Events

January

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

** The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is inaugurated. ** The

Constitution of New Jersey The Constitution of the State of New Jersey is the Constitution, basic governing document of the U.S. state, State of New Jersey. In addition to three British Royal Charters issued for East Jersey, West Jersey and united New Jersey while they wer ...

(later subject to amendment) goes into effect. ** The railways of Britain are nationalized, to form British Railways. * January 4 – Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming an independent republic, named the ''Union of Burma'', with

Sao Shwe Thaik Sao Shwe Thaik ( shn, ၸဝ်ႈၶမ်းသိူၵ်ႈ, ''Tsaw³ Kham⁴soek³''; my, စဝ်ရွှေသိုက်, ; 16 October 1895 – 21 November 1962) was a Burmese politician who served as the first president of the U ...

as its first President, and

U Nu Nu ( my, ဦးနု; ; 25 May 1907 – 14 February 1995), commonly known as U Nu also known by the honorific name Thakin Nu, was a leading Burmese statesman and nationalist politician. He was the first Prime Minister of Burma under the pr ...

its first Prime Minister. *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 * 1675 – Battle of Colmar: The French a ...

Warner Brothers Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly known as Warner Bros. or abbreviated as WB) is an American film and entertainment studio headquartered at the Warner Bros. Studios complex in Burbank, California, and a subsidiary of Warner Bros. D ...

shows the first color

newsreel A newsreel is a form of short documentary film, containing news stories and items of topical interest, that was prevalent between the 1910s and the mid 1970s. Typically presented in a cinema, newsreels were a source of current affairs, inform ...

(''

Tournament of Roses Parade A tournament is a competition involving at least three competitors, all participating in a sport or game. More specifically, the term may be used in either of two overlapping senses: # One or more competitions held at a single venue and concentr ...

'' and the '' Rose Bowl Game''). ** The first

Kinsey Report The Kinsey Reports are two scholarly books on human sexual behavior, ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Male'' (1948) and ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Female'' (1953), written by Alfred Kinsey, Wardell Pomeroy, Clyde Martin, and (for ''Sexual Behavi ...

, ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Male'', is published in the United States. * January 7 –

Mantell UFO incident On January 7, 1948, 25-year-old Captain Thomas F. Mantell, a Kentucky Air National Guard pilot, died in the crash of his P-51 Mustang fighter plane near Franklin, Kentucky, United States, after being sent in pursuit of an unidentified flying obje ...

Kentucky Air National Guard The Kentucky Air National Guard (KY ANG) is the aerial militia of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, United States of America. It is, along with the Kentucky Army National Guard, an element of the Kentucky National Guard. As commonwealth militia un ...

pilot Thomas Mantell crashes while in pursuit of an

unidentified flying object An unidentified flying object (UFO), more recently renamed by US officials as a UAP (unidentified aerial phenomenon), is any perceived aerial phenomenon that cannot be immediately identified or explained. On investigation, most UFOs are ide ...

. *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. * 1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already rei ...

–

Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...

begins his fast-unto-death in

Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders ...

, to stop communal violence during the Partition of India. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 *38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

– A truce is declared between nationalist Indonesian and Dutch troops in

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's mos ...

. * January 22 – British foreign secretary

Ernest Bevin Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour Party politician. He co-founded and served as General Secretary of the powerful Transport and General Workers' Union in the years 1922–194 ...

proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France, and the

Benelux The Benelux Union ( nl, Benelux Unie; french: Union Benelux; lb, Benelux-Unioun), also known as simply Benelux, is a politico- economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighboring states in western Europe: ...

countries, to stand up against the Soviet Union. The

Treaty of Brussels The Treaty of Brussels, also referred to as the Brussels Pact, was the founding treaty of the Western Union (WU) between 1948 and 1954, when it was amended as the Modified Brussels Treaty (MTB) and served as the founding treaty of the Western Eu ...

is signed

March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ei ...

as a consequence, a predecessor to

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...

. *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. *1531 – The 6.4–7.1 Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. * 1564 – The Council of Tren ...

– Teigin poison case: a man masquerading as a doctor poisons 12 of 16 bank employees of the Tokyo branch of Imperial Bank and takes the money; artist

Sadamichi Hirasawa was a Japanese tempera painter. He was convicted of mass poisoning and sentenced to death. Due to strong suspicions that he was innocent, no justice minister ever signed his death warrant. Teigin case On January 26, 1948, a man calling himself ...

is later sentenced to death for the crime, but is never executed. *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, rul ...

– A DC-3 aircraft crash at Los Gatos Creek, near

Coalinga, California Coalinga ( or ) is a city in Fresno County and the western San Joaquin Valley, in central California about 80 miles (128 km) southeast of Salinas. It was formerly known as ''Coaling Station A'', ''Coalingo'', and ''Coalinga Station''. The ...

, kills 4 US citizens and 28 deportees, commemorated in a protest song (''

Deportee (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos) "Deportee (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos)" is a protest song with lyrics by Woody Guthrie and music by Martin Hoffman detailing the January 28, 1948 crash of a plane near Los Gatos Canyon, west of Coalinga in Fresno County, California, United Stat ...

'') by

Woody Guthrie Woodrow Wilson Guthrie (; July 14, 1912 – October 3, 1967) was an American singer-songwriter, one of the most significant figures in American folk music. His work focused on themes of American socialism and anti-fascism. He has inspired ...

. * January 30 **

Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated on 30 January 1948 at age 78 in the compound of Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti), a large mansion in central New Delhi. His assassin was Nathuram Vinayak Godse, a Chitpavan Brahmin from Pune, Maharashtra, ...

: Indian pacifist and leader

is shot by

Nathuram Godse Nathuram Vinayak Godse (19 May 1910 – 15 November 1949) was the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi. He was a Hindu nationalist from Maharashtra who shot Gandhi in the chest three times at point blank range at a multi-faith prayer meeting in B ...

New Delhi New Delhi (, , ''Naī Dillī'') is the capital of India and a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament Ho ...

. ** The

1948 Winter Olympics The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games (german: V. Olympische Winterspiele; french: Ves Jeux olympiques d'hiver; it, V Giochi olimpici invernali; rm, V Gieus olimpics d'enviern) and commonly known as St. Moritz ...

open in

St Moritz St. Moritz (also german: Sankt Moritz, rm, , it, San Maurizio, french: Saint-Moritz) is a high Alpine resort town in the Engadine in Switzerland, at an elevation of about above sea level. It is Upper Engadine's major town and a municipality in ...

, Switzerland. *

January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. *1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the ...

– The British crown colony of the Malayan Union, Penang and Malacca form the Federation of Malaya.

February

* February 1 ** The

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

begins to jam

Voice of America Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is the state-owned news network and international radio broadcaster of the United States of America. It is the largest and oldest U.S.-funded international broadcaster. VOA produces digital, TV, and radio content ...

broadcasts. ** The Federation of Malaya is proclaimed. * February 4 – Ceylon (later known as Sri Lanka) becomes an independent kingdom, within the

British Commonwealth The Commonwealth of Nations, simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is a political association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Co ...

