1874 Hong Kong typhoon
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The 1874 Hong Kong Typhoon was the third-worst typhoon to ever hit
Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...
, striking during the night of September 22, 1874 and the morning of September 23, 1874.


Meteorological history

The Colony experienced a period of low pressure, typical of the eye of a typhoon. From 08:00 PM, winds raged and howled with ear-deafening sounds, alongside the painful cries of many people who had become homeless. The typhoon increased in strength steadily up to 02:15 AM on September 23. Modern analysis in 2017 indicated that this great typhoon passed approximately 50 to 60 km to the south of Hong Kong at its closest approach, similar to Hato in 2017. The typhoon began weakening after 03:00 AM.


Impact


China

In Kwangtung province, at least 10,000 people died in the storm, with some reporting up to 100,000.


Hong Kong

The typhoon hit
Hong Kong Hong Kong ( (US) or (UK); , ), officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China (abbr. Hong Kong SAR or HKSAR), is a city and special administrative region of China on the eastern Pearl River Delta i ...
with "unprecedented violence" and left no less than 2,000 people injured. Some adventurers went out to the
Praya Praya () was a term used in Colonial Hong Kong to refer to a promenade by the waterfront. The name comes from the Portuguese word ''praia'', which means "beach," but in China it came to mean a stone-faced waterfront road. In Hong Kong, it was ...
at 11:00 PM and found themselves knee deep in the water and risked being washed away by the waves hitting the shore. They were forced to retreat by 01:00 AM as the winds were reaching a new high. The East Point on Causeway Bay recorded a water level 4 feet above its average. Many stores and shops, even far away from the Praya waterfront were flooded and water damaged. The storm's two-hour impact had injured and killed many in the Colony. Telegraphic communication was interrupted and communication with Hong Kong Island was cut for a time. The town had sustained great loss, its roads were deserted and strewn with debris, house roofs were ruined, windows shattered and walls fallen and cables and gas pipes were blown away and trees uprooted.


Macau

The small Portuguese colony received extreme damage from the typhoon. The
barometer A barometer is a scientific instrument that is used to measure air pressure in a certain environment. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air pressure are used within surface weather analysis ...
reported the pressure of . The damaged steamer ''Poyang'' arrived in Hong Kong, reporting that the city was destroyed. Buildings around
Praia Grande Praia Grande () is a municipality in the state of São Paulo in Brazil. It is part of the Metropolitan Region of Baixada Santista. The population is 330,845 (2020 est.) in an area of 149.25 km². Population history History Although t ...
were destroyed, leaving the coast with sand. The streets and houses in the colony were annihilated. Fortaleza do Monte was damaged, with a torn off roof and collapsed walls. St. Joseph's Seminary and Church was nearly destroyed, with two walls remaining. 300,000 patacas worth of goods were destroyed in the storm, tea and olive oil being the costliest. It was estimated that over 5,000 people have died in Macau, and damages costs around 400,000 patacas. Around 2,000 ships were also sunk during the storm. The damage in the colony were reportedly worse than Paris during Franco-Prussian War, or the recent earthquake in the Philippines. It was considered the worst storm to hit Macau in history.


Aftermath

Most of the 37 ships in port were damaged and hundreds of fishing junks and sampans were either wrecked or broken up despite having sought shelter in the bay. At this time Hong Kong did not have its own weather observatory and many people were expecting the storm from a different direction, while others were caught off guard and either shipwrecked or lost their homes. A few false typhoon alerts had been announced earlier in the year. The next morning, the
Praya Praya () was a term used in Colonial Hong Kong to refer to a promenade by the waterfront. The name comes from the Portuguese word ''praia'', which means "beach," but in China it came to mean a stone-faced waterfront road. In Hong Kong, it was ...
scene from west to east was heart-rending: one could easily find boats capsized and corpses floating and drifting on the water with some bodies washed ashore by the high tides. The sizeable Stonecutters' Island Gaol was left in ruins and both the Police Courts and
Victoria Gaol Victoria Prison, was the first and longest-running prison to date in Hong Kong. It is located on Old Bailey Street in Central, Hong Kong Island. Named in honour of Queen Victoria, it was originally known as Victoria Gaol and was renamed int ...
were unroofed. The damage overall was considered "incalculable". Ernst Eitel recounted how many of the European and Chinese houses were ruined and became roofless; big trees were unrooted and corpses were found in the ruins and started surfacing at the waterfront from the wrecked ships. A visitor arriving on a steamer from Peking during the typhoon reported that the waterfront was nearly swept away, hardly a tree was left standing in the
Botanical Gardens A botanical garden or botanic gardenThe terms ''botanic'' and ''botanical'' and ''garden'' or ''gardens'' are used more-or-less interchangeably, although the word ''botanic'' is generally reserved for the earlier, more traditional gardens, an ...
and many buildings were found roofless and in ruins. People were hastily burying the dead for the heat was intense and there was great concern over the outbreak of contagious diseases.Mrs Hugh Fraser, (1911) ''A Diplomat's Wife in Many Lands''. Hutchison & Co.: London. Vol 2, Chapter XXIII, Two weddings and a voyage to the East : in the wake of a typhoon, p397-400. Following the incident, Brazilian astronomer Francisco Antônio de Almeida, in his 1879 account describes an episode of arson and looting at two warehouses in which foreigners were murdered, for which the two Chinese perpetrators were sentenced to death. Almeida also cites English newspapers of the time who estimated up to eight thousand people killed in the typhoon, many of them being Spanish families fleeing the Carlist Wars, and originally bound for the Philippines.


Controversy

Captain Superintendent of Police Walter Meredith Deane attracted severe criticism for ordering his men confined to barracks rather than to risk rescue of the crews on the wrecked vessels ''Leonor'' and ''Albay''. Refusing calls for a public inquiry, Governor Sir Arthur Kennedy passed all papers on the matter to Secretary of State
Lord Carnarvon Earl of Carnarvon is a title that has been created three times in British history. The current holder is George Herbert, 8th Earl of Carnarvon. The town and county in Wales to which the title refers are historically spelled ''Caernarfon,'' havi ...
who affirmed Kennedy's decision.


See also

*
Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter Causeway Bay Typhoon Shelter is a typhoon shelter located in Causeway Bay, Hong Kong, between the Hong Kong Island entrance of Cross-Harbour Tunnel on Kellett Island and Island Eastern Corridor. It was the first typhoon shelter in Hong Kong. It is ...
*
Typhoon Hato Typhoon Hato, known in the Philippines as Severe Tropical Storm Isang, was a strong tropical cyclone that struck South China in August 2017. Developing as the thirteenth named storm and the fourth typhoon of the Pacific typhoon season, Hato form ...


References


External links

Pictures
A review of natural disasters of the past
(p54-141). Courtesy. Hong Kong Museum of History. The typhoon on 22 September 1874. (photos on pp. 65, 67, 84, 86 and 94)
1874 Typhoon at Hong Kong
, Gwulo: Old Hong Kong *
The impact of the typhoon of September 1874 in Hong Kong
The Basel mission house." {{Deadliest typhoons in Hong Kong 19th century in Hong Kong 1874 Hong Kong 1874 in Hong Kong Pre-1940 Pacific typhoon seasons 1874 natural disasters September 1874 events 1874 meteorology