__NOTOC__
Year 1534 (
MDXXXIV) was a
common year starting on Thursday
A common year starting on Thursday is any non-leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Thursday, 1 January, and ends on Thursday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is D. The most recent year of such kind was 2015 and the next one ...
(link will display the full calendar) of the
Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 15 – The Parliament of England passes the ''Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession
The Act Respecting the Oath to the Succession (26 Hen. 8 c. 2) was passed by the Parliament of England in November 1534, and required all subjects to take an oath to uphold the Act of Succession passed that March. It was later given the formal s ...
'', recognising the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Anne Boleyn (; 1501 or 1507 – 19 May 1536) was Queen of England from 1533 to 1536, as the second wife of King Henry VIII. The circumstances of her marriage and of her execution by beheading for treason and other charges made her a key ...
, and their children as the legitimate heirs to the throne.
* February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– A group of Anabaptist
Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin , from the Greek : 're-' and 'baptism', german: Täufer, earlier also )Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. ...
s, led by Jan Matthys
Jan Matthys (also known as ''Jan Matthias'', ''Johann Mathyszoon'', ''Jan Mattijs'', ''Jan Matthijszoon''; c. 1500 – 5 April 1534) was a charismatic Anabaptist leader of the Münster Rebellion, regarded by his followers as a prophet.
Matthys ...
, seize
Seize may refer to:
*Seisin, legal possession
*Seizing, a class of knots used to semi-permanently bind together two ropes
*Seize (band), a British electronic band
*The jamming of machine parts against each other, usually due to insufficient lubric ...
Münster, Westphalia and declare it ''The New Jerusalem'', begin to exile dissenters, and forcibly baptize all others.
* c. March – The Portuguese crown divides Colonial Brazil
Colonial Brazil ( pt, Brasil Colonial) comprises the period from 1500, with the arrival of the Portuguese, until 1815, when Brazil was elevated to a kingdom in union with Portugal as the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Dur ...
into fifteen donatory captaincies.
* April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his ...
( Easter Sunday) – Anabaptist
Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin , from the Greek : 're-' and 'baptism', german: Täufer, earlier also )Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. ...
Jan Matthys
Jan Matthys (also known as ''Jan Matthias'', ''Johann Mathyszoon'', ''Jan Mattijs'', ''Jan Matthijszoon''; c. 1500 – 5 April 1534) was a charismatic Anabaptist leader of the Münster Rebellion, regarded by his followers as a prophet.
Matthys ...
is killed by the Landsknechte
The (singular: , ), also rendered as Landsknechts or Lansquenets, were Germanic mercenaries used in pike and shot formations during the early modern period. Consisting predominantly of pikemen and supporting foot soldiers, their front line wa ...
, who laid siege to Münster on the day he predicted as the Second Coming
The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is a Christian (as well as Islamic and Baha'i) belief that Jesus will return again after his ascension to heaven about two thousand years ago. The idea is based on messia ...
of Christ
Jesus, likely from he, יֵשׁוּעַ, translit=Yēšūaʿ, label=Hebrew/Aramaic ( AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ or Jesus of Nazareth (among other Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament, names and titles), was ...
. His follower John of Leiden
John of Leiden (born Johan Beukelszoon; 2 February 1509 – 22 January 1536) was a Dutch Anabaptist leader. In 1533 he moved to Münster, capital of the Prince-Bishopric of Münster, where he became an influential prophet, turned the city into ...
takes control of the city.
* April 7
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town.
* 529 – First ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Empe ...
– Sir Thomas More is confined in the Tower of London
The Tower of London, officially His Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress of the Tower of London, is a historic castle on the north bank of the River Thames in central London. It lies within the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, which is separa ...
.
* May 10
Events Pre-1600
* 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China.
*1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...
– Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier ( , also , , ; br, Jakez Karter; 31 December 14911 September 1557) was a French- Breton maritime explorer for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of ...
explores Newfoundland, while searching for the Northwest Passage.
* June 9
Events Pre-1600
*411 BC – The Athenian coup succeeds, forming a short-lived oligarchy.
* 53 – The Roman emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia.
* 68 – Nero dies by suicide after quoting Vergil's ''Aeneid'', thus ending the Ju ...
– Jacques Cartier is the first European to discover the Gulf of St Lawrence
, image = Baie de la Tour.jpg
, alt =
, caption = Gulf of St. Lawrence from Anticosti National Park, Quebec
, image_bathymetry = Golfe Saint-Laurent Depths fr.svg
, alt_bathymetry = Bathymetry ...
.