. * February 11 – General

Douglas Gracey General Sir Douglas David Gracey & Bar (3 September 1894 – 5 June 1964) was a British Indian Army officer who fought in both the First and Second World Wars. He also fought in French Indochina and was the second Commander-in-Chief of the P ...

becomes Commander-in-chief of Pakistan Army. *

February 16 Events Pre-1600 *1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. *1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...

– Miranda, innermost of the large

moons of Uranus Uranus, the seventh planet of the Solar System, has 27 known moons, most of which are named after characters that appear in, or are mentioned in, the works of William Shakespeare and Alexander Pope. Uranus's moons are divided into three groups: t ...

, is discovered by

Gerard Kuiper Gerard Peter Kuiper (; ; born Gerrit Pieter Kuiper; 7 December 1905 – 23 December 1973) was a Dutch astronomer, planetary scientist, selenographer, author and professor. He is the eponymous namesake of the Kuiper belt. Kuiper is ...

. *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. *1268 & ...

–

Éamon de Valera Éamon de Valera (, ; first registered as George de Valero; changed some time before 1901 to Edward de Valera; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was a prominent Irish statesman and political leader. He served several terms as head of govern ...

, Irish head of government from 1918 to 1932, loses power to an opposition coalition. John A. Costello is appointed

Taoiseach The Taoiseach is the head of government, or prime minister, of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legislature) and the o ...

by President Seán T. O'Kelly, until

1960 It is also known as the "Year of Africa" because of major events—particularly the independence of seventeen African nations—that focused global attention on the continent and intensified feelings of Pan-Africanism. Events January * Jan ...

. * February 19 – The

Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence The Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence, also referred to as the Southeast Asian Youth Conference, was an international youth and students event held in Calcutta, India on February 19–23, 1948 ...

convenes in

Calcutta Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, the official name until 2001) is the Capital city, capital of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal, on the eastern ba ...

. *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 *452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. *1440 – The Pru ...

– The United States stock car racing organization

NASCAR The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC (NASCAR) is an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company that is best known for stock car racing. The privately owned company was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1948, and ...

is founded by

Bill France, Sr. William Henry Getty France (September 26, 1909 – June 7, 1992), also known as Bill France Sr. or Big Bill, was an American businessman and racing driver. He is best known for founding and managing NASCAR, a sanctioning body of US-based stock ca ...

with other drivers. *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferd ...

– The first of the

Ben Yehuda Street bombings A series of attacks were perpetrated or ordered by Palestinian Arabs, some of them acting as suicide bombers, on Jewish targets in Jerusalem's Ben Yehuda Street from February 1948 onwards. The attacks took place before the declaration of the S ...

in Jerusalem kills between 49 and 58 civilians, and injures between 140 and 200. * February 25 – 1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état:

Edvard Beneš Edvard Beneš (; 28 May 1884 – 3 September 1948) was a Czech politician and statesman who served as the president of Czechoslovakia from 1935 to 1938, and again from 1945 to 1948. He also led the Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1939 to 194 ...

, President of Czechoslovakia, cedes control of the country to the

Communist Party A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of ''The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ...

, a day celebrated by that regime as "

Victorious February ''Victorious'' (stylized as ''VICTORiOUS'') is an American sitcom created by Dan Schneider that originally aired on Nickelodeon, debuting on March 27, 2010, and concluding on February 2, 2013 after four seasons. The series revolves around asp ...

" ( cz, Vítězný únor, links=no; sk, Víťazný Február) until

November 1989 File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress Street Viaduct, Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxo ...

. * February 28 ** Accra Riots: Riots take place in Accra, capital of the British colony of

Gold Coast Gold Coast may refer to: Places Africa * Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana: ** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642) ** Dutch G ...

, when a peaceful protest march by ex-servicemen is broken up by police, leaving several members of the group dead, among them Sergeant Adjetey, one of the leaders. **The 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India convenes in

March

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''. *1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bou ...

– '' McCollum v. Board of Education'': The

United States Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point o ...

rules that religious instruction in public schools violates the

U.S. Constitution The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the nation ...

. * March 12 – The Costa Rican Civil War begins. *

** The

is signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, providing for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence. ** The

Hells Angels The Hells Angels Motorcycle Club (HAMC) is a worldwide outlaw motorcycle club whose members typically ride Harley-Davidson motorcycles. In the United States and Canada, the Hells Angels are incorporated as the Hells Angels Motorcycle Corporati ...

motorcycle gang is founded in

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the m ...

. *

March 18 Events Pre-1600 * 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10. * 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ara ...

– The Round Table Conference convenes in

The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...

, Netherlands, to prepare the decolonization process for the Caribbean island of Aruba and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an independent country, under the sovereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba's first state constitution presented officially since August 1947, and a (4th) member state of the future Dutch Commonwealth. *

March 20 Events Pre-1600 * 673 – Emperor Tenmu of Japan assumes the Chrysanthemum Throne at the Palace of Kiyomihara in Asuka. * 1206 – Michael IV Autoreianos is appointed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. * 1600 – The Link ...

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...

holds its first elections. ** Renowned Italian conductor Arturo Toscanini makes his television debut, conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra in an all-

Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most op ...

program in the United States. ** The

20th Academy Awards The 20th Academy Awards were held on March 20, 1948, to honor the films of 1947. It is notable for being the last Oscars until 2005 in which no film won more than three awards. Rosalind Russell was highly favored to win Best Actress for her pe ...

Ceremony is held in Los Angeles. ''

Gentleman's Agreement A gentlemen's agreement, or gentleman's agreement, is an informal and legally non-binding agreement between two or more parties. It is typically oral, but it may be written or simply understood as part of an unspoken agreement by convention or th ...

'' wins the Academy Award for Best Picture.

April

April April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. April is commonly associated with ...

– Children's Supermart, as predecessor of

toys A toy or plaything is an object that is used primarily to provide entertainment. Simple examples include toy blocks, board games, and dolls. Toys are often designed for use by children, although many are designed specifically for adults and pe ...

and children relative retailer brand

Toys "R" Us Toys "R" Us is an American toy, clothing, and baby product retailer owned by Tru Kids (doing business as Tru Kids Brands) and various others. The company was founded in 1957; its first store was built in April 1948, with its headquarters loc ...

, is founded in

Washington D.C. ) , image_skyline = , image_caption = Clockwise from top left: the Washington Monument and Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall, United States Capitol, Logan Circle, Jefferson Memorial, White House, Adams Morgan, Na ...

, United States. *

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Ko ...

– Physicists

Ralph Asher Alpher Ralph Asher Alpher (February 3, 1921 – August 12, 2007) was an American cosmologist, who carried out pioneering work in the early 1950s on the Big Bang model, including Big Bang nucleosynthesis and predictions of the cosmic microwave backgrou ...

and

George Gamow George Gamow (March 4, 1904 – August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov ( uk, Георгій Антонович Гамов, russian: Георгий Антонович Гамов), was a Russian-born Soviet and American polymath, theoret ...

publish the

Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper In physical cosmology, the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, or αβγ paper, was created by Ralph Alpher, then a physics PhD student, his advisor George Gamow and Hans Bethe. The work, which would become the subject of Alpher's PhD dissertation, arg ...

