The 15th century was the
century which spans the
Julian dates from 1 January
1401
Year 1401 ( MCDI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 6 – Rupert, King of Germany, is crowned King of the Romans at Cologne.
* ...
(
MCDI) to 31 December
1500 (
MD).
In
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
, the 15th century includes parts of the
Late Middle Ages, the
Early Renaissance, and the
early modern period.
Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the "
European miracle" of the following centuries. The
architectural perspective, and the modern fields which are known today as
banking and
accounting were founded in
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
.
The
Hundred Years' War ended with a decisive
French
French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to France
** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents
** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...
victory over the
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ...
in the
Battle of Castillon. Financial troubles in England following the conflict resulted in the
Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the throne of England, English throne in the mid-to-late fifteenth century. These w ...
, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ended with the defeat of
Richard III by
Henry VII at the
Battle of Bosworth Field, establishing the
Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century.
Constantinople, known as the
capital of the world and the capital of the
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
(today's
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula ...
),
fell to the emerging Muslim
Ottoman Turks, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. This led to the migration of
Greek scholars
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
and texts to Italy, while
Johannes Gutenberg's invention of a mechanical
movable type began the
printing press. These two events played key roles in the development of the
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ide ...
.
[Encyclopædia Britannica, ''Renaissance'', 2008, O.Ed.] The Roman
papacy was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called
Western Schism), until the
Council of Constance. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the
Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant
Reformation in the following century.
Islamic Spain became dissolved through the Christian
Reconquista
The ' ( Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the N ...
, followed by the
forced conversions and the
Muslim rebellion
Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraha ...
, ending over seven centuries of
Islamic rule and returning southern Spain to Christian rulers.
The search for the wealth and prosperity of India's
Bengal Sultanate led to the colonization of the
Americas by
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
* lij, Cristoffa C(or)ombo
* es, link=no, Cristóbal Colón
* pt, Cristóvão Colombo
* ca, Cristòfor (or )
* la, Christophorus Columbus. (; born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was a ...
in 1492 and the
Portuguese voyages by
Vasco da Gama, which linked Europe with the
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, In ...
, ushering the period of
Iberian empires.
In
Asia
Asia (, ) is one of the world's most notable geographical regions, which is either considered a continent in its own right or a subcontinent of Eurasia, which shares the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with Africa. Asia covers an are ...
, the
Timurid Empire collapsed and the Afghan Pashtun
Lodi dynasty took control of the
Delhi Sultanate. Under the rule of the
Yongle Emperor
The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
, who built the
Forbidden City and commanded
Zheng He to
explore the world overseas, the
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
's territory reached its pinnacle.
In
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
, the
spread of Islam led to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of
Nubia
Nubia () ( Nobiin: Nobīn, ) is a region along the Nile river encompassing the area between the first cataract of the Nile (just south of Aswan in southern Egypt) and the confluence of the Blue and White Niles (in Khartoum in central Sud ...
, by the end of the century, leaving only
Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast
Mali Empire teetered on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising
Songhai Empire.
In the
Americas, both the
Aztec Empire and the
Inca Empire reached the peak of their influence, but the
European colonization of the Americas changed the course of modern history.
Events
1401–1409
*
1401
Year 1401 ( MCDI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 6 – Rupert, King of Germany, is crowned King of the Romans at Cologne.
* ...
:
Dilawar Khan establishes the
Malwa Sultanate
The Malwa Sultanate ( fa, ) (Pashto: ; ''lit: Mālwā Salṭanat'') was a late medieval Islamic sultanate in the Malwa region, covering the present day Indian states of Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Rajasthan from 1392 to 1562. It was f ...
in present-day central India.
*
1402:
Ottoman and
Timurid Empires fight at the
Battle of Ankara resulting in the capture of
Bayezid I by
Timur.
*
1402:
Sultanate of Malacca founded by
Parameswara.
*
1402: The
settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the
Spanish Empire.
*
1403–
1413:
Ottoman Interregnum, a civil war between the four sons of
Bayezid I.
*
1403: The
Yongle Emperor
The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
moves the capital of China from
Nanjing to
Beijing
}
Beijing ( ; ; ), Chinese postal romanization, alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the Capital city, capital of the China, People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's Li ...
.
*
1404–
1406
Year 1406 ( MCDVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* April 4 – James I becomes King of Scotland, after having been captured by Henry IV ...