* June 23
Events Pre-1600
* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
* 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
*1280 – The Spanish Re ...
– Copenhagen opens its gates to Count Christopher of Oldenburg
Christopher, Count of Oldenburg (German: ''Christoph, Graf von Oldenburg'') (c. 1504 – 4 August 1566) was German count and regent in eastern Denmark between 1534–36 during the Count's Feud (Danish: ''Grevens Fejde'') which was named after ...
, leading the army of Lübeck
Lübeck (; Low German also ), officially the Hanseatic City of Lübeck (german: Hansestadt Lübeck), is a city in Northern Germany. With around 217,000 inhabitants, Lübeck is the second-largest city on the German Baltic coast and in the st ...
(and the Hanseatic League), nominally in the interests of the deposed King Christian II of Denmark
Christian II (1 July 1481 – 25 January 1559) was a Scandinavian monarch under the Kalmar Union who reigned as King of Denmark and Norway, from 1513 until 1523, and Sweden from 1520 until 1521. From 1513 to 1523, he was concurrently Duke ...
. The surrenders of Copenhagen and, a few days later, of Malmö represent the high point of the Count's War
The Count's Feud ( da, Grevens Fejde), also called the Count's War, was a war of succession that raged in Denmark in 1534–36 and brought about the Reformation in Denmark. In the international context, it was part of the European wars of relig ...
for the forces of the League. These victories presumably lead the Danish nobility to recognize Christian III
Christian III (12 August 1503 – 1 January 1559) reigned as King of Denmark from 1534 and King of Norway from 1537 until his death in 1559. During his reign, Christian formed close ties between the church and the crown. He established ...
as King on July 4
Events Pre-1600
*362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaimed ...
.
* June 29 – Jacques Cartier
Jacques Cartier ( , also , , ; br, Jakez Karter; 31 December 14911 September 1557) was a French- Breton maritime explorer for France. Jacques Cartier was the first European to describe and map the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the shores of ...
discovers Prince Edward Island.
July–December
* July 4
Events Pre-1600
*362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaimed ...
– The Election of Christian III
The election of Christian III as king of Denmark on 4 July 1534 was a landmark event for all of Denmark and also Norway. It took place in St. Søren's Church ( da, Sankt Sørens Kirke) in the town of Rye in eastern Jutland, where the Jutlandic n ...
, as King of Denmark
The monarchy of Denmark is a constitutional institution and a historic office of the Kingdom of Denmark. The Kingdom includes Denmark proper and the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland. The Kingdom of Denmark was al ...
, takes place in the town of Rye
Rye (''Secale cereale'') is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop. It is a member of the wheat tribe (Triticeae) and is closely related to both wheat (''Triticum'') and barley (genus ''Hordeum''). Rye grain is u ...
.
* July 7
Events Pre-1600
*1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
*1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistado ...
– The first known exchange occurs between Europeans and natives of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, in New Brunswick.
* August 15
Events Pre-1600
* 636 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate begins.
* 717 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Constan ...
– Ignatius of Loyola and six others take the vows that lead to the establishment of the Society of Jesus, in Montmartre (Paris).
* August 26
Events Pre-1600
* 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
* 1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most o ...
– Piero de Ponte
Fra' Piero del Ponte (26 August 1462 – 17 November 1535) was the 45th Grand Master of the Order of Saint John between 1534 and 1535.
He hailed from Asti, in northern Italy and was a descendant of the ancient family of Casal-Gros and ...
becomes the 45th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headqu ...
.
* October 13
Events Pre-1600
* 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina.
* 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the Pyr ...
– Pope Paul III succeeds Pope Clement VII, as the 220th pope.
* October 18 – Huguenots
The Huguenots ( , also , ) were a religious group of French Protestants who held to the Reformed, or Calvinist, tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Bez ...
post placards all over France attacking the Catholic Mass, provoking a violent sectarian reaction.
* November 3
Events Pre-1600
* 361 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia; on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.
*1333 – The River Arno floods causing massive damage in Fl ...
–December 18
Events Pre-1600
* 1271 – Kublai Khan renames his empire "Yuan" (元 yuán), officially marking the start of the Yuan dynasty of Mongolia and China.
*1499 – A rebellion breaks out in Alpujarras in response to the forced convers ...
– The English Reformation Parliament
The English Reformation Parliament, which sat from 3 November 1529 to 14 April 1536, was the English Parliament that passed the major pieces of legislation leading to the Break with Rome and establishment of the Church of England. In Scotland, ...
passes the Act of Supremacy
The Acts of Supremacy are two acts passed by the Parliament of England in the 16th century that established the English monarchs as the head of the Church of England; two similar laws were passed by the Parliament of Ireland establishing the En ...
, establishing Henry VIII as supreme head of the Church of England.
* December 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1060 – Béla I is crowned king of Hungary.
*1240 – Mongol invasion of Rus': Kyiv, defended by Voivode Dmytro, falls to the Mongols under Batu Khan.
*1492 – After exploring the island of Cuba for gold (wh ...
– Over 200 Spanish settlers, led by conquistador
Conquistadors (, ) or conquistadores (, ; meaning 'conquerors') were the explorer-soldiers of the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 15th and 16th centuries. During the Age of Discovery, conquistadors sailed beyond Europe to the Americas, ...
Sebastián de Belalcázar, found what becomes Quito, Ecuador.
Date unknown
* Act for the Submission of the Clergy is confirmed by the Parliament of England, requiring churchmen to submit to the king, and forbidding the publication of ecclesiastical laws without royal permission.
* Manco Inca Yupanqui
Manco Inca Yupanqui ( 1515 – c. 1544) (''Manqu Inka Yupanki'' in Quechua) was the founder and monarch (Sapa Inca) of the independent Neo-Inca State in Vilcabamba, although he was originally a puppet Inca Emperor installed by the Spaniards. H ...
is crowned as Sapa Inca in Cusco
Cusco, often spelled Cuzco (; qu, Qusqu ()), is a city in Southeastern Peru near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cusco Region and of the Cusco Province. The city is the seventh most populous in Peru ...
, Peru by Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro, in succession to his brother Túpac Huallpa
Túpac Huallpa (or Huallpa Túpac) (1510 – October 1533), original name Auqui Huallpa Túpac, was the first vassal Sapa Inca installed by the Spanish conquistadors, during the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire led by Francisco Pizarro.
Life
...
(d. October
October is the tenth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the sixth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus , October retained its name (from Latin and Greek ''ôct ...
1533
__NOTOC__
Year 1533 ( MDXXXIII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 25 – King Henry VIII of England formally but secretly marrie ...
).
* The Ottoman army under Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman I ( ota, سليمان اول, Süleyman-ı Evvel; tr, I. Süleyman; 6 November 14946 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in the West and Suleiman the Lawgiver ( ota, قانونى سلطان سليمان, Ḳ ...
captures the city of Baghdad
Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesiphon ...
from the Safavids.
* Cambridge University Press is given a Royal Charter by Henry VIII of England, and becomes the first of the privileged presses
In the United Kingdom, the privileged presses are Cambridge University Press and Oxford University Press. They are called this because, under letters patent issued by the Crown defining their charters, only they have the right to print and publish ...
.
* ''Gargantua
''The Life of Gargantua and of Pantagruel'' (french: La vie de Gargantua et de Pantagruel) is a pentalogy of novels written in the 16th century by François Rabelais, telling the adventures of two giants, Gargantua ( , ) and his son Pantagruel ...
'' is published by François Rabelais.
* Martin Luther's translation of the complete Christian Bible into German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
is printed by Hans Lufft in Wittenberg
Wittenberg ( , ; Low Saxon: ''Wittenbarg''; meaning ''White Mountain''; officially Lutherstadt Wittenberg (''Luther City Wittenberg'')), is the fourth largest town in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Wittenberg is situated on the River Elbe, north ...
, adding the Old Testament and Apocrypha
Apocrypha are works, usually written, of unknown authorship or of doubtful origin. The word ''apocryphal'' (ἀπόκρυφος) was first applied to writings which were kept secret because they were the vehicles of esoteric knowledge considered ...
to Luther's 1522
__NOTOC__
Year 1522 ( MDXXII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1522nd year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 522nd year of the 2nd millenni ...
translation of the New Testament, and including woodcut illustrations.
* The first book in Yiddish
Yiddish (, or , ''yidish'' or ''idish'', , ; , ''Yidish-Taytsh'', ) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the 9th century in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi community with a ve ...
is printed (in Kraków), ''Mirkevet ha-Mishneh'', a Tanakh concordance by Rabbi Asher Anchel, translating difficult phrases in biblical Hebrew
Hebrew (; ; ) is a Northwest Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is one of the spoken languages of the Israelites and their longest-surviving descendants, the Jews and Samaritans. It was largely preserved ...
.
Births
*
January 6 –
Pavao Skalić, Croatian
encyclopedist,
Renaissance humanist
Renaissance humanism was a revival in the study of classical antiquity, at first in Italy and then spreading across Western Europe in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. During the period, the term ''humanist'' ( it, umanista) referred to teache ...
and adventurer (d.