, about the Big Bang. *

April 3 Events Pre-1600 * 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul. *1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. *1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created. * ...

** United States President

Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...

signs the

Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred over $13 billion (equivalent of about $ in ) in economic re ...

, which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries. ** Jeju Uprising: Residents revolt on Jeju island, South Korea, eventually leading to the deaths of between 14,000 and 30,000. ** Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 is played on television in its entirety for the first time, in a series of concerts featuring Arturo Toscanini conducting the NBC Symphony Orchestra in the United States. The chorus is conducted by Robert Shaw. * April 5 – 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: Haganah launches Operation Nachshon, provoking the

1948 Palestinian exodus In 1948 more than 700,000 Palestinian Arabs – about half of prewar Palestine's Arab population – were expelled or fled from their homes, during the 1948 Palestine war. The exodus was a central component of the fracturing, dispossessi ...

. *

April 7 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town. * 529 – First ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Empe ...

– The

World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of ...

is established by the United Nations. *

April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...

** Jorge Eliécer Gaitán's assassination provokes a violent riot in Bogotá (the ''

Bogotazo El Bogotazo (from "Bogotá" and the ''-azo'' suffix of violent augmentation) refers to the massive riots that followed the assassination in Bogotá, Colombia of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 194 ...

''), and a further 10 years of violence (''

La Violencia ''La Violencia'' (, The Violence) was a ten-year civil war in Colombia from 1948 to 1958, between the Colombian Conservative Party and the Colombian Liberal Party, fought mainly in the countryside. ''La Violencia'' is considered to have begu ...

'') across Colombia. ** The

Deir Yassin massacre The Deir Yassin massacre took place on April 9, 1948, when around 130 fighters from the Zionism, Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi (group), Lehi killed at least 107 Palestinian people, Palestinian Arabs, including women and children, in D ...

takes place, in British

Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine ( ar, فلسطين الانتدابية '; he, פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א״י) ', where "E.Y." indicates ''’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl'', the Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 ...

. * April 13 – The

Hadassah medical convoy massacre The Hadassah convoy massacre took place on April 13, 1948, when a convoy, escorted by Haganah militia, bringing medical and military supplies and personnel to Hadassah Hospital on Mount Scopus, Jerusalem, was ambushed by Arab forces. Seventy ...

takes place, in British

. *

April 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1457 BC – Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. * 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide. * 73 – Masad ...

– The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development is founded, as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Coria (Corbridge), Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald of Northumbria, Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 d ...

– Italian general election, 1948: The first democratic general election with

universal suffrage Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stan ...

is held in Italy. The Christian Democracy party achieves a majority over the Popular Democratic Front Communist-Socialist coalition. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 * AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persi ...

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

joins the United Nations. ** The

American Broadcasting Company The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcast television network. It is the flagship property of the ABC Entertainment Group division of The Walt Disney Company. The network is headquartered in Burbank, Cali ...

(otherwise known as ABC) begins television services, on WFIL-TV in

Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the List of municipalities in Pennsylvania#Municipalities, largest city in the Commonwealth (U.S. state), Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the List of United States cities by population, sixth-largest city i ...

(later

WPVI-TV WPVI-TV (channel 6), branded on-air as 6 ABC, is a television station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, airing programming from the ABC network. Owned and operated by the network's ABC Owned Television Stations division, the stati ...

). *

April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil. * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. *1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern h ...

** Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: Battle of Haifa – Jewish paramilitary group Haganah captures

Haifa Haifa ( he, חֵיפָה ' ; ar, حَيْفَا ') is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropol ...

from the

Arab Liberation Army The Arab Liberation Army (ALA; ar, جيش الإنقاذ العربي ''Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi''), also translated as Arab Salvation Army, was an army of volunteers from Arab countries led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji. It fought on the Arab side in the ...

. ** WTVR begins television services. WTVR is the first TV station south of Washington D.C., giving it the nickname "The South's First Television station". * April 23 – First

National Games of Pakistan The National Games of Pakistan is a multi-sport event held in Pakistan. It comprises various disciplines in which sportsmen from the different teams participate against each other. The games are organized by Pakistan Sports Board, Pakistan Olympi ...

held in

Karachi Karachi (; ur, ; ; ) is the most populous city in Pakistan and 12th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast. It is the former c ...

. *

April 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty). *1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy ...

– The Costa Rican Civil War ends. *

April 30 Events Pre-1600 *311 – The Diocletianic Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire ends. *1315 – Enguerrand de Marigny is hanged at the instigation of Charles, Count of Valois. *1492 – Spain gives Christopher Columbus hi ...

** The Organization of American States (OAS) is founded. ** The English-built

Land Rover Land Rover is a British brand of predominantly four-wheel drive, off-road capable vehicles, owned by multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover (JLR), since 2008 a subsidiary of India's Tata Motors. JLR currently builds Land Rovers ...

is unveiled at the Amsterdam Motor Show.

May

May May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the third of seven months to have a length of 31 days. May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May ...

– The RAND Corporation is established, as an independent nonprofit policy research and analysis institution, in the United States. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...

–

Solar eclipse of May 9, 1948 An annular solar eclipse occurred on May 9, 1948. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moo ...

: An annular solar eclipse is visible in Japan and South Korea, and is the 32nd solar eclipse of

Solar Saros 137 Saros cycle The saros () is a period of exactly 223 synodic months, approximately 6585.3211 days, or 18 years, 10, 11, or 12 days (depending on the number of leap years), and 8 hours, that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. ...

. This eclipse is very short, lasting just 0.3 seconds. The path width is just about 200 meters wide (approximately 218 yards). * May 11 –

Luigi Einaudi Luigi Numa Lorenzo Einaudi (; 24 March 1874 – 30 October 1961) was an Italian politician and economist. He served as the president of Italy from 1948 to 1955. Early life Einaudi was born to Lorenzo and Placida Fracchia in Carrù, in the prov ...

becomes

President of the Italian Republic President most commonly refers to: * President (corporate title) *President (education), a leader of a college or university * President (government title) President may also refer to: Automobiles * Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ...

May 14 Events Pre-1600 *1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks. * 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade. *1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...

– The Israeli Declaration of Independence is made.

David Ben-Gurion David Ben-Gurion ( ; he, דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first prime minister of Israel. Adopting the nam ...

becomes the first prime minister, a provisional position that will become formalized on February 14, 1949. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...

** 1948 Arab–Israeli War: The

British Mandate of Palestine British Mandate of Palestine or Palestine Mandate most often refers to: * Mandate for Palestine: a League of Nations mandate under which the British controlled an area which included Mandatory Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan. * Mandatory P ...

is officially terminated; expeditionary forces from

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

, Transjordan, Syria and

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...

invade

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

, and clash with Israeli forces. ** The murder of a 3-year-old girl in

Blackburn Blackburn () is an industrial town and the administrative centre of the Blackburn with Darwen borough in Lancashire, England. The town is north of the West Pennine Moors on the southern edge of the Ribble Valley, east of Preston and north-n ...

