population, most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the L ...

, and runs for 742 performances. *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...

– The London Mozart Players perform their first concert at the

Wigmore Hall Wigmore Hall is a concert hall located at 36 Wigmore Street, London. Originally called Bechstein Hall, it specialises in performances of chamber music, early music, vocal music and song recitals. It is widely regarded as one of the world's leadi ...

London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...

. *

February 13 Events Pre-1600 * 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome. * 1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th. * 1462 – The ...

–

António Óscar Carmona Antonio is a masculine given name of Etruscan origin deriving from the root name Antonius. It is a common name among Romance language-speaking populations as well as the Balkans and Lusophone Africa. It has been among the top 400 most popular ...

is re-elected

president of Portugal The president of Portugal, officially the president of the Portuguese Republic ( pt, Presidente da República Portuguesa, ), is the head of state and highest office of Portugal. The powers, functions and duties of prior presidential offices, an ...

, for lack of an opposing candidate. *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons ...

–

Chaim Weizmann Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( he, חיים עזריאל ויצמן ', russian: Хаим Евзорович Вейцман, ''Khaim Evzorovich Veytsman''; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israel ...

begins his term, as the first

President of Israel The president of the State of Israel ( he, נְשִׂיא מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Nesi Medinat Yisra'el, or he, נְשִׂיא הַמְדִינָה, Nesi HaMedina, President of the State) is the head of state of Israel. The po ...

. *

February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of ...

–

Ezra Pound Ezra Weston Loomis Pound (30 October 1885 – 1 November 1972) was an expatriate American poet and critic, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, and a Fascism, fascist collaborator in Italy during World War II. His works ...

is awarded the first

Bollingen Prize The Bollingen Prize for Poetry is a literary honor bestowed on an American poet in recognition of the best book of new verse within the last two years, or for lifetime achievement.

in poetry, by the

Bollingen Foundation The Bollingen Foundation was an educational foundation set up along the lines of a university press in 1945. It was named after Bollingen Tower, Carl Jung's country home in Bollingen, Switzerland. Funding was provided by Paul Mellon and his wife ...

and

Yale University Yale University is a private research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Established in 1701 as the Collegiate School, it is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and among the most prestigious in the w ...

. *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferd ...

–

Grady the Cow Grady the Cow ( - July 24, 1961) became famous for being the cow stuck inside a storage silo on a farm in Yukon, Oklahoma, in 1949.Associated Press"Grady Dies; Famous As Cow in Silo" ''Reading Eagle''. (Reading, Pennsylvania), July 25, 1961. Retri ...

, a 1,200-pound cow, gets stuck inside a

silo A silo (from the Greek σιρός – ''siros'', "pit for holding grain") is a structure for storing bulk materials. Silos are used in agriculture to store fermented feed known as silage, not to be confused with a grain bin, which is use ...

on a farm in

Yukon, Oklahoma Yukon is a city in eastern Canadian County, Oklahoma, United States. It is part of the Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area. The population was 22,709 at the 2010 census. Founded in the 1890s, the town was named in reference to a gold rush in Yukon T ...

, and garners national media attention in the

. *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 * 747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is ...

– The

Revolutionary Communist Party of India The Revolutionary Communist Party of India ( RCPI) is a political party in India. The party was founded as the Communist League by Saumyendranath Tagore in 1934, breaking away from the Communist Party of India (CPI). RCPI led armed uprisings af ...

stages attacks at Dum Dum.

March

March 1 Events Pre-1600 * 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Dioclet ...

** World heavyweight boxing champion

Joe Louis Joseph Louis Barrow (May 13, 1914 – April 12, 1981) was an American professional boxer who competed from 1934 to 1951. Nicknamed the Brown Bomber, Louis is widely regarded as one of the greatest and most influential boxers of all time. He re ...

retires. **

Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Gui ...

seizes

Yogyakarta Yogyakarta (; jv, ꦔꦪꦺꦴꦒꦾꦏꦂꦠ ; pey, Jogjakarta) is the capital city of Special Region of Yogyakarta in Indonesia, in the south-central part of the island of Java. As the only Indonesian royal city still ruled by a monarchy, ...

from the

Dutch Dutch commonly refers to: * Something of, from, or related to the Netherlands * Dutch people () * Dutch language () Dutch may also refer to: Places * Dutch, West Virginia, a community in the United States * Pennsylvania Dutch Country People E ...

. *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome (537–38), Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths, Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Piazza del Popolo, Flaminian Gate; he a ...

– The

B-50 Superfortress The Boeing B-50 Superfortress is an American strategic bomber. A post–World War II revision of the Boeing B-29 Superfortress, it was fitted with more powerful Pratt & Whitney R-4360 radial engines, stronger structure, a taller tail fin, and ot ...

'' Lucky Lady II'' (under Captain James Gallagher) lands in

Fort Worth, Texas Fort Worth is the List of cities in Texas by population, fifth-largest city in the U.S. state of Texas and the List of United States cities by population, 13th-largest city in the United States. It is the county seat of Tarrant County, Texas, T ...

, after completing the first non-stop around-the-world airplane flight (it was refueled in flight 4 times). *

March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ei ...

– The Shamrock Hotel in

Houston, Texas Houston (; ) is the most populous city in Texas, the most populous city in the Southern United States, the fourth-most populous city in the United States, and the sixth-most populous city in North America, with a population of 2,304,580 i ...

, owned by oil tycoon Glenn McCarthy, has its grand opening. *

March 20 Events Pre-1600 * 673 – Emperor Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka. * 1206 – Michael IV Autoreianos is appointed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. * 1600 – The Link ...

– The Chicago, Burlington and Quincy,

Denver and Rio Grande Western The Denver & Rio Grande Western Railroad , often shortened to ''Rio Grande'', D&RG or D&RGW, formerly the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad, was an American Class I railroad company. The railroad started as a narrow-gauge line running south from ...

and Western Pacific railroads inaugurate the ''

California Zephyr The ''California Zephyr'' is a passenger train operated by Amtrak between Chicago and the San Francisco Bay Area (at Emeryville), via Omaha, Denver, Salt Lake City, and Reno. At , it is Amtrak's longest daily route, and second-longest overall ...

'' passenger train between

Chicago (''City in a Garden''); I Will , image_map = , map_caption = Interactive Map of Chicago , coordinates = , coordinates_footnotes = , subdivision_type = List of sovereign states, Count ...

and

Oakland, California Oakland is the largest city and the county seat of Alameda County, California, United States. A major West Coast port, Oakland is the largest city in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, the third largest city overall in the ...

, as the first long-distance train to feature

Vistadome A dome car is a type of railway passenger car that has a glass dome on the top of the car where passengers can ride and see in all directions around the train. It also can include features of a coach, lounge car, dining car, sleeping car or obs ...

cars as regular equipment. *

March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...

– WTVJ signs on the air in

Miami, Florida Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a coastal metropolis and the county seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida, United States. With a population of 442,241 at ...

, as the first station in the state. *

March 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. *1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate o ...

– The

21st Academy Awards The 21st Academy Awards were held on March 24, 1949, honoring the films of 1948. The ceremony was moved from the Shrine Auditorium to the Academy's own theater, primarily because the major Hollywood studios had withdrawn their financial suppor ...

Ceremony is held. The movie ''

Hamlet ''The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark'', often shortened to ''Hamlet'' (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. Set in Denmark, the play depicts ...

'' wins the

Academy Award for Best Picture The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929. This award goes to the producers of the film and is the only categ ...

. *

March 25 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. * 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to v ...

** Operation Priboi: An extensive deportation campaign begins in

Estonia Estonia, formally the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland across from Finland, to the west by the sea across from Sweden, to the south by Latvia, an ...

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

and

Lithuania Lithuania (; lt, Lietuva ), officially the Republic of Lithuania ( lt, Lietuvos Respublika, links=no ), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe. It is one of three Baltic states and lies on the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea. Lithuania ...

. The

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the

Baltic states The Baltic states, et, Balti riigid or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term, which currently is used to group three countries: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. All three countries are members of NATO, the European Union, the Eurozone ...

to remote areas of the

. ** A first issued of weekly magazine

Paris Match ''Paris Match'' () is a French-language weekly news magazine. It covers major national and international news along with celebrity lifestyle features. History and profile A sports news magazine, ''Match l'intran'' (a play on '' L'Intransigeant ...

published in

France France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...

. *

March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...

– The first half of

Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer best known for his operas. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, receiving a musical education with the h ...

's opera ''

Aida ''Aida'' (or ''Aïda'', ) is an opera in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Antonio Ghislanzoni. Set in the Old Kingdom of Egypt, it was commissioned by Cairo's Khedivial Opera House and had its première there on 24 Decemb ...

'', conducted by legendary conductor

Arturo Toscanini Arturo Toscanini (; ; March 25, 1867January 16, 1957) was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed and influential musicians of the late 19th and early 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orch ...

, and performed in concert (i.e. no scenery or costumes), is telecast by

NBC The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial broadcast television and radio network. The flagship property of the NBC Entertainment division of NBCUniversal, a division of Comcast, its headquarters are l ...

, live from

Studio 8H Studio 8H is a television studio located in New York City in the United States. The studio is a part of NBC Studios, the home of the NBC television network, located at 30 Rockefeller Plaza. It is most notable for housing the live broadcast of ...

Rockefeller Center Rockefeller Center is a large complex consisting of 19 commercial buildings covering between 48th Street and 51st Street in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The 14 original Art Deco buildings, commissioned by the Rockefeller family, span th ...

. The second half is telecast a week later. This is the only complete opera that Toscanini ever conducts on television. *

March 28 Events Pre-1600 *AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. * 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Didiu ...

United States Secretary of Defense The United States secretary of defense (SecDef) is the head of the United States Department of Defense, the executive department of the U.S. Armed Forces, and is a high ranking member of the federal cabinet. DoDD 5100.1: Enclosure 2: a The se ...

James Forrestal James Vincent Forrestal (February 15, 1892 – May 22, 1949) was the last Cabinet-level United States Secretary of the Navy and the first United States Secretary of Defense. Forrestal came from a very strict middle-class Irish Catholic fami ...

resigns suddenly. ** English astronomer

Fred Hoyle Sir Fred Hoyle FRS (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and was one of the authors of the influential B2FH paper. He also held controversial stances on other sci ...

coins the term ''

Big Bang The Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the ...

'' during a

BBC Third Programme The BBC Third Programme was a national radio station produced and broadcast from 1946 until 1967, when it was replaced by Radio 3. It first went on the air on 29 September 1946 and quickly became one of the leading cultural and intellectual f ...

radio broadcast. *

March 30 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague. *1282 &ndash ...

– The anti-NATO riot takes place, prompted by the decision of the

Icelandic parliament The Alþingi (''general meeting'' in Icelandic, , anglicised as ' or ') is the supreme national parliament of Iceland. It is one of the oldest surviving parliaments in the world. The Althing was founded in 930 at ("thing fields" or "assembly ...

to join the newly formed

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two N ...

. *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V� ...

– The former

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

colony of

Newfoundland Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...

joins

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by to ...

, as its 10th

province A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions out ...

April

April 4 Events Pre-1600 *503 BC – Roman consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrates a triumph for a military victory over the Sabines. * 190 – Dong Zhuo has his troops evacuate the capital Luoyang and burn it to the ground. * 611 &ndas ...

– The

North Atlantic Treaty The North Atlantic Treaty, also referred to as the Washington Treaty, is the treaty that forms the legal basis of, and is implemented by, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Washington, D.C., on 4 April 194 ...

is signed in Washington, D.C., creating the

defense alliance. *

April 7 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town. * 529 – First ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Empe ...

–

Rodgers and Hammerstein Rodgers and Hammerstein was a theater-writing team of composer Richard Rodgers (1902–1979) and lyricist-dramatist Oscar Hammerstein II (1895–1960), who together created a series of innovative and influential American musicals. Their popular ...

's ''

South Pacific The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the continen ...

'', starring

Mary Martin Mary Virginia Martin (December 1, 1913 – November 3, 1990) was an American actress and singer. A muse of Rodgers and Hammerstein, she originated many leading roles on stage over her career, including Nellie Forbush in ''South Pacific'' (194 ...

and

Ezio Pinza Ezio Fortunato Pinza (May 18, 1892May 9, 1957) was an Italian opera singer. Pinza possessed a rich, smooth and sonorous voice, with a flexibility unusual for a bass. He spent 22 seasons at New York's Metropolitan Opera, appearing in more than 750 ...

, opens on

Broadway Broadway may refer to: Theatre * Broadway Theatre (disambiguation) * Broadway theatre, theatrical productions in professional theatres near Broadway, Manhattan, New York City, U.S. ** Broadway (Manhattan), the street **Broadway Theatre (53rd Stree ...

, and goes on to become Rodgers and Hammerstein's second longest-running

musical Musical is the adjective of music. Musical may also refer to: * Musical theatre, a performance art that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting and dance * Musical film Musical film is a film genre in which songs by the characters are interwo ...

. It becomes an instant classic of the

musical theatre Musical theatre is a form of theatrical performance that combines songs, spoken dialogue, acting and dance. The story and emotional content of a musical – humor, pathos, love, anger – are communicated through words, music, movemen ...

. The score's biggest hit is the song " Some Enchanted Evening". *

April 8 Events Pre-1600 * 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus. * 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids. *1139 – Ro ...

– Kathy Fiscus, 3 years old, dies from falling down an abandoned well in San Marino, California. *

April 14 Events Pre-1600 * 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum. * 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor O ...

– The

N'Ko alphabet N'Ko () is a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949, as a modern writing system for the Mandé languages of West Africa. The term ''N'Ko'', which means ''I say'' in all Mandé languages, is also used for the Mandé literary standard written ...

is completed by Solomana Kante. *

April 15 Events Pre-1600 * 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings. * 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscar ...

–

KPFA KPFA (94.1 FM) is an American listener-funded talk radio and music radio station located in Berkeley, California, broadcasting to the San Francisco Bay Area. KPFA airs public news, public affairs, talk, and music programming. The station sig ...

, the flagship station of the

Pacifica Foundation Pacifica Foundation is an American non-profit organization that owns five independently operated, non-commercial, listener-supported radio stations known for their progressive/ liberal political orientation. Its national headquarters adjoins s ...

, begins broadcasting in

Berkeley, California Berkeley ( ) is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States. It is named after the 18th-century Irish bishop and philosopher George Berkeley. It borders the cities of Oakland and E ...

. *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. *1428 – Peace of Ferrara bet ...