:
Regreg War,
Majapahit civil war of secession between
Wikramawardhana
Wikramawardhana was a Javanese emperor and succeeded Hayam Wuruk
Hayam Wuruk (Sanskrit: हयम् वुरुक्, Kawi: ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦮꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀) (1334–1389), also called Rajasanagara, Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu, or Bhatara Prabhu after ...
against Wirabhumi.
*
1405
Year 1405 ( MCDV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1405th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 405th year of the 2nd millennium, the 5th year o ...
: The
Sultanate of Sulu is established by
Sharif ul-Hāshim.
*
1405
Year 1405 ( MCDV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1405th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 405th year of the 2nd millennium, the 5th year o ...
–
1433: During the
Ming treasure voyages, Admiral
Zheng He of China sails through the
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or ~19.8% of the water on Earth's surface. It is bounded by Asia to the north, Africa to the west and Australia to the east. To the south it is bounded by ...
to Malacca, India, Ceylon, Persia, Arabia, and East Africa to spread China's influence and sovereignty. The first voyage, a massive
Ming dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
naval expedition ending in 1407, visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri.
*
1408: The last recorded event to occur in the
Norse settlements of
Greenland
Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland ...
was a wedding in
Hvalsey in the
Eastern Settlement in 1408.
1410s
The 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419.
Significant people
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1410s
...
*
1410: The
Battle of Grunwald
The Battle of Grunwald, Battle of Žalgiris or First Battle of Tannenberg was fought on 15 July 1410 during the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War. The alliance of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, led respec ...
is the decisive battle of the
Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the
Teutonic Knights.
*
1410–
1413: Foundation of
St Andrews University in
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to ...
.
*
1410-
1415:
The last Welsh war of independence, led by
Owain Glyndŵr.
*
1414:
Khizr Khan, deputised by
Timur to be the governor of
Multan, takes over Delhi founding the
Sayyid dynasty.
*
1415:
Henry the Navigator leads the
conquest of Ceuta from the
Moors
The term Moor, derived from the ancient Mauri, is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim inhabitants of the Maghreb, the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
Moors are not a distinc ...
marking the beginning of the
Portuguese Empire.
*
1415:
Battle of Agincourt fought between the
Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England (, ) was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 12 July 927, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain.
On ...
and
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
.
*
1415:
Jan Hus is burned at the stake as a heretic at the
Council of Constance.
*
1417
Year 1417 ( MCDXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Ge ...
: A large goodwill mission led by three kings of Sulu, the ''Eastern King''
Paduka Pahala, the ''Western king'' Maharaja Kolamating and ''Cave king'' Paduka Prabhu as well as 340 members of their delegation, in what is now the southern Philippines, ploughed through the Pacific Ocean to China to pay tribute to the
Yongle emperor
The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
of the
Ming Dynasty
The Ming dynasty (), officially the Great Ming, was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol Empire, Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last ort ...
.
*
1417
Year 1417 ( MCDXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Ge ...
: The East king of Sulu,
Paduka Pahala, on their way home, suddenly died in Dezhou, a city in east China's Shandong province. The
Yongle Emperor
The Yongle Emperor (; pronounced ; 2 May 1360 – 12 August 1424), personal name Zhu Di (), was the third Emperor of the Ming dynasty, reigning from 1402 to 1424.
Zhu Di was the fourth son of the Hongwu Emperor, the founder of the Ming dyn ...
Zhu Di commissioned artisans to build a tomb for the king.
*
1419–
1433: The
Hussite Wars in
Bohemia.
1420s
*
1420
Year 1420 ( MCDXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* March – The Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque in Didymoteicho is inaugurated.
* May 21 &nd ...
: Construction of the Chinese
Forbidden City is completed in Beijing.
*
1424:
James I James I may refer to:
People
*James I of Aragon (1208–1276)
*James I of Sicily or James II of Aragon (1267–1327)
*James I, Count of La Marche (1319–1362), Count of Ponthieu
*James I, Count of Urgell (1321–1347)
*James I of Cyprus (1334–13 ...
returns to
Scotland
Scotland (, ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a border with England to the southeast and is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean to ...
after being held hostage under three
Kings of England since
1406
Year 1406 ( MCDVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* April 4 – James I becomes King of Scotland, after having been captured by Henry IV ...
.
*
1424:
Deva Raya II succeeds his father
Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya as monarch of the
Vijayanagara Empire.
*
1425: Catholic
University of Leuven (Belgium) founded by
Pope Martin V.
*
1427: Reign of
Itzcoatl begins as the fourth ''
tlatoani'' of
Tenochtitlan and the first emperor of the
Aztec Empire.
*
1429:
Joan of Arc ends the
Siege of Orléans and turns the tide of the
Hundred Years' War.
*
1429: Queen
Suhita
Suhita or Soheeta (died 1447), was a Javanese queen regnant and the sixth monarch of the Majapahit empire, ruling from 1429 to 1447. She was the daughter of Wikramawardhana, her predecessor, by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi, ...
succeeds her father
Wikramawardhana
Wikramawardhana was a Javanese emperor and succeeded Hayam Wuruk
Hayam Wuruk (Sanskrit: हयम् वुरुक्, Kawi: ꦲꦪꦩ꧀ꦮꦸꦫꦸꦏ꧀) (1334–1389), also called Rajasanagara, Pa-ta-na-pa-na-wu, or Bhatara Prabhu after ...
as ruler of
Majapahit.
[Ricklefs (1991), page 18.]
1430s
The 1430s decade ran from January 1, 1430, to December 31, 1439.
Significant people
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1430s
1430s ...
*
1430:
Rajah Lontok and
Dayang Kalangitan become co-regent rulers of the ancient kingdom of
Tondo.
*
1431
**
9 January
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
* 1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Ji ...
– Pretrial investigations for
Joan of Arc begin in
Rouen,
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
under
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ...
occupation.
**
3 March –
Pope Eugene IV succeeds
Pope Martin V, to become the 207th
pope
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
.
**
26 March – The
trial of Joan of Arc begins.
**
30 May – Nineteen-year-old Joan of Arc is
burned at the stake.
**
16 June
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians.
* 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as ki ...
– the
Teutonic Knights and
Švitrigaila
Švitrigaila (before 1370 – 10 February 1452; sometimes spelled Svidrigiello) was the Grand Duke of Lithuania from 1430 to 1432. He spent most of his life in largely unsuccessful dynastic struggles against his cousins Vytautas and Sigismund ...
sign the
Treaty of Christmemel, creating anti-Polish alliance
** September –
Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists.
**
30 October –
Treaty of Medina del Campo, consolidating peace between
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of th ...
and
Castille.
**
16 December
Events Pre-1600
* 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
* 755 ...
–
Henry VI of England is crowned King of France.
*
1438:
Pachacuti founds the
Inca Empire.
1440s
*
1440
Events
January–December
* February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
* April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.
* April – Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the def ...
:
Eton College
Eton College () is a Public school (United Kingdom), public school in Eton, Berkshire, England. It was founded in 1440 by Henry VI of England, Henry VI under the name ''Kynge's College of Our Ladye of Eton besyde Windesore'',Nevill, p. 3 ff. i ...
founded by Henry VI.
*
1440s: The
Golden Horde breaks up into the
Siberia Khanate, the
Khanate of Kazan, the
Astrakhan Khanate, the
Crimean Khanate, and the
Great Horde.
*
1440
Events
January–December
* February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
* April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.
* April – Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the def ...
–
1469: Under
Moctezuma I
Moctezuma I (–1469), also known as Moteuczomatzin Ilhuicamina (), Huehuemoteuczoma or Montezuma I ( nci, Motēuczōma Ilhuicamīna , nci, Huēhuemotēuczōma ), was the second Aztec emperor and fifth king of Tenochtitlan. During his reign, t ...
, the
Aztecs become the dominant power in
Mesoamerica.
*
1440
Events
January–December
* February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
* April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.
* April – Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the def ...
:
Oba Ewuare comes to power in the
West African
West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, ...
city of
Benin, and turns it into an empire.
*
1440
Events
January–December
* February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is formed.
* April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.
* April – Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the def ...
: Reign of
Moctezuma I
Moctezuma I (–1469), also known as Moteuczomatzin Ilhuicamina (), Huehuemoteuczoma or Montezuma I ( nci, Motēuczōma Ilhuicamīna , nci, Huēhuemotēuczōma ), was the second Aztec emperor and fifth king of Tenochtitlan. During his reign, t ...
begins as the fifth ''
tlatoani'' of
Tenochtitlan and emperor of the
Aztec Empire.
*
1441:
Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter, dies.
*
1441: Portuguese navigators cruise
West Africa and reestablish the
European slave trade with a shipment of
African slaves sent directly from
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent, after Asia in both cases. At about 30.3 million km2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 6% of Earth's total surface area ...
to
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic ( pt, República Portuguesa, links=yes ), is a country whose mainland is located on the Iberian Peninsula of Southwestern Europe, and whose territory also includes the Atlantic archipelagos of th ...
.