, England, leads to the

fingerprinting A fingerprint is an impression left by the friction ridges of a human finger. The recovery of partial fingerprints from a crime scene is an important method of forensic science. Moisture and grease on a finger result in fingerprints on surfac ...

of more than 40,000 men in the city, in an attempt to find the murderer. **

Australian cricket team in England in 1948 The Australian cricket team in England in 1948 is famous for being the only Test match side to play an entire tour of England without losing a match. This feat earned them the nickname of "The Invincibles", and they are regarded as one of the ...

: The touring Australians set an all-time first-class record, by scoring 721 runs in a day against

Essex Essex () is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and Grea ...

. * May 16 –

Chaim Weizmann Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( he, חיים עזריאל ויצמן ', russian: Хаим Евзорович Вейцман, ''Khaim Evzorovich Veytsman''; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israe ...

is elected as the first

President of Israel The president of the State of Israel ( he, נְשִׂיא מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Nesi Medinat Yisra'el, or he, נְשִׂיא הַמְדִינָה, Nesi HaMedina, President of the State) is the head of state of Israel. The posi ...

New York City Fire Department The New York City Fire Department, officially the Fire Department of the City of New York (FDNY), is an American department of the government of New York City that provides fire protection services, technical rescue/special operations services, ...

Rescue 5 is founded for Staten Island. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of ...

– The first Legislative Yuan of the Republic of China officially convenes in

Nanking Nanjing (; , Mandarin pronunciation: ), alternately romanized as Nanking, is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It is a sub-provincial city, a megacity, and the second largest city in the East China region. T ...

. *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. * 1 ...

– The Soviets launch Operation Vesna, the largest Lithuanian deportation to Siberia. *

May 25 Events Pre-1600 * 567 BC – Servius Tullius, the king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victory over the Etruscans. *240 BC – First recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 1085 – Alfonso VI of Castile takes Tol ...

– The United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) is founded at Ellinwood Malate Church in Manila. *

May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire tak ...

– The

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

passes ''

Public Law 557 Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is a congressionally chartered, federally supported non-profit corporation that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). CAP is a volunteer organization with an aviation-minded mem ...

'', which permanently establishes the Civil Air Patrol as the auxiliary of the

United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the Aerial warfare, air military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part ...

. *

May 28 Events Pre-1600 *585 BC – A solar eclipse occurs, as predicted by the Greek philosopher and scientist Thales, while Alyattes is battling Cyaxares in the Battle of the Eclipse, leading to a truce. This is one of the cardinal dates from ...

–

Daniel François Malan Daniël François Malan (; 22 May 1874 – 7 February 1959) was a South African politician who served as the fourth prime minister of South Africa from 1948 to 1954. The National Party implemented the system of apartheid, which enforce ...

defeats

Jan Smuts Field Marshal Jan Christian Smuts, (24 May 1870 11 September 1950) was a South African statesman, military leader and philosopher. In addition to holding various military and cabinet posts, he served as prime minister of the Union of South Af ...

and becomes Prime Minister of South Africa, which starts in the era of

apartheid Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...

(which is finally dismantled by F. W. de Klerk in

1994 File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which sank in the Baltic Sea; Nelson ...

). *

May 29 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city. * 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...

– The

Casimir effect In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect is a physical force acting on the macroscopic boundaries of a confined space which arises from the quantum fluctuations of the field. It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir, who pr ...

is predicted by Dutch physicist

Hendrik Casimir Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir (15 July 1909 – 4 May 2000) was a Dutch physicist best known for his research on the two-fluid model of superconductors (together with C. J. Gorter) in 1934 and the Casimir effect (together with D. Polder) in 19 ...

. * May 30 – A dike along the Columbia River breaks, obliterating

Vanport, Oregon Vanport, sometimes referred to as Vanport City or Kaiserville, was a city of wartime public housing in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States, between the contemporary Portland city boundary and the Columbia River. It was destroyed in the 194 ...

, within minutes; 15 people die and tens of thousands are left homeless.

June

June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. * 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed k ...

– Puma, a global sports goods brand, is founded in

Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...

West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...

, by

Rudolf Dassler Rudolf "Rudi" Dassler (26 March 1898 – 27 October 1974) was a German cobbler, businessman, a member of the Nazi party and also the founder of the sportswear company Puma. He was the older brother of Adidas founder, Adolf "Adi" Dassler. The b ...

, having split from his brother "

Adi Adi or ADI may refer to: Names and titles * Adi (mythology), an Asura in Hindu faith who appears in the Matsya Purāṇa * Adi (name), a given name in Hebrew and a nickname in other languages * Adi (title), a Fijian title used by females of chi ...

". *

June 3 Events Pre-1600 * 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators. * 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depos ...

– The Palomar Observatory telescope is finished in California. *

June 10 Events Pre-1600 * 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu. *1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...

–

Hasan Saka Hasan Saka (1885 – 29 July 1960) was a Turkish politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Prime Minister of Turkey. Political career He graduated from "Mülkiye Mektebi" (School of Civil Service) in 1908. Hasan Saka started working for ...

forms the new government of Turkey. (17th government; Hasan Saka had served twice as a prime minister) *

June 11 Events Pre-1600 * 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...

– The first monkey astronaut, Albert I, is launched into space from White Sands, New Mexico. *

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

– Chinese newspaper ''Renmin Ribao'' ('' People's Daily'') is first published in Beijing, China. *

June 16 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians. * 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...

– Three armed men hijack the Cathay Pacific passenger plane ''

Miss Macao ''Miss Macao'' () was a Catalina seaplane owned by Cathay Pacific and operated by subsidiary Macau Air Transport Company. On 16 July 1948 it was involved in the first hijacking of a commercial aircraft. Piracy for robbery and ransom was ...

'' and shoot the pilot; the plane crashes, killing 26 of 27 people on board. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. *1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...

–

United Airlines Flight 624 United Airlines Flight 624, a Douglas DC-6 airliner, registration NC37506, was a scheduled passenger flight from San Diego, California to New York City. The four-engined, propeller-driven airplane crashed at 1:41 pm Eastern Daylight Time on ...

, a

Douglas DC-6 The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and cargo aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, it was reworked after the war to compete with t ...

, crashes near

Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania Mount Carmel is a borough in Northumberland County, located in the Coal Heritage Region of Central Pennsylvania's Susquehanna River Valley, United States. The population was 5,725 at the 2020 census. It is located 88 miles (141 km) north ...

, killing 43 and injuring 84 people on board. *

June 18 Events Pre-1600 * 618 – Li Yuan becomes Emperor Gaozu of Tang, initiating three centuries of Tang dynasty rule over China. * 656 – Ali becomes Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. * 860 – Byzantine–Rus' War: A fleet of about ...

** Malayan Emergency: A state of emergency is declared in the Federation of Malaya, due to a communist insurgency. ** LP record – Columbia Records introduces its long playing rpm phonograph format. * June 20 – The

U.S. Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washin ...

recesses for the remainder of 1948, after an overtime session closes at 7:00 a.m. (to be shortly interrupted by Truman's recall from Congressional recess for July 20, 1948). * June 21 ** The

Deutsche Mark The Deutsche Mark (; English: ''German mark''), abbreviated "DM" or "D-Mark" (), was the official currency of West Germany from 1948 until 1990 and later the unified Germany from 1990 until the adoption of the euro in 2002. In English, it was ...

becomes the official currency of the future

Federal Republic of Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between ...

. ** The

Manchester Baby The Manchester Baby, also called the Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM), was the first electronic stored-program computer. It was built at the University of Manchester by Frederic C. Williams, Tom Kilburn, and Geoff Tootill, and ran its ...

becomes the first stored-program computer to successfully execute a program. *

June 22 Events Pre-1600 * 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. * 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus ...

**The ship brings a large group of Afro-Caribbean immigrants to

Tilbury Tilbury is a port town in the borough of Thurrock, Essex, England. The present town was established as separate settlement in the late 19th century, on land that was mainly part of Chadwell St Mary. It contains a 16th century fort and an ancie ...

near London, the start of a large wave of immigration to Britain. ** David Lean's '' Oliver Twist'', based on

Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian e ...

's famous novel, premieres in the UK. It is banned for 3 years in the U.S., because of alleged

antisemitism Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antis ...

in depicting master criminal

Fagin Fagin is a fictional character and the secondary antagonist in Charles Dickens's 1838 novel ''Oliver Twist''. In the preface to the novel, he is described as a "receiver of stolen goods". He is the leader of a group of children (the Artful Dod ...

, played by Alec Guinness. *

June 24 Events Pre-1600 *1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa. * 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome. ...

** Cold War: The

Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, ro ...

begins. ** The first

World Health Assembly The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO) is governed by its 194 member states. It is the world's highest health policy setting body and is composed of health ministers from member states. Th ...

of the

is held in Geneva. *

June 26 Events Pre-1600 * 4 – Augustus adopts Tiberius. * 221 – Roman emperor Elagabalus adopts his cousin Alexander Severus as his heir and receives the title of Caesar. * 363 – Roman emperor Julian is killed during the retreat fr ...

William Shockley William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The three scientists were jointl ...

files the original patent for the

grown-junction transistor The grown-junction transistor was the first type of bipolar ''junction'' transistor made. It was invented by William Shockley at Bell Labs on June 23, 1948 (patent filed June 26, 1948), six months after the first bipolar point-contact transistor ...

, the first

bipolar junction transistor A bipolar junction transistor (BJT) is a type of transistor that uses both electrons and electron holes as charge carriers. In contrast, a unipolar transistor, such as a field-effect transistor, uses only one kind of charge carrier. A bipola ...

. ** The

Berlin Airlift The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, roa ...

begins. * June 28 ** The

Cominform The Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (), commonly known as Cominform (), was a co-ordination body of Marxist-Leninist communist parties in Europe during the early Cold War that was formed in part as a replacement of the ...

Resolution marks the beginning of the

Informbiro period The Informbiro period was an era of Yugoslavia's history following the Tito–Stalin split in mid-1948 that lasted until the country's partial rapprochement with the Soviet Union in 1955 with the signing of the Belgrade declaration. After Wor ...

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...

, and the Soviet/Yugoslav split. ** The 6.8 Fukui earthquake strikes Fukui, Japan; 3,769 are killed, 22,203 injured. **

Lotte Group Lotte Corporation (or Lotte Group) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation, and the fifth-largest chaebol in South Korea. Lotte began its history on June 28, 1948, by Korean businessman Shin Kyuk-ho in Tokyo. Shin expa ...

, a global conglomerate in

Northeast Asia Northeast Asia or Northeastern Asia is a geographical subregion of Asia; its northeastern landmass and islands are bounded by the Pacific Ocean. The term Northeast Asia was popularized during the 1930s by American historian and political scient ...

(

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korean Peninsula and sharing a land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed by the Yellow Sea, while its eas ...

and Japan), is founded.

July

July 5 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius. * 1316 – The Burgundian a ...

– The

National Health Service The National Health Service (NHS) is the umbrella term for the publicly funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom (UK). Since 1948, they have been funded out of general taxation. There are three systems which are referred to using the " ...

in the United Kingdom begins functioning, giving the right to universal healthcare, free at point of use. *

July 6 Events Pre-1600 * 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility. * 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt ...

– The world's first Air Car-ferry service is flown by a Bristol Freighter of Silver City Airways, from

Lympne Lympne (), formerly also Lymne, is a village on the former shallow-gradient sea cliffs above the expansive agricultural plain of Romney Marsh in Kent. The settlement forms an L shape stretching from Port Lympne Zoo via Lympne Castle facing Lympne ...

Le Touquet Le Touquet-Paris-Plage (; pcd, Ech Toutchet-Paris-Plache; vls, 't Oekske, older nl, Het Hoekske), commonly referred to as Le Touquet (), is a commune near Étaples, in the Pas-de-Calais department, northern France. It has a population of ...

across the

English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...

. *

July 13 Events Pre-1600 * 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England. * 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots. *1260 – The Livon ...

– The

Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria The Coptic Orthodox Church ( cop, Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ, translit=Ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos, lit=the Egyptian Orthodox Church; ar, الكنيسة القبطي� ...

and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Churches reach an agreement, leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank of an autocephalous

Patriarch The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Catholic Church (above major archbishop and primate), the Hussite Church, Church of the East, and some Independent Catholic Churches are termed patriarchs (and in certai ...

ate. Five

bishop A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is c ...

s are immediately consecrated by the Patriarch of Alexandria, and the successor to Abuna Qerellos IV is granted the power to consecrate new bishops, who are empowered to elect a new Patriarch for their church. *

July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. * 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 142 ...

– The attempted assassination of

Palmiro Togliatti Palmiro Michele Nicola Togliatti (; 26 March 1893 – 21 August 1964) was an Italian politician and leader of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 until his death. He was nicknamed ("The Best") by his supporters. In 1930 he became a citizen of ...

, general secretary of the

Italian Communist Party The Italian Communist Party ( it, Partito Comunista Italiano, PCI) was a communist political party in Italy. The PCI was founded as ''Communist Party of Italy'' on 21 January 1921 in Livorno by seceding from the Italian Socialist Party (PSI) ...

, results in numerous strikes all over the country. *

July 15 Events Pre-1600 *484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome * 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar). * 756 – ...

– The first London chapter of Alcoholics Anonymous is founded. *

July 20 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots. * 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defea ...

– Cold War: ** President

issues the second peacetime

military draft Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day und ...

in the United States, amid increasing tensions with the

(the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt) **

Eugene Dennis Francis Xavier Waldron (August 10, 1905 – January 31, 1961), best known by the pseudonym Eugene Dennis and Tim Ryan, was an American communist politician and union organizer, best remembered as the long-time leader of the Communist Party USA a ...

, William Z. Foster, and ten other

CPUSA The Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revo ...

leaders are arrested, and charged under the Alien Registration Act. *

July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of J ...

– The Dominion of Newfoundland votes to join Canada, after a

referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...

. *

July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is se ...

– U.S. President Truman signs

Executive Order 9981 Executive Order 9981 was issued on July 26, 1948, by President Harry S. Truman. This executive order abolished discrimination "on the basis of race, color, religion or national origin" in the United States Armed Forces, and led to the re-integra ...

, ending

racial segregation Racial segregation is the systematic separation of people into race (human classification), racial or other Ethnicity, ethnic groups in daily life. Racial segregation can amount to the international crime of apartheid and a crimes against hum ...

in the

United States Armed Forces The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is ...

. *

July 28 Events Pre-1600 *1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina. *1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, Thom ...

– Around 200 die in explosion at a chemical plant in Ludwigshafen, Germany. *

July 29 Events Pre-1600 * 587 BC – The Neo-Babylonian Empire sacks Jerusalem and destroys the First Temple. * 615 – Pakal ascends the throne of Palenque at the age of 12. * 904 – Sack of Thessalonica: Saracen raiders under Leo ...

– The

1948 Summer Olympics The 1948 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XIV Olympiad and also known as London 1948) were an international multi-sport event held from 29 July to 14 August 1948 in London, England, United Kingdom. Following a twelve-year hiatus ca ...

begin in London, the first since the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin. * July 31 ** At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed

John F. Kennedy International Airport John F. Kennedy International Airport (colloquially referred to as JFK Airport, Kennedy Airport, New York-JFK, or simply JFK) is the main international airport serving New York City. The airport is the busiest of the seven airports in the Avia ...

) is dedicated. ** Elizabeth Bentley appears under subpoena before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) of the

United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...

regarding Communist espionage; she implicates

Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961) was an American writer-editor, who, after early years as a Communist Party member (1925) and Soviet spy (1932–1938), defected from the Soviet underground (1938) ...

. *Claude Shannon publishe
"A mathematical theory of communication"
- the paper that laid the foundations for the field of "Information Theory" and all modern digital communications.

August

August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...

–

appears under subpoena before the HUAC, and alleges that several former U.S. Federal officials were communists, including

Harry Dexter White Harry Dexter White (October 29, 1892 – August 16, 1948) was a senior U.S. Treasury department official. Working closely with the Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr., he helped set American financial policy toward the Allies of World ...

and Alger Hiss. *

August 5 Events Pre-1600 *AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty. * 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...

– Alger Hiss appears before the HUAC, to deny the allegations of

. *

August 10 Events Pre-1600 * 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I. * 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (german: Otto der Gro� ...

– 23 – The Herrenchiemsee convention prepares the draft for the

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany The Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany (german: Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland) is the constitution of the Federal Republic of Germany. The West German Constitution was approved in Bonn on 8 May 1949 and came in ...

. *

August 12 Events Pre-1600 *1099 – First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid forces led by Al-Afdal Shahanshah. This is considered the last engagement of the First Crusade. * 1121 – B ...

– Babrra massacre: About 600 unarmed members of the

Khudai Khidmatgar Khudai Khidmatgar ( ps, خداۍ خدمتګار; literally "servants of God") was a predominantly Pashtun nonviolent resistance movement known for its activism against the British Raj in colonial India; it was based in the country's North-West ...

movement are shot dead on the orders of the Chief Minister of the

North-West Frontier Province The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; ps, شمال لویدیځ سرحدي ولایت, ) was a Chief Commissioner's Province of British India, established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province. Followi ...

Abdul Qayyum Khan Khan Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri ( ur, عبدالقیوم خان کشمیری) (16 July 1901 – 23 October 1981) was a major figure in British Indian and later Pakistan politics, in particular in the North-West Frontier Province, where served a ...

Kashmiri, on Babrra ground in the Hashtnagar region of Charsadda District, North-West Frontier Province (modern-day

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (; ps, خېبر پښتونخوا; Urdu, Hindko: خیبر پختونخوا) commonly abbreviated as KP or KPK, is one of the Administrative units of Pakistan, four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the Geography of Pakistan, ...

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 243 million people, and has the world's second-lar ...

. *

August 13 Events Pre-1600 *29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes. * 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas. * 554 – Emp ...

–

and Donald Hiss refute allegations of

Communism Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a ...

, before the HUAC. * August 14 –

1948 Ashes series The 1948 Ashes series was that year's edition of the long-standing cricket rivalry between England and Australia. Starting on 10 June 1948, England and Australia played five Tests. Australia had not lost a Test since the Second World War and ...

: Australian

batsman In cricket, batting is the act or skill of hitting the cricket ball, ball with a cricket bat, bat to score runs (cricket), runs and prevent the dismissal (cricket), loss of one's wicket. Any player who is currently batting is, since Septembe ...

Don Bradman, playing his last

Test cricket Test cricket is a form of first-class cricket played at international level between teams representing full member countries of the International Cricket Council (ICC). A match consists of four innings (two per team) and is scheduled to last f ...

match, against England at

The Oval The Oval, currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, located in the borough of Lambeth, in south London. The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since ...

, is bowled by

Eric Hollies William Eric Hollies (5 June 1912 – 16 April 1981) was an English cricketer, who is mainly remembered for taking the wicket of Donald Bradman for a duck in Bradman's final Test match innings, in which he needed only four runs for a Test aver ...

for a

duck Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form ...

; however, "The Invincibles" win the match by an innings and 149 runs, and

The Ashes The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, '' The Sporting Times'', immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, its first ...

4–0. *

August 15 Events Pre-1600 * 636 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate begins. * 717 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Const ...

– The southern half of Korea is established as the Republic of Korea (South Korea). *

August 17 Events Pre-1600 *309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike. * 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate. * 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...

– The HUAC holds a private session between Alger Hiss and

. *

August 18 Events Pre-1600 * 684 – Battle of Marj Rahit: Umayyad partisans defeat the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr and cement Umayyad control of Syria. * 707 – Princess Abe accedes to the imperial Japanese throne as Empress Genmei. *1304 & ...

– The

Danube Commission The Danube Commission (, , ) is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of navigation conditions of the Danube River, from its source in Germany to its outlets in Romania and Ukraine, leading to the Black Sea. It was established in 1948 b ...

is created by the Belgrade Convention (enters into force

11 May Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. * 1813 – William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across ...

1949). *

August 20 Events Pre-1600 * AD 14 – Agrippa Postumus, maternal grandson of the late Roman emperor Augustus, is mysteriously executed by his guards while in exile. * 636 – Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take con ...

– Lee Pressman, Nathan Witt, and

John Abt John Jacob Abt (May 1, 1904 – August 10, 1991) was an American lawyer and politician, who spent most of his career as chief counsel to the Communist Party USA (CPUSA) and was a member of the Communist Party and the Soviet spy network "Ware Gro ...

, represented by Harold I. Cammer, plead the Fifth Amendment, in response to allegations of Communism by

before the HUAC. *

August 23 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Cae ...

– The

World Council of Churches The World Council of Churches (WCC) is a worldwide Christian inter-church organization founded in 1948 to work for the cause of ecumenism. Its full members today include the Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, most ju ...

is established in

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban ar ...

, the Netherlands. *

August 24 Events Pre-1600 * 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father. * 394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is written. ...

– The first meeting of the charter members of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ) is held. *

August 25 Events Pre-1600 * 19 – The Roman general Germanicus dies near Antioch. He was convinced that the mysterious illness that ended in his death was a result of poisoning by the Syrian governor Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso, whom he had ordered to ...

– The HUAC holds its first-ever televised congressional hearing, featuring "Confrontation Day" between

and Alger Hiss. *

August 27 Events Pre-1600 * 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days. * 1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned junior king and queen of England. *1232 – Shikken Hojo Yasutoki of the K ...

–

states that Alger Hiss was a communist on ''

Meet the Press ''Meet the Press'' is a weekly American television news/interview program broadcast on NBC. It is the longest-running program on American television, though the current format bears little resemblance to the debut episode on November 6, 1947. ' ...

'' radio.

September

September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne ove ...

– Queen

Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Wilhelmina (; Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw World Wa ...

abdicates for health reasons. *

September 5 Events Pre-1600 * 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu. *1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava *1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...

– Robert Schuman becomes Prime Minister of France. *

September 6 Events Pre-1600 * 394 – Battle of the Frigidus: Roman emperor Theodosius I defeats and kills Eugenius the usurper. His Frankish ''magister militum'' Arbogast escapes but commits suicide two days later. *1492 – Christopher Colu ...

–

Juliana Juliana (variants Julianna, Giuliana, Iuliana, Yuliana, etc) is a feminine given name which is the feminine version of the Roman name Julianus. Juliana or Giuliana was the name of a number of early saints, notably Saint Julian the Hospitaller, wh ...

is formally

inaugurated In government and politics, inauguration is the process of swearing a person into office and thus making that person the incumbent. Such an inauguration commonly occurs through a formal ceremony or special event, which may also include an inaugur ...

to succeed her mother, as queen regnant of the Netherlands. *

September 9 Events Pre-1600 * 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti. *1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age. * 1141 – ...

– The northern half of Korea is formally declared the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), with

Kim Il-sung Kim Il-sung (; , ; born Kim Song-ju, ; 15 April 1912 – 8 July 1994) was a North Korean politician and the founder of North Korea, which he ruled from the country's establishment in 1948 until his death in 1994. He held the posts of ...

as prime minister. *

September 11 Events Pre-1600 * 9 – The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends: The Roman Empire suffers the greatest defeat of its history and the Rhine is established as the border between the Empire and the so-called barbarians for the next four hu ...

– Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder and first Governor-General of Pakistan, dies. Pakistan is in a state of shock as it mourns the departure of the father of the nation. The day is a

public holiday A public holiday, national holiday, or legal holiday is a holiday generally established by law and is usually a non-working day during the year. Sovereign nations and territories observe holidays based on events of significance to their history ...

nationwide. *

September 13 Events Pre-1600 * 585 BC – Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, king of Rome, celebrates a triumph for his victories over the Sabines, and the surrender of Collatia. * 509 BC – The Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus on Rome's Capitoline Hi ...

– 18 – Indian annexation of Hyderabad ("Operation Polo"): The princely state of

Hyderabad Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River, in the northern part of Southern India ...

is invaded by the

Indian Armed Forces The Indian Armed Forces are the military forces of the Republic of India. It consists of three professional uniformed services: the Indian Army, Indian Navy, and Indian Air Force.—— Additionally, the Indian Armed Forces are supported by th ...

in a "

police action In military/security studies and international relations, police action is a military action undertaken without a formal declaration of war. Today the term counter-insurgency is more used. Since World War II, formal declarations of war have bee ...

", in the aftermath of Pakistani leader

Jinnah Muhammad Ali Jinnah (, ; born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the ...

's death. The Nizam of Hyderabad surrenders his state, which is amalgamated into the newly independent

Dominion of India The Dominion of India, officially the Union of India,* Quote: “The first collective use (of the word "dominion") occurred at the Colonial Conference (April to May 1907) when the title was conferred upon Canada and Australia. New Zealand and N ...

; thousands are killed as a result of this event. *

–

Margaret Chase Smith Margaret Madeline Smith (née Chase; December 14, 1897 – May 29, 1995) was an American politician. A member of the Republican Party, she served as a U.S. representative (1940–1949) and a U.S. senator (1949–1973) from Maine. She was the firs ...

is elected United States Senator, and becomes the first woman to serve in both the

U.S. House Of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...

and the United States Senate. * September 17 – Lehi (group), Lehi members, also known as the Stern Gang, assassinate Swedish count Folke Bernadotte, United Nations Mediator in Palestine, in Jerusalem. * September 18 – An inaugural motor race is held at Goodwood Circuit, West Sussex, England. * September 20 – The city of Rabwah is established in Pakistan. * September 27 – Alger Hiss files a slander suit against

, for his August 27 radio statement in the United States. * September 29 – Laurence Olivier's film of ''Hamlet (1948 film), Hamlet'' opens in the U.S.

October

* October 5 – The International Union for the Protection of Nature (later known as the International Union for Conservation of Nature, IUCN) is established in Fontainebleau, France. * October 6 – 1948 Ashgabat earthquake: A 7.3 earthquake near Ashgabat, Soviet Turkmenistan kills 10,000–110,000. * October 10 – The R-1 (missile), R-1 missile on test becomes the first Soviet Union, Soviet launch to enter space. * October 16 – The 57th Street Art Fair in Chicago, the oldest juried art fair in the American Midwest, is founded. * October 20 – Brandeis University is formally founded in Massachusetts. * October 26 – Donora Smog of 1948: A killer smog settles into Donora, Pennsylvania. * October 29 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War: Massacres of Palestinian Arab villagers by the Israel Defense Forces: ** Al-Dawayima massacre: Between 30 and 145 are killed. ** Safsaf massacre: At least 52 are killed. * October 30 – A ''luzzu'' fishing boat overloaded with passengers 1948 Gozo luzzu disaster, capsizes and sinks in the Gozo Channel off Qala, Malta, Qala, Gozo, Crown Colony of Malta, Malta, killing 23 of the 27 people on board.

November

* November 1 ** The Foley Square trial of

and ten other

leaders begins, in New York City. ** Athenagoras I of Constantinople, Athenagoras I is elected the 268th Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. ** A boiler and ammunition explosion aboard a merchant ship evacuating troops of the Republic of China Army from Yingkou, China for Taiwan causes thousands of deaths. * November 2 – 1948 United States presidential election: Democratic incumbent

defeats Republican Thomas E. Dewey, "Dixiecrat" Strom Thurmond, and Progressive party candidate Henry A. Wallace. * November 12 – In Tokyo, an international war crimes tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials to death, including General Hideki Tojo, for their roles in World War II. * November 15 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent becomes Canada's 12th Prime Minister of Canada, prime minister. * November 16 ** ''Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen), Operation Magic Carpet'' to transport Jews from Yemen to Israel begins. ** The University of the Andes, Colombia, University of the Andes (Universidad de los Andes) is founded in Bogotá, Colombia. * November 17 ** Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi divorces his second wife, the former Princess Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt, Fawzia of Egypt. **

produces secret government papers, handwritten and typewritten by Alger Hiss, during pretrial examination. * November 20 – Geoffrey B. Orbell rediscovers the Takahē, last seen 50 years previously, near Lake Te Anau, New Zealand. * November 24 – In Venezuela, president Rómulo Gallegos is ousted by a military junta. * November 27 – The Calgary Stampeders defeat the Ottawa Rough Riders 12–7 before 20,013 fans at Toronto's Varsity Stadium, to win their first Grey Cup, and complete the only perfect season to date in Canadian Football.

December

Een groep Recce M3 Stuart tanks passeert geparkeerde vrachtwagen

* December 1 – José Figueres Ferrer abolishes the army in Costa Rica, making it the first country in history to do so. * December 2 – The United States House Un-American Activities Committee subpoenas and retrieves the "Pumpkin Papers" from the farm of

. * December 6 – Richard Nixon displays microfilm from the "Pumpkin Papers" to the press. * December 9 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Genocide Convention. * December 10 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. * December 11–December 12, 12 – Malayan Emergency: Batang Kali massacre: Scots Guards shoot 24 Chinese people, Chinese villagers in Federation of Malaya, Malaya. * December 15 – The United States Department of Justice indicts Alger Hiss, on two counts of perjury. * December 17 – The Finnish Security Intelligence Service, Finnish Security Police is established to remove Communist Party of Finland, communist leadership from its predecessor, the State Police (Finland), State Police. * December 19 – In the American National Football League, the Philadelphia Eagles defeat the Chicago Cardinals 7–0, to win the championship. * December 20 ** Indonesian National Revolution: The Dutch military captures Yogyakarta, the temporary capital of the newly formed Republic of Indonesia. ** American economist and former State Department official Laurence Duggan falls to his death, from the 16th story window of his Manhattan office. * December 23 – Seven Japanese military and political leaders, convicted of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, are executed by Allied occupation authorities, at Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, Japan. * December 26 ** The last Soviet troops withdraw from North Korea. ** Cardinal József Mindszenty is arrested in Hungary, and accused of treason and conspiracy. * December 28 – A Muslim Brotherhood member assassinates Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha, Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi. * December 30 – The musical ''Kiss Me, Kate'' opens for the first of 1,077 performances in New York City. * December 31 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Arab-Israeli War: Israeli troops drive Egyptians from the Negev.

Date unknown

* The Fresh Kills Landfill, the world's largest, opens on Staten Island, New York. * The Slovak city Gúta is renamed Kolárovo. * The Vielha Tunnel is opened, giving access to the Val d'Aran in the Spanish Pyrenees; at this time it is the longest road tunnel in the world. * The Oakridge Transit Centre opens in Vancouver, British Columbia. * The last recorded sighting is made of the Caspian tiger, in Kazakhstan. * A pack of wolves kills about 40 children in Darovskoy District, in Russia. * The last edition of the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' is published in the Holy See, Vatican. * Charles Warrell creates the first I-Spy (Michelin), I-Spy books in the United Kingdom. * Wilbert Awdry, Rev. W. Awdry's third book, ''James the Red Engine'', is published in the United Kingdom. * Inspired by World War II fighter planes, Cadillac introduces the first automobile to sport car tailfin, tailfins. * The inaugural 6 Hours of Watkins Glen sports car endurance race is held in the United States.

Births

January

Akira Yoshino cropped 2 Akira Yoshino 201911

– Allan Alcorn, American engineer * January 2 ** Judith Miller, American journalist ** Joyce Wadler, American writer, memoirist ** Deborah Watling, English actress (d. 2017) * January 3 – Wanda Seux, Paraguayan vedette, dancer, and actress (d. 2020) *

** Wally Foreman, Australian media icon (d. 2006) ** Ted Lange, African-American actor, director (''The Love Boat'') * January 6 ** Guy Gardner (astronaut), Guy Gardener, American astronaut ** Bob Wise, Former Governor of West Virginia * January 7 ** Kenny Loggins, American rock singer (''Footloose (song), Footloose'') ** Ichirou Mizuki, Japanese voice actor * January 10 ** Remu Aaltonen, Finnish musician ** Donald Fagen, American rock keyboardist (''Steely Dan'') ** Teresa Graves, African-American actress and comedian (''Get Christie Love'') (d. 2002) ** Mischa Maisky, Latvian cellist * January 11 ** Hiroshi Wajima, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2018) ** Terry Goodkind, American writer (d. 2020) ** Danne Larsson, Swedish musician *

** Kenny Allen (footballer), Kenny Allen, English footballer ** Anthony Andrews, English actor * January 13 ** V. Krishnasamy, Malaysian footballer (d. 2020) ** Françoise David, Canadian spokesperson * January 14 ** T Bone Burnett, American record producer, musician ** Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan, Yamtuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan ** Carl Weathers, African-American actor, football player (''Rocky IV'', ''Action Jackson (1988 film), Action Jackson'') * January 15 – Ronnie Van Zant, American rock musician (''Lynyrd Skynyrd'') (d. 1977) * January 16 ** John Carpenter, American film director, producer, screenwriter and composer ** Gregor Gysi, German politician ** Cliff Thorburn, Canadian snooker player ** Tsuneo Horiuchi, Japanese baseball pitcher, manager *

** Billy T. James, New Zealand comedian, musician and actor (d. 1991) ** Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland * January 18 – M. C. Gainey, American actor * January 20 ** Nancy Kress, American science fiction writer ** Jerry L. Ross, American air engineer * January 23 ** Katharine Holabird, American writer ** Mitoji Yabunaka, Japanese politician * January 27 – Mikhail Baryshnikov, Russian dancer * January 28 ** Ilkka Kanerva, Finnish politician (d. 2022) ** Charles Taylor (Liberian politician), Charles Taylor, Liberian politician, 22nd President of Liberia *

– Marc Singer, Canadian actor (''V (1983 miniseries), V'') * January 30 ** Akira Yoshino, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate ** Paul Magee, Provisional Irish Republican Army member *

** Paul Jabara, American actor, singer and songwriter (d. 1992) ** Muneo Suzuki, Japanese politician

February

Alice Cooper 2017-08-05 Wacken (cropped)

* February 1 – Rick James, African-American urban singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer (d. 2004) * February 2 ** Ina Garten, American cooking author ** Roger Williamson, British race car driver (d. 1973) * February 3 ** Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, East Timorean Catholic bishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ** Henning Mankell, Swedish crime novelist (d. 2015) * February 4 ** Alice Cooper, American hard rock singer and musician (''School's Out (song), School's Out'') ** Ram Baran Yadