Events

Below, the events of

World War I World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...

have the "WWI" prefix.

January

* January 9 – WWI –

Battle of Rafa The Battle of Rafa, also known as the Action of Rafah, fought on 9 January 1917, was the third and final battle to complete the recapture of the Sinai Peninsula by British forces during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the First World War. T ...

: The last substantial

Ottoman Army The military of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire. Army The military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the ...

garrison on the

Sinai Peninsula The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (now usually ) (, , cop, Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is ...

is captured by the

Egyptian Expeditionary Force The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning ...

Desert Column The Desert Column was a First World War British Empire army corps which operated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 22 December 1916.There is no war diary for Desert Column for December. See The Column was commanded by Lieutenant General ...

. * January 10 –

Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing ...

: Seven survivors of the

Ross Sea party The Ross Sea party was a component of Sir Ernest Shackleton's 1914–1917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Its task was to lay a series of supply depots across the Great Ice Barrier from the Ross Sea to the Beardmore Glacier, along the polar ...

were rescued after being stranded for several months. *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...

– Unknown saboteurs set off the Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland (modern-day

Lyndhurst, New Jersey Lyndhurst is a township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 20,554, reflecting an increase of 1,171 (+6.0%) from the 19,383 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn ...

), one of the events leading to United States involvement in WWI. * January 16 – The

Danish West Indies The Danish West Indies ( da, Dansk Vestindien) or Danish Antilles or Danish Virgin Islands were a Danish colony in the Caribbean, consisting of the islands of Saint Thomas with ; Saint John ( da, St. Jan) with ; and Saint Croix with . The ...

is sold to the United States for $25 million. * January 22 – WWI: United States President

Woodrow Wilson Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...

calls for "peace without victory" in Germany. * January 25 ** WWI: British

armed merchantman An armed merchantman is a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail, piracy and privateers, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in lo ...

is sunk by mines off

Lough Swilly Lough Swilly () in Ireland is a glacial fjord or sea inlet lying between the western side of the Inishowen Peninsula and the Fanad Peninsula, in County Donegal. Along with Carlingford Lough and Killary Harbour it is one of three glacial fjords ...

(Ireland), with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard. ** An anti- prostitution drive in

San Francisco San Francisco (; Spanish for " Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the fourth most populous in California and 17th ...

occurs, and police close about 200 prostitution houses. *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. *1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of Tren ...

– The sea defences at the English village of

Hallsands Hallsands is a village and beach in south Devon, England, in a precarious position between cliffs and the sea, between Beesands to the north and Start Point to the south. History The early history of Hallsands is unknown, but a chapel has exi ...

are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable. *

January 28 Events Pre-1600 * 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany. * 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession ...

– The United States ends its search for

Pancho Villa Francisco "Pancho" Villa (, Orozco rebelled in March 1912, both for Madero's continuing failure to enact land reform and because he felt insufficiently rewarded for his role in bringing the new president to power. At the request of Madero's c ...

. * January 30 – Pershing's troops in

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

begin withdrawing back to the United States. They reach

Columbus, New Mexico Columbus is a village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States, about north of the Mexican border. It is considered a place of historical interest, as the scene of a 1916 attack by Mexican revolutionary leader Francisco "Pancho" Villa that cau ...

February 5.

February

* February 1 – WWI: Atlantic U-boat Campaign:

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

announces its

U-boat U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...

s will resume

unrestricted submarine warfare Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules") that call for warships to s ...

, rescinding the ' ''Sussex'' Pledge'. * February 3 – WWI: The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany. * February 13 **

Mata Hari Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle; 7 August 187615 October 1917), better known by the stage name Mata Hari (), was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy for Germany during World War I. She was executed ...

is arrested in Paris for spying. ** WWI – Raid on Nekhl: Units of the

completely reoccupy the

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

ian Sinai Peninsula. *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 *452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. *1440 – The Pru ...

– British

troopship A troopship (also troop ship or troop transport or trooper) is a ship used to carry soldiers, either in peacetime or wartime. Troopships were often drafted from commercial shipping fleets, and were unable land troops directly on shore, typicall ...

is accidentally rammed and sunk off the

Isle of Wight The Isle of Wight ( ) is a Counties of England, county in the English Channel, off the coast of Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Solent. It is the List of islands of England#Largest islands, largest and List of islands of England#Mo ...

, killing 646, mainly members of the

South African Native Labour Corps The South African Native Labour Corps (SANLC) was a force of workers formed in 1916 in response to a British request for workers at French ports. About 25,000 South Africans joined the Corps. The SANLC was utilized in various menial noncombat tas ...

. * February 24 – WWI:

Walter Hines Page Walter Hines Page (August 15, 1855 – December 21, 1918) was an American journalist, publisher, and diplomat. He was the United States ambassador to the United Kingdom during World War I. He founded the ''State Chronicle'', a newspaper in Rale ...

, United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, is shown the intercepted Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico, if Mexico will take sides with Germany, in case the United States declares war on Germany.

March

March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...

** WWI: The U.S. government releases the text of the Zimmermann Telegram to the public. ** Ōmuta, Japan, is founded by Hiroushi Miruku. *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...

– The enactment of the Jones Act grants Puerto Ricans United States citizenship. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...

is sworn in for a second term, as President of the United States. **

Jeannette Rankin Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) was an American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States in 1917. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representa ...

Montana Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columb ...

becomes the first woman member of the

United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...

. * March 7 – "

Livery Stable Blues "Livery Stable Blues" is a jazz composition copyrighted by Ray Lopez ''(né'' Raymond Edward Lopez; 1889–1979) and Alcide Nunez in 1917. It was recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band on February 26, 1917, and, with the A side " Dixieland ...

", recorded with "Dixie Jazz Band One Step" on February 26, by the

Original Dixieland Jass Band The Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) was a Dixieland jazz band that made the first jazz recordings in early 1917. Their " Livery Stable Blues" became the first jazz record ever issued. The group composed and recorded many jazz standards, the ...

in the United States, becomes the first

jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a m ...

recording commercially released. On

August 17 Events Pre-1600 *309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike. * 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate. * 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...

the band records "

Tiger Rag "Tiger Rag" is a jazz standard that was recorded and copyrighted by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917. It is one of the most recorded jazz compositions. In 2003, the 1918 recording of "Tiger Rag" was entered into the U.S. Library of Cong ...

". *

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''. *1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bou ...

– (N.S.) ( February 23, O.S.) – The February Revolution begins in Russia: Women calling for bread in Petrograd start riots, which spontaneously spread throughout the city. *

March 10 Events Pre-1600 * 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end. * 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a ...

– The Province of

Batangas Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas ( tl, Lalawigan ng Batangas ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. Its capital is the city of Batangas, and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and La ...

is formally founded, as one of the

Philippines The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no), * bik, Republika kan Filipinas * ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas * cbk, República de Filipinas * hil, Republ ...

' first encomiendas. *

March 11 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...

– Mexican Revolution:

Venustiano Carranza José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a Februa ...

is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives ''

de jure In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...

'' recognition of his government. * March 12 – The Russian

Duma A duma (russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions. The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were for ...

declares a

Provisional Government A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or ...

. It was dissolved 4 months later. * March 14 – WWI: The Republic of China terminates diplomatic relations with Germany. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 *474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odo ...

(N.S.) (

, O.S.) – Emperor

Nicholas II of Russia Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Polan ...

abdicates his throne and his son's claims. This is considered to be the end of the

Russian Empire The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...

, after 196 years. *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang. *1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...

(N.S.) (

March 3 Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan. * 1575 & ...

, O.S.) – Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia refuses the throne, and power passes to the newly formed Provisional Government, under Prince Georgy Lvov. * March 25 – The

Georgian Orthodox Church The Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამოციქულო ავტოკეფალური მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია, tr), commonly ...

restores the autocephaly, abolished by Imperial Russia in

1811 Events January–March * January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana. * January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Br ...

. *

March 26 Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...

– WWI –

First Battle of Gaza The First Battle of Gaza was fought on 26 March 1917 during the first attempt by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), which was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from th ...

: British

troops virtually encircle the Gaza garrison, but are then ordered to withdraw, leaving the city to the Ottoman defenders. *

March 30 Events Pre-1600 * 598 – Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague. *1282 &ndash ...

–

Hjalmar Hammarskjöld Knut Hjalmar Leonard Hammarskjöld (; 4 February 1862 – 12 October 1953) was a Swedish politician, scholar, cabinet minister, Member of Parliament from 1923 to 1938 (first chamber), and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917. In 1890, he m ...

steps down as

Prime Minister of Sweden The prime minister ( sv, statsminister ; literally translating to "Minister of State") is the head of government of Sweden. The prime minister and their cabinet (the government) exercise executive authority in the Kingdom of Sweden and are su ...

; he is replaced by right-wing businessman and politician Carl Swartz. * March 31 – The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the

US Virgin Islands The United States Virgin Islands,. Also called the ''American Virgin Islands'' and the ''U.S. Virgin Islands''. officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory ...

, after paying $25 million to Denmark.

April

* April – ''

Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki was once considered to be the first professional Japanese animated film ever made. It was made by Ōten Shimokawa in 1917 to be shown in a cinema, in this case, in the Asakusa Kinema Kurabu, a theater in Tokyo managed directly by the film compa ...

'', the first

anime is hand-drawn and computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside of Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, in Japan and in Japanese, (a term derived from a shortening of ...

, is released in Japan. *

April 2 Events Pre-1600 * 1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. J ...

– WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

for a declaration of war on Germany. *

April 6 Events Pre–1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus. * 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia. *13 ...

– WWI: The United States declares war on Germany. * April 8 (N.S.) (

, O.S.) – In Petrograd, 40,000 ethnic

Estonians Estonians or Estonian people ( et, eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia who speak the Estonian language. The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to oth ...

demand

national autonomy In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ...

within

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-eig ...

. *

April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...

– May 16 – WWI: Battle of Arras – British Empire troops make a significant advance on the Western Front but are unable to achieve a breakthrough. *

– 12 – WWI: Canadian troops win the Battle of Vimy Ridge. *

April 10 Events Pre-1600 * 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople. * 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles). * 140 ...

–

Eddystone explosion On April 10, 1917, four days after the United States declared war on Germany, an explosion at the Eddystone Ammunition Corporation's artillery shell plant in Eddystone, Pennsylvania, killed 139 people. The majority were women and girls who worke ...

: an explosion at an ammunition plant near

Chester, Pennsylvania Chester is a city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area, it is the only city in Delaware County and had a population of 32,605 as of the 2020 census. Incorporated in 1682, Chester i ...

, kills 139, mostly female workers. *

April 11 Events Pre-1600 * 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I. *1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi. *1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferrare ...

– WWI:

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

severs diplomatic relations with Germany. *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...

(N.S.) (

O.S.) – The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is formed within

, from the

Governorate of Estonia The Governorate of Estonia, also known as the Governorate of Esthonia (Pre-reformed rus, Эстля́ндская губе́рнія, r=Estlyandskaya guberniya); et, Eestimaa kubermang was a governorate in the Baltic region, along with the ...

and the northern part of the

Governorate of Livonia The Governorate of Livonia, also known as the Livonia Governorate, was a Baltic governorate of the Russian Empire, now divided between Latvia and Estonia. Geography The shape of the province is a fairly rectangular in shape, with a maximum ...

. *

April 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1457 BC – Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. * 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide. * 73 – Masad ...

** (N.S.) (

April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. *1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. *1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. * ...

, O.S.) –

Vladimir Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 1 ...

arrives at the

Finland Station St Petersburg–Finlyandsky (russian: Станция Санкт-Петербург-Финля́ндский ''Stantsiya Sankt-Peterburg-Finlyandskiy'', in spoken language usually just russian: Финля́ндский вокзал ''Finlyandskiy ...

in Petrograd. ** WWI: The

Nivelle Offensive The Nivelle offensive (16 April – 9 May 1917) was a Franco-British operation on the Western Front in the First World War which was named after General Robert Nivelle, the commander-in-chief of the French metropolitan armies, who led the offensi ...

commences. *

April 17 Events Pre-1600 *1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. *1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...

** (N.S.) ( April 4, O.S.) –

April Theses The April Theses (russian: апрельские тезисы, transliteration: ') were a series of ten directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his April 1917 return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland via Germany ...

are published. They become very influential in the following

July Days The July Days (russian: Июльские дни) were a period of unrest in Petrograd, Russia, between . It was characterised by spontaneous armed demonstrations by soldiers, sailors, and industrial workers engaged against the Russian Provisi ...

and

Bolshevik Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment ...

. ** WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the

Second Battle of Gaza The Second Battle of Gaza was fought on 17-19 April 1917, following the defeat of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) at the First Battle of Gaza in March, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. Gaza was defended by ...

. This unsuccessful frontal attack on strong Ottoman defences along with the first battle, results in 10,000 casualties, the dismissal of force commander General

Archibald Murray General Sir Archibald James Murray, (23 April 1860 – 21 January 1945) was a British Army officer who served in the Second Boer War and the First World War. He was Chief of Staff to the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in August 1914 but ...

, and the beginning of the Stalemate in Southern Palestine. ** ''

The Times ''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper '' The Sunday Times'' (f ...

'' and the '' Daily Mail'' (London newspapers both owned by

Lord Northcliffe Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe (15 July 1865 – 14 August 1922), was a British newspaper and publishing magnate. As owner of the ''Daily Mail'' and the ''Daily Mirror'', he was an early developer of popular journal ...

) print

atrocity propaganda Atrocity propaganda is the spreading of information about the crimes committed by an enemy, which can be factual, but often includes or features deliberate fabrications or exaggerations. This can involve photographs, videos, illustrations, intervie ...

of the supposed existence of a German Corpse Factory processing dead soldiers' bodies. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 * AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persi ...

– WWI: Army transport fires the United States' first shots in anger in the war when her gun crew drives off a German

in the

English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...

seven miles southeast of

Beachy Head Beachy Head is a chalk headland in East Sussex, England. It is situated close to Eastbourne, immediately east of the Seven Sisters. Beachy Head is located within the administrative area of Eastbourne Borough Council which owns the land, formi ...

. *

April 26 Events Pre-1600 * 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux. *1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe. * 1 ...

– WWI: The

Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne The Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne was an agreement between France, Italy and Great Britain, which emanated from a conference in a railway car at Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne on 19 April 1917 and signed by the allies between 18 August and 26 Sept ...

, between France, Italy and the United Kingdom, to settle interests in the Middle East, is signed.

May

May 3 Events Pre-1600 * 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne. * 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties. ...

– WWI: 1917 French Army mutinies begin. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...

– WWI: The

is abandoned. *

May 13 Events Pre-1600 *1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''. * 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...

– Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future Pope Pius XII, is consecrated Archbishop by

Pope Benedict XV Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His ...

. *

–

October 13 Events Pre-1600 * 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina. * 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the P ...

(at monthly intervals) – 10-year-old Lúcia Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto report experiencing a series of

Marian apparition A Marian apparition is a reported supernatural appearance by Mary, the mother of Jesus, or a series of related such appearances during a period of time. In the Catholic Church, in order for a reported appearance to be classified as a Marian a ...

s near

Fátima, Portugal Fátima () is a city in the municipality of Ourém and district of Santarém in the Central Region of Portugal, with 71.29 km2 of area and 13,212 inhabitants (2021). The homonymous civil parish encompasses several villages and localities o ...

, which become known as Our Lady of Fátima. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...

–

Robert Nivelle Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 – 22 March 1924) was a French artillery general officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion and the First World War. In May 1916, he succeeded Philippe Pétain as commander of the French Second Army in th ...

is replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the

French Army The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (french: Armée de Terre, ), is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed Force ...

, by

Philippe Pétain Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), commonly known as Philippe Pétain (, ) or Marshal Pétain (french: Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of Worl ...

. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of ...

– WWI: The Selective Service Act passes the

, giving the

President President most commonly refers to: *President (corporate title) * President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

the power of conscription. *

May 21 Events Pre-1600 * 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as ''Caesar'' to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy. * 878 – Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabi ...

– Over 300 acres (73 blocks) are destroyed in the

Great Atlanta fire of 1917 The Great Atlanta Fire of 1917 began just after noon on 21 May 1917 in the Old Fourth Ward of Atlanta, Georgia. It is unclear just how the fire started, but it was fueled by hot temperatures and strong winds which propelled the fire. The fire, ...

in the United States. *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. * 1 ...

**The Commissioned Officer Corps of the

U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system, providing the foundation for transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and a large number of applications ...

is established. **

Ell Persons Ell Persons was a black man who was lynched on 22 May 1917, after he was accused of having raped and decapitated a 15-year-old white girl, Antoinette Rappel, in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. He was arrested and was awaiting trial when he was ...

is lynched in Memphis, in connection with the rape and murder of 16-year-old Antoinette Rappal. *

May 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction. *1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy. * 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...

** A month of civil violence in

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...

, Italy ends, after the Italian army forcibly takes over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries; 50 people are killed and 800 arrested. ** WWI: During the Stalemate in Southern Palestine the Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway, by the British

, large sections of the railway line linking

Beersheba Beersheba or Beer Sheva, officially Be'er-Sheva ( he, בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, ''Bəʾēr Ševaʿ'', ; ar, بئر السبع, Biʾr as-Sabʿ, Well of the Oath or Well of the Seven), is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. ...

to the main Ottoman desert base are destroyed. *

May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire tak ...

– A

tornado A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, altho ...

strikes

Mattoon, Illinois Mattoon ( ) is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States. The population was 16,870 as of the 2020 census. The city is home to Lake Land College and has close ties with its neighbor, Charleston. Both are principal cities of the Charleston� ...

, causing devastation and killing 101 people. * May 27 – WWI: 1917 French Army mutinies: Over 30,000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches at Missy-aux-Bois. * May 27 –

promulgates the 1917 ''Code of Canon Law''.

June

June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. * 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed k ...

– 1917 French Army mutinies: A French infantry regiment seizes Missy-aux-Bois, and declares an anti-war military government. Other French army troops soon apprehend them. *

June 4 Events Pre-1600 *1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries. * 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...

– The first Pulitzer Prizes are awarded:

Laura E. Richards Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards (February 27, 1850 – January 14, 1943) was an American writer. She wrote more than 90 books including biographies, poetry, and several for children. One well-known children's poem is her literary nonsense verse " ...

Maud Howe Elliott Maud Howe Elliott (November 9, 1854 – March 19, 1948) was an American novelist, most notable for her Pulitzer prize-winning collaboration with her sisters, Laura E. Richards and Florence Hall, on their mother's biography ''The Life of Julia Wa ...

and Florence Hall receive the first

Pulitzer Pulitzer may refer to: *Joseph Pulitzer, a 20th century media magnate * Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award *Pulitzer (surname) * Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain *Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-pr ...

for a biography, (for ''

Julia Ward Howe Julia Ward Howe (; May 27, 1819 – October 17, 1910) was an American author and poet, known for writing the " Battle Hymn of the Republic" and the original 1870 pacifist Mother's Day Proclamation. She was also an advocate for abolitionism ...

'').

Jean Jules Jusserand Jean Adrien Antoine Jules Jusserand (18 February 1855 – 18 July 1932) was a French author and diplomat. He was the French Ambassador to the United States 1903-1925 and played a major diplomatic role during World War I. Birth and education ...

receives the first

for history, for his work ''With Americans of Past and Present Days.''

Herbert Bayard Swope Herbert Bayard Swope Sr. (; January 5, 1882 – June 20, 1958) was an American editor, journalist and intimate of the Algonquin Round Table. Swope spent most of his career at the ''New York World.'' He was the first and three-time recipient of t ...

receives the first

for journalism, for his work for the ''

New York World The ''New York World'' was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers. It was a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under pub ...

.'' * June 5 – WWI: Conscription begins in the United States. *

June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir as an independent state. * 1002 – Henr ...

– WWI: Battle of Messines opens with the British Army detonating 24

ammonal Ammonal is an explosive made up of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder, not to be confused with T-ammonal which contains trinitrotoluene as well to increase properties such as brisance. The mixture is often referred to as Tannerite, which is ...

mines under the German lines, killing 10,000 in the deadliest deliberate non-nuclear man-made explosion in history. *

June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...

– Speculator Mine disaster: A fire at the Granite Mountain and Speculator ore mine, outside Butte, Montana, kills at least 168 workers. *

June 11 Events Pre-1600 * 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...

– King Constantine I of Greece abdicates for the first time, being succeeded by his son

Alexander Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history. Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...

. *

June 13 Events Pre-1600 * 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia. * 1325 – Ibn Battuta ...

– WWI: The first major German bombing raid on London by fixed-wing aircraft leaves 162 dead and 432 injured. *

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

– The United States enacts the

Espionage Act The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law enacted on June 15, 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code (War ...

July

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the mont ...

– The first Cottingley Fairies photographs are taken in

Yorkshire Yorkshire ( ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a historic county in northern England and by far the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its large area in comparison with other English counties, functions have ...

, England, apparently depicting fairies (a hoax not admitted by the child creators until

1981 Events January * January 1 ** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union. ** Palau becomes a self-governing territory. * January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...

). * July 1 ** East St. Louis riot: A labor dispute ignites a race riot in

East St. Louis, Illinois East St. Louis is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois. It is directly across the Mississippi River from Downtown St. Louis, Missouri and the Gateway Arch National Park. East St. Louis is in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois. Once a b ...

, which leaves 250 dead. ** Russian General Brusilov begins the major Kerensky Offensive in Galicia, initially advancing towards Lemberg. *

July 2 Events Pre-1600 * 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome. * 626 – Li Shimin, t ...

– WWI: Greece joins the war on the side of the Allies. *

July 6 Events Pre-1600 * 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility. * 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt ...

– WWI: **

Battle of Aqaba The Battle of Aqaba (6 July 1917) was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan) during the Arab Revolt of World War I. The attacking forces, led by Sherif Nasir and Auda abu Tayi and advised by T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), ...

: Arabian troops, led by

T. E. Lawrence Thomas Edward Lawrence (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918 ...

, capture

Aqaba Aqaba (, also ; ar, العقبة, al-ʿAqaba, al-ʿAgaba, ) is the only coastal city in Jordan and the largest and most populous city on the Gulf of Aqaba. Situated in southernmost Jordan, Aqaba is the administrative centre of the Aqaba Govern ...

from the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

. ** The Conscription Crisis of 1917 in Canada leads to passage of the Military Service Act. *

July 7 Events Pre-1600 * 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks. * 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution. * 1520 – Spanish ''conquistad ...

– The

Lions Clubs International The International Association of Lions Clubs, more commonly known as Lions Clubs International, is an international non-political service organization established originally in 1916 in Chicago, Illinois, by Melvin Jones. It is now headquartere ...

is formed in the United States. * July 8– 13 – WWI – First Battle of Ramadi: British troops fail to take

Ramadi Ramadi ( ar, ٱلرَّمَادِي ''Ar-Ramādī''; also formerly rendered as ''Rumadiyah'' or ''Rumadiya'') is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah. It is the capital and largest city of Al Anbar Governorate w ...

from the Ottoman Empire; a majority of British casualties are due to extreme heat. *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II o ...

–

Bisbee Deportation The Bisbee Deportation was the illegal kidnapping and deportation of about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders by 2,000 members of a deputized posse, who arrested them beginning on July 12, 1917, in Bisbee, A ...

: The

Phelps Dodge Phelps Dodge Corporation was an American mining company founded in 1834 as an import-export firm by Anson Greene Phelps and his two sons-in-law William Earle Dodge, Sr. and Daniel James. The latter two ran Phelps, James & Co., the part of the o ...

Corporation deports over 1,000 suspected

IWW The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members of which are commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international labor union that was founded in Chicago in 1905. The origin of the nickname "Wobblies" is uncertain. IWW ideology combines general ...

members from

Bisbee, Arizona Bisbee is a city in and the county seat of Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, United States. It is southeast of Tucson and north of the Mexican border. According to the 2020 census, the population of the town was 4,923, down from 5,575 ...

. *

July 16 Events Pre-1600 * 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar. * 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece. * 1 ...

–

July 17 Events Pre-1600 * 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world. *1048 – Damasu ...

–

Russian Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including: *Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries *Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...

troops mutiny, abandon the

Austrian Austrian may refer to: * Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent ** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law * Austrian German dialect * Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...

front, and retreat to

Ukraine Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...

; hundreds are shot by their commanding officers during the retreat. *

–

July 18 Events Pre-1600 * 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army. * 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...

–

: Serious clashes occur in Petrograd;

escapes to

Finland Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...

;

Leon Trotsky Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian ...

is arrested. *

– King

George V George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. Born during the reign of his grandmother Qu ...

of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the British Royal Family will bear the surname

Windsor Windsor may refer to: Places Australia * Windsor, New South Wales ** Municipality of Windsor, a former local government area * Windsor, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland **Shire of Windsor, a former local government authority around Wi ...

, vice the Germanic bloodline of ''

House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (; german: Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) is a European royal house. It takes its name from its oldest domain, the Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, its members later sat on the thrones of Belgium, Bu ...

'', which is an offshoot of the historic (800+ years)

House of Wettin The House of Wettin () is a dynasty of German kings, prince-electors, dukes, and counts that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynasty is one of the oldest in Europe, and its ori ...

. *

July 20 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots. * 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defea ...

** The

Parliament of Finland The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The ...

, with a Social Democratic majority, passes a "Sovereignty Act", declaring itself, as the representative of the Finnish people, sovereign over the

Grand Principality of Finland The Grand Duchy of Finland ( fi, Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta; sv, Storfurstendömet Finland; russian: Великое княжество Финляндское, , all of which literally translate as Grand Principality of Finland) was the predecess ...

. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the act, as it would have devolved Russian sovereignty over Finland, formerly exercised by the Russian Emperor as Grand Prince of Finland, and alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of an independent Finland. ** (

, O.S.) –

Alexander Kerensky Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, ; original spelling: ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months from late July to early Nove ...

becomes premier of the

Russian Provisional Government The Russian Provisional Government ( rus, Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of the Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately ...

, replacing Prince Georgy Lvov. ** The Russian Provisional Government enacts

women's suffrage Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...

. ** The

Corfu Declaration The Corfu Declaration ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Krfska deklaracija, Крфска декларација) was an agreement between the prime minister of Serbia, Nikola Pašić, and the president of the Yugoslav Committee, Ante Trumbić, concluded on the ...

, which enables the establishment of the post-war

Kingdom of Yugoslavia The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; sl, Kraljevina Jugoslavija) was a state in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941. From 1918 ...

, is signed by the

Yugoslav Committee Yugoslav Committee ( sh-Latn, Jugoslavenski odbor, sr-Cyrl, Југословенски одбор) was a political interest group formed by South Slavs from Austria-Hungary during World War I aimed at joining the existing south Slavic nations in ...

and the Kingdom of Serbia. *

–

July 28 Events Pre-1600 *1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina. *1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, Thom ...

– WWI:

and

German German(s) may refer to: * Germany (of or related to) ** Germania (historical use) * Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language ** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law **Ge ...

forces repulse the

advance into Galicia. *

July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...

– Sir

William Thomas White Sir William Thomas White, GCMG, PC (UK), PC (Can) (November 13, 1866 – February 11, 1955), was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister. Biography White worked as a reporter for the ''Toronto Evening Telegram'' in 1890, and subsequen ...

introduces Canada's first

income tax An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Tax ...

as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%). *

– The Silent Parade is organized by the NAACP in New York City, to protest the East St. Louis riot of

, as well as lynchings in

Tennessee Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to th ...

and

Texas Texas (, ; Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2020, it is the second-largest U.S. state by ...

. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. *1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. * 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islan ...

– The

is dissolved by the

. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority. * July 31 – WWI – Battle of Passchendaele ("Third Battle of Ypres"): Allied offensive operations commence in Flanders.

August

* August 2–

August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...

– The Green Corn Rebellion, an uprising by several hundred farmers against the WWI draft, takes place in central Oklahoma. * August 2 – Squadron Commander E.H. Dunningbr>lands his aircraft on the ship
in Scapa Flow, Orkney. He is killed 5 days later during another landing on the ship. *

– The

New York Guard The New York Guard (NYG) is the state defense force of New York State, also called The New York State Military Reserve. Originally called the New York State Militia it can trace its lineage back to the American Revolution and the War of 1812. T ...

is founded. *

August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (german: Otto der Gro� ...

– A general strike begins in Spain; it is smashed after 3 days with 70 left dead, hundreds of wounded and 2,000 arrests. * August 14 – The Republic of China declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. *

– One of English literature's important meetings takes place, when

Wilfred Owen Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier. He was one of the leading poets of the First World War. His war poetry on the horrors of trenches and gas warfare was much influenced b ...

introduces himself to Siegfried Sassoon at the Craiglockhart War Hospital in

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian on the southern shore of t ...

. *

August 18 Events Pre-1600 * 684 – Battle of Marj Rahit: Umayyad partisans defeat the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr and cement Umayyad control of Syria. * 707 – Princess Abe accedes to the imperial Japanese throne as Empress Genmei. *1304 & ...

– The

Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 250px, The fire as seen from the quay in 1917. 250px, The fire as seen from the Thermaic Gulf. The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 ( el, Μεγάλη Πυρκαγιά της Θεσσαλονίκης, 1917) destroyed two thirds of the city of T ...

in Greece destroys 32% of the city, leaving 70,000 individuals homeless. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...

– WWI: The Military Service Act is passed in the House of Commons of Canada, giving the

Government of Canada The government of Canada (french: gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown is the corporation sole, assuming distinct roles: the executive, as the ''Crown ...

the right to conscript men into the army.

September

September 14 Events Pre-1600 *AD 81 – Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus. * 629 – Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph after his victory over the Persian Empire. * 786 – "Night ...

(September 1

Old Style Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, this is the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 158 ...

) – Russia is declared a republic by the

. * September 23 –

is elected Chairman of the

Petrograd Soviet The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (russian: Петроградский совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов, ''Petrogradskiy soviet rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov'') was a city council of P ...

. *

September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ag ...

– The

Mossovet The Mossoviet (Russian: Моссовет), an abbreviation of Moscow Soviet, (Московский Совет) was established following the February Revolution . Initially it was a parallel, shadow city administration of Moscow, Russia run by lef ...

(

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...

Soviet of People's Deputies) votes to side with the

Bolsheviks The Bolsheviks (russian: Большевики́, from большинство́ ''bol'shinstvó'', 'majority'),; derived from ''bol'shinstvó'' (большинство́), "majority", literally meaning "one of the majority". also known in English ...

. *

September 26 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar dedicates a temple to Venus Genetrix, fulfilling a vow he made at the Battle of Pharsalus. * 715 – Ragenfrid defeats Theudoald at the Battle of Compiègne. *1087 – William II is crown ...

–

October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Juliu ...

– WWI –

Battle of Polygon Wood The Battle of Polygon Wood took place from 26 September to 3 October 1917, during the second phase of the Third Battle of Ypres in the First World War. The battle was fought near Ypres in Belgium, in the area from the Menin road to Polygon Woo ...

(part of the Battle of Passchendaele) near

Ypres Ypres ( , ; nl, Ieper ; vls, Yper; german: Ypern ) is a Belgian city and municipality in the province of West Flanders. Though the Dutch name is the official one, the city's French name is most commonly used in English. The municipality c ...

in Belgium: British and Australian troops capture positions from the Germans. * September 28– 29 – WWI – Second Battle of Ramadi: British troops take

from the Ottoman Empire.

October

October 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 23 – Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion. *1209 – Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III. *1302 – The Byzantine–Venetian War comes t ...

– WWI:

Battle of Broodseinde The Battle of Broodseinde was fought on 4 October 1917 near Ypres in Belgium, at the east end of the Gheluvelt plateau, by the British Second and Fifth armies against the German 4th Army. The battle was the most successful Allied attack of t ...

near Ypres – British Imperial forces overpower the German 4th Army's defences. *

October 12 Events Pre-1600 * 539 BC – The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon, ending the Babylonian empire. (Julian calendar) * 633 – Battle of Hatfield Chase: King Edwin of Northumbria is defeated and killed by an alliance u ...

– WWI:

First Battle of Passchendaele The First Battle of Passchendaele took place on 12 October 1917 during the First World War, in the Ypres Salient in Belgium on the Western Front. The attack was part of the Third Battle of Ypres and was fought west of Passchendaele village. Th ...

: – Allies fail to take a German defensive position, with the biggest loss of life in a single day for New Zealand, over 800 men and 45 officers are killed, roughly 1 in 1,000 of the nation's population at this time. *

- 19 – WWI:

Operation Albion Operation Albion was a World War I German air, land and naval operation against the Russian forces in October 1917 to occupy the West Estonian Archipelago. The land campaign opened with German landings at the Tagalaht bay on the island of ...

– German forces land on and capture the

West Estonian archipelago West Estonian archipelago ( et, Lääne-Eesti saarestik, also Moonsund archipelago) is a group of Estonian islands located in the Baltic Sea around Väinameri. The total area is about . The archipelago is composed of the islands Saaremaa, Hiiu ...

. *

– The

Miracle of the Sun The Miracle of the Sun ( pt, Milagre do Sol), also known as the Miracle of Fátima, is a series of events reported to have occurred miraculously on 13 October 1917, attended by a large crowd who had gathered in Fátima, Portugal, in response to ...

is reported at

. *

October 19 Events Pre-1600 * 202 BC – Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage. * 439 – The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in ...

** Dallas Love Field Airport is opened in Texas. ** Carl Swartz leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after dismal election results for the right-wing in the Riksdag elections in September. He is replaced by liberal leader and history professor Nils Edén. *

October 23 Events Pre-1600 *4004 BC – James Ussher's proposed creation date of the world according to the Bible. *42 BC – Liberators' civil war: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat an army under Brutus in the second part of the Batt ...

– A

ian ship is destroyed by a German U-Boat, encouraging Brazil to enter World War I. *

October 24 Events Pre-1600 * AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius. *1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France. * 1360 – The T ...

– WWI:

Battle of Caporetto The Battle of Caporetto (also known as the Twelfth Battle of the Isonzo, the Battle of Kobarid or the Battle of Karfreit) was a battle on the Italian front of World War I. The battle was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central ...

opens between the

Kingdom of Italy The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and f ...

and the

Central Powers The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,german: Mittelmächte; hu, Központi hatalmak; tr, İttifak Devletleri / ; bg, Централни сили, translit=Tsentralni sili was one of the two main coalitions that fought in ...

near

Kobarid Kobarid (; it, Caporetto, fur, Cjaurêt, german: Karfreit) is a settlement in Slovenia, the administrative centre of the Municipality of Kobarid. Kobarid is known for the 1917 Battle of Caporetto, where the Italian retreat was documented by Erne ...

in the Austrian Littoral. It is the first major engagement for junior German officer Erwin Rommel. *

October 26 Events Pre-1600 * 1185 – The Uprising of Asen and Peter begins on the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki and ends with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. * 1341 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 formally b ...

– WWI:

declares war against the

October 27 Events Pre-1600 * 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross. * 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam. * 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia. * 1553 – Condemned as ...

– WWI: Battle of Buqqar Ridge – Ottoman forces attack British

Desert Mounted Corps The Desert Mounted Corps was an army corps of the British Army during the First World War, of three mounted divisions renamed in August 1917 by General Edmund Allenby, from Desert Column. These divisions which served in the Sinai and Pales ...

units garrisoning El-Buqqar Ridge, during the last days of the Stalemate in Southern Palestine. *

October 31 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Romulus Augustulus is proclaimed Western Roman Emperor. * 683 – During the Siege of Mecca, the Kaaba catches fire and is burned down. * 802 – Empress Irene is deposed and banished to Lesbos. Co ...

– WWI: Battle of Beersheba – The British XX Corps and

(

) attack and capture

from Ottoman forces, ending the stalemate in Southern Palestine. The battle includes a rare (by this date) mounted

charge Charge or charged may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * '' Charge, Zero Emissions/Maximum Speed'', a 2011 documentary Music * ''Charge'' (David Ford album) * ''Charge'' (Machel Montano album) * ''Charge!!'', an album by The Aqu ...

, by Australian

mounted infantry Mounted infantry were infantry who rode horses instead of marching. The original dragoons were essentially mounted infantry. According to the 1911 ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', "Mounted rifles are half cavalry, mounted infantry merely specially m ...

November

November 1 Events Pre-1600 *365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities. * 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freisin ...

– WWI: ** The British XXI Corps of the

begins the

Third Battle of Gaza The Third Battle of Gaza was fought on the night of 1–2 November 1917 between British and Ottoman forces during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I and came after the British Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the ...

. ** The British

begins the

Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe The Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, part of the Southern Palestine Offensive, began on 1 November 1917, the day after the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) victory at the Battle of Beersheba (1917), Battle of Beersheba during the Sinai and Palestine ...

, in the direction of

Hebron Hebron ( ar, الخليل or ; he, חֶבְרוֹן ) is a Palestinian. city in the southern West Bank, south of Jerusalem. Nestled in the Judaean Mountains, it lies above sea level. The second-largest city in the West Bank (after Eas ...

and

Jerusalem Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...

. *

November 2 Events Pre-1600 * 619 – A qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is assassinated in a Chinese palace by Eastern Turkic rivals after the approval of Tang emperor Gaozu. * 1410 – The Peace of Bicêtre suspends hostilities in the ...

–

Zionism Zionism ( he, צִיּוֹנוּת ''Tsiyyonut'' after '' Zion'') is a nationalist movement that espouses the establishment of, and support for a homeland for the Jewish people centered in the area roughly corresponding to what is known in Je ...

: The

British Foreign Secretary The secretary of state for foreign, Commonwealth and development affairs, known as the foreign secretary, is a minister of the Crown of the Government of the United Kingdom and head of the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office. Seen ...

Arthur Balfour Arthur James Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour, (, ; 25 July 184819 March 1930), also known as Lord Balfour, was a British Conservative statesman who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1902 to 1905. As foreign secretary in the ...

makes the Balfour Declaration, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities". *

November 5 Events Pre-1600 *1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign. *1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Bre ...

(N.S.) (

, O.S.) – Estonian and Russian Bolsheviks seize power in

Tallinn Tallinn () is the most populous and capital city of Estonia. Situated on a bay in north Estonia, on the shore of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea, Tallinn has a population of 437,811 (as of 2022) and administratively lies in the Harju '' ...

, Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, two days before the

October Revolution The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key mome ...

in Petrograd. *

November 6 Events Pre-1600 * 447 – A powerful earthquake destroys large portions of the Walls of Constantinople, including 57 towers. * 963 – Synod of Rome: Emperor Otto I calls a council at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope John XII is ...

** WWI –

Second Battle of Passchendaele The Second Battle of Passchendaele was the culminating attack during the Third Battle of Ypres of the First World War. The battle took place in the Ypres Salient area of the Western Front, in and around the Belgian village of Passchendaele, bet ...

: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Passchendaele in Belgium (the battle concludes on

November 10 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Emperor Leo II dies after a reign of ten months. He is succeeded by his father Zeno, who becomes sole ruler of the Byzantine Empire. * 937 – Ten Kingdoms: Li Bian usurps the throne and deposes Emperor Yang ...

). ** WWI: The

Battle of Hareira and Sheria The Battle of Hareira and Sheria was fought on 6–7 November 1917 when the Egyptian Expeditionary Force attacked and captured the Yildirim Army Group's defensive systems protecting Hareira and in the centre of the Gaza to Beersheba line, dur ...

is launched by the British XX Corps and

, against the central Ottoman defences protecting the Gaza to Beersheba Road. ** Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers, to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government. *

November 7 Events Pre-1600 * 335 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople. * 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople. * 921 – Treaty of Bon ...

** (N.S.) (

October 25 Events Pre-1600 * 285 (or 286) – Execution of Saints Crispin and Crispinian during the reign of Diocletian, now the patron saints of leather workers, curriers, and shoemakers. * 473 – Emperor Leo I acclaims his grandson Leo II a ...

, O.S.) –

in Russia: The workers of the Petrograd

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nation ...

in Russia, led by the

Bolshevik Party " Hymn of the Bolshevik Party" , headquarters = 4 Staraya Square, Moscow , general_secretary = Vladimir Lenin (first)Mikhail Gorbachev (last) , founded = , banned = , founder = Vladimir Lenin , newspaper ...

and leader

, storm the

Winter Palace The Winter Palace ( rus, Зимний дворец, Zimnij dvorets, p=ˈzʲimnʲɪj dvɐˈrʲɛts) is a palace in Saint Petersburg that served as the official residence of the Russian Emperor from 1732 to 1917. The palace and its precincts now ...

and successfully destroy the Kerensky

after less than eight months of rule. This immediately triggers the

Russian Civil War {{Infobox military conflict , conflict = Russian Civil War , partof = the Russian Revolution and the aftermath of World War I , image = , caption = Clockwise from top left: {{flatlist, *Soldiers ...

. **

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkmeni ...

(which has provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the Allied Forces after the

. ** WWI –

: The British Army XXI Corps occupies Gaza, after the Ottoman garrison withdraws. ** WWI: The

continues, when the XX Corps and

capture Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line. **

Women's Suffrage in the United States In the 1700's to early 1800's New Jersey did allow Women the right to vote before the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, 19th Amendment, but in 1807 the state restricted the right to vote to "...tax-paying, ...

: Women win the right to vote in New York State. *

November 8 Events Pre-1600 * 960 – Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla. *1278 – Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dynasty, ...

** (N.S.) (

, O.S.) – Following the

Alexandra Kollontai Alexandra Mikhailovna Kollontai (russian: Алекса́ндра Миха́йловна Коллонта́й, née Domontovich, Домонто́вич; – 9 March 1952) was a Russian revolutionary, politician, diplomat and Marxist the ...

is appointed

People's Commissar Commissar (or sometimes ''Kommissar'') is an English transliteration of the Russian (''komissar''), which means 'commissary'. In English, the transliteration ''commissar'' often refers specifically to the political commissars of Soviet and Ea ...

for Social Welfare in the

Council of People's Commissars The Councils of People's Commissars (SNK; russian: Совет народных комиссаров (СНК), ''Sovet narodnykh kommissarov''), commonly known as the ''Sovnarkom'' (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of ...

of the

Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic The Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic was the government of Soviet Russia in 1917–1946. It was established by the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers', and Peasants' Deput ...

, the first woman Cabinet (government), cabinet Minister (government), minister in Europe. * November 13 – WWI: ** Battle of Mughar Ridge: The

attacks retreating Yildirim Army Group forces, resulting in the capture of 10,000 Ottoman prisoners, 100 guns and of Palestine territory. ** The ANZAC Mounted Division (

) successfully fights the Battle of Ayun Kara, in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge against strong

rearguards. * November 15 ** Night of Terror (event), "Night of Terror" in the United States: Influential suffragettes from the Silent Sentinels are deliberately subjected to physical assaults by guards while imprisoned. ** The

passes another "Sovereignty Act", dissolving Russian sovereignty over Finland and effectively declaring Finland independent. ** (N.S.) (

, O.S.) – The Estonian Provincial Assembly, Provincial Assembly of the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares itself the highest legal body in Estonia, in opposition to Bolsheviks. * November 16 ** WWI: Battle of Ayun Kara: The ANZAC Mounted Division occupies Jaffa. ** Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France. * November 17 ** WWI: Action of 17 November 1917: United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning (DD-37), USS ''Fanning'' and USS Nicholson (DD-52), USS ''Nicholson'' capture Imperial German Navy

SM U-58, SM ''U-58'' off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships take a submarine (which is then scuttled). ** WWI: The Battle of Jerusalem (1917) begins, with the

launching attacks against Ottoman forces in the Judean Hills. ** The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals is founded in the United Kingdom. * November 19 – WWI:

ends with Austrian and German forces driving the Italian army to retreat 150 kilometres south to the Piave river. The Italians lose 13,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, around 270,000 taken prisoner (mostly willingly) and 50,000 Desertion, deserted; the government of Paolo Boselli collapses on November 29. * November 20 ** WWI: Battle of Cambrai (1917), Battle of Cambrai – British forces, using tanks, make early progress in an attack on German positions, but are soon beaten back. ** The

is declared a republic. * November 22 – In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the National Hockey Association suspends operations. * November 23 – The

release the full text of the previously secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 in ''Izvestia'' and ''Pravda''; it is printed in the ''Manchester Guardian'' on November 26. * November 24 – A bomb kills 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history (until the September 11 attacks in 2001). * November 25 – WWI: Battle of Ngomano – German forces defeat a Portuguese army of about 1,200 at Negomano, on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania. * November 26 – The National Hockey League is formed in Montreal, as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association. * November 28 – WWI: The

offer peace terms to the German Empire, Germans.

December

* December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress. * December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on

, 1907 and September 11, 1916). Senate1917

* December 6 ** The Senate of Finland officially declares the Independence of Finland, country's independence from

. ** Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the Trinity (nuclear test), Trinity nuclear weapons testing, nuclear test in 1945). ** WWI: U.S. Navy destroyer is torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine , killing 66 crew in the first significant American naval loss of the war. * December 9 – WWI – Battle of Jerusalem (1917), Battle of Jerusalem: The British

accepts the surrender of

by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the

's Yildirim Army Group. * December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British

into

on foot through, the Jaffa Gate. * December 17 – The ''Raad van Vlaanderen (World War I), Raad van Vlaanderen'' proclaims the independence of Flanders. * December 20 (N.S.) (December 7, O.S.) – The Cheka, a predecessor to the KGB, is established in Russia. * December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (''Jaanilinn'') from the Petrograd Governorate, to the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. * December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams's ''Why Marry?'', the first dramatic play to win a Pulitzer Prize, opens at the Astor Theatre, New York City. * December 26 – United States President

uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to transport troops and materials for the war effort more efficiently. * December 30 – WWI: The

secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem (1917)#Defence of Jerusalem, Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous Yildirim Army Group counterattacks.

Date unknown

* The first edition of the World Book Encyclopedia – simply known as The World Book – is published by the Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company, and is one of the first American encyclopedias to cover the major areas of knowledge to a mass audience. * Women are permitted to stand in national elections in the Netherlands. * The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing. * Nakajima Aircraft Company, as predecessor of Subaru Corporation, Subaru, a car manufacturing company in Japan, founded in Ota, Gunma Prefecture.

Births

January

Ernest Borgnine McHale McHale's Navy 1962

* January 2 ** Vera Zorina, Norwegian dancer, actress (d. 2003) ** K. M. Mathew, Indian newspaper editor (d. 2010) * January 3 ** Liu Zhonghua, Chinese military officer (d. 2018) ** D. J. Finney, British statistician (d. 2018) * January 5 ** Adolfo Consolini, Italian discus thrower (d. 1969) ** Lucienne Day, British textile designer (d. 2010) ** Francis L. Kellogg, American diplomat, prominent socialite (d. 2006) ** Jane Wyman, American actress, philanthropist, and first wife of Ronald Reagan (d. 2007) * January 6 – Koo Chen-fu, Nationalist Chinese negotiator (d. 2005) * January 10 ** Saul Cherniack, Canadian politician, lawyer (d. 2018) ** Jerry Wexler, American record producer (d. 2008) * January 12 – Jimmy Skinner, American hockey coach (d. 2007) * January 15 – K. A. Thangavelu, Indian film actor, comedian (d. 1994) * January 17 – M. G. Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu chief minister, actor (d. 1987) * January 21 – Erling Persson, Swedish businessman, founder of H&M (d. 2002) * January 24 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012) * January 25 ** Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist, chemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003) ** Jânio Quadros, 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992) *

– Louis Zamperini, American prisoner of war (World War II), Olympic distance athlete (1936), and Christian evangelist (d. 2014) * January 29 – John Raitt, American actor, singer (d. 2005)

February

* February 2 – Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese leader (d. 2018) * February 3 – Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel (d. 1994) * February 4 – Yahya Khan, 3rd President of Pakistan (d. 1980) * February 5 – Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress (d. 2012) * February 6 ** John Franzese, Italian-born American prisoner (d. 2020) ** Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (d. 2016) * February 9 – Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (d. 2008) * February 11 ** T. Nagi Reddy, Indian revolutionary (d. 1976) ** Sidney Sheldon, American author, television writer (d. 2007) * February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2011) * February 17 ** Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (d. 2002) ** Whang-od, Filipino ''mambabatok'' or tattoo artist * February 18 – Tuulikki Pietilä, Finnish artist (d. 2009) * February 19 – Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967) * February 20 – Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan harpist, composer (d. 2019) *

– Lucille Bremer, American actress, dancer (d. 1996) * February 23 – Abdelmunim Al-Rifai, 2-time prime minister of Jordan (d. 1985) * February 25 ** Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993) ** Brenda Joyce (actress), Brenda Joyce, American actress (d. 2009) * February 27 ** John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993) ** Laine Mesikäpp, Estonian actress, singer and folk song collector (d. 2012) * February 28 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, cinematographer, and producer (d. 2007)

March

** Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977) ** Dinah Shore, American singer (d. 1994) *

** Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician, and television producer; co-founder of Desilu Productions (d. 1986) ** Babiker Awadalla, 8th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2019) ** Max Webb, Polish-American real estate developer and philanthropist (d. 2018) *

– Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear scientist (d. 1952) * March 5 – Raymond P. Shafer, 39th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2006) * March 6 ** Samael Aun Weor, Colombian writer (d. 1977) ** Will Eisner, American cartoonist (d. 2005) * March 12 ** Giovanni Benedetti, Italian Catholic prelate (d. 2017) ** Leonard Chess, Polish-American record company executive, co-founder of Chess Records (d. 1969) ** Googie Withers, British actress (d. 2011) *

– Mehrdad Pahlbod, Iranian royal and politician (d. 2018) * March 18 – Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Romanian politician (d. 2017) * March 19 ** Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950) ** Sardon Jubir, Malaysian politician (d. 1985) * March 20 ** Haddon Donald, New Zealand Army Lieutenant Colonel and politician (d. 2018) ** Dame Vera Lynn, English actress, singer (d. 2020) * March 21 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician, and Military Chief of Staff (d. 1984) * March 22 – Virginia Grey, American actress (d. 2004) * March 24 ** Constantine Andreou, Brazilian-Greek artist (d. 2007) ** John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997) *

– Rufus Thomas, American singer (d. 2001) * March 27 – Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002)

April

* April 1 – Sydney Newman, Canadian-born television producer (d. 1997) * April 5 – Robert Bloch, American writer (d. 1994) * April 7 ** R. G. Armstrong, American actor (d. 2012) ** Mongo Santamaría, Cuban jazz musician (d. 2003) * April 8 – Hubertus Ernst, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017) *

– Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002) *

– Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) *

– Morton Sobell, American spy (d. 2018) *

– Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav politician (d. 1977) * April 13 ** Bill Clements, Governor of Texas (d. 2011) ** Li Rui (politician), Li Rui, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2019) * April 14 – Valerie Hobson, British actress (d. 1998) * April 15 – Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982) *

– Barry Nelson, American actor (d. 2007) * April 22 – Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016) * April 23 – Dorian Leigh, American model (d. 2008) * April 25 – Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996) *

– I. M. Pei, Chinese-born architect (d. 2019) * April 28 – Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor (d. 1999) * April 29 ** Bernard Blossac, French fashion illustrator (d. 2002) ** Celeste Holm, American actress (d. 2012) ** Maya Deren, Russian-American experimental filmmaker (d. 1961)

May

* May 1 ** John Beradino, American baseball player and actor, best known for his role in ''General Hospital'' (d. 1996) ** Ulric Cross, Trinidadian judge, diplomat and war hero (d. 2013) ** Danielle Darrieux, French singer, actress (d. 2017) ** Fyodor Khitruk, Russian animator (d. 2012) *

** José Del Vecchio, Venezuelan physician, youth baseball promoter (d. 1990) ** George Gaynes, Finland-born American actor (d. 2016) ** Kiro Gligorov, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2012) * May 6 – Morihiro Higashikuni, Japanese prince (d. 1969) * May 7 – David Tomlinson, English actor (d. 2000) * May 12 – Frank Clair, Canadian football coach (d. 2005) * May 14 – Lou Harrison, American composer (d. 2003) *

– Jerzy Duszyński (actor), Jerzy Duszyński, Polish actor (d. 1978) * May 16 – Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer, photographer (d. 1986) * May 20 – Bergur Sigurbjörnsson, Icelandic politician (d. 2005) *

– Raymond Burr, Canadian actor, best known for his role in ''Perry Mason (1957 TV series), Perry Mason'' (d. 1993) *

– Georg Tintner, Austrian conductor (d. 1999) * May 24 – Florence Knoll, American architect, furniture designer (d. 2019) * May 28 ** Papa John Creach, African-American fiddler (d. 1994) ** Marshall Reed, American film, television actor (d. 1980) * May 29 – John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (d. 1963) * May 31 – Zilka Salaberry, Brazilian actress (d. 2005)

June

– William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012) *

– Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004) * June 6 – Kirk Kerkorian, Armenian-American businessman, billionaire (d. 2015) *

** Gwendolyn Brooks, African-American writer (d. 2000) ** Dean Martin, American actor, singer (d. 1995) *

– Byron White, American American football, football player and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2002) * June 9 – Eric Hobsbawm, Egyptian-born British historian (d. 2012) * June 10 – Ruari McLean, Scottish-born typographer (d. 2006) *

– Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan writer (d. 2005) * June 14 ** Lise Nørgaard, Danish journalist, writer ** Atle Selberg, Norwegian mathematician (d. 2007) *

– John Fenn (chemist), John Fenn, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010) * June 16 ** Phaedon Gizikis, President of Greece (d. 1999) ** Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001) ** Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009) * June 17 – Huang Feili, Chinese conductor, musical educator (d. 2017) * June 18 ** Richard Boone, American actor (d.

) ** Erik Ortvad, Danish artist (d. 2008) * June 24 – Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer, political activist and politician (d. 2013) * June 25 ** Nils Karlsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2012) ** Claude Seignolle, French author (d. 2018) * June 26 – Idriz Ajeti, Albanian albanologist (d. 2019) * June 29 – Ling Yun (politician), Ling Yun, Chinese politician (d. 2018) * June 30 ** Susan Hayward, American actress (d. 1975) ** Lena Horne, American singer, actress (d. 2010)

July

Reg Smyth from a family photograph owned by the Smyth family 2007

* July 1 ** Shyam Saran Negi, Indian schoolteacher (d. 2022) ** Virginia Dale, American actress, dancer (d. 1994) ** Álvaro Domecq y Díez, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2005) *

– André Lafargue, French journalist, resistance fighter (d. 2017) * July 4 – Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947) *

** Heribert Barrera, Spanish chemist, politician (d. 2011) ** Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner, athletics coach (d. 2004) *

** Larry O'Brien, American politician, former NBA commissioner (d. 1990) ** Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003) * July 9 ** Krystyna Dańko, Polish orphan, survivor of the Holocaust (d. 2019) ** Peter Moyes, Australian educator (d. 2007) * July 10 ** Şeref Alemdar, Turkish basketball player (d. unknown) ** Dayton S. Mak, U.S. diplomat (d. 2018) ** Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (d. 1998) * July 11 – Per Carleson, Swedish épée fencer (d. 2004) *

** Luigi Gorrini, Italian soldier, pilot (d. 2014) ** Andrew Wyeth, American painter (d. 2009) ** Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Indian statesman (d. 2006) * July 15 ** Robert Conquest, British historian (d. 2015) ** Reidar Liaklev, Norwegian speed skater (d. 2006) ** Joan Roberts, American actress (d. 2012) *

** Gus Arriola, Mexican-American comic strip cartoonist, animator (d. 2008) ** Phyllis Diller, American actress, comedian (d. 2012) ** Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (d. 2015) ** Generoso Jiménez, Cuban trombone player (d. 2007) ** Nur Muhammad Taraki, Afghan revolutionary communist politician, journalist and writer (d. 1979) *

** Henri Salvador, French singer (d. 2008) ** Paul Streeten, Austrian-born British economics professor (d. 2019) * July 19 – William Scranton, American politician (d. 2013) *

– Paul Hubschmid, Swiss actor (d. 2001) * July 21 ** Alan B. Gold, Canadian lawyer, jurist (d. 2005) ** Sidney Leviss, American Democratic politician (d. 2007) * July 22 ** Larry Hooper, American singer, musician (d. 1983) ** Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1984) * July 23 – Omar Yoke Lin Ong, Malaysian politician, diplomat and businessman (d. 2010) * July 24 – Henri Betti, French composer, pianist (d. 2005) *

– Fritz Honegger, 79th president of Switzerland (d. 1999) * July 26 – Lorna Gray, American actress (d. 2017) * July 27 – Wu Zhonghua, Chinese physicist, pioneered three-dimensional flow theory (d. 1992) *

– Keith Rae (footballer), Keith Rae, Australian rules footballer (d. 2021)

August

Jack-Kirby art-of-jack-kirby wyman-skaar

* August 6 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (d. 1997) * August 7 – Raja Perempuan Zainab, Queen of Malaysia (d. 1993) * August 8 – Earl Cameron (actor), Earl Cameron, Bermudian actor (d. 2020) * August 9 – Jao Tsung-I, Chinese-born Hong Kong scholar, poet, calligrapher and painter (d. 2018) * August 11 – Vasiľ Biľak, Slovak Communist leader (d. 2014) * August 12 – Marjorie Reynolds, American actress (d. 1997) * August 15 ** Jack Lynch, 5th Taoiseach, Prime Minister of Ireland (d. 1999) ** Óscar Romero, El Salvador, Salvadoran Roman Catholic Archbishop (d. 1980) *

– Zvi Keren, American-born Israeli pianist, musicologist and composer (d. 2008) *

– Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2006) * August 21 – Esther Cooper Jackson, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2022) * August 22 – John Lee Hooker, African-American musician (d. 2001) * August 23 ** Hu Chengzhi, Chinese palaeontologist, palaeoanthropologist (d. 2018) ** Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Mexican biologist (d. 1996) * August 25 ** Mel Ferrer, Cuban-American actor, film director, producer (d. 2008) ** Lisbeth Movin, Danish actress (d. 2011) ** Lou van Burg, Dutch television personality, game show host (d. 1986) * August 26 – William French Smith, 74th United States Attorney General (d. 1990) * August 28 – Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d. 1994) *

– Isabel Sanford, African-American actress, best known for her role in ''The Jeffersons'' (d. 2004) * August 30 – Denis Healey, English politician, author (d. 2015)

September

100 años del natalicio del Santo -i---i- (36184746106) (cropped)

* September 5 – Pedro E. Guerrero, American photographer (d. 2012) * September 6 – Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer, failed assassin of Adolf Hitler (d. 2008) * September 7 ** Xerardo Fernández Albor, Spanish politician and physician (d. 2018) ** Leonard Cheshire, British war hero (d. 1992) ** John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013) ** Tetsuo Hamuro, Japanese swimmer (d. 2005) * September 10 – Miguel Serrano, Chilean diplomat, explorer and journalist (d. 2009) * September 11 ** Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d. 2008) ** Herbert Lom, Czech-born British actor (d. 2012) ** Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines (d. 1989) ** Jessica Mitford, Anglo-American writer (d. 1996) ** Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer, racehorse owner (d. 2001) * September 17 – Henry Pearce (politician), Henry Pearce, Australian politician (d. 1992) * September 18 – June Foray, American voice actress (d. 2017) * September 20 ** Red Auerbach, American basketball coach, official (d. 2006) ** Fernando Rey, Spanish actor (d. 1994) * September 22 – Anna Campori, Italian actress (d. 2018) * September 23 **Asima Chatterjee, Indian chemist (d. 2006) **El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler and actor (d. 1984) * September 24 – Otto Günsche, German general (d. 2003) *

– Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese phenomenologist and Marxist philosopher (d. 1993) * September 28 – Wee Chong Jin, Singaporean judge (d. 2005)

October

* October 2 ** Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013) ** Charles Drake (actor), Charles Drake, American actor (d. 1994) * October 6 – Fannie Lou Hamer, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1977) * October 7 – June Allyson, American actress (d. 2006) * October 8 – Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) * October 10 – Thelonious Monk, African-American jazz pianist (d. 1982) * October 15 – Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., American historian, political commentator (d. 2007) * October 17 ** Martin Donnelly (cricketer), Martin Donnelly, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999) ** Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917), Marsha Hunt, American actress (d. 2022) *

– Walter Munk, Austrian-born American oceanographer (d. 2019) * October 20 ** Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973) ** Stéphane Hessel, French diplomat and writer (d. 2013) ** X. M. Sellathambu, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 1984) * October 21 – Dizzy Gillespie, African-American musician (d. 1993) * October 22 – Joan Fontaine, British-born actress (d. 2013) *

– Fang Huai, Chinese military officer and major general of PLA (d. 2019) *

– Oliver Tambo, South African activist, revolutionary (d. 1993) * October 28 ** Shams Pahlavi, Iranian royal (d. 1996) ** Jack Soo, Japanese-American actor (d. 1979) * October 30 ** Paul Eberhard, Swiss bobsledder (d. 1983) ** Maurice Trintignant, French racing driver (d. 2005) *

– Gordon Steege, Australian military officer (d. 2013)

November

– Erich Rudorffer, German fighter ace (d. 2016) *

** Durward Knowles, Bahamian sailor, Olympic champion (d. 2018) ** Ann Rutherford, Canadian actress (d. 2012) * November 3 – Chung Sze-yuen, Hong Kong politician (d. 2018) * November 4 – Virginia Field, British-born actress (d. 1992) *

– Jacqueline Auriol, French aviator (d. 2000) *

– Koun Wick, Cambodian statesman and diplomat (d. 1999) * November 11 – Madeleine Damerment, French WWII heroine (d. 1944) * November 12 ** Hedley Jones, Jamaican musician (d. 2017) ** Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim, Malaysian judge (d. 2000) ** Jo Stafford, American traditional pop singer (d. 2008) * November 13 – Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria, Austrian-born Spanish and Italian princess (d. 2017) * November 14 – Park Chung-hee, 3rd president of South Korea (d. 1979) * November 18 – Pedro Infante, Mexican actor, singer (d. 1957) * November 19 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984) * November 22 – Andrew Huxley, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012) * November 24 – Shabtai Rosenne, British-born Israeli diplomat, jurist (d. 2010) * November 28 ** Orville Rogers, American pilot, competitive runner (d. 2019) ** Xiang Shouzhi, Chinese general (d. 2017) * November 29 – Pierre Gaspard-Huit, French film director, screenwriter (d. 2017)

December

Bundesarchiv B 145 Bild-F062164-0004, Bonn, Heinrich Böll

* December 5 – Wenche Foss, Norwegian actress (d. 2011) * December 6 – Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977) * December 7 – Hurd Hatfield, American actor (d. 1998) * December 8 – Ian Johnson (cricketer), Ian Johnson, Australian cricketer (d. 1998) * December 9 – James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986) * December 10 – Sultan Yahya Petra of Kelantan, King of Malaysia (d. 1979) * December 15 – Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee, Pakistani poet, author and lexicographer (d. 2005) * December 16 ** Sir Arthur C. Clarke, English science-fiction author, best known for co-writing the screenplay of ''2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 2001: A Space Odyssey'' (d. 2008) ** Beatrice Wright (psychologist), Beatrice Wright, American psychologist (d. 2018) * December 18 – Ossie Davis, African-American actor, film director and activist (d. 2005) * December 19 – Paul Brinegar, American actor (d. 1995) * December 20 ** David Bohm, American-born physicist, philosopher and neuropsychologist (d. 1992) ** Petrus Hugo, South African Second World War, WWII fighter pilot (d. 1986) ** Audrey Totter, American actress (d. 2013) * December 21 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985) * December 22 – Marthe Gosteli, Swiss women's suffrage campaigner (d. 2017) * December 25 ** Lincoln Verduga Loor, Ecuadorian journalist, politician (d. 2009) ** Arseny Mironov, Russian scientist, engineer and pilot (d. 2019) * December 28 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2010) * December 29 – Ramanand Sagar, Indian film director (d. 2005) * December 30 – Seymour Melman, American industrial engineer (d. 2004) * December 31 – Suzy Delair, French actress, singer (d. 2020)

Date unknown

* Hazza' al-Majali, 22nd & 32nd Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1960)

Deaths

January–March

* January 2 – Edward Burnett Tylor, Sir Edward Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832) * January 4 – Frederick Selous, British explorer (b. 1851) * January 6 ** Frederick William Borden, Sir Frederick Borden, Canadian politician (b. 1847) **Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack, Dutch economist, historian (b. 1834) * January 8 – Mary Arthur McElroy, ''de facto'' First Lady of the United States (b. 1841) * January 10 – Buffalo Bill, American frontiersman (b. 1846) * January 16 – George Dewey, U.S. admiral (b. 1837) * January 18 – Andrew Murray (minister), Andrew Murray, South African author, educationist and pastor (b. 1828) *

– Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank (b. 1838) * January 29 – Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, British diplomat and colonial administrator (b. 1841) * February 3 – Alexey Abaza, Russian admiral and politician (b. 1853) * February 5 – Jaber II Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1860) * February 8 – Anton Haus, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1851) * February 10 – John William Waterhouse, Italian-born English artist (b. 1849) * February 16 – Octave Mirbeau, French art critic and novelist (b. 1848) * February 17 – Carolus-Duran, French painter (b. 1837) *

** Joaquín Dicenta, Spanish writer (b. 1862) ** Fred Mace, American actor (b. 1878) * March 5 – Manuel de Arriaga, 1st President of Portugal (b. 1840) * March 6 – Jules Vandenpeereboom, 17th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843) *

– Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and inventor (b. 1838) * March 14 - Robert Viren, Imperial Russian Navy admiral (b. 1857) * March 17 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher, psychologist (b. 1838) * March 29 – Maximilian von Prittwitz, German general (b. 1848) * March 31 – Emil von Behring, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)

April–June

* April 1 – Scott Joplin, African-American ragtime composer, pianist (b. c.1868) *

– Milton Wright (bishop), Milton Wright, American bishop, father of the Wright brothers (b. 1828) *

– Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1893–1917), Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (b. 1893) * April 7 – George Brown (missionary), George Brown, British missionary (b. 1835) * April 8 – Richard Olney, American politician (b. 1835) * April 13 – Diamond Jim Brady, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1856) * April 14 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (b. 1859) * April 18 – F. C. Burnand, British playwright and comic writer (b. 1836) * April 29 – Tehaapapa III, Tahitian queen (b. 1879) * May 7 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, posthumous Victoria Cross recipient (killed in action) (b. 1896) * May 17 **Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak (b. 1829) **Radomir Putnik, Serbian field marshal (b. 1847) *

– John Nevil Maskelyne, English magician and inventor (b. 1839) * May 20 – Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (b. 1850) *

– Queen Ranavalona III of Madagascar (b. 1855) * May 24 – Les Darcy, Australian boxer (b. 1895) * May 25 ** Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (b. 1891) ** René Dorme, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1894) * May 27 – Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Imperial Russian Navy admiral and politician (b. 1843) * May 29 – Kate Harrington (poet), Kate Harrington, American teacher, writer and poet (b. 1831) * June 3 – Matilda Carse, Irish-born American businesswoman, social reformer (b. 1835) * June 5 – Karl Emil Schäfer, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891) * June 12 – Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist, singer, composer and conductor (b. 1853) * June 14 – Thomas W. Benoist, American aviator, aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the worlds first scheduled airline (b. 1874) *

– Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist (b. 1867) * June 17 – José Manuel Pando, 25th President of Bolivia (b. 1849) * June 18 – Titu Maiorescu, Romanian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1840) * June 26 – Ella Giles Ruddy, American author and essayist (b. 1851) * June 27 ** Karl Allmenröder, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1896) ** Gustav von Schmoller, German economist (b. 1838) * June 29 – Frans Schollaert, 19th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1851) * June 30 ** Antonio de La Gándara, French painter (b. 1861) ** Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (b. 1825)

July–September

** William Henry Moody, 35th United States Secretary of the Navy, 45th United States Attorney General, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1853) ** Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, British actor (b. 1852) * July 8 – Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b. 1877) *

** Donald Cunnell, British World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1893) ** Hugo Simberg, Finnish symbolist painter and graphic artist (b. 1873) * July 15 – Andrey Selivanov, Russian general and politician (b. 1847) *

– Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (b. 1847) *

– Ignaz Sowinski, Polish architect (b. 1858) * July 27 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1841) *

– Ririkumutima, Queen regent of Burundi * July 31 ** Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (killed in action) (b. 1887) ** Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet (killed in action) (b. 1887) *

– Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician (b. 1849) * August 7 – Edwin Harris Dunning, British aviator (b. 1892) * August 13 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860) *

– John W. Kern, American Democratic politician (b. 1849) * August 20 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835) * August 30 – Alan Leo, British astrologer (b. 1860) * September 9 ** Boris Stürmer, Russian statesman, former prime minister (b. 1848) ** Madge Syers, British figure skater (b. 1881) * September 11 – Georges Guynemer, French World War I fighter ace (missing in action) (b. 1894) * September 15 – Kurt Wolff (aviator), Kurt Wolff, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895) * September 23 – Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897) *

– Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (b. 1837) * September 27 – Edgar Degas, French painter (b. 1834) * September 30 – Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, Spanish admiral (b. 1839)

October–December

– Eduardo di Capua, Neapolitan composer and songwriter (b. 1865) *

– Dave Gallaher, New Zealand rugby union football player (killed in action) (b. 1873) * October 9 – Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt, (b. 1853) * October 11 – Duke Philipp of Württemberg (b. 1838) *

– Florence La Badie, American actress (accident) (b. 1888) * October 15 –

, Dutch dancer, spy (executed) (b. 1876) * October 17 – Bobby Atherton, Welsh footballer (b. 1876) * October 22 – Bob Fitzsimmons, British boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (b. 1863) *

– Eugène Grasset, Swiss artist (b. 1845) *

– Arthur Rhys-Davids, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897) * October 28 – Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1831) * October 30 – Heinrich Gontermann, German fighter ace (flying accident) (b. 1896) *

– Tringe Smajli, Albanian guerrilla fighter and sworn virgin (b. 1880) * November 3 – Frederick Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1842) *

– Margaret Cleaves, American physician and writer (b. 1848) *

– Colin Blythe, English cricketer (b. 1879) * November 11 – Liliʻuokalani, last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii (b. 1838) * November 15 – Émile Durkheim, French sociologist (b. 1858) * November 16 – Adolf Reinach, German philosopher (killed in action) (b. 1883) * November 17 ** Neil Primrose (politician), Neil Primrose, British Liberal MP (killed in action) (b. 1882) ** Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840) * December 8 – Mendele Mocher Sforim, Russian Yiddish, Hebrew writer (b. 1836) * December 10 – Mackenzie Bowell, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823) * December 12 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (b. 1828) * December 17 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, English physician and suffragette (b. 1836) * December 19 – Richard Maybery, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895) * December 20 – Eric Campbell (actor), Eric Campbell, Scottish actor (accident) (b. 1879) * December 22 ** Frances Xavier Cabrini, first American canonized as a saint (b. 1850) ** Stanisław Tondos, Polish painter (b. 1854) * December 24 – Ivan Goremykin, Russian statesman, former prime minister (b. 1839) * December 28 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1892)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Charles Glover Barkla * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross

Events

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Births

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Nobel Prizes

References

Further reading

Primary sources and year books