– The

Republic of Ireland Ireland ( ga, Éire ), also known as the Republic of Ireland (), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, on the eastern side of the island. ...

formally becomes a

republic A republic () is a " state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th ...

, and leaves the

British Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Co ...

. *

April 20 Events Pre-1600 * 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII. 1601–1900 *1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament. *1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroys ...

–

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against Fr ...

frigate A frigate () is a type of warship. In different eras, the roles and capabilities of ships classified as frigates have varied somewhat. The name frigate in the 17th to early 18th centuries was given to any full-rigged ship built for speed an ...

HMS ''Amethyst'' goes up the

Yangtze The Yangtze or Yangzi ( or ; ) is the longest river in Asia, the third-longest in the world, and the longest in the world to flow entirely within one country. It rises at Jari Hill in the Tanggula Mountains (Tibetan Plateau) and flows ...

River, to evacuate

refugees escaping the advance of

Mao Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC ...

Communist Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, ...

forces. Under heavy fire, she grounds off Rose Island. After an abortive rescue attempt on

April 26 Events Pre-1600 * 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux. *1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe. * 1 ...

, she anchors upstream. Negotiations with the Communists to let the ship leave drag on for weeks, during which time the ship's cat Simon raises the crew's morale. *

April 23 Events Pre-1600 *215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. * 599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in sout ...

– Chinese Communist troops take

Nanjing Nanjing (; , Mandarin pronunciation: ), Postal Map Romanization, alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu Provinces of China, province of the China, People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and t ...

. *

– Transjordan changes its name to the Hashemite Kingdom of

Jordan Jordan ( ar, الأردن; tr. ' ), officially the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan,; tr. ' is a country in Western Asia. It is situated at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe, within the Levant region, on the East Bank of the Jordan Rive ...

. *

April 28 Events Pre-1600 * 224 – The Battle of Hormozdgan is fought. Ardashir I defeats and kills Artabanus V effectively ending the Parthian Empire. * 357 – Emperor Constantius II enters Rome for the first time to celebrate his victory ...

** The

1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference The 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference was the fourth meeting of the Heads of government of the Commonwealth of Nations. It was held in the United Kingdom in April 1949 and was hosted by that country's prime minister, Clement Attlee. ...

issues the

London Declaration The London Declaration was a declaration issued by the 1949 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference on the issue of India's continued membership of the Commonwealth of Nations, an association of independent states formerly part of the British ...

, enabling

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...

(and, thereafter, any other nation) to remain in the Commonwealth despite becoming a republic, creating the position of '

Head of the Commonwealth The head of the Commonwealth is the ceremonial leader who symbolises "the free association of independent member nations" of the Commonwealth of Nations, an intergovernmental organisation that currently comprises 56 sovereign states. There is ...

' (held by the ruling British monarch), and renaming the organization, from the 'British Commonwealth' to the '

Commonwealth of Nations The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the C ...

'. ** Former

First Lady of the Philippines The first lady or first gentleman of the Philippines ( fil, Unang Ginang o Unang Ginoó ng Pilipinas) is the courtesy title given to the host or hostess of Malacañang Palace, the residence of the head of state and head of government of the Phil ...

Aurora Quezon Aurora Antonia Quezon ( Aragón y Molina; February 19, 1888 – April 28, 1949) was the wife of Philippine President Manuel Luis Quezon and the First Lady of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. Although she is recognized as the second First La ...

, 61, is assassinated while en route to dedicate a hospital in memory of her late husband; her daughter and 10 others are also killed.

May

May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. *1169 – N ...

–

Nereid In Greek mythology, the Nereids or Nereides ( ; grc, Νηρηΐδες, Nērēḯdes; , also Νημερτές) are sea nymphs (female spirits of sea waters), the 50 daughters of the ' Old Man of the Sea' Nereus and the Oceanid Doris, sisters ...

, a moon of

Neptune Neptune is the eighth planet from the Sun and the farthest known planet in the Solar System. It is the fourth-largest planet in the Solar System by diameter, the third-most-massive planet, and the densest giant planet. It is 17 time ...

, is discovered by

Gerard Kuiper Gerard Peter Kuiper (; ; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper; 7 December 1905 – 23 December 1973) was a Dutch astronomer, planetary scientist, selenographer, author and professor. He is the eponymous namesake of the Kuiper belt. Kuiper is ...

. *

May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus ar ...

–

Superga air disaster The Superga air disaster occurred on 4 May 1949, when a Fiat G.212 of Avio Linee Italiane (Italian Airlines), carrying the entire Torino football team (popularly known as the ''Grande Torino''), crashed into the retaining wall at the back of th ...

: A Fiat G.212 airliner of Avio Linee Italiane, carrying the entire Torino F.C. football team, crashes into the back wall of the Basilica of Superga, killing all 31 on board. *

May 5 Events Pre-1600 * 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins. *1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta. *1260 – Kub ...

– The

Council of Europe The Council of Europe (CoE; french: Conseil de l'Europe, ) is an international organisation founded in the wake of World War II to uphold human rights, democracy and the rule of law in Europe. Founded in 1949, it has 46 member states, with a p ...

is founded, by the signing of the Treaty of London. *

May 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance. * 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...

–

EDSAC The Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC) was an early British computer. Inspired by John von Neumann's seminal '' First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC'', the machine was constructed by Maurice Wilkes and his team at the Univer ...

, the first practicable

stored-program computer A stored-program computer is a computer that stores program instructions in electronically or optically accessible memory. This contrasts with systems that stored the program instructions with plugboards or similar mechanisms. The definition ...

, runs its first program at

Cambridge University , mottoeng = Literal: From here, light and sacred draughts. Non literal: From this place, we gain enlightenment and precious knowledge. , established = , other_name = The Chancellor, Masters and Schola ...

. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. * 1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally r ...

–

Rainier III Rainier III (Rainier Louis Henri Maxence Bertrand Grimaldi; 31 May 1923 – 6 April 2005) was Prince of Monaco from 1949 to his death in 2005. Rainier ruled the Principality of Monaco for almost 56 years, making him one of the longest-ruling m ...

becomes Prince of

Monaco Monaco (; ), officially the Principality of Monaco (french: Principauté de Monaco; Ligurian: ; oc, Principat de Mónegue), is a sovereign city-state and microstate on the French Riviera a few kilometres west of the Italian region of Lig ...

, upon the death of his maternal grandfather Louis II. *

May 11 Events 1601–1900 * 1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. * 1813 – William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route acr ...

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

is admitted to the

, as its 59th member. ** Siam officially changes its French name to "Thaïlande" (English name to "

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

"), having officially changed its Thai name to "Prated Thai" since 1939. *

May 12 Events Pre-1600 * 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism. * 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang d ...

–

Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because t ...

: The

lifts the

Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, ro ...

. *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. * 1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1 ...

– The

Tokyo Stock Exchange The , abbreviated as Tosho () or TSE/TYO, is a stock exchange located in Tokyo, Japan. It is the third largest stock exchange in the world by aggregate market capitalization of its listed companies, and the largest in Asia. It had 2,292 listed ...

resumes operations, after a four-year shutdown. *

May 20 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church. * 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose her ...

** The AFSA (predecessor of the

NSA The National Security Agency (NSA) is a national-level intelligence agency of the United States Department of Defense, under the authority of the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The NSA is responsible for global monitoring, collec ...

) is established. ** The

Kuomintang The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Ta ...

regime declares

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the no ...

under

martial law Martial law is the imposition of direct military control of normal civil functions or suspension of civil law by a government, especially in response to an emergency where civil forces are overwhelmed, or in an occupied territory. Use Martia ...

, which lasts until

1987 File:1987 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The MS Herald of Free Enterprise capsizes after leaving the Port of Zeebrugge in Belgium, killing 193; Northwest Airlines Flight 255 crashes after takeoff from Detroit Metropolitan Airport, ...

. *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. *11 ...

– After two months in

Bethesda Naval Hospital The Walter Reed National Military Medical Center (WRNMMC), formerly known as the National Naval Medical Center and colloquially referred to as the Bethesda Naval Hospital, Walter Reed, or Navy Med, is a United States' tri-service military medi ...

commits suicide, under circumstances that seem suspicious to many. *

May 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction. *1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy. * 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...

– The

Federal Republic of Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between ...

is established. *

May 31 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome. * 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...

– The first trial of

Alger Hiss Alger Hiss (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Statutes of limitations had expired for espionage, but he was convicted of perjury in co ...

for perjury begins in New York City, with

Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961) was an American writer-editor, who, after early years as a Workers Party of America, Communist Party member (1925) and Soviet Union, Soviet spy (1932–1938), defe ...

as principal witness for the prosecution, but will end in a jury deadlock (8 for, 4 against).

June

June 5 Events Pre-1600 * 1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights. *1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles of Salerno. *1288 & ...

–

elects Orapin Chaiyakan, the first

Thai female Women in Thailand were among the first women in Asia who were granted the right to vote in 1932. They are underrepresented in Thai politics. Yingluck Shinawatra, a woman, was prime minister from 2011 to 2014. Factors that affect women's partic ...

member of Thailand's Parliament. *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed ...

– With the passage of the Bodh Gaya Temple Act by the Indian government,

Mahabodhi Temple The Mahabodhi Temple (literally: "Great Awakening Temple") or the Mahābodhi Mahāvihāra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is an ancient, but rebuilt and restored Buddhist temple in Bodh Gaya, Bihar, India, marking the location where the Buddha i ...

is restored to partial

Buddhist Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religion or philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha. It originated in northern India as a -movement in the 5th century BCE, and ...

control. *

June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state. * 1002 – Henr ...

– 25 – Dock workers strike in the United Kingdom. *

June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...

Second Red Scare McCarthyism is the practice of making false or unfounded accusations of subversion and treason, especially when related to anarchism, communism and socialism, and especially when done in a public and attention-grabbing manner. The term origina ...

in the United States: Celebrities including Helen Keller,

Dorothy Parker Dorothy Parker (née Rothschild; August 22, 1893 – June 7, 1967) was an American poet, writer, critic, and satirist based in New York; she was known for her wit, wisecracks, and eye for 20th-century urban foibles. From a conflicted and unhap ...

Danny Kaye Danny Kaye (born David Daniel Kaminsky; yi, דוד־דניאל קאַמינסקי; January 18, 1911 – March 3, 1987) was an American actor, comedian, singer and dancer. His performances featured physical comedy, idiosyncratic pantomimes, and ...

Fredric March Fredric March (born Ernest Frederick McIntyre Bickel; August 31, 1897 – April 14, 1975) was an American actor, regarded as one of Hollywood's most celebrated, versatile stars of the 1930s and 1940s.Obituary '' Variety'', April 16, 1975, ...

John Garfield John Garfield (born Jacob Julius Garfinkle, March 4, 1913 – May 21, 1952) was an American actor who played brooding, rebellious, working-class characters. He grew up in poverty in New York City. In the early 1930s, he became a member of ...

Paul Muni Paul Muni (born Frederich Meshilem Meier Weisenfreund; September 22, 1895– August 25, 1967) was an American stage and film actor who grew up in Chicago. Muni was a five-time Academy Award nominee, with one win. He started his acting career in ...

and

Edward G. Robinson Edward G. Robinson (born Emanuel Goldenberg; December 12, 1893January 26, 1973) was a Romanian-American actor of stage and screen, who was popular during the Hollywood's Golden Age. He appeared in 30 Broadway plays and more than 100 films duri ...

are named in a

Federal Bureau of Investigation The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is the domestic intelligence and security service of the United States and its principal federal law enforcement agency. Operating under the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Justice ...

report, as

Communist Party A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of '' The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engel ...

members. **

George Orwell Eric Arthur Blair (25 June 1903 – 21 January 1950), better known by his pen name George Orwell, was an English novelist, essayist, journalist, and critic. His work is characterised by lucid prose, social criticism, opposition to totalit ...

dystopia A dystopia (from Ancient Greek δυσ- "bad, hard" and τόπος "place"; alternatively cacotopiaCacotopia (from κακός ''kakos'' "bad") was the term used by Jeremy Bentham in his 1818 Plan of Parliamentary Reform (Works, vol. 3, p. 493). ...

n novel ''

Nineteen Eighty-Four ''Nineteen Eighty-Four'' (also stylised as ''1984'') is a dystopian social science fiction novel and cautionary tale written by the English writer George Orwell. It was published on 8 June 1949 by Secker & Warburg as Orwell's ninth and fina ...

'' is published in London. *

June 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar. * 1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soon ...

– Albert II, a

rhesus monkey The rhesus macaque (''Macaca mulatta''), colloquially rhesus monkey, is a species of Old World monkey. There are between six and nine recognised subspecies that are split between two groups, the Chinese-derived and the Indian-derived. Generally ...

, becomes the first

primate Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians ( monkeys and apes, the latter includin ...

to enter space, on U.S.

Hermes project Project Hermes was a missile research program run by the Ordnance Corps of the United States Army from November 15, 1944, to December 31, 1954, in response to Germany's rocket attacks in Europe during World War II. The program was to determin ...

V-2 rocket The V-2 (german: Vergeltungswaffe 2, lit=Retaliation Weapon 2), with the technical name ''Aggregat 4'' (A-4), was the world’s first long-range guided ballistic missile. The missile, powered by a liquid-propellant rocket engine, was develop ...

''Blossom IVB'', but is killed on impact at return. *

June 19 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea. *1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle chan ...

–

Glenn Dunaway Henry Glenn Dunaway (July 6, 1914 – March 8, 1964) was an American auto racer noted for initially winning, and then being disqualified from, what is today recognized as NASCAR's first-ever race. NASCAR career 1949 Dunaway competed in NASCA ...

wins the

inaugural In government and politics, inauguration is the process of swearing a person into office and thus making that person the incumbent. Such an inauguration commonly occurs through a formal ceremony or special event, which may also include an inaugur ...

NASCAR Cup Series The NASCAR Cup Series is the top racing series of the National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing (NASCAR). The series began in 1949 as the Strictly Stock Division, and from 1950 to 1970 it was known as the Grand National Division. In 1971, ...

race at

Charlotte Speedway Charlotte Speedway was the site of NASCAR's first Strictly Stock Series (now NASCAR Cup Series) race on June 19, 1949. The Daytona Beach Road Course held the first race sanctioned by NASCAR in 1948. The track was a few miles west of the NASCAR ...

, a 3/4 mile oval in

Charlotte, North Carolina Charlotte ( ) is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina. Located in the Piedmont region, it is the county seat of Mecklenburg County. The population was 874,579 at the 2020 census, making Charlotte the 16th-most popu ...

, but is disqualified due to illegal springs. Jim Roper is declared the official winner. *

June 24 Events Pre-1600 *1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. ...

– The first television western, ''

Hopalong Cassidy Hopalong Cassidy is a fictional cowboy hero created in 1904 by the author Clarence E. Mulford, who wrote a series of short stories and novels based on the character. Mulford portrayed the character as rude, dangerous, and rough-talking. He wa ...

'', airs on

in the United States. *

June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. *1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. *1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...

–

Apartheid Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...

: The ''South African Citizenship Act'' suspends the granting of citizenship to

immigrants after 5 years, and imposes a ban on mixed marriages.

July

July 1 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor. * 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and th ...

– The

Institute of Chartered Accountants of India The Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) is India's largest professional accounting body under the administrative control of Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India. It was established on 1 July 1949 as a statutory b ...

is established. *

July 11 Events Pre-1600 * 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death. * 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...

– ''

Pamir Pamir may refer to: Geographical features * Pamir Mountains, a mountain range in Central Asia ** Pamir-Alay, a mountain system in Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan, part of the Pamir Mountains *A pamir (valley) is a high plateau or valley surro ...

'' is the last ''commercial''

sailing ship A sailing ship is a sea-going vessel that uses sails mounted on masts to harness the power of wind and propel the vessel. There is a variety of sail plans that propel sailing ships, employing square-rigged or fore-and-aft sails. Some ships ...

to round

Cape Horn Cape Horn ( es, Cabo de Hornos, ) is the southernmost headland of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile, and is located on the small Hornos Island. Although not the most southerly point of South America (which are the Diego Ramí ...

, under sail alone. *

July 15 Events Pre-1600 *484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 – ...

– In an explosion at Prüm in Germany, the town is badly damaged and 12 people die. The explosion crater is one of the largest ever recorded. *

July 19 Events Pre-1600 * AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. * 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...

– The

Kingdom of Laos The Kingdom of Laos was a landlocked country in Southeast Asia at the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula. It was bordered by Post-independence Burma, 1948–1962, Burma and China to the northwest, North Vietnam to the east, Kingdom of Cambodi ...

is officially formed, but is not independent from the

French Army History Early history The first permanent army, paid with regular wages, instead of feudal levies, was established under Charles VII of France, Charles VII in the 1420 to 1430s. The Kings of France needed reliable troops during and after the ...

. *

July 20 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots. * 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defea ...

–

and

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

sign a truce to end their 19-month war. *

July 24 Events Pre-1600 *1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. * 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade. *1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirl ...

(St John's Day) – Eruption of the

Cumbre Vieja The Cumbre Vieja (; meaning "Old Summit") is an active volcanic ridge on the island of La Palma in the Canary Islands, Spain. The spine of Cumbre Vieja trends in an approximate north–south direction, comprising the southern half of La Palma, ...

volcano on

La Palma La Palma (, ), also known as ''La isla bonita'' () and officially San Miguel de La Palma, is the most north-westerly island of the Canary Islands, Spain. La Palma has an area of making it the fifth largest of the eight main Canary Islands. The ...

begins. *

July 27 Events Pre-1600 * 1054 – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland and defeats Macbeth, King of Scotland, somewhere north of the Firth of Forth. * 1189 – Friedrich Barbarossa arrives at Niš, the capital of Serbian King Ste ...

** The

de Havilland Comet The de Havilland DH.106 Comet was the world's first commercial jet airliner. Developed and manufactured by de Havilland in the United Kingdom, the Comet 1 prototype first flew in 1949. It featured an aerodynamically clean design with four d ...

, the world's first jet-powered airliner, makes its first flight, in England. **

Rhodesia Rhodesia (, ), officially from 1970 the Republic of Rhodesia, was an unrecognised state in Southern Africa from 1965 to 1979, equivalent in territory to modern Zimbabwe. Rhodesia was the ''de facto'' successor state to the British colony of So ...

beats the

New Zealand national rugby union team The New Zealand national rugby union team, commonly known as the All Blacks ( mi, Ōpango), represents New Zealand in men's international rugby union, which is considered the country's national sport. The team won the Rugby World Cup in 19 ...

(the All Blacks) 10–8, in an exhibition match in

Bulawayo Bulawayo (, ; Ndebele: ''Bulawayo'') is the second largest city in Zimbabwe, and the largest city in the country's Matabeleland region. The city's population is disputed; the 2022 census listed it at 665,940, while the Bulawayo City Council ...

, the only non-

Test Test(s), testing, or TEST may refer to: * Test (assessment), an educational assessment intended to measure the respondents' knowledge or other abilities Arts and entertainment * ''Test'' (2013 film), an American film * ''Test'' (2014 film), ...

nation ever to achieve this feat. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. * 1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. * 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Is ...

– Legal aid in England and Wales begins. *

July 31 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. * 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (T ...

– Captain Kerans of HMS ''Amethyst'' decides to make a break after nightfall, under heavy fire from the Chinese

People's Liberation Army The People's Liberation Army (PLA) is the principal military force of the China, People's Republic of China and the armed wing of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The PLA consists of five Military branch, service branches: the People's ...

on both sides of the

River, and successfully rejoins the fleet at Woosung the next day.

August

* August 3 – The

Basketball Association of America The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was a professional basketball league in North America, founded in 1946. Following its third season, 1948–49, the BAA absorbed most of National Basketball League (NBL) and rebranded as the National Ba ...

and the National Basketball League finalize the merger that will create the

National Basketball Association The National Basketball Association (NBA) is a professional basketball sports league, league in North America. The league is composed of 30 teams (29 in the United States and 1 in Canada) and is one of the major professional sports leagues i ...

. *

August 5 Events Pre-1600 *AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty. * 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...

– In

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...

, the 6.8 Ambato earthquake kills more than 5,000, and destroys a number of villages. *

August 8 Events Pre-1600 * 685 BC – Spring and Autumn period: Battle of Qianshi: Upon the death of the previous Duke of Qi, Gongsun Wuzhi, Duke Zhuang of Lu sends an army into the Duchy of Qi to install the exiled Qi prince Gongzi Jiu as the ...

–

Bhutan Bhutan (; dz, འབྲུག་ཡུལ་, Druk Yul ), officially the Kingdom of Bhutan,), is a landlocked country in South Asia. It is situated in the Eastern Himalayas, between China in the north and India in the south. A mountainou ...

signs a Treaty of Friendship with newly independent India, agreeing non-interference in internal affairs, but allowing India to "guide" its foreign policy (similar to the previous arrangements with the British administration in India). *

August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (german: Otto der Gro� ...

– the

Avro Canada C102 Jetliner The Avro Canada C102 Jetliner was a Canadian prototype medium-range turbojet-powered jet airliner built by Avro Canada in 1949. It was beaten to the air by only 13 days by the de Havilland Comet, thereby becoming the second jet airliner in the ...

makes its first flight; it is the first jet airliner to fly in North America. *

August 12 Events Pre-1600 *1099 – First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade. * 1121 – B ...

– The

Fourth Geneva Convention The Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, more commonly referred to as the Fourth Geneva Convention and abbreviated as GCIV, is one of the four treaties of the Geneva Conventions. It was adopted in Augu ...

is agreed to. *

August 14 Events Pre-1600 *74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating th ...

** The

Salvatore Giuliano Salvatore Giuliano (; Sicilian: Turiddu or Sarvaturi Giulianu; 16 November 1922 – 5 July 1950) was an Italian bandit, who rose to prominence in the disorder that followed the Allied invasion of Sicily in 1943. In September of that year, Gi ...

Gang explodes mines under a police barracks, outside

Palermo Palermo ( , ; scn, Palermu , locally also or ) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province. The city is noted for its ...

Sicily (man) it, Siciliana (woman) , population_note = , population_blank1_title = , population_blank1 = , demographics_type1 = Ethnicity , demographics1_footnotes = , demographi ...

. ** A

military coup A military, also known collectively as armed forces, is a heavily armed, highly organized force primarily intended for warfare. It is typically authorized and maintained by a sovereign state, with its members identifiable by their distinct ...

ousts the president. *

August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. *1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars. *1169 – Battle o ...

** The

Vatican Vatican may refer to: Vatican City, the city-state ruled by the pope in Rome, including St. Peter's Basilica, Sistine Chapel, Vatican Museum The Holy See * The Holy See, the governing body of the Catholic Church and sovereign entity recognized ...

announces that

bones A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals. Bones protect the various other organs of the body, produce red and white blood cells, store minerals, provide structure and support for the body, a ...

uncovered in its

catacombs Catacombs are man-made subterranean passageways for religious practice. Any chamber used as a burial place is a catacomb, although the word is most commonly associated with the Roman Empire. Etymology and history The first place to be referred ...

could be those of the apostle Peter; 19 years later,

Pope Paul VI Pope Paul VI ( la, Paulus VI; it, Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini, ; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City, Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his ...

announces confirmation that the bones belong to this first

Pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

. **

Deportivo Saprissa Deportivo Saprissa is a Costa Rican sports club, mostly known for its football team. The club is based in San Juan de Tibás, San José, and play their home games at the Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá. The team's signature colours are purple ...

enters

Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the no ...

n soccer's first division. ** The 1949 Queen Charlotte Islands earthquake is Canada's largest earthquake since the

1700 Cascadia earthquake The 1700 Cascadia earthquake occurred along the Cascadia subduction zone on January 26, 1700, with an estimated moment magnitude of 8.7–9.2. The megathrust earthquake involved the Juan de Fuca Plate from mid- Vancouver Island, south along th ...

. *

August 24 Events Pre-1600 * 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father. * 394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is writte ...

– The

North Atlantic Treaty Organization The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...

is established. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...

** The

meets for the first time. ** The

tests its first

atomic bomb A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions ( thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion. Both bomb ...

RDS-1 The RDS-1 (russian: РДС-1), also known as Izdeliye 501 (device 501) and First Lightning (), was the nuclear bomb used in the Soviet Union's first nuclear weapon test. The United States assigned it the code-name Joe-1, in reference to Joseph ...

("Joe 1"). Its design imitates the American plutonium bomb that was dropped on

Nagasaki is the capital and the largest city of Nagasaki Prefecture on the island of Kyushu in Japan. It became the sole port used for trade with the Portuguese and Dutch during the 16th through 19th centuries. The Hidden Christian Sites in the ...

, Japan, in

1945 1945 marked the end of World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan. It is also the only year in which Nuclear weapon, nuclear weapons Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, have been used in combat. Events Below, ...

. *

August 31 Events Pre-1600 * 1056 – After a sudden illness a few days previously, Byzantine Empress Theodora dies childless, thus ending the Macedonian dynasty. * 1057 – Abdication of Byzantine Emperor Michael VI Bringas after just one year ...

** The retreat of the Greek Democratic Army to Albania, after its defeat at Mount Grammos, marks the end of the

Greek Civil War The Greek Civil War ( el, ο Eμφύλιος �όλεμος}, ''o Emfýlios'' 'Pólemos'' "the Civil War") took place from 1946 to 1949. It was mainly fought against the established Kingdom of Greece, which was supported by the United Kingdom and ...

. ** Six of the last sixteen surviving veterans of the

Union Army During the American Civil War, the Union Army, also known as the Federal Army and the Northern Army, referring to the United States Army, was the land force that fought to preserve the Union (American Civil War), Union of the collective U.S. st ...

, in the

American Civil War The American Civil War (April 12, 1861 – May 26, 1865; also known by Names of the American Civil War, other names) was a civil war in the United States. It was fought between the Union (American Civil War), Union ("the North") and t ...

, meet in

Indianapolis Indianapolis (), colloquially known as Indy, is the state capital and most populous city of the U.S. state of Indiana and the seat of Marion County. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the consolidated population of Indianapolis and Marion ...

September

September 2 Events Pre-1600 *44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his '' Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of t ...

–

Film noir Film noir (; ) is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that emphasize cynical attitudes and motivations. The 1940s and 1950s are generally regarded as the "classic period" of American '' ...

The Third Man ''The Third Man'' is a 1949 British film noir directed by Carol Reed, written by Graham Greene and starring Joseph Cotten, Alida Valli, Orson Welles, and Trevor Howard. Set in postwar Vienna, the film centres on American Holly Martins (Cotten ...

'', with screenplay by

Graham Greene Henry Graham Greene (2 October 1904 – 3 April 1991) was an English writer and journalist regarded by many as one of the leading English novelists of the 20th century. Combining literary acclaim with widespread popularity, Greene acquir ...

and set in Allied-occupied

Vienna en, Viennese , iso_code = AT-9 , registration_plate = W , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = , timezone = CET , utc_offset = +1 , timezone_DST ...

, is released in the United Kingdom; it wins the 1949 Grand Prix at the

Cannes Film Festival The Cannes Festival (; french: link=no, Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (') and known in English as the Cannes Film Festival, is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films ...

. *

September 6 Events Pre-1600 * 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish ''magister militum'' Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later. *1492 – Christopher Colu ...

Howard Unruh Howard Barton Unruh (January 21, 1921 – October 19, 2009) was an American mass murderer who shot and killed thirteen people during a twelve-minute walk through his neighborhood in Camden, New Jersey, on September 6, 1949 in an incident that b ...

, a World War II veteran, kills 13 neighbors in Camden, New Jersey with a souvenir Parabellum P.08 pistol, to become America's first single-episode

mass murder Mass murder is the act of murdering a number of people, typically simultaneously or over a relatively short period of time and in close geographic proximity. The United States Congress defines mass killings as the killings of three or more pe ...

er. ** Allied military authorities relinquish control of former

Nazi Germany Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...

assets back to Germany. Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F078072-0004, Konrad Adenauer

* September 7 – The

is officially founded.

Konrad Adenauer Konrad Hermann Joseph Adenauer (; 5 January 1876 – 19 April 1967) was a German statesman who served as the first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany from 1949 to 1963. From 1946 to 1966, he was the first leader of the Christian Dem ...

is the first federal chancellor. *

September 9 Events Pre-1600 * 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti. *1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. * 1141 – ...

Albert Guay affair Canadian Pacific Air Lines Flight 108, known as the Sault-au-Cochon Tragedy was a Douglas DC-3 operated by Canadian Pacific Air Lines (registry CF-CUA S/N: 4518), that was blown up by a dynamite time bomb on 9 September 1949. The plane was fl ...

: A dynamite bomb destroys

Canadian Pacific Airlines Canadian Pacific Air Lines was a Canadian airline that operated from 1942 to 1987. It operated under the name CP Air from 1968 to 1986. Headquartered at Vancouver International Airport in Richmond, British Columbia, it served domestic Canadian ...

Douglas DC-3 The Douglas DC-3 is a propeller-driven airliner manufactured by Douglas Aircraft Company, which had a lasting effect on the airline industry in the 1930s to 1940s and World War II. It was developed as a larger, improved 14-bed sleeper versi ...

, in

Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirte ...

. ** Notorious

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

veteran

Edwin Alonzo Boyd Edwin Alonzo Boyd (April 2, 1914 – May 17, 2002) was a Canadian bank robber and leader of the Boyd Gang. His career made him a notorious Canadian folk hero. Early life Edwin Alonzo Boyd was born on April 2, 1914, four months before the Bri ...

commits his first career bank robbery, in Toronto. *

September 13 Events Pre-1600 * 585 BC – Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Sabines, and the surrender of Collatia. * 509 BC – The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hi ...

– The

vetoes

membership for

Ceylon Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

, Finland,

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its ...

, Italy,

and Portugal. *

September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". * 1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Emp ...

** Canadian steamship burns in Toronto Harbour, with the loss of over 118 lives. **

Warner Bros Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly known as Warner Bros. or abbreviated as WB) is an American Film studio, film and entertainment studio headquartered at the Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank, Warner Bros. Studios complex in Burbank, Califo ...

. cartoon, " Fast and Furry-ous" is released. It also marks the debut of

Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner are a duo of cartoon characters from the ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies'' series of animated cartoons, first appearing in 1949 in the theatrical cartoon short '' Fast and Furry-ous''. In each episode, ...

. The director is

Chuck Jones Charles Martin Jones (September 21, 1912 – February 22, 2002) was an American animator, director, and painter, best known for his work with Warner Bros. Cartoons on the '' Looney Tunes'' and '' Merrie Melodies'' series of shorts. He wrote, pro ...

(credited as Charles M. Jones). * September 19 – The United Kingdom government devalues the

pound sterling Sterling (abbreviation: stg; Other spelling styles, such as STG and Stg, are also seen. ISO code: GBP) is the currency of the United Kingdom and nine of its associated territories. The pound ( sign: £) is the main unit of sterling, and ...

from $4.03 to $2.80, leading to many other currencies being devalued. *

September 23 Events Pre-1600 * 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified. *1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...

– U.S. President Harry S. Truman announces that the

has tested the

. * September 24 –

László Rajk László Rajk (8 March 1909 – 15 October 1949) was a Hungarian Communist politician, who served as Minister of Interior and Minister of Foreign Affairs. He was an important organizer of the Hungarian Communists' power (for example, organizi ...

, ex-foreign minister of Hungary, is sentenced to death. *

September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ...

– U.S. Christian evangelist

Billy Graham William Franklin Graham Jr. (November 7, 1918 – February 21, 2018) was an American evangelist and an ordained Southern Baptist minister who became well known internationally in the late 1940s. He was a prominent evangelical Christi ...

starts his Los Angeles Crusade, his first great evangelistic campaign. It runs for eight weeks during which Graham speaks to 350,000 people and the event is subsequently described as the greatest revival since the time of

Billy Sunday William Ashley "Billy" Sunday (November 19, 1862 – November 6, 1935) was an American outfielder in baseball's National League and widely considered the most influential American evangelist during the first two decades of the 20th century. Bo ...

. After this, Graham becomes a national figure in the United States. *

September 26 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus. * 715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne. *1087 – William II is crown ...

–

Samuel Putnam Samuel Putnam (October 10, 1892 – January 15, 1950) was an American translator and scholar of Romance languages. He is also noteworthy as the author of ''Paris Was Our Mistress'', a memoir on writers and artists associated with the American ex-p ...

publishes his new translation of ''

Don Quixote is a Spanish epic novel by Miguel de Cervantes. Originally published in two parts, in 1605 and 1615, its full title is ''The Ingenious Gentleman Don Quixote of La Mancha'' or, in Spanish, (changing in Part 2 to ). A founding work of West ...

'', the first in contemporary English. It is instantly acclaimed and is still in print as of 2008. *

September 29 Events Pre-1600 *61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday. * 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, ...

** The First Plenary Session of the

Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC, zh, 中国人民政治协商会议), also known as the People's PCC (, ) or simply the PCC (), is a political advisory body in the People's Republic of China and a central part of ...

approves a design for the

Flag of the People's Republic of China The National Flag of the People's Republic of China, also known as the Five-star Red Flag, is a Chinese red field with five golden stars charged at the canton. The design features one large star, with four smaller stars in an arc set off to ...

. **

Iva Toguri D'Aquino Iva Ikuko Toguri D'Aquino ( ja, 戸栗郁子アイバ; July 4, 1916 – September 26, 2006) was a Japanese-American disc jockey and radio personality who participated in English-language radio broadcasts transmitted by Radio Tokyo to Allied t ...

is found guilty in the United States of broadcasting for Japan as "

Tokyo Rose Tokyo Rose (alternative spelling Tokio Rose) was a name given by Allied troops in the South Pacific during World War II to all female English-speaking radio broadcasters of Japanese propaganda. The programs were broadcast in the South Pacific ...

" at the end of World War II.

October

October 1 Events Pre-1600 * 331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. * 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated. * 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadw ...

– The

People's Republic of China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...

is officially proclaimed. *

October 2 Events Pre-1600 * 829 – Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor. * 939 – Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and ...

– The

recognizes the People's Republic of China. *

October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Juliu ...

–

Albanian Subversion Operation Valuable, also known as the Albanian subversion () or Secret Anglo-American invasion of communist Albania, was one of the earliest covert paramilitary operations in the Eastern Bloc. The main goal of the operation was to overthrow th ...

: First Anglo-American attempt to infiltrate guerillas into

Albania Albania ( ; sq, Shqipëri or ), or , also or . officially the Republic of Albania ( sq, Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeastern Europe. It is located on the Adriatic and Ionian Seas within the Mediterranean Sea and share ...

; the operation is fatally flawed, by being under the control of double agent

Kim Philby Harold Adrian Russell "Kim" Philby (1 January 191211 May 1988) was a British intelligence officer and a double agent for the Soviet Union. In 1963 he was revealed to be a member of the Cambridge Five, a spy ring which had divulged British s ...

. *

October 7 Events Pre-1600 * 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar. * 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon. * 1477 ...

– The

German Democratic Republic German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **G ...

(East Germany) is officially established. *

October 13 Events Pre-1600 * 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina. * 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the P ...

– Severe flooding hits

Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by Hon ...

. *

October 14 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings. *1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's ...

– The Foley Square trial of

Eugene Dennis Francis Xavier Waldron (August 10, 1905 – January 31, 1961), best known by the pseudonym Eugene Dennis and Tim Ryan, was an American communist politician and union organizer, best remembered as the long-time leader of the Communist Party USA a ...

and ten other leaders of the

Communist Party USA The Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Rev ...

ends in New York City (the longest trial in U.S. history to this date); all defendants are found guilty and all but one sentenced to five years of prison. *

October 16 Events Pre-1600 * 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. * ...

–

ends with a communist surrender. *

October 17 Events Pre-1600 * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty of China. *1091 – London tornado of 1091: A tornado thought to be of strength T8/F4 strikes the heart of London. *1346 – The English capture King Davi ...

– Chinese communist troops take

Guangzhou Guangzhou (, ; ; or ; ), also known as Canton () and Chinese postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Kwongchow or Kwangchow, is the Capital city, capital and largest city of Guangdong Provinces of China, province in South China, sou ...

. *

October 20 Events Pre-1600 *1568 – The Spanish Duke of Alba defeats a Dutch rebel force under William the Silent. * 1572 – Eighty Years' War: Three thousand Spanish soldiers wade through fifteen miles of water in one night to effect the re ...

– China People's Insurance Corporation, as predecessor of

China Life China Life Insurance Company Limited (short China Life, ) is a Beijing-headquartered China-incorporated company that provides life insurance and annuity products. China Life is ranked No. 94 on Fortune 2015 Global 500 Company list. See also * ...

was founded. *

October 24 Events Pre-1600 * AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius. *1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France. * 1360 – The T ...

– The cornerstone of the

Headquarters of the United Nations zh, 联合国总部大楼french: Siège des Nations uniesrussian: Штаб-квартира Организации Объединённых Наций es, Sede de las Naciones Unidas , image = Midtown Manhattan Skyline 004.jpg , im ...

Manhattan Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...

is laid. * October 27 **

Battle of Kuningtou The Battle of Kuningtou or Battle of Guningtou (), also known as the Battle of Kinmen (), was a battle fought over Kinmen in the Taiwan Strait during the Chinese Civil War in 1949. The failure of the Communists to take the island left it in the ...

: Chinese communist troops fail to take

Quemoy Kinmen, alternatively known as Quemoy, is a group of islands governed as a county by the Republic of China (Taiwan), off the southeastern coast of mainland China. It lies roughly east of the city of Xiamen in Fujian, from which it is separate ...

; their advance towards

is halted. ** 1949 Air France Lockheed Constellation crash: An Air France flight from Paris to New York crashes in the

Azores ) , motto =( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace") , anthem= ( en, "Anthem of the Azores") , image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg , map_alt=Location of the Azores within the European Union , map_caption=Location of the Azores wi ...

São Miguel Island São Miguel Island (; Portuguese for "Saint Michael"), nicknamed "The Green Island" (''Ilha Verde''), is the largest and most populous island in the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores. The island covers and has around 140,000 inhabitants, wi ...

, killing all aboard. Among the victims are violinist

Ginette Neveu Ginette Neveu (11 August 191928 October 1949) was a French classical violinist. She was killed in a plane crash at the age of 30. Early life Neveu was born on 11 August 1919 in Paris into a musical family. Her brother Jean-Paul became a class ...

, and French boxer Marcel Cerdan.

November

November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. * 921 – Treaty of Bon ...

– Oil is discovered beneath the

Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central A ...

, off the coast of the

Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic Azerbaijan ( az, Азәрбајҹан, Azərbaycan, italics=no), officially the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR; az, Азәрбајҹан Совет Сосиалист Республикасы, Azərbaycan Sovet Sosialist R ...

. * November 12 – The

Volkswagen Type 2 The Volkswagen Type 2, known officially (depending on body type) as the Transporter, Kombi or Microbus, or, informally, as the Bus (US), Camper (UK) or Bulli (Germany), is a forward control light commercial vehicle introduced in 1950 by the Ge ...

panel van is unveiled in

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwee ...

. *

November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. *1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Mor ...

–

Nathuram Godse Nathuram Vinayak Godse (19 May 1910 – 15 November 1949) was the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi. He was a Hindu nationalist from Maharashtra who shot Gandhi in the chest three times at point blank range at a multi-faith prayer meeting in B ...

and

Narayan Apte Narayan or Narayana may refer to: People *Narayan (name), a common Indian name (including a list of persons with this and related names) *Narayan (actor), an Indian film actor *Narayan (writer), Indian writer *Narayana Pandit, Indian mathematicia ...

are executed for assassinating

Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...

. * November 17 – The second trial of

for perjury begins in

, again with

as principal witness. *

November 24 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Theodosius I makes his '' adventus'', or formal entry, into Constantinople. *1190 – Conrad of Montferrat becomes King of Jerusalem upon his marriage to Isabella I of Jerusalem. * 1221 – Genghis Khan d ...

– The ski resort in

Squaw Valley, Placer County, California Olympic Valley (historically or informally known as Squaw Valley) is an unincorporated community located in Placer County, California northwest of Tahoe City along California State Highway 89 on the banks of the Truckee River near Lake Tahoe. I ...

officially opens. * November 26 – The

Indian Constituent Assembly The Constituent Assembly of India was elected to frame the Constitution of India. It was elected by the 'Provincial Assembly'. Following India's independence from the British rule in 1947, its members served as the nation's first Parliament as ...

adopts India's constitution. *

November 28 Events Pre-1600 * 587 – Treaty of Andelot The Treaty of Andelot (or Pact of Andelot) was signed at Andelot-Blancheville in 587 between King Guntram of Burgundy and Queen Brunhilda of Austrasia. Based on the terms of the accord, Brun ...

–

Winston Churchill Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...

makes a landmark speech in support of the idea of a European Union, at

Kingsway Hall The Kingsway Hall in Holborn, London, was the base of the West London Mission (WLM) of the Methodist Church, and eventually became one of the most important recording venues for classical music and film music. It was built in 1912 and demolished ...

, London - but does not see UK as part of it, "''The British Government have rightly stated that they cannot commit this country to entering any European Union without the agreement of the other members of the British Commonwealth"''.

December

December 7 Events Pre-1600 *43 BC – Marcus Tullius Cicero is assassinated in Formia on orders of Marcus Antonius. * 574 – Byzantine Emperor Justin II, suffering recurring seizures of insanity, adopts his general Tiberius and proclaims him ...

Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan The retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan (), also known as the Kuomintang's retreat to Taiwan or the Great Retreat () in Taiwan, refers to the exodus of the remnants of the internationally recognized Kuomintang-ruled ...

finishes, and it declares

Taipei Taipei (), officially Taipei City, is the capital and a special municipality of the Republic of China (Taiwan). Located in Northern Taiwan, Taipei City is an enclave of the municipality of New Taipei City that sits about southwest of the ...

its temporary capital city, a status it will retain more than 50 years later. ** The

United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) is a UN agency that supports the relief and human development of Palestinian refugees. UNRWA's mandate encompasses Palestinians displaced by the 1948 P ...

(UNRWA) is established as a

agency. *

December 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1317 – The "Nyköping Banquet": King Birger of Sweden treacherously seizes his two brothers Valdemar, Duke of Finland and Eric, Duke of Södermanland, who were subsequently starved to death in the dungeon of Nyköpi ...

–

1949 Australian federal election The 1949 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 10 December 1949. All 121 seats in the House of Representatives and 42 of the 60 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Labor Party, led by Prime Minister Ben Chifl ...

: The Liberal/

Country A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, whi ...

Coalition A coalition is a group formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political or economical spaces. Formation According to ''A Gui ...

led by

Robert Menzies The name Robert is an ancient Germanic given name, from Proto-Germanic "fame" and "bright" (''Hrōþiberhtaz''). Compare Old Dutch ''Robrecht'' and Old High German ''Hrodebert'' (a compound of '' Hruod'' ( non, Hróðr) "fame, glory, honou ...

defeats the

Labor Labour or labor may refer to: * Childbirth, the delivery of a baby * Labour (human activity), or work ** Manual labour, physical work ** Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer ** Organized labour and the la ...

Government A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state. In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government i ...

, led by

Ben Chifley Joseph Benedict Chifley (; 22 September 1885 – 13 June 1951) was an Australian politician who served as the 16th prime minister of Australia from 1945 to 1949. He held office as the leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 1945, follow ...

. Menzies is sworn in on

December 19 Events Pre-1600 * 1154 – Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey. * 1187 – Pope Clement III is elected. * 1490 – Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy. * 1562 &ndas ...

, his second stint as Prime Minister; he will hold the office for over 16 years until his retirement in

1966 Events January * January 1 – In a coup, Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa takes over as military ruler of the Central African Republic, ousting President David Dacko. * January 3 – 1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état: President Maurice Yaméogo ...

and Labor will not win office again until

1972 Within the context of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) it was the longest year ever, as two leap seconds were added during this 366-day year, an event which has not since been repeated. (If its start and end are defined using mean solar tim ...

, under

Gough Whitlam Edward Gough Whitlam (11 July 191621 October 2014) was the 21st prime minister of Australia, serving from 1972 to 1975. The longest-serving federal leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP) from 1967 to 1977, he was notable for being the h ...

. *

December 13 Events Pre-1600 *1294 – Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit. * 1545 – The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. * 1577 & ...

– The

Knesset The Knesset ( he, הַכְּנֶסֶת ; "gathering" or "assembly") is the unicameral legislature of Israel. As the supreme state body, the Knesset is sovereign and thus has complete control of the entirety of the Israeli government (wit ...

votes to move the capital of Israel to Jerusalem. *

December 14 Events Pre-1600 * 557 – Constantinople is severely damaged by an earthquake, which cracks the dome of Hagia Sophia. * 835 – Sweet Dew Incident: Emperor Wenzong of the Tang dynasty conspires to kill the powerful eunuchs of the T ...

–

Traicho Kostov Traicho Kostov Djunev ( bg, Трайчо Костов Джунев; 17 June 1897, Sofia – 16 December 1949) was a Bulgarian politician, former President of the Council of Ministers and Secretary of the Central Committee of the Bulgarian Communis ...

, who until March was acting President of the Council of Ministers of

Bulgaria Bulgaria (; bg, България, Bǎlgariya), officially the Republic of Bulgaria,, ) is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the eastern flank of the Balkans, and is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and North Macedo ...

, is sentenced to death for anti-

activity. *

December 15 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – Vandalic War: Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Tricamarum. * 687 – Pope Sergius I is elected as a compromise between antipopes Paschal and Theodo ...

– A

typhoon A typhoon is a mature tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere. This region is referred to as the Northwestern Pacific Basin, and is the most active tropical cyclone basin on Earth, accounting for a ...

strikes a fishing fleet off Korea, killing several thousand. *

December 16 Events Pre-1600 * 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom. * ...

–

Sukarno Sukarno). (; born Koesno Sosrodihardjo, ; 6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was an Indonesian statesman, orator, revolutionary, and nationalist who was the first president of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. Sukarno was the leader of ...

is elected president of the

Republic of Indonesia Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans. It consists of over 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea. In ...

. *

December 17 Events Pre-1600 *497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome. * 546 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Byzantine garrison. * 920 – Romanos I Lekape ...

–

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...

recognises the

. * December 18 – In the American National Football League, the Philadelphia Eagles defeat the Los Angeles Rams 14–0, to win the championship. * December 27 – The Treaty of The Hague (1949), Treaty of The Hague ends the Indonesian National Revolution by recognising transfer of the sovereignty of the Dutch East Indies from Queen Juliana of the Netherlands to the United States of Indonesia; the Susanto Cabinet takes office in the

. * December 29 ** KC2XAK of Bridgeport, Connecticut, becomes the first Ultra high frequency (UHF) television station to operate a daily schedule. ** Smouha SC (sports club) is founded in Alexandria, Egypt, by Joseph Smouha, a Mizrahi Iraqi Jew. * December 30 – India recognizes the People's Republic of China.

Date unknown

* The Malta Labour Party is founded. * The first 20 mm M61 Vulcan Gatling gun prototypes are completed. * This is the first year in which no African-American is reported lynched in the United States. * Fernand Braudel's ''La Méditerranée et le Monde Méditerranéen à l'Epoque de Philippe II'' is published. * The Currywurst is invented in Berlin. * D. R. Kaprekar discovers the convergence property of the number 6174. * Liebherr, a multinational equipment manufacturer, is founded in Baden-Württemberg, West Germany, to build the mobile tower crane devised by Hans Liebherr.

Births

January

Brandon Tartikoff at the 1988 Emmy Awards

** Ali Kadhim, Iraqi football striker (d. 2018) ** Vehbi Akdağ, Turkish wrestler (d. 2020) ** Max Azria, French fashion designer (d. 2019) *

** Nikolai Pankin, Russian breaststroke swimmer, swimming coach (d. 2018) ** Christopher Durang, American playwright * January 3 – Murder of Sylvia Likens, Sylvia Likens, American murder victim (d. 1965) * January 7 – Chavo Guerrero Sr., American Professional wrestling, professional wrestler (d. 2017) * January 8 – Anne Schedeen, American actress * January 9 – Mary Roos, German singer * January 10 ** George Foreman, African-American boxer ** Linda Lovelace, American porn actress, later anti-porn activist (''Deep Throat (film), Deep Throat'') (d. 2002) *

– Daryl Braithwaite, Australian singer * January 12 ** Ottmar Hitzfeld, German football player, coach ** Haruki Murakami, Japanese author ** Wayne Wang, Hong Kong-born film director * January 13 – Brandon Tartikoff, American television executive (d. 1997) * January 14 – Lawrence Kasdan, American director, screenwriter * January 15 – Panos Mihalopoulos, Greek actor *

– Caroline Munro, English actress, model *

** Gyude Bryant, Liberian politician (d. 2014) ** Andy Kaufman, American comedian, actor (''Taxi (TV series), Taxi'') (d. 1984) ** Mick Taylor, English musician * January 18 – Philippe Starck, French designer * January 19 ** Robert Palmer (singer), Robert Palmer, British rock singer ("Addicted to Love (song), Addicted to Love") (d. 2003) ** Dennis Taylor, Irish snooker player *

– Göran Persson, 31st Prime Minister of Sweden * January 22 – Steve Perry (musician), Steve Perry, American rock singer (Journey (band), Journey) * January 23 – Siti Hardiyanti Rukmana, Indonesian politician and former Minister of Social Affairs * January 24 ** John Belushi, American actor, comedian (''Saturday Night Live'') (d. 1982) ** Nikolaus Brender, German television journalist *

– Paul Nurse, English geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine *

**Nebiha Gueddana, doctor and Tunisian politician **David Strathairn, American actor (''Good Night, and Good Luck'') * January 27 – Djavan, Brazilian singer, songwriter *

** Gregg Popovich, American basketball coach ** Mike Moore (New Zealand politician), Mike Moore, 34th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 2020) * January 29 ** Tommy Ramone, Hungarian-American drummer (Ramones) (d. 2014) ** Tommi Salmelainen, Finnish hockey player * January 30 – Peter Agre, American biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry *

** Johan Derksen, Dutch footballer, sports journalist ** Ken Wilber, American philosopher

February

* February 1 – Joan Burton, Irish politician * February 2 ** Duncan Bannatyne, Scottish entrepreneur ** Brent Spiner, American actor, comedian and singer (''Star Trek: The Next Generation'') * February 3 – Hennie Kuiper, Dutch cyclist * February 4 – Rasim Delić, Bosnian military chief of staff and convicted war criminal (d. 2010) * February 6 – Jim Sheridan, Irish film director * February 7 – Joe English (musician), Joe English, American drummer * February 8 ** Brooke Adams (actress), Brooke Adams, American actress ** Florinda Meza, Mexican actress, television producer, and screenwriter (best known as Doña Florinda in ''El Chavo del Ocho'') * February 9 – Judith Light, American actress *

– Maxime Le Forestier, French singer * February 15 – Ken Anderson (quarterback), Ken Anderson, American NFL player * February 16 – Lyn Paul, English singer *

– Dennis Green, American football coach (d. 2016) * February 18 **Pat Fraley, American voice actor, voice-over teacher ** Gary Ridgway, American serial killer *

– Danielle Bunten Berry, American computer game designer (d. 1998) * February 21 ** Jerry Harrison, American songwriter ** Ronnie Hellström, Swedish footballer (d.

) *

– Niki Lauda, Austrian triple Formula 1 world champion (d. 2019) * February 25 – Ric Flair, American professional wrestler *

– Simon Crean, Australian politician * February 28 – Ilene Graff, American actress, singer

March

** Gates McFadden, American actress, choreographer ** J.P.R. Williams, Welsh rugby player * March 3 ** Elijah Harper, Canadian Aboriginal activist (d. 2013) ** Gloria Hendry, African-American actress ** Jesse Jefferson, American baseball player (d. 2011) * March 4 – Helen Frost, American writer * March 5 – Franz Josef Jung, German politician * March 6 ** Shaukat Aziz, Prime Minister of Pakistan ** Martin Buchan, Scottish footballer * March 7 ** Rex Hunt, Australian television and radio personality ** Ghulam Nabi Azad, Indian politician * March 8 – Cho Yang-ho, South Korean businessman (d. 2019) * March 9 ** Kalevi Aho, Finnish composer ** Tapani Kansa, Finnish singer * March 10 ** Barbara Corcoran, American businesswoman, investor, and television personality ** Nobu Matsuhisa, Japanese chef * March 11 – Georg Schramm, German psychologist, Kabarett artist * March 12 ** Rob Cohen, American film director, producer and writer ** Natalia Kuchinskaya, Soviet gymnast ** Mike Gibbins, Welsh drummer (d. 2005) * March 13 – Julia Migenes, American soprano * March 16 ** Erik Estrada, American actor, police officer (''CHiPs'') ** Victor Garber, Canadian actor (''Godspell'', ''Alias (TV series), Alias'') ** Elliott Murphy, American singer, songwriter *

** Patrick Duffy, American actor (''Dallas (1978 TV series), Dallas'') ** Pat Rice, Irish footballer, football manager * March 18 – Alex Higgins, Northern Irish snooker player (d. 2010) * March 19 **Hirofumi Hirano, Japanese politician, Chief Cabinet Secretary ** Valery Leontiev, Soviet and Russian actor and singer *

– Marcia Ball, American blues musician *

** Eddie Money, American rock guitarist, singer (''Two Tickets to Paradise'') (d. 2019) ** Slavoj Žižek, Slovenian philosopher * March 22 – Fanny Ardant, French actress *

– Nick Lowe, English pop singer *

– Sue Klebold, American activist *

** Jon English, English-born Australian singer, songwriter and actor (d. 2016) ** Rudi Koertzen, South African cricket umpire (d.

) ** Vicki Lawrence, American comedian, game show hostess (''The Carol Burnett Show'') ** Margareta of Romania, Romanian princess and diplomat ** Giuseppe Sabadini, Italian footballer ** Patrick Süskind, German writer *

** Ronnie Ray Smith, American Olympic athlete (d. 2013) ** Michael W. Young, American geneticist, chronobiologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine * March 29 – Michael Brecker, American jazz musician (d. 2007) *

– Lene Lovich, American singer

April

* April 1 ** Paul Manafort, American lobbyist, political consultant, and convicted felon ** Gérard Mestrallet, French businessman ** Sammy Nelson, Northern Irish footballer ** Gil Scott-Heron, African-American musician, composer and activist (d. 2011) * April 2 – Pamela Reed, American actress * April 3 – Richard Thompson (musician), Richard Thompson, English musician, songwriter *

– Parveen Babi, Bollywood actress (d. 2005) *April 5 – Judith Resnik, American Astronaut (''Challenger Disaster'') (d. 1986) * April 6 – Horst Ludwig Störmer, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate *

** Mitch Daniels, American academic administrator, businessman, author, and politician ** Zygmunt Zimowski, Polish bishop (d. 2016) *

** Alex Fergusson (politician), Alex Fergusson, Scottish politician (d. 2018) ** Brenda Russell, American-Canadian singer, songwriter and keyboardist ** Fanie de Jager, South African operatic tenor * April 9 - William O'Neal (informant), William O’Neal, American FBI informant (d. 1990) *April 10 – Daniel Mangeas, French bicycle commentator * April 11 – Bernd Eichinger, German film producer, director (d. 2011) * April 13 – Christopher Hitchens, English-American writer (d. 2011) *

– John Shea, American actor *

** Alla Pugacheva, Russian musical performer ** Aleksandra Ziółkowska-Boehm, Polish-born writer * April 16 – Sandy Hawley, Canadian jockey *

** Antônio Fagundes, Brazilian actor ** Geoff Bodine, American race car driver ** Bengt Holmström, Finnish-born economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate * April 19 – Sergey Nikolayevich Volkov, Russian figure skater (d. 1990) *

** Massimo D'Alema, 53rd Prime Minister of Italy ** Veronica Cartwright, English-born American actress ** Jessica Lange, American actress * April 21 – Patti LuPone, American actress * April 22 – Spencer Haywood, American basketball player *

** Joyce DeWitt, American actress ** György Gedó, Hungarian Olympic boxer ** John Miles (musician), John Miles, English rock music vocalist, guitarist and keyboardist (d. 2021) * April 24 – Véronique Sanson, French singer, songwriter *

– Jerry Blackwell, American professional wrestler (d. 1995) *

– Bruno Kirby, American actor (d. 2006) * April 30 – António Guterres, Prime Minister of Portugal, 9th United Nations Secretary-General, Secretary-General of the United Nations

May

Official portrait of Jeremy Corbyn crop 2, 2020

Jesse Lee Peterson at BOND, 2015 (cropped)

– Gavin Christopher, American singer (d. 2016) * May 2 – Alan Titchmarsh, English gardener * May 3 – Leopoldo Luque, Argentine soccer player (d. 2021) *

– John Force, American race car driver *

** Billy Joel, American singer, songwriter and pianist ** Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara, military President of Niger (d. 1999) * May 10 – Mahfuzur Rahman Khan, Bangladeshi cinematographer (d. 2019) * May 13 – Zoë Wanamaker, American-British actress * May 14 – Sverre Årnes, Norwegian writer *

– Rick Reuschel, American professional baseball player * May 18 ** Joseph R. Cistone, American Catholic prelate (d. 2018) ** Rick Wakeman, English rock musician, songwriter ** Bill Wallace (musician), Bill Wallace, Canadian rock musician (The Guess Who) * May 19 ** Dusty Hill, American bassist (ZZ Top) (d. 2021) ** Archie Manning, former American football player, father of Peyton Manning, Peyton and Eli Manning ** Ashraf Ghani, President of Afghanistan *

– Dave Thomas (actor), Dave Thomas, Canadian actor, comedian (''Second City Television'') * May 21 – Andrew Neil, Scottish journalist and broadcaster *

** Chris Butler (musician), Chris Butler, American musician, songwriter (The Waitresses) ** Jesse Lee Peterson, American radio show host and religious minister *

– Alan García, President of Peru (d. 2019) * May 24 ** Jim Broadbent, English actor ** Tomaž Pisanski, Slovenian mathematician * May 25 – Jamaica Kincaid, Antiguan-born novelist * May 26 ** Ward Cunningham, American computer programmer ** Jeremy Corbyn, British politician ** Pam Grier, African-American actress ** Arlene Klasky, American animator ** Philip Michael Thomas, African-American actor (''Miami Vice'') ** Hank Williams, Jr., American country singer * May 27 ** Jo Ann Harris, American actress ** Alma Guillermoprieto, Mexican journalist * May 28 ** Shelley Hamlin, American professional golfer (d. 2018) ** Martin Kelner, British journalist, author, comedian, singer, actor and radio presenter ** Susan Fitzgerald, Irish actress (d. 2013) * May 29 ** Francis Rossi, English rock guitarist, singer (Status Quo (band), Status Quo) ** Robert Axelrod (actor), Robert Axelrod, American voice actor (''Mighty Morphin Power Rangers'') (d. 2019) * May 30 – Bob Willis, English cricketer (d. 2019) *

– Tom Berenger, American actor (''Platoon (film), Platoon'')

June

Jarosław Kaczyński, wicepremier (cropped)

* June 1 ** Déwé Gorodey, New Caledonian writer and politician (d.