1575
__NOTOC__
Year 1575 ( MDLXXV) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 21 – Queen Elizabeth I of England grants a monopoly on producin ...
)
*
February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ...
–
Giovanni de' Bardi
Giovanni de' Bardi (5 February 1534 – September 1612), Count of Vernio, was an Italian literary critic, writer, composer and soldier.
Biography
Giovanni de' Bardi was born in Florence.
While he received a deep classical education, becoming p ...
, Italian writer, composer and soldier (d.
1612)
*
February 10 –
Song Ikpil
Song Ikpil (February 10, 1534 - August 8, 1599) was a politician and Neo-Confucian scholar and educator. His pennames were Gubong (구봉, 龜峰) and Hyeonseung (현승, 玄繩), and his courtesy name was Unjang (운장, 雲長). Song was best ...
, Korean scholar (d.
1599
__NOTOC__
Events
January–June
* January 8 – The Jesuit educational plan, known as the ''Ratio Studiorum'', is issued.
* March 12 – Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex, is appointed Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, by Queen Elizabeth I o ...
)
*
March 19
Events Pre-1600
* 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire.
* 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen end ...
–
José de Anchieta
José de Anchieta y Díaz de Clavijo (Joseph of Anchieta) (19 March 1534 – 9 June 1597) was a Spanish Jesuit missionary to the Portuguese colony of Brazil in the second half of the 16th century. A highly influential figure in Brazil's ...
, Spanish Jesuit missionary in Brazil (d.
1597
Events
January–June
* January 24 – Battle of Turnhout: Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas, in the Netherlands.
* February – Bali is discovered, by Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman.
* February 5 � ...
)
*
April 18
Events Pre-1600
* 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days.
*1428 – Peace of Ferrara bet ...
–
William Harrison, English clergyman (d.
1593
Events
January–December
* January – Siege of Pyongyang (1593): A Japanese invasion is defeated in Pyongyang by a combined force of Korean and Ming troops.
* January 18 – Siamese King Naresuan, in combat on elephant back, ...
)
*
June 15 –
Henri I de Montmorency
Henri I de Montmorency (15 June 1534 in Chantilly, Oise – 2 April 1614), Marshal of France, and Constable of France, seigneur of Damville, served as Governor of Languedoc from 1563 to 1614.
Biography
Born on 15 June 1534, Henri was the son ...
, Marshal of France (d.
1614
Events
January–June
* February – King James I of England condemns duels, in his proclamation ''Against Private Challenges and Combats''.
* April 5 – Pocahontas is forced into child marriage with English colonist John Rolfe in Ja ...
)
*
June 23
Events Pre-1600
* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
* 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
*1280 – The Spanish Re ...
–
Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warlord (d.
1582
1582 ( MDLXXXII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. This year saw the be ...
)
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– King
Frederick II of Denmark (d.
1588
__NOTOC__
Events
January–June
* February – The Sinhalese abandon the siege of Colombo, capital of Portuguese Ceylon.
* February 9 – The sudden death of Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz, in the midst of pr ...
)
*
July 3
Events Pre-1600
* 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
* 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revolu ...
–
Myeongjong of Joseon, ruler of Korea (d.
1567)
*
July 18
Events Pre-1600
*477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
*387 BC – Roman-Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, lead ...
–
Zacharius Ursinus
Zacharias Ursinus (18 July 15346 May 1583) was a sixteenth-century German Reformed theologian and Protestant reformer, born Zacharias Baer in Breslau (now Wrocław, Poland). He became the leading theologian of the Reformed Protestant movement of ...
, German theologian (d.
1583
__NOTOC__
Events
January–June
* January 18 – François, Duke of Anjou, attacks Antwerp.
* February 4 – Gebhard Truchsess von Waldburg, newly converted to Calvinism, formally marries Agnes von Mansfeld-Eisleben, a f ...
)
*
August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...
–
Nicholas Pieck, Dutch Franciscan friar and martyr (d.
1572
Year 1572 ( MDLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is tried for treason, for his part ...
)
*
September 24
Events Pre-1600
* 787 – Second Council of Nicaea: The council assembles at the church of Hagia Sophia.
* 1568 – Spanish naval forces defeat an English fleet, under the command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa ne ...
–
Guru Ram Das, fourth
Sikh Guru (d.
1581
1581 ( MDLXXXI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) in the Julian calendar, and a common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar) of the Proleptic Gregorian calendar.
Events
Jan ...
)
*
October 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 23 – Rebels sack the Chinese capital Chang'an during a peasant rebellion.
* 1209 – Otto IV is crowned Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by Pope Innocent III.
*1302 – The Byzantine–Venetian War comes t ...
–
William I, Count of Schwarzburg-Frankenhausen (d.
1597
Events
January–June
* January 24 – Battle of Turnhout: Maurice of Nassau defeats a Spanish force under Jean de Rie of Varas, in the Netherlands.
* February – Bali is discovered, by Dutch explorer Cornelis Houtman.
* February 5 � ...
)
*
October 18 –
Jean Passerat
Jean Passerat (18 October 153414 September 1602) was a 16th-century French political satirist and poet.
Life
Passerat was born at Troyes, on 18 October 1534. He studied at the University of Paris, and is said to have had some curious adventures ...
, French writer (d.
1602
Events January–June
* January 3 – Battle of Kinsale: The English defeat Irish rebels and their Spanish allies. (The battle happens on this date according to the Gregorian calendar used by the Irish and Spanish but on Thursday, 24 Dece ...
)
*
November 2
Events Pre-1600
* 619 – A qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is assassinated in a Chinese palace by Eastern Turkic rivals after the approval of Tang emperor Gaozu.
*1410 – The Peace of Bicêtre suspends hostilities in the ...
–
Archduchess Eleanor of Austria
Archduchess Eleanor of Austria (2 November 1534 – 5 August 1594) was Duchess of Mantua by marriage to William I, Duke of Mantua. She was the daughter of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary.
Life
Eleanor was the ei ...
(d.
1594
Events
January–June
* March 21 – Henry IV enters his capital of Paris for the first time.
* April 17 – Hyacinth of Poland is canonized.
* May
** Uprising in Banat of Serbs against Ottoman rule ends with the public ...
)
*
November 6
Events Pre-1600
* 447 – A powerful earthquake destroys large portions of the Walls of Constantinople, including 57 towers.
* 963 – Synod of Rome: Emperor Otto I calls a council at St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. Pope John XII is ...
–
Joachim Camerarius the Younger
Joachim Camerarius the Younger (German "Kammermeister") (6 November 1534 – 11 October 1598, Nuremberg) was a German physician, botanist, zoologist and humanist scholar.
Life
He was born in Nuremberg, the son of the famed humanist Joachim C ...
, German scientist (d.
1598
__NOTOC__
Events
January–June
* February 21 – Boris Godunov seizes the throne of Russia, following the death of his brother-in-law, Tsar Feodor I; the ''Time of Troubles'' starts.
* April 13 – Edict of Nantes (promulgated April 30 ...
)
*
November 17 –
Karl I, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst
Karl I of Anhalt-Zerbst (17 November 1534 in Dessau – 4 May 1561 in Zerbst), was a German prince of the House of Ascania and ruler of the principality of Anhalt-Zerbst.
He was the eldest son of John V, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, by his wife M ...
, German prince (d.
1561)
*
November 26 –
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley
Henry Berkeley, 7th Baron Berkeley, KB (26 November 1534 – 26 November 1613) was an English peer and politician. He was Lord Lieutenant and Vice-Admiral of Gloucestershire. He was the grandfather of George Berkeley, 8th Baron Berkeley.
F ...
(d.
1613)
*
December 16
Events Pre-1600
* 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
* ...
–
Lucas Osiander the Elder, German pastor (d.
1604
Events
January–June
* January 1 – ''The Masque of Indian and China Knights'' is performed by courtiers of James VI and I at Hampton Court.
* January 14 – The Hampton Court Conference is held between James I of England, ...
)
*
December 16
Events Pre-1600
* 714 – Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the Merovingian palace, dies at Jupille (modern Belgium). He is succeeded by his infant grandson Theudoald, while his widow Plectrude holds actual power in the Frankish Kingdom.
* ...
–
Hans Bol
Hans Bol or Jan Bol (16 December 1534 – 20 November 1593), was a Flemish-Belgian painter, print artist, miniaturist painter and draftsman.[1593
Events
January–December
* January – Siege of Pyongyang (1593): A Japanese invasion is defeated in Pyongyang by a combined force of Korean and Ming troops.
* January 18 – Siamese King Naresuan, in combat on elephant back, ...]
)
* ''date unknown''
**
Lodovico Agostini, Italian composer (d.
1590
Events
January–June
* January 4 – The Cortes of Castile approves a new subsidy, the '' millones''.
* March 4 – Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, takes Breda, by concealing 68 of his best men in a peat-boat, to ...
)
**
Isaac Luria, Jewish scholar and mystic (d.
1572
Year 1572 ( MDLXXII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 16 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is tried for treason, for his part ...
)
**
Henry Herbert, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, statesman of the Elizabethan era (d.
1601
This epoch is the beginning of the 400-year Gregorian leap-year cycle within which digital files first existed; the last year of any such cycle is the only leap year whose year number is divisible by 100.
January 1 of this year (1601-01-01) i ...
)
**
Paul Skalić
Paul may refer to:
* Paul (given name), a given name (includes a list of people with that name)
* Paul (surname), a list of people
People
Christianity
*Paul the Apostle (AD c.5–c.64/65), also known as Saul of Tarsus or Saint Paul, early Chr ...
, Croatian encyclopedist, humanist and adventurer (d.
1573
Year 1573 ( MDLXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 25 – Battle of Mikatagahara in Japan: Takeda Shingen defeats Tokugawa I ...
)
**
Joan Waste
Joan Waste or Wast (1534 – 1 August 1556) was a blind woman who was burned in Derby for refusing to renounce her Protestant faith.[1556
__NOTOC__
Year 1556 ( MDLVI) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 16 – Charles V, having already abdicated as Holy Roman Emperor, r ...]
)
**
Lautaro
Lautaro (Anglicized as 'Levtaru') ( arn, Lef-Traru " swift hawk") (; 1534? – April 29, 1557) was a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile and developing the tactics that would conti ...
, Mapuche warrior (d.
1557
__NOTOC__
Year 1557 ( MDLVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* March – The Takeda clan besiege Katsurayama Castle in eastern Japan. Th ...
)
Deaths
*
January 9 –
Johannes Aventinus
Johann Georg Turmair (or Thurmayr) (4 July 1477 – 9 January 1534), known by the pen name Johannes Aventinus (Latin for "John of Abensberg") or Aventin, was a Bavarian Renaissance humanist historian and philologist. He authored the 15 ...
, Bavarian historian and philologist (b.
1477
Year 1477 ( MCDLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 5 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, ...
)
*
January 25 –
Magdalena of Saxony
Magdalena of Saxony (7 March 1507 – 25 January 1534) was Margravine of Brandenburg, its "''Electoral Princess''", the Electoral equivalent of a crown princess.
She was the daughter of George ''the Bearded'', Duke of Saxony and his wife Barba ...
(b.
1507
__NOTOC__
Year 1507 ( MDVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* April 25 – Martin Waldseemüller publishes his '' Cosmographiae Introductio'' ("In ...
)
*
February 15 –
Barbara Jagiellon
Barbara Jagiellon (15 July 1478 – 15 February 1534) was a Polish princess, member of the Jagiellonian dynasty and by marriage Duchess of Saxony.
Born in Sandomierz, she was the sixth daughter of King Casimir IV of Poland and Archduchess El ...
, duchess consort of Saxony and Margravine consort of Meissen (1500–1534) (b.
1478
Year 1478 ( MCDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 14 – Novgorod surrenders to Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow.
* Ja ...
)
*
March 5 –
Antonio da Correggio
Antonio Allegri da Correggio (August 1489 – 5 March 1534), usually known as just Correggio (, also , , ), was the foremost painter of the Parma school of the High Italian Renaissance, who was responsible for some of the most vigorous and sens ...
, Italian painter (b.
1489
Year 1489 ( MCDLXXXIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* March 14 – The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to the ...
)
*
March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ei ...
–
Vojtěch I of Pernstein Vojtěch (Czech pronunciation: ) or Vojtech is a, respectively, Czech and Slovak given name of Slavic origin. It is composed of two parts: ''voj'' – "troops"/"war(rior)" and ''těch'' – "consolator"/"rejoicing man". So, the name could be interp ...
, Bohemian nobleman (b.
1490
Year 1490 ( MCDXC) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 4 – Anne of Brittany announces that all those who ally themselves with the ...
)
*
March 19
Events Pre-1600
* 1277 – The Byzantine–Venetian treaty of 1277 is concluded, stipulating a two-year truce and renewing Venetian commercial privileges in the Byzantine Empire.
* 1279 – A Mongol victory at the Battle of Yamen end ...
–
Michael Weiße
Michael Weiße or Weisse ( – 19 March 1534) was a German theologian, Protestant reformer and hymn writer. First a Franciscan, he joined the Bohemian Brethren. He published the most extensive early Protestant hymnal in 1531, supplying most hymn t ...
, German theologian (b. c.
1488
__NOTOC__
Year 1488 ( MCDLXXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 8 – The Royal Netherlands Navy is formed, by the decree of Maximillian of Austria.
* February 3 & ...
)
*
April 5
Events Pre-1600
* 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I.
* 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his ...
–
Jan Matthys
Jan Matthys (also known as ''Jan Matthias'', ''Johann Mathyszoon'', ''Jan Mattijs'', ''Jan Matthijszoon''; c. 1500 – 5 April 1534) was a charismatic Anabaptist leader of the Münster Rebellion, regarded by his followers as a prophet.
Matthys ...
, German
Anabaptist
Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin , from the Greek : 're-' and 'baptism', german: Täufer, earlier also )Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased. ...
reformer
*
April 20
Events Pre-1600
*1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
1601–1900
*1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament.
*1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroys a ...
–
Elizabeth Barton
Elizabeth Barton (1506 – 20 April 1534), known as "The Nun of Kent", "The Holy Maid of London", "The Holy Maid of Kent" and later "The Mad Maid of Kent", was an English Catholic nun. She was executed as a result of her prophecies against the ...
, English prophet and nun (executed) (b.
1506
__NOTOC__
Year 1506 ( MDVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* January 14 – The classical statue of ''Laocoön and His Sons'' is unearthe ...
)
*
May 3
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
*1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
–
Juana de la Cruz Vázquez Gutiérrez, Spanish abbess of the Franciscan Third Order Regular (b.
1481
Year 1481 ( MCDLXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar).
Events
January–December
* May 3
** The 1481 Rhodes earthquake, the largest of a series, strikes the island of R ...
)
*
June 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
* 1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soon ...
–
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu
Chaitanya Mahaprabhu (; born Vishvambhar Mishra) was a 15th-century Indian saint who is considered to be the combined avatar of Radha and Krishna by his disciples and various scriptures. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's mode of worshipping Krishn ...
, Bengali mystic (b.
1486
Year 1486 ( MCDLXXXVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full Julian calendar for the year).
Events
January–December
* January 18 – King Henry VII of England and Elizabeth of York are married, unitin ...
)
*
June 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1358 – The Republic of Ragusa is founded.
* 1497 – Cornish rebels Michael An Gof and Thomas Flamank are executed at Tyburn, London, England.
* 1499 – Americo Vespucci, on Spanish financed trip, sights coas ...
–
Hille Feicken Hille Feicken (died 27 June 1534) was a Dutch Anabaptist.
She was born to the worker Feicke in Wirdum in Friesland and married Psalmus van Utrecht: no children are known. Her spouse joined the Anabaptist theocracy in Münster, and later sent for he ...
, Dutch Anabaptist
*
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...
–
Andrea della Valle
Cardinal Andrea della Valle (29 November 1463, in Rome – 3 August 1534) was an Italian clergyman and art collector.
Life
Andrea belonged to an ancient family of Roman nobles. He was the son of Filippo della Valle, a Roman patrician; the fami ...
, Italian Catholic cardinal (b.
1463
Year 1463 ( MCDLXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1463rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 463rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 63rd y ...
)
*
August 9
Events Pre-1600
*48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
* 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens ...
–
Thomas Cajetan
Thomas Cajetan (; 20 February 14699 August 1534), also known as Gaetanus, commonly Tommaso de Vio or Thomas de Vio, was an Italian philosopher, theologian, cardinal (from 1517 until his death) and the Master of the Order of Preachers 1508 to 151 ...
, Italian theologian and cardinal (b.
1470
Year 1470 ( MCDLXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field: The Ho ...
)
*
August 21
Events Pre-1600
* 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège.
* 1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars.
*1169 – Battle ...
–
Philippe Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 44th Grandmaster of the
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headqu ...
(b.
1464
Year 1464 ( MCDLXIV) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. It is one of eight years (CE) to contain each Roman numeral once (1000(M)+(-100(C)+500(D))+50(L)+10(X)+(-1(I)+5(V)) = 1464).
E ...
)
*
September 7
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
* 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
* 1159 – Pope Alexander III is chosen.
*1191 – Thi ...
–
Lazarus Spengler
Lazarus Spengler (March 13, 1479 in Nuremberg – September 7, 1534 in Nuremberg) was a prominent supporter of Martin Luther and leader of the Protestant Reformation in Nuremberg, as well as a famous hymnwriter.
Life and career
Spengler was t ...
, German hymnwriter (b.
1479
Year 1479 ( MCDLXXIX) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar).
Events
January–December
* January 20 – Ferdinand II ascends the throne of Aragon, and rules together wit ...
)
*
September 24
Events Pre-1600
* 787 – Second Council of Nicaea: The council assembles at the church of Hagia Sophia.
* 1568 – Spanish naval forces defeat an English fleet, under the command of John Hawkins, at the Battle of San Juan de Ulúa ne ...
–
Michael Glinski
Michael Lvovich Glinsky ( lt, Mykolas Glinskis, russian: Михаил Львович Глинский, pl, Michał Gliński; 1460s – 24 September 1534) was a noble from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania of distant Tatar extraction, who was also a t ...
, Lithuanian prince (b. c.
1470
Year 1470 ( MCDLXX) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* March 12 – Wars of the Roses in England – Battle of Losecoat Field: The Ho ...
)
*
September 25 –
Pope Clement VII (b.
1478
Year 1478 ( MCDLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 14 – Novgorod surrenders to Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow.
* Ja ...
)
*
October 31
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Romulus Augustulus is proclaimed Western Roman Emperor.
* 683 – During the Siege of Mecca, the Kaaba catches fire and is burned down.
* 802 – Empress Irene is deposed and banished to Lesbos. Consp ...
–
Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara
Alfonso d'Este (21 July 1476 – 31 October 1534) was Duke of Ferrara during the time of the War of the League of Cambrai.
Biography
He was the son of Ercole I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara and Eleanor of Naples and became duke on Ercole's death i ...
(b.
1476
Year 1476 ( MCDLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* March 1 – Battle of Toro (War of the Castilian Succession): Although militarily ...
)
*
November 7
Events Pre-1600
* 335 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople.
* 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople.
* 921 – Treaty of Bo ...
–
Ferdinand of Portugal, Duke of Guarda and Trancoso, Portuguese nobleman (b.
1507
__NOTOC__
Year 1507 ( MDVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* April 25 – Martin Waldseemüller publishes his '' Cosmographiae Introductio'' ("In ...
)
*
November 8
Events Pre-1600
* 960 – Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla.
*1278 – Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dynast ...
–
William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy
William Blount, 4th Baron Mountjoy (8 November 1534), KG, of Barton Blount, Derbyshire, was an extremely influential English courtier, a respected humanistic scholar and patron of learning. He was one of the most influential and perhaps the wea ...
, scholar and patron (b. c. 1478)
*
November 23 –
Beatriz Galindo
Beatriz Galindo, sometimes spelled Beatrix and also known as La Latina ( – 23 November 1535), was a Spanish Latinist and educator. She was a writer, humanist and a teacher of Queen Isabella of Castile and her children. She was one of the mos ...
, Spanish Latinist and scholar (b.
1465
Year 1465 ( MCDLXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 24 – Chilia is conquered by Stephen the Great of Moldavia, following a s ...
)
*
December 9
Events Pre-1600
* 536 – Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital.
* 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, ...
–
Balthasar of Hanau-Münzenberg, German nobleman (b.
1508
__NOTOC__
Year 1508 ( MDVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–June
* February – Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, attacks the Republic of Veni ...
)
*
December 27
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – The second Hagia Sophia in Constantinople is consecrated.
*1512 – The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the conduct of settlers with regard to native Indians in the New World.
*1521 – ...
–
Antonio da Sangallo the Elder, Florentine architect (b.
1453
Year 1453 ( MCDLIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1453rd year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 453rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 53rd year of the 15th century, and the 4 ...
)
* ''date unknown''
**
István Báthory, Hungarian noble (b.
1477
Year 1477 ( MCDLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 5 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold of Burgundy is again defeated, ...
)
**
Edward Guildford
Sir Edward Guildford (alternative spelling Guilford; c. 1474 – 1534) was an English courtier and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports and Marshal of Calais in 1519. Upon his father's death in 1506, he inherited his father's position as Master of ...
, Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports (b.
1474)
**
Cesare Hercolani, Italian soldier, murdered (b.
1499
Year 1499 ( MCDXCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* January 8 – Louis XII of France marries Anne of Brittany, in accordance with a l ...
)
**
Humphrey Kynaston, English highwayman (b.
1474)
**
Amago Okihisa
was the third son of Tsunehisa. His childhood name was Hikoshirō (彦四郎). He also called himself for the domain he ruled.
He received Enya of east Izumo Province and used Mount Yōgai (要害山) for his castle. Like his elder brother ...
, Japanese nobleman (b.
1497
Year 1497 ( MCDXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* February 7 (Shrove Tuesday) – Followers of Girolamo Savonarola burn thousands of ...
)
**
John Taylor, English Master of the Rolls (b.
1480
Year 1480 ( MCDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
January–December
* March 6 – Treaty of Toledo: Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain recognize the Afric ...
)
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1534