*
1441: A civil war between the
Tutul Xiues
Tutul-Xiu, also Tutul Xiues or Mani, was the name of a Mayan chiefdom of the central Yucatán Peninsula with capital in Maní, before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors in the sixteenth century.
Earlier history
In later accounts the C ...
and
Cocom breaks out in the
League of Mayapan. As a consequence, the league begins to disintegrate.
*
1442:
Leonardo Bruni defines
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period lasted approximately from the late 5th to the late 15th centuries, similar to the post-classical period of global history. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire ...
and Modern times.
*
1443:
Abdur Razzaq visits India.
*
1443:
King Sejong the Great publishes the
hangul
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The l ...
, the native phonetic alphabet system for the
Korean language
Korean (South Korean: , ''hangugeo''; North Korean: , ''chosŏnmal'') is the native language for about 80 million people, mostly of Korean descent. It is the official and national language of both North Korea and South Korea (geographica ...
.
*
1444: The
Albanian league is established in Lezha,
Skanderbeg is elected leader. A war begins against the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
. An Albanian
state is set up and lasts until
1479.
*
1444:
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
under
Sultan Murad II defeats the
Polish and
Hungarian armies under
Władysław III of Poland and
János Hunyadi
John Hunyadi (, , , ; 1406 – 11 August 1456) was a leading Hungarian military and political figure in Central and Southeastern Europe during the 15th century. According to most contemporary sources, he was the member of a noble family of ...
at the
Battle of Varna.
*
1445: The
Kazan Khanate
The Khanate of Kazan ( tt, Казан ханлыгы, Kazan xanlıgı; russian: Казанское ханство, Kazanskoye khanstvo) was a medieval Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 155 ...
defeats the
Grand Duchy of Moscow at the
Battle of Suzdal
The Battle of Suzdal or the Battle of the Kamenka River was fought on July 7, 1445, between Russians under Vasily II and Tatar troops of Oluğ Möxämmäd, who invaded the principality of Nizhny Novgorod. The Russians were defeated by troops of ...
.
*
1446:
Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father
Deva Raya II as monarch of the
Vijayanagara Empire.
*
1447: Wijaya Parakrama Wardhana, succeeds
Suhita
Suhita or Soheeta (died 1447), was a Javanese queen regnant and the sixth monarch of the Majapahit empire, ruling from 1429 to 1447. She was the daughter of Wikramawardhana, her predecessor, by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi, ...
as ruler of Majapahit.
*
1449:
Saint Srimanta Sankardeva was born.
*
1449:
Esen Tayisi leads an
Oirat Mongol invasion of China which culminate in the capture of the
Zhengtong Emperor
Emperor Yingzong of Ming (; 29 November 1427 – 23 February 1464), personal name Zhu Qizhen (), was the sixth and eighth Emperor of the Ming dynasty. He ascended the throne as the Zhengtong Emperor () in 1435, but was forced to abdicate in ...
at
Battle of Tumu Fortress
The Crisis of the Tumu Fortress (), also known as the Tumu Crisis (; mn, Тумугийн тулалдаан), or the Jisi Incident (), was a frontier conflict between the Northern Yuan and Ming dynasties. The Oirat ruler of the Northern Yuan, ...
.
1450s
*
1450s:
Machu Picchu constructed.
*
1450:
Dayang Kalangitan became the
Queen regnant of the ancient kingdom of
Tondo that started Tondo's political dominance over
Luzon.
*
1451:
Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the
Delhi sultanate starting the
Lodhi dynasty
The Lodi dynasty ( ps, لودي سلسله; fa, سلسله لودی) was an Afghan dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1451 to 1526. It was the fifth and final dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate, and was founded by Bahlul Khan Lodi when he ...
*
1451: Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.
*
1453
Year 1453 ( MCDLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4 ...
: The
Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
and the death of the last Roman Emperor
Constantine XI and the beginning of the
Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire.
*
1453
Year 1453 ( MCDLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4 ...
: The
Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the
Hundred Years' War and the first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle.
*
1453
Year 1453 ( MCDLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4 ...
: Reign of Rajasawardhana ends.
*
1454–
1466
Year 1466 ( MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+50(L)+10(X)+5(V)+1(I) = 1466).
...
: After defeating the Teutonic Knights in the
Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexes
Royal Prussia.
*
1455
Year 1455 ( MCDLV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 8 – Pope Nicholas V publishes ''Romanus Pontifex'', an encyclical addr ...
–
1485:
Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses (1455–1487), known at the time and for more than a century after as the Civil Wars, were a series of civil wars fought over control of the throne of England, English throne in the mid-to-late fifteenth century. These w ...
– English civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster.
*
1456:
Joan of Arc is
posthumously acquitted of
heresy by the
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the List of Christian denominations by number of members, largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics Catholic Church by country, worldwide . It is am ...
, redeeming her status as the heroine of
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
.
*
1456: The
Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottomans' advance into Europe.
*
1456: Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III, becomes ruler of Majapahit.
*
1457: Construction of
Edo Castle begins.
1460s
The 1460s decade ran from January 1, 1460, to December 31, 1469.
Significant people
* Charles I (the Bold) (1433–1477), Duke of Burgundy, r. 1467–1477
* Jean Fouquet of France (1420–1481), painter
* Francis II (1433–1488), Duke of Brit ...
*
1461: The
League of Mayapan disintegrates. The league is replaced by seventeen
Kuchkabal.
*
1461: The city of
Sarajevo is founded by the
Ottomans.
*
1461:
**
2 February
Events Pre-1600
* 506 – Alaric II, eighth king of the Visigoths, promulgates the Breviary of Alaric (''Breviarium Alaricianum'' or ''Lex Romana Visigothorum''), a collection of " Roman law".
* 880 – Battle of Lüneburg Heath: King ...
–
Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by
Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under
Owen Tudor and his son
Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in
Wales
Wales ( cy, Cymru ) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, the Celtic Sea to the south west and the Bristol Channel to the south. It had a population in ...
.
**
17 February –
Second Battle of St Albans,
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...
: The
Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under
Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband.
**
4 March – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King
Edward IV of England.
**
5 March
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
*1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern ...
–
Henry VI of England is deposed by the
Duke of York during
war of the Roses.
**
29 March –
Battle of Towton
The Battle of Towton took place on 29 March 1461 during the Wars of the Roses, near Towton in North Yorkshire, and "has the dubious distinction of being probably the largest and bloodiest battle on English soil". Fought for ten hours between a ...
: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne (thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England).
**
28 June – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as
Edward IV, King of England (reigns until
1483).
** July –
Byzantine general
Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders
Salmeniko Castle
The Salmeniko Castle ( el, Κάστρο του Σαλμενίκου, ''Kastro tou Salmenikou'') or Orgia or Oria Castle (Κάστρο Οργιάς/Ωριάς, cf. '' Kastro tis Orias'') was a castle at the foot of Panachaiko mountain, in the mod ...
, last garrison of the
Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
after a year-long siege.
**
22 July –
Louis XI of France succeeds
Charles VII of France as king (reigns until
1483).
*
1462:
Sonni Ali Ber
Sunni Ali, also known as Si Ali, Sunni Ali Ber (Ber meaning "the Great"), was born in Ali Kolon. He reigned from about 1464 to 1492. Sunni Ali was the first king of the Songhai Empire, located in Africa and the 15th ruler of the Sunni dynasty. ...
, the ruler of the
Songhai (or Songhay) Empire, along the
Niger River, conquers
Mali
Mali (; ), officially the Republic of Mali,, , ff, 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, Renndaandi Maali, italics=no, ar, جمهورية مالي, Jumhūriyyāt Mālī is a landlocked country in West Africa. Ma ...
in the central
Sudan
Sudan ( or ; ar, السودان, as-Sūdān, officially the Republic of the Sudan ( ar, جمهورية السودان, link=no, Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic t ...
by defeating the
Tuareg
The Tuareg people (; also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym: ''Imuhaɣ/Imušaɣ/Imašeɣăn/Imajeɣăn'') are a large Berber ethnic group that principally inhabit the Sahara in a vast area stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Al ...
contingent at
Tombouctou (or
Timbuktu) and capturing the city. He develops both his own capital,
Gao, and the main centres of Mali, Timbuktu and
Djenné, into major cities. Ali Ber controls trade along the Niger River with a navy of war vessels.
*
1462:
Mehmed the Conqueror is driven back by
Wallachian prince
Vlad III Dracula at
The Night Attack.
*
1464:
Edward IV of England secretly marries
Elizabeth Woodville.
*
1465: The
1465 Moroccan revolt
The 1465 Moroccan revolution was a popular uprising in the city of Fez—then capital of Morocco—against Sultan Abd al-Haqq II, the last ruler of the Marinid dynasty, and his Jewish vizier Harun ibn Batash.
Morocco was in severe crisis in the m ...
ends in the murder of the last
Marinid Sultan of Morocco
Abd al-Haqq II
Abd al-Haqq II () (Abd al-Haqq ibn Uthman Abu Muhammad; 1419 – 14 August 1465) was Marinid Sultan of Morocco from 1420 to 1465.
Life
Abd al-Haqq II was made sultan in 1420 under the regency of a Wattasid ''vizier'', and later was nominal ...
.
*
1466
Year 1466 ( MCDLXVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+50(L)+10(X)+5(V)+1(I) = 1466).
...
: Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girishawardhana as ruler of Majapahit.
*
1467:
Uzun Hasan defeats the
Black Sheep Turkoman leader
Jahān Shāh.
*
1467–1615: The
Sengoku period
The was a period in History of Japan, Japanese history of near-constant civil war and social upheaval from 1467 to 1615.
The Sengoku period was initiated by the Ōnin War in 1467 which collapsed the Feudalism, feudal system of Japan under the ...
is one of civil war in Japan.
*
1469: The marriage of
Ferdinand II of Aragon and
Isabella I of Castile leads to the unification of
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
.
*
1469:
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquers some parts of
Bohemia.
*
1469: Birth of
Guru Nanak Dev. Beside followers of
Sikhism
Sikhism (), also known as Sikhi ( pa, ਸਿੱਖੀ ', , from pa, ਸਿੱਖ, lit=disciple', 'seeker', or 'learner, translit=Sikh, label=none),''Sikhism'' (commonly known as ''Sikhī'') originated from the word ''Sikh'', which comes fro ...
, Guru Nanak is revered by
Hindus and
Muslim Sufis across the
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Geopolitically, it includes the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, In ...
.
*
1469: Reign of
Axayacatl begins in the
Aztec capital of
Tenochtitlan as the sixth ''
tlatoani'' and emperor of the
Aztec Triple Alliance.
1470s
The 1470s decade ran from January 1, 1470, to December 31, 1479.
Significant people
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1470s
...
*
1470: The
Moldavian forces under
Stephen the Great defeat the Tatars of the
Golden Horde at the
Battle of Lipnic.
*
1471
Year 1471 ( MCDLXXI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January – Portuguese navigators João de Santarém and Pedro Escobar reach t ...
: The kingdom of
Champa suffers a massive defeat by the Vietnamese king
Lê Thánh Tông.
*
1472:
Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya becomes the first
Wattasid Sultan of Morocco.
*
1474
Year 1474 (Roman numerals, MCDLXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* February – The Treaty of Utrecht (1474), Treaty of Utrecht puts ...
–
1477:
Burgundy Wars of France,
Switzerland
). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzona, Lausanne, Luzern, Neuchâtel ...
,
Lorraine and
Sigismund II of Habsburg against the
Charles the Bold,
Duke of Burgundy.
*
1478:
Muscovy conquers
Novgorod.
*
1478: Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends.
*
1478:
The Great Mosque of Demak is the oldest mosque in Java, built by the
Wali Songo
The Wali Songo (also transcribed as Wali Sanga) are revered saints of Islam in Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, because of their historic role in the spread of Islam in Indonesia. The word ''wali'' is Arabic for "trusted one" (" ...
during the reign of Sultan
Raden Patah.
*
1479:
Battle of Breadfield,
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary defeated the Turks.
1480s
*
1480: After the
Great standing on the Ugra river
The Great Stand on the Ugra River (russian: Великое cтояние на реке Угре, also russian: Угорщина, translit=Ugorshchina, derived from " Ugra") was a standoff between the forces of Akhmat Khan of the Great Horde, an ...
,
Muscovy gained independence from the
Great Horde.
*
1481:
Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the first ''
auto-da-fé''.
*
1481: Reign of
Tizoc begins as the seventh ''
tlatoani'' of
Tenochtitlan and the emperor of the
Aztec Triple Alliance.
*
1482:
Portuguese navigator
Diogo Cão
Diogo Cão (; -1486), anglicised as Diogo Cam and also known as Diego Cam, was a Portuguese explorer and one of the most notable navigators of the Age of Discovery. He made two voyages sailing along the west coast of Africa in the 1480s, explori ...
becomes the first
European to enter the
Congo.
*
1483: The Jews are expelled from Andalusia.
*
1483:
Pluto
Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of trans-Neptunian object, bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. It is the ninth-largest and tenth-most-massive known object to directly orbit the S ...
moves inside
Neptune's orbit until
July 23,
1503
__NOTOC__
Year 1503 ( MDIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 20 – Seville in Castile is awarded exclusive rights to trade wit ...
, according to modern
orbital calculations.
*
1484:
William Caxton, the first
printer of books in
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ...
, prints his translation of ''
Aesop's Fables'' in London.
*
1485:
Matthias Corvinus of Hungary captured
Vienna,
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ran away.
*
1485:
Henry VII defeats
Richard III at the
Battle of Bosworth
The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 Au ...
and becomes King of England.
*
1485:
Ivan III of Russia conquered
Tver
Tver ( rus, Тверь, p=tvʲerʲ) is a city and the administrative centre of Tver Oblast, Russia. It is northwest of Moscow. Population:
Tver was formerly the capital of a powerful medieval state and a model provincial town in the Russi ...
.
*
1485:
Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out
Praudha Raya ending the
Sangama Dynasty.
*
1486:
Sher Shah Suri, is born in
Sasaram
Sasaram ()sometimes also spelled as Sahasram, is an ancient historical city and a municipal corporation region in the Rohtas district of the Bihar state in eastern India, with a history that goes to thousands of years. During the prehistoric ...
,
Bihar.
*
1486: Reign of
Ahuitzotl begins as the eighth ''
tlatoani'' of
Tenochtitlan and emperor of the
Aztec Triple Alliance.
*
1487
Year 1487 ( MCDLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 29 – Richard Foxe becomes Bishop of Exeter.
* March – Sigismun ...
:
Hongzhi Emperor ascends the throne, bringing Confucian ideology under his administration.
*
1488: Portuguese Navigator
Bartolomeu Dias sails around the
Cape of Good Hope.
1490–1500
*
1492
Year 1492 ( MCDXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
1492 is considered to be a significant year in the history of the West, Europe, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Spain, and the ...
: The death of
Sunni Ali Ber left a leadership void in the
Songhai Empire, and his son was soon dethroned by
Mamadou Toure Mamadou is a common given name in West Africa among predominantly Muslim ethnic groups such as the Mandé and Wolof people. It is a variant of the Arabic name Muhammad.
Academics
*Mamadou Diouf (historian), Senegalese professor of West African hi ...
who ascended the throne in 1493 under the name
Askia (meaning "general") Muhammad. Askia Muhammad made Songhai the largest empire in the history of West Africa. The empire went into decline, however, after 1528, when the now-blind Askia Muhammad was dethroned by his son,
Askia Musa.
*
1492
Year 1492 ( MCDXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
1492 is considered to be a significant year in the history of the West, Europe, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Spain, and the ...
:
Boabdil's surrender of
Granada marks the end of the Spanish
Reconquista
The ' ( Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the N ...
and
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus translit. ; an, al-Andalus; ast, al-Ándalus; eu, al-Andalus; ber, ⴰⵏⴷⴰⵍⵓⵙ, label= Berber, translit=Andalus; ca, al-Àndalus; gl, al-Andalus; oc, Al Andalús; pt, al-Ândalus; es, al-Ándalus () was the M ...
.
*
1492
Year 1492 ( MCDXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
1492 is considered to be a significant year in the history of the West, Europe, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Spain, and the ...
:
Ferdinand and
Isabella sign the
Alhambra Decree, expelling all
Jews
Jews ( he, יְהוּדִים, , ) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites Israelite origins and kingdom: "The first act in the long drama of Jewish history is the age of the Israelites""The ...
from Spain unless they convert to
Catholicism; 40,000–200,000 leave.
*
1492
Year 1492 ( MCDXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
1492 is considered to be a significant year in the history of the West, Europe, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Spain, and the ...
:
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
* lij, Cristoffa C(or)ombo
* es, link=no, Cristóbal Colón
* pt, Cristóvão Colombo
* ca, Cristòfor (or )
* la, Christophorus Columbus. (; born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was a ...
landed in the Americas from
Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, national_motto = '' Plus ultra'' (Latin)(English: "Further Beyond")
, national_anthem = (English: "Royal March")
, ...
.
*
1494: Spain and Portugal sign the
Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves.
*
1494–1559: The
Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the
Italian city-states.
*
1497–
1499:
Vasco da Gama's first voyage from
Europe
Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a Continent#Subcontinents, subcontinent of Eurasia ...
to
India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, seventh-largest country by area, the List of countries and dependencies by population, second-most populous ...
and back.
*
1499:
Ottoman fleet defeats
Venetians at the
Battle of Zonchio
The naval Battle of Zonchio ( tr, Sapienza Deniz Muharebesi, also known as the Battle of Sapienza or the First Battle of Lepanto) took place on four separate days: 12, 20, 22, and 25 August 1499. It was a part of the Ottoman–Venetian War of ...
.
*
1499: University "Alcalá de Henares" in Madrid, Spain is built.
*
1499:
Michelangelo's
Pietà
The Pietà (; meaning " pity", "compassion") is a subject in Christian art depicting the Virgin Mary cradling the dead body of Jesus after his body was removed from the cross. It is most often found in sculpture. The Pietà is a specific for ...
in St. Peter's Basilica is made in Rome
*
1500: Islam becomes the dominant religion across the Indonesian archipelago.
*
1500: Around late 15th century
Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, a
Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali.
*
1500:
Charles of Ghent (future
Lord of the Netherlands,
King of Spain,
Archduke of Austria, and
Holy Roman Emperor) was born.
*
1500:
Guru Nanak begins the spreading of
Sikhism
Sikhism (), also known as Sikhi ( pa, ਸਿੱਖੀ ', , from pa, ਸਿੱਖ, lit=disciple', 'seeker', or 'learner, translit=Sikh, label=none),''Sikhism'' (commonly known as ''Sikhī'') originated from the word ''Sikh'', which comes fro ...
, the fifth-largest religion in the world.
*
1500:
Spanish navigator
Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters
Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the
Treaty of Tordesillas.
*
1500:
Portuguese navigator
Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal.
*
1500: The
Ottoman fleet of
Kemal Reis defeats the
Venetians at the
Second Battle of Lepanto.
Gallery
File:Masaccio, cappella brancacci, san pietro in cattedra. ritratto di filippo brunelleschi.jpg, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), regarded as one of the greatest engineers and architects of all time
File:Anonymous portrait of Johannes Gutenberg dated 1440, Gutenberg Museum.JPG, Johannes Gutenberg (1400–1468), German inventor who introduced printing to Europe with his mechanical movable-type printing press
File:Skanderbeg by Antonio Maria Crespi.jpg, Skanderbeg (1405–1468), who led the Albanian resistance against the Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University ...
File:Ivan III of Russia.jpg, Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Grand Prince of Moscow who ended the dominance of the Tatars in the lands of the Rus
File:King Richard III from NPG.jpg, Richard III of England (1452–1485), the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty
File:Henry Seven England.jpg, King Henry VII
Henry VII (28 January 1457 – 21 April 1509) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. He was the first monarch of the House of Tudor.
Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, ...
(1457–1509), the founder of the royal house of Tudor
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
*
Renaissance
The Renaissance ( , ) , from , with the same meanings. is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries, characterized by an effort to revive and surpass ide ...
affects
philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...
,
science
Science is a systematic endeavor that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe.
Science may be as old as the human species, and some of the earliest archeological evidence ...
and
art.
* Rise of
Modern English language from
Middle English
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old Englis ...
.
* Introduction of the
noon bell in the
Catholic
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.3 billion baptized Catholics worldwide . It is among the world's oldest and largest international institutions, and has played a ...
world.
* Public
banks.
*
Yongle Encyclopedia—over 22,000 volumes.
*
Hangul
The Korean alphabet, known as Hangul, . Hangul may also be written as following South Korea's standard Romanization. ( ) in South Korea and Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea, is the modern official writing system for the Korean language. The l ...
alphabet in
Korea.
*
Scotch whisky.
*
Psychiatric hospitals.
* Development of the
woodcut for printing between
1400
Year 1400 ( MCD) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. The year 1400 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.
Events
January–December
* Henry IV of Englan ...
–
1450.
*
Movable type first used by King
Taejong of Joseon—
1403. (Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words, was invented in China by
Bi Sheng between 1041 and 1048.)
* Although pioneered earlier in Korea and by the Chinese official
Wang Zhen (with
tin),
bronze metal
movable type printing is created in China by
Hua Sui in
1490.
*
Johannes Gutenberg advances the
printing press in Europe ()
*
Linear perspective drawing perfected by
Filippo Brunelleschi 1410–
1415
* Invention of the
harpsichord
* Arrival of
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus
* lij, Cristoffa C(or)ombo
* es, link=no, Cristóbal Colón
* pt, Cristóvão Colombo
* ca, Cristòfor (or )
* la, Christophorus Columbus. (; born between 25 August and 31 October 1451, died 20 May 1506) was a ...
to the
Americas in
1492
Year 1492 ( MCDXCII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
1492 is considered to be a significant year in the history of the West, Europe, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Spain, and the ...
.
References
Sources
* Langer, William. ''An Encyclopedia of World History'' (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of event
online free*
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{{DEFAULTSORT:15th Century
2nd millennium
Centuries