) ** Mu Tiezhu, Chinese basketball player, coach (d. 2008) * June 2 ** Alan Brinkley, American historian (d. 2019) ** Heather Couper, British astronomer (d. 2020) * June 4 – Mark B. Cohen, Pennsylvania legislative leader *

– Wendy Sherman, American diplomat and politician *

– Emanuel Ax, Polish-born American pianist * June 10 ** Kevin Corcoran, American child actor, television director, film producer (d. 2015) ** Bora Dugić, Serbian musician, flautist ** Daniele Formica, Irish-Italian actor, director and playwright (d. 2011) **Frankie Faison, American actor * June 11 – Frank Beard (musician), Frank Beard, American drummer (ZZ Top) * June 13 ** Ann Druyan, American popular science writer, wife of Carl Sagan ** Red Symons, English-Australian musician, television, and radio personality *

** Carlos María Abascal Carranza, Carlos María Abascal, Mexican lawyer (d. 2008) ** Antony Sher, South African-born British actor (d. 2021) ** Harry Turtledove, American historian, novelist ** Papa Wemba, Congolese soukous musician (d. 2016) * June 15 ** Russell Hitchcock, English singer, musician (''Air Supply'') ** Jim Varney, American actor and comedian (''Ernest Goes to Camp'') (d. 2000) * June 16 – Robbin Thompson, American singer, songwriter (d. 2015) * June 18 ** Jarosław Kaczyński, Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland, Prime Minister of Poland ** Lech Kaczyński, President of Poland (d. 2010) ** Lincoln Thompson, Jamaican musician (d. 1999) *

**Ebi, Iranian singer **Hassan Shehata, Egyptian footballer and coach * June 20 ** Gotabaya Rajapaksa, List of presidents of Sri Lanka, 8th President of Sri Lanka ** Lionel Richie, African-American urban musician (''Commodores'') * June 21 ** John Agard, Guyanese poet, playwright and children's writer ** Clifford Brooks, American Football defensive back ** Derek Emslie, Lord Kingarth, Scottish judge ** Shane Molloy, Australian rules footballer ** Stuart Pearson, English football player ** Jane Urquhart, Canadian author * June 22 ** Aytaç Arman, Turkish actor (d. 2019) ** Larry Junstrom, American rock bassist (d. 2019) ** Alan Osmond, American pop singer ** Meryl Streep, American actress ** Lindsay Wagner, American actress ** Elizabeth Warren, American academic and politician, United States Senate, U.S. Senator (Democratic Party (United States), D-Massachusetts, Mass.) since 2013 * June 23 ** Dave Goltz, American professional baseball player ** Gail Harris (naval officer), Gail Harris, United States Navy officer ** Charles Ho, Hong Kong pro-Beijing[3] businessman ** Jon McLachlan, New Zealand rugby union player *

** Billy Moeller, Australian professional feather/super feather/light/light welter/welterweight boxer ** Agenor Muniz (Australian footballer), Agenor Muniz, Brazilian-born footballer ** Hector Thompson, Australian professional light/light welter/welter/light middleweight boxer (d. 2020) * June 25 ** Dan Barker, American atheist activist ** Phyllis George, American businesswoman, actress and sportscaster (d. 2020) ** Kene Holliday, American actor ** Lalith Kaluperuma, Sri Lankan test cricketer and ODI cricketer ** Brenda Sykes, American actress ** Patrick Tambay, French racing driver (d.

) ** John Taylor (English footballer, born 1949), John Taylor, English professional footballer ** Yoon Joo-sang, South Korean actor * June 26 ** Adrian Gurvitz, English singer-songwriter and musician ** Graco Ramírez, governor of Morelos, Mexico 2012-2018 ** Avtar Singh Kang, Punjabi singer and folk contributor ** Arturo Vázquez Ayala, Mexican footballer * June 27 ** Brent Berk, American competition swimmer, Olympic athlete ** Stephen Rucker, American composer ** Vera Wang, American fashion designer * June 28 ** Don Baylor, American Major League Baseball (MLB) player, coach and manager (d. 2017) ** Clarence Davis, American football running back ** Kevin McLeod (Australian footballer), Kevin McLeod, Australian rules footballer ** Tom Owens, American professional basketball player *

** Dan Dierdorf, American football offensive lineman, later sportscaster ** Joe Moore (running back), Joe Moore, American football running back ** Henri Proglio, French businessman ** A. Anwhar Raajhaa, Indian politician ** Lisette Sevens, Dutch field hockey defender * June 30 ** Silvio Aquino, Salvadoran football player ** Uwe Kliemann, German football player and coach ** Norm Mitchell, Australian rules footballer ** Andy Scott (guitarist), Andy Scott, Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist ** Philippe Toussaint, Belgium's most successful golfers ** Bogdan Turudija, Serbian football player

July

Carl Bildt under den politiska Almedalsveckan 2016

Trevor Horn, pop record producer (headshot)

Kgalema Motlanthe at the 12th AU Summit (cropped)

** Rosa Elena Galván Valles, Mexican politician ** Yoshihide Fukao, Japanese volleyball player ** Seninho, Portuguese-Angolan footballer (d. 2020) ** Néjia Ben Mabrouk, Tunisian screenwriter, director ** John Farnham, Australian singer, recording artist and entertainer * July 2 ** David Eaton (composer), David Eaton, American composer, conductor and producer ** Abderrahmane Benkhalfa, Algerian financial expert (d. 2021) ** José Manuel Díaz Medina, Mexican politician ** Ben Verbong, Dutch film director, screenwriter * July 3 ** Mircea Chelaru, Romanian general and politician ** Jan Smithers, American actress ** Alfred Vierling, Dutch politician ** Johnnie Wilder, Jr., American vocalist (d. 2006) * July 4 – Horst Seehofer, German conservative politician * July 5 ** Ed O'Ross, American actor ** Susan P. Graber, American attorney, jurist ** Jill Murphy, British author and illustrator (d. 2021) * July 6 ** Noli de Castro, Filipino broadcast journalist, radio commentator and Vice President of the Philippines ** Phyllis Hyman, American singer, actress (d. 1995) ** Grant McAuley, New Zealand rower * July 7 ** Shelley Duvall, American actress ** John Lippiett, British senior Royal Navy officer ** Monte Cater, American football coach * July 8 ** Jan Elvheim, Norwegian politician ** Jaroslav Jurka, Czech fencer ** Wolfgang Puck, Austrian-American celebrity chef, restaurateur, and occasional actor ** Carmel Cryan, English actress ** Dale Hoganson, Canadian ice hockey player * July 9 ** Raoul Cédras, former president of Haiti ** Jesse Duplantis, American televangelist ** Nigel Lythgoe, English television producer, personality ** Ali Akbar Abdolrashidi, Iranian intellectual, journalist, writer, traveler, translator, and university lecturer *

** Liona Boyd, English classical guitarist ** Émerson Leão, Brazilian footballer ** Ingrid Newkirk, English-born American-based animal rights activist ** Phil Braidwood, Manx politician * July 13 – Helena Fibingerová, Czech athlete *

** Carl Bildt, 28th Prime Minister of Sweden, Minister for Foreign Affairs ** Trevor Horn, English pop singer, producer ** Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, 3rd List of prime ministers of the United Arab Emirates, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates * July 17 ** Geezer Butler, English heavy metal bassist (''Black Sabbath'') ** William C. Faure, South African film director (d. 1994) ** Andrei Fursenko, Russian politician, scientist and businessman ** Charley Steiner, American sportscaster *

** Kgalema Motlanthe, South African politician, President of South Africa ** Daniel Vaillant, French Socialist politician *

– Naseeruddin Shah, Indian actor and environmentalist * July 21 – Tengku Azlan, Malaysian politician * July 22 ** Alan Menken, American composer ** Lasse Virén, Finnish long-distance runner *

** Michael Richards, American actor, comedian (''Seinfeld'') ** Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Spanish archbishop * July 25 – Francis Smerecki, French football player, manager (d. 2018) * July 26 ** Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime Minister of Thailand and businessman ** Roger Taylor (Queen drummer), Roger Taylor, English rock musician (''Queen (band), Queen'') * July 29 – Jamil Mahuad, President of Ecuador *

** Mike Jackson (basketball), Mike Jackson, American basketball player ** Susan Bennett, American voice-over artist

August

Fernando Collor no Senado em Posse presidencial - 2019

Rick Springfield 5-09-2014 -7 (14150002904)

* August 1 – Mugur Isărescu, 58th prime minister of Romania * August 4 – John Riggins, American football player * August 6 – Alan Campbell (pastor), Alan Campbell, Northern Irish cleric (d. 2017) * August 7 – Walid Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze *

** Terry Burnham, American actress ** Keith Carradine, American actor * August 9 ** Slavko Ćuruvija, Serbian journalist, newspaper publisher (d. 1999) ** Ted Simmons, American baseball player * August 11 ** Ian Charleson, British actor (d. 1990) ** Sandra Lee Scheuer, Kent State University shooting victim (d. 1970) *

** Fernando Collor de Mello, 32nd President of Brazil ** Mark Essex, American mass murderer (d. 1973) ** Mark Knopfler, British rock guitarist (''Dire Straits'') * August 13 ** Philippe Petit, French high-wire artist ** Pete Visclosky, American Politician *

– Morten Olsen, Danish football player, manager * August 15 ** Beverly Burns, American pilot, first woman in the world to captain the Boeing 747 ** Phyllis Smith, American actress * August 16 – Barbara Goodson, American voice actress * August 17 – Sue Draheim, American fiddler (d. 2013) * August 20 – Phil Lynott, Irish rock musician (d. 1986) *

** Loretta Devine, African-American actress ** Daniel Sivan, Israeli professor * August 22 – Diana Nyad, American author * August 23 ** William Lane Craig, Christian philosopher ** Shelley Long, American actress (''Cheers'') ** Rick Springfield, Australian rock singer, actor ** Leslie Van Houten, American criminal, Manson Family member *

** Anna Lee Fisher, American astronaut, chemist and physician ** Charles Rocket, American actor (''Saturday Night Live'') (d. 2005) * August 25 ** Willy Rey, Dutch-Canadian model (d. 1973) ** Martin Amis, English novelist ** Gene Simmons, Israeli-American rock musician (''Kiss (band), Kiss'') * August 26 – Leon Redbone, Canadian-American singer, songwriter, actor, voice actor, and guitarist (d. 2019) * August 28 ** Martin Lamble, British folk rock musician (d. 1969) ** Svetislav Pešić, Serbian basketball player, coach *

– Stan Hansen, American professional wrestler * August 30 – Peter Maffay, German singer *

** Richard Gere, American actor (''American Gigolo'') ** H. David Politzer, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate

September

Bill O'Reilly at the World Affairs Council of Philadelphia (cropped)

Garden State GreenFest, Union, NJ 3-15-14 (13179555463) (cropped)

Bruce Springsteen - Roskilde Festival 2012

* September 1 ** Fidel Castro Díaz-Balart, Cuban nuclear physicist, government official (d. 2018) ** Leslie Feinberg, American transgender activist (d. 2014) * September 7 - Lee McGeorge Durrell, American author, television presenter, and zookeeper *

** John Curry, British figure skater (d. 1994) ** Alain Mosconi, French swimmer, Olympic medalist and previous world record holder ** Daniel Pipes, American historian, writer, and commentator ** Joe Theismann, American football player ** Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, 6th president of Indonesia * September 10 – Bill O'Reilly (political commentator), Bill O'Reilly, American conservative radio and television commentator *

– John W. Henry, American foreign exchange advisor, Boston Red Sox owner * September 14 ** Ed King, American musician (Lynyrd Skynyrd)(d. 2018) ** Steve Gaines, American guitarist (Lynyrd Skynyrd) (d. 1977) ** Eikichi Yazawa, Japanese singer * September 15 – Joe Barton, American politician * September 16 ** Ed Begley Jr., American actor, environmentalist (''St. Elsewhere'') ** Chrisye, Indonesian singer (d. 2007) *

– Didith Reyes, Filipina singer (d. 2008) * September 18 ** Mo Mowlam, British politician (d. 2005) ** Peter Shilton, English goalkeeper * September 19 ** Twiggy, English model ** Ernie Sabella, American actor ** Barry Scheck, American attorney and author ** Richard Rogler, German Kabarett artist, professor of Kabarett at the University of the Arts in Berlin * September 21 – Artis Gilmore, American basketball player *

– Bruce Springsteen, American singer, songwriter (''Born in the USA'') *

** Inshan Ali, West Indian cricketer (d. 1995) ** Pedro Almodóvar, Spanish filmmaker, director, screenwriter, producer, and actor ** Ronaldo Caiado, Brazilian politician *

– Jane Smiley, American novelist * September 27 ** Mike Schmidt, American baseball player ** Jahn Teigen, Norwegian singer (d. 2020) *

– Wenceslao Selga Padilla, Filipino scheut priest (d. 2018)

October

** Isaac Bonewits, American author, occultist (d. 2010) ** Su Chi, Taiwanese politician *

** Richard Hell, American musician, writer ** Annie Leibovitz, American photographer *

– Svika Pick, Israeli musician * October 4 ** Armand Assante, American actor (''John Gotti, Gotti'') ** Lindsey Buckingham, American musician ** Luis Sepúlveda, Chilean writer and journalist (d. 2020) * October 6 – Bobby Farrell, West Indian-born Dutch dancer (''Boney M.'') (d. 2010) *

– Ronnie Mund, American television personality * October 8 ** Chris Dobson, British chemist (d. 2019) ** Jerry Bittle, American cartoonist (d. 2003) ** Sigourney Weaver, American actress (''Alien (film), Alien'') ** Mark Hopkinson, American mass murderer (d. 1992) * October 9 – Rod Temperton, English songwriter, record producer and musician (d. 2016) * October 10 ** Michel Létourneau, Canadian politician (d. 2019) ** Jessica Harper, American actress, producer * October 12 ** Randy Kryn, Civil Rights Movement historian **Carlos the Jackal, Venezuelan-born international terrorist *

– Rick Vito, American musician *

– Katha Pollitt, American writer *

** Owen Arthur, 5th Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2020) ** Bill Hudson (singer), Bill Hudson, American musician and actor ** Dean Shek, Hong Kong actor (d. 2021) *

** Valeriy Borzov, Ukrainian athlete ** George Harris (actor), George Harris, British actor * October 21 ** LaTanya Richardson, African-American actress, producer ** Benjamin Netanyahu, 2-time prime minister of Israel * October 22 ** Stiv Bators, American singer (''The Dead Boys'') (d. 1990) ** Arsène Wenger, French football (soccer) manager * October 26 – Antonio Carpio, Filipino Supreme Court of the Philippines, Supreme Court jurist * October 27 ** Cheryl Keeton, American murder victim (d. 1986) ** Emanuel Barbara, Maltese bishop (d. 2018) * October 28 – Caitlyn Jenner, American transgender track and field athlete, reality star * October 29 – Paul Orndorff, American professional wrestler (d. 2021) * October 30 ** Pramod Mahajan, Indian politician, strategist (d. 2006) ** Terri Dial, American banker (d. 2012)

November

Pierre Buyoya at Chatham House 2013 crop

* November 1 ** Jeannie Berlin, American film actress ** David Foster, Canadian musician, record producer, composer, singer, songwriter and arranger ** Belita Moreno, American film actress * November 2 ** Marc Elrich, American politician * November 3 ** Mike Evans (actor), Mike Evans, African-American actor (d. 2006) ** Larry Holmes, African-American boxer ** Anna Wintour, British-American fashion journalist, editor in-chief of the magazine Vogue (magazine), Vogue * November 5 ** Armin Shimerman, American actor ** Jimmie Spheeris, American singer, songwriter (d. 1984) * November 6 – Joseph C. Wilson, United States diplomat (d. 2019) *

** Queen Aishwarya of Nepal, Aiswarya, Queen of Nepal (d. 2001) ** Judi Bari, American environmental activist (d. 1997) ** Guillaume Faye, French journalist and writer (d. 2019) **Judy Tenuta, American comedienne (d.

) * November 8 – Bonnie Raitt, American singer, guitarist * November 11 – Ismail Petra of Kelantan, sultan of Kelantan (d. 2019) * November 14 – Paola Balducci, Italian politician, lawyer *

– David Rubinstein (pianist), David Rubinstein, American pianist, composer * November 17 – John Boehner, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives * November 18 – Ahmed Zaki (actor), Ahmed Zaki, Egyptian actor (d. 2005) * November 19 – Ahmad Rashad, American sportscaster, television personality * November 20 – Jeff Dowd, American film producer and political activist * November 21 – Ignazio Visco, Italian economist, Governor of the Bank of Italy * November 22 ** Shaun Garnett, English footballer, coach ** David Pietrusza, American author, historian * November 23 ** Pat Condell, English comedian, internet personality ** Marcia Griffiths, Jamaican singer *

** Nick Ainger, British politician ** Pierre Buyoya, former President of Burundi (d. 2020) ** Linda Tripp, Key figure in the Clinton-Lewinsky scandal (d. 2020) * November 25 ** Mike Joy, NASCAR commentator ** Kerry O'Keeffe, Australian cricketer, commentator ** GT Devegowda, Indian politician * November 26 ** Shlomo Artzi, Israeli singer ** Juanin Clay, American actress (d. 1995) * November 27 – Marcel Reif, Swiss television sport journalist *

** Alexander Godunov, Russian-born dancer, actor (d. 1995) ** Paul Shaffer, Canadian-American musician ** Siringan Gubat, Malaysian politician (d. 2018) * November 29 ** Jerry Lawler, American professional wrestler and commentator ** Stan Rogers, Canadian musician (d. 1983) ** Garry Shandling, American comedian (d. 2016) * November 30 – Nicholas Woodeson, English actor

December

Retrato Oficial Presidente Piñera 2018 (cropped7)

Sissy Spacek by David Shankbone (cropped)

* December 1 ** Pablo Escobar, Colombian drug lord (d. 1993) ** Sebastián Piñera, Chilean businessman, politician and 36th and 38th President of Chile ** Kurt Schmoke, African-American Dean (education), Dean, Howard University, Howard Law School, Mayor of Baltimore * December 2 – Ron Raines, American actor * December 3 ** John Akii-Bua, Ugandan hurdler (d. 1997) ** Heather Menzies, Canadian-American actress (''The Sound of Music'', ''Logan's Run'') (d. 2017) * December 4 ** Jeff Bridges, American actor ** Pamela Stephenson, New Zealand-born comedian, actress, and singer * December 5 ** Bruce E. Melnick, American astronaut ** Lanny Wadkins, American professional golfer * December 6 ** Doug Marlette, American editorial cartoonist (d. 2007) ** Peter Willey, English cricketer *

** James Rivière, Italian jeweler, designer ** Tom Waits, American singer, composer, and actor ** Cathy Wayne, Australian pop entertainer (d. 1969) * December 8 – Mary Gordon (writer), Mary Gordon, American writer * December 9 ** Eileen Myles, American poet and writer ** :es:Jairo Varela, Jairo Varela, Colombian composer (d. 2012) *

– Dick Cohen, American politician, Minnesota Senate * December 11 – Boris Shcherbakov, Russian-Soviet film actor * December 12 – Bill Nighy, English actor *

** Robert Lindsay (actor), Robert Lindsay, English actor ** Randy Owen, American country lead vocalist, rhythm guitar player ** Tom Verlaine, American rock singer, guitarist *

– Bill Buckner, American baseball player (d. 2019) *

** Don Johnson, American actor (''Miami Vice'') ** Abdul Karim Al-Kabariti, Prime Minister of Jordan *

– Billy Gibbons, American guitarist (ZZ Top) *

** Dušan Mitošević, Serbian football player, manager (d. 2018) ** Paul Rodgers, British rock singer * December 18 – David A. Johnston, American volcanologist (d. 1980) **Blaze Foley, American country singer and songwriter (d. 1989) *

** Carlos Gomes Júnior, Bissau-Guinean politician ** Sebastian (Danish singer), Sebastian, Danish musician * December 20 ** Pauline Robinson Bush, eldest daughter of President of the United States George H. W. Bush and his wife First Lady Barbara Bush (d. 1953) ** Claudia Jennings, American model (d. 1979) * December 21 – Thomas Sankara, 2-Time President of Burkina Faso (d.

) * December 22 ** Michael Bacon (musician), Michael Bacon, American singer-songwriter ** Maurice Gibb, British rock musician (''Bee Gees'') (d. 2003) ** Robin Gibb, British rock musician (''Bee Gees'') (d. 2012) * December 23 – Brian J. O'Neill, Brian O'Neill, American political leader * December 24 – Randy Neugebauer, American politician * December 25 ** Simone Bittencourt de Oliveira, Brazilian singer ** Sissy Spacek, American actress (''Carrie (1976 film), Carrie'') ** Manny Mori, former president of Micronesia ** Joe Louis Walker, American musician ** Nawaz Sharif, Pakistani prime minister * December 26 – José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize * December 27 – Klaus Fischer, German footballer * December 28 ** Barbara De Fina, American film producer ** Sam Katz (Philadelphia), Sam Katz, American politician, Philadelphia * December 29 – Syed Kirmani, Indian cricketer * December 30 – Jerry Coyne, American biologist * December 31 – Ellen Datlow, American science fiction writer

Date unknown

* Michael Houghton (virologist), Michael Houghton, British-born virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine * Boutros Romhein, Syrian sculptor * Bakri Hassan Saleh, 12th prime minister of Sudan

Deaths

January

* January 6 ** Victor Fleming, American director (b. 1889) ** Gennaro Righelli, Italian actor, director and screenwriter (b. 1886) * January 7 ** José Ramos Preto, Portuguese jurist, politician and 75th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1870) ** Suehiko Shiono, Japanese lawyer, politician and cabinet minister (b. 1880) * January 8 – Yoshijirō Umezu, Japanese general (b. 1882) * January 9 ** Tommy Handley, British radio comedian (b. 1892) ** Martin Grabmann, German Catholic priest, mediaevalist and historian (b. 1875) *January 10 - Erich von Drygalski, German geographer (b. 1865) *

– Nelson Doubleday, American publisher (b. 1889) * January 13 – Eduardo Barron, Spanish engineer, pilot (b. 1888) * January 14 ** Juan Bielovucic, Peruvian aviator (b. 1889) ** Harry Stack Sullivan, American psychiatrist (b. 1892) ** Joaquín Turina, Spanish composer (b. 1882) * January 15 – Charles Ponzi, Italian-born American con man (b. 1882) * January 19 – William Wright (actor), William Wright, American actor (b. 1911) * January 21 – Joseph Cawthorn, American actor (b. 1868) * January 22 ** Henry Mond, 2nd Baron Melchett, British industrialist, politician (b. 1898) ** Henry Slocum (tennis), Henry Slocum, American tennis player (b. 1862) * January 23 – Erich Klossowski, German-born Polish historian, painter (b. 1875) *

– Jean-Pierre Wimille, French race car driver (b. 1908) *

– Henri De Vries, Dutch actor (b. 1864)

February

* February 1 – Herbert Stothart, American composer (b. 1885) * February 2 ** Pedro Paulo Bruno, Brazilian painter, singer, poet and landscaper (b. 1888) ** Theodoros Natsinas, Greek teacher (b. 1872) * February 3 – Carlos Obligado, Argentine poet, critic and writer (b. 1889) * February 6 ** Hiroaki Abe, Japanese admiral (b. 1889) **Ulrich Greifelt, German SS general of police (b. 1896) *

** Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry, British politician (b. 1878) ** Francesco Ticciati, Italian composer, pianist, teacher and lecturer (b. 1893) *

– Giovanni Zenatello, Italian opera singer (b. 1876) * February 12 – Hassan al-Banna, Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (b. 1906) (assassinated) * February 14 – Fernand Desprès, French shoemaker, anarchist, journalist and activist (b. 1879) * February 15 ** Charles L. Bartholomew, American cartoonist (b. 1869) ** Patricia Ryan (actress), Patricia Ryan, British-born American actress (b. 1921) * February 16 – Umberto Brunelleschi, Italian artist (b. 1879) * February 18 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora, Spanish lawyer, politician and 6th President of Spain (b. 1877) *

– Fidelio Ponce de León, Cuban painter (b. 1895) * February 21 – Tan Malaka, Indonesian teacher, philosopher, founder of Struggle Union and Murba Party, guerilla and fighter (b. 1897) *

– Félix d'Herelle, French-Canadian microbiologist (b. 1873) * February 25 – Juan Sinforiano Bogarín, Paraguayan clergyman, Roman Catholic archbishop (b. 1863)

March

– Sarojini Naidu, Indian independence activist, poet (b. 1879) * March 3 – Carrie Ashton Johnson, American editor, author (b. 1863) * March 4 – James Rowland Angell, American psychologist and educator (b. 1869) * March 7 – Bradbury Robinson, American who threw the first forward pass in History of American football, American football history (b. 1884) * March 9 – Prince Philip of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1885) * March 10 – Alphonse Hustache, French entomologist (b. 1872) * March 11 ** Anastasios Charalambis, Greek general, interim Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1862) ** Henri Giraud, French general (b. 1879) ** Joan Lamote de Grignon, Spanish pianist, composer (b. 1872) * March 15 – Gheorghe Brăescu, Romanian writer (b. 1871) * March 16 – Leyland Hodgson, British-born American actor (b. 1892) *

– Felix Bressart, German-born American actor (b. 1892) * March 19 – James Somerville, Sir James Somerville, British admiral (b. 1882) *

** Prince August Wilhelm of Prussia (b. 1887) ** Jack Kapp, president of the U.S. branch of ''Decca Records'' (b. 1901) * March 27 ** Elisheva Bikhovski, Soviet-born Israeli poet, writer and translator (b. 1888) *

** Alecu Constantinescu, Romanian trade unionist, journalist and militant (b. 1872) ** Grigoraș Dinicu, Romanian composer (b. 1889) * March 29 ** Inabata Katsutaro, Japanese industrialist, pioneer (b. 1862) ** Helen Homans, American tennis player (b. 1877) *

** Friedrich Bergius, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1884) ** Prince Harald of Denmark (b. 1876)

April

* April 1 – Evelyn Owen, Australian gun designer (b. 1915) * April 2 ** George Graves (actor), George Graves, British comic actor (b. 1876) ** Chandra Mohan (Hindi actor), Chandra Mohan, Indian actor (b. 1906) ** Francesco Pasinetti, Italian director, screenwriter (b. 1911) * April 5 – Hugh Allan (politician), Hugh Allan, Canadian politician (b. 1865) * April 6 – Seymour Hicks, Sir Seymour Hicks, British actor (b. 1871) *

– Mikhail Denisenko, Soviet general (b. 1899) *

– Santiago Alba y Bonifaz, Spanish lawyer, politician (b. 1872) * April 13 – Bernardo Ortiz de Montellano, Mexican poet, literary critic, editor and teacher (b. 1899) *

– Wallace Beery, American actor (b. 1885) * April 16 – Joseph Augustine Cushman, American geologist, paleontologist and foraminiferologist (b. 1881) *

– Will Hay, British comic actor (b. 1888) * April 19 ** Guillermo Buitrago, Colombian composer (b. 1920) ** Ulrich Salchow, Swedish figure skater (b. 1877) * April 22 – Charles Middleton (actor), Charles Middleton, American actor (b. 1874) * April 27 – Patrick Lyons (bishop of Kilmore), Patrick Lyons, Irish Roman Catholic prelate, reverend (b. 1875) *

** Ponciano Bernardo, Filipino engineer, politician (b. 1905) **

(shot) (b. 1888) ** Robert Robertson (chemist), Sir Robert Robertson, British chemist (b. 1869) ** Hla Thaung, Burmese battalion leader ** Fabian Ware, Sir Fabian Ware, British founder of the Imperial War Graves Commission (b. 1869) * April 29 ** Johann Jakob Hess, Swiss Egyptologist, Assyriologist (b. 1866) ** Kaarle Knuutila, Finnish farmer, politician (b. 1868)

May

** Josep Maria Jujol, Andorran architect (b. 1879) ** Gheorghe Petrașcu, Romanian painter (b. 1872) *

– Valerio Bacigalupo, Italian goalkeeper (b. 1924) *

– Hideo Nagata, Japanese poet, playwright (b. 1885) *

** Stanisław Grabski, Polish economist, politician (b. 1871) ** Kunihiko Hashimoto, Japanese composer (b. 1904) ** Maurice Maeterlinck, Belgian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature laureate (b. 1862) *

– Louis II, Prince of Monaco (b. 1870) * May 10 – Emilio de Gogorza, American baritone (b. 1872) * May 13 – Sawnie R. Aldredge, American attorney, judge (b. 1890) * May 19 – Paul Schultze-Naumburg, German architect, painter, publicist and politician (b. 1869) *

– Damaskinos of Athens, Archbishop of Athens, 57th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1891) * May 21 – Klaus Mann, German writer (b. 1906) *

** Sir Douglas Alexander, 1st Baronet, British-born Canadian industrialist (b. 1864) **

, U.S. Secretary of Navy and Defense (b. 1892) ** Hans Pfitzner, German composer (b. 1869) *

– Jan Frans De Boever, Belgian painter (b. 1872) * May 27 – Robert Ripley, American creator of ''Ripley's Believe It or Not!'' (b. 1890) * May 30 – Igor Belkovich, Soviet astronomer (b. 1904) * Date unknown – Abd Allah Siraj, Prime Minister of Jordan (b. c. 1876)

June

* June 3 – Carlo Angela, Italian doctor (b. 1875) *

** Naguib el-Rihani, Egyptian actor (b. 1889) ** Virgilia, Mother Abbess, German Roman Catholic nun and saint (b. 1869) * June 9 – Maria Cebotari, Romanian soprano, actress (b. 1910) * June 10 ** Filippo Silvestri, Italian entomologist (b. 1873) ** Sigrid Undset, Norwegian writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1882) ** Carl Vaugoin, Austrian politician, 8th Chancellor of Austria (b. 1873) * June 11 – Giovanni Gioviale, Italian composer (b. 1885) * June 12 – Maria Candida of the Eucharist, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1884) *

– Russell Doubleday, American author, publisher (b. 1872) * June 22 – Robert Boudrioz, French screenwriter, director (b. 1887) *

– Themistoklis Sofoulis, Greek politician, 3-time Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1860) * June 25 – Buck Freeman, American baseball player (b. 1871)

July

* July 2 – Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgarian Communist leader, politician and 32nd Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1882) * July 9 – Fritz Hart, British composer (b. 1874) *

– Corneliu Dragalina, Romanian general (b. 1887) * July 12 – Douglas Hyde, Irish academic, linguist and scholar, 1st President of Ireland (b. 1860) *

** Anastasios Dalipis, Greek army officer, politician (b. 1896) ** Eva Hubback, British feminist (b. 1886) * July 18 ** Ted Alley, Australian footballer (b. 1881) ** Francisco Javier Arana, Guatemala army officer (b. 1905) ** Vítězslav Novák, Czech composer (b. 1870) * July 21 – Cesare Formichi, Italian baritone (b. 1883) * July 23 – Masaharu Anesaki, Japanese scholar (b. 1873) *

** Nils Östensson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (b. 1918) ** Ada Baker, Australian soprano, singing teacher and vaudeville star (b. 1866) * July 26 – Linda Arvidson, American actress (b. 1884) *

** Ellery Harding Clark, American Olympic athlete (b. 1874) ** Maxey Dell Moody, American businessman and founder of M. D. Moody & Sons, Inc. (b. 1883) * July 29 – József Koszta, Hungarian painter (b. 1861) *

** Stoyan Danev, 13th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1858) ** Albin Andersson, Swedish farmer, manager and politician (b. 1873) ** Vicenta Chávez Orozco, Mexican Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1867) *

– Alfred Bashford, English cricketer (b. 1881)

August

* August 3 – Ignotus, Hungarian editor, writer (b. 1869) * August 4 – Liberato Pinto, 78th prime minister of Portugal (b. 1880) *

– Ernest Fourneau, French chemist, pharmacologist (b. 1872) * August 9 ** Gustavus M. Blech, German-born American physician, surgeon (b. 1870) ** Harry Davenport (actor), Harry Davenport, American actor (b. 1866) ** G. E. M. Skues, British inventor of nymph fly fishing (b. 1858) ** Edward Thorndike, American psychologist (b. 1874) *

– Homer Burton Adkins, American chemist (b. 1892) *

** George Cross (actor), George Cross, Australian actor, director (b. c.1873) ** Al Shean, German-born actor (b. 1868) *

** Muhsin al-Barazi, Syrian academic, lawyer, politician and 24th Prime Minister of Syria (b. 1904) ** Husni al-Za'im, Syrian military man, politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Syria and 9th President of Syria (b. 1897) * August 16 ** Ramon Briones Luco, Chilean lawyer, politician (b. 1872) ** Margaret Mitchell, American writer (''Gone with the Wind (novel), Gone With the Wind'') (b. 1900) * August 17 – Gregorio Perfecto, Filipino jurist, politician (b. 1891) * August 18 – Paul Mares, American musician (b. 1900) * August 20 – Ludwig Halberstädter, German-born Israeli radiologist (b. 1876) * August 22 – Amado Aguirre Santiago, Mexican general, politician (b. 1863) * August 23 ** Domingo Díaz Arosemena, Panamian politician, 12th President of Panama (b. 1875) **Herbert Greenfield, Canadian politician, 4th Premier of Alberta (b. 1869) * August 27 ** Abdulkerim Abbas, Chinese politician (b. 1921) ** Uemura Shōen, Japanese artist (b. 1875) *

– Franciszek Latinik, Polish general (b. 1864) * August 30 ** Arthur Fielder, English cricketer (b. 1877) ** Hans Kindler, American cellist, conductor (b. 1892) ** Sevasti Qiriazi, Albanian educator, women's rights activist (b. 1871)

September

* September 7 – José Clemente Orozco, Mexican painter (b. 1883) * September 8 – Richard Strauss, German composer (''Also Sprach Zarathustra'') (b. 1864) * September 10 – Wiley Blount Rutledge, U.S. Supreme Court Justice (b. 1894) * September 12 ** Harry Burleigh, American composer (b. 1866) ** Erik Adolf von Willebrand, Finnish physician (b. 1870) *

** José Ignacio Cárdenas, Venezuelan diplomat, physician (b. 1874) ** August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1874) * September 14 ** Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen, German Resistance figure (b. 1901) ** Pandeli Evangjeli, Albanian politician, 7th Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1859) * September 15 – Heinie Beckendorf, American baseball catcher (b. 1884) * September 16 – Hallie Quinn Brown, African-American educator, writer and activist (b. 1849) * September 18 – Frank Morgan, American actor (b. 1890) * September 19 ** Will Cuppy, American humorist (b. 1884) ** George Shiels, Irish writer (b. 1886) ** Nikos Skalkottas, Greek composer (b. 1901) * September 20 – Richard Dix, American actor (b. 1893) * September 22 – Sam Wood, American director (b. 1883) * September 24 – Pierre de Bréville, French composer (b. 1861) *

– Peter Nielsen (actor), Peter Nielsen, Danish actor (b. 1876) * September 27 – David Adler (architect), David Adler, American architect (b. 1882) * September 28 ** Archbishop Chrysanthus of Athens (b. 1881) ** Émile Eddé, 4th prime minister, 3rd president of Lebanon (b. 1886)

October

** Nykyta Budka, Soviet Roman Catholic bishop, martyr and blessed (b. 1877) ** Buddy Clark, American pop singer (b. 1912) *

– Luis Armiñán Pérez, Spanish politician (b. 1871) * October 4 – Federico Beltrán Masses, Spanish painter (b. 1885) * October 5 – Yoshio Kodaira, Japanese rapist, serial killer (executed) (b. 1905) * October 6 ** Metropolitan Timotheos of Australia, Greek Orthodox priest, bishop (b. 1880) ** Robert Wilson Lynd, Irish journalist and writer (b. 1879) *

– Matiu Ratana, New Zealand politician (b. 1912) * October 8 – Gheorghe Mironescu, Romanian politician, 33rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1874) * October 9 – Emanuele Foà, Italian engineer, physicist (b. 1892) *

** Fritz Leiber (Sr.), Fritz Leiber, American actor (b. 1882) ** Roman Lysko, Soviet Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox priest, martyr and blessed (b. 1914) * October 15 ** Elmer Clifton, American actor, director (b. 1890) **

, Hungarian Communist politician, former Foreign Minister (executed) (b. 1909) ** Jacques Copeau, French actor, producer, director and dramatist (b. 1879) *

– Aurel Aldea, Romanian general and politician (b. 1887) * October 21 – Laura of Saint Catherine of Siena, Colombian Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1874) * October 22 – Craig Reynolds (actor), Craig Reynolds, American actor (b. 1907) * October 23 ** Almanzo Wilder, American writer, husband of Laura Ingalls Wilder (b. 1857) ** John Robert Clynes, British trade unionist, Labour politician (b. 1869) * October 27 ** František Halas, Czechoslovakian essayist, poet and translator (b. 1901) **

, French violinist (b. 1919) * October 28 ** Marcel Cerdan, French professional boxer (killed in plane crash) (b. 1916) ** Patriarch Guregh Israelian of Jerusalem (b. 1894) * October 29 **George Gurdjieff, Soviet spiritual teacher (b. 1866) ** Chikuhei Nakajima, Japanese naval officer, engineer, and politician, founder of the Nakajima Aircraft Company (b. 1884) * October 31 ** Jindřich Bišický, Czechoslovakian author (b. 1889) ** Lorenzo Massa, Argentine Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1882) ** Edward Stettinius, Jr., U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1900)

November

* November – María Josepha Sophia de Iturbide, head of the Imperial House of Mexico (b. 1872) * November 3 ** William Desmond (actor), William Desmond, Irish actor (b. 1878) ** Solomon R. Guggenheim, American philanthropist (b. 1861) * November 4 – Walther von Bonstetten, Swiss Boy Scout Association member (b. 1867) * November 5 – Abdolhossein Hazhir, 54th Prime Minister of Iran (b. 1899) * November 8 – August Hagenbach, Swiss physicist (b. 1871) * November 11 ** Mun Bhuridatta, Thai Buddhist monk (b. 1870) ** Prince Carlos of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (b. 1870) ** Ignatius Stelletskii, Soviet archaeologist, historian and researcher (b. 1878) * November 12 - Walter Buch, German SS general (b. 1883) *

–

, assassin of Mohandas Gandhi (b. 1910), and his accomplice,

(b. 1911) * November 19 – James Ensor, Belgian painter (b. 1860) * November 23 – Prince Ludwig Ferdinand of Bavaria (b. 1859) * November 25 ** Mizuno Rentarō, Japanese statesman, politician and cabinet minister (b. 1868) ** Bill Robinson, African-American dancer (b. 1878) * November 27 ** Charles F. Haanel, American New Thought author and businessman (b. 1866) ** Vincenzo Irolli, Italian painter (b. 1860) ** Martin Benno Schmidt, German pathologist (b. 1863) * November 30 – Dame Irene Vanbrugh, British actress (b. 1872)

December

* December 3 ** Philip Barry, American playwright (b. 1896) ** Maria Ouspenskaya, Soviet actress, acting teacher (b. 1876) * December 5 – Arthur Bedford, British navy officer (b. 1881) * December 6 ** Lead Belly, African-American blues musician (b. 1888) ** José María Zeledón Brenes, Costa Rican politician, poet, writer and journalist (b. 1877) *

** Rex Beach, American novelist, playwright and Olympic water polo player (b. 1877) ** Stanislas Blanchard, Canadian politician (b. 1871) * December 8 – George Barnes (Australian politician), George Barnes, Australian businessman, politician (b. 1856) * December 11 ** Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, Indian philosopher (b. 1875) ** Marian Grzybowski, Polish dermatologist (b. 1895) *

** Sidney Olcott, Canadian film director (b. 1873) ** Lee White (actor), Lee White, American actor (b. 1888) * December 22 – Manuel Camus, Filipino lawyer, politician (b. 1875) * December 23 ** Arthur Eichengrün, German chemist (b. 1867) ** Felix Kaufmann, Austrian-born American philosopher (b. 1895) * December 24 – Gertrude Bacon, British aeronautical pioneer (b. 1874) * December 25 – Leon Schlesinger, American producer, filmmaker (b. 1884) * December 26 – Julius Brandt, Austrian actor (b. 1873) * December 27 – Antoni Ponikowski, Polish academician, politician and 7th Prime Minister of Poland (b. 1878) * December 28 ** Hervey Allen, American author (b. 1889) ** Jack Lovelock, New Zealand Olympic athlete (b. 1910) * December 30 – Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe (b. 1871) * December 31 ** Josef Maria Auchentaller, Austrian architect, painter, draftsman and printmaker (b. 1865) ** Raimond Valgre, Estonian composer, musician (b. 1913)

Date unknown

* Constantin Atanasescu, Romanian general (b. 1885) * Abd Allah Siraj, Prime Minister of Jordan (b. 1876) * Ernest Spybuck, Native American artist (b. 1883) * Zhang Haipeng, Chinese and Manchukuoan general (executed) (b. 1867)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Yukawa Hideki * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – William Francis Giauque * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Walter Rudolf Hess and António Caetano de Abreu Freire Egas Moniz * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – William Faulkner * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – John Boyd Orr

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1949 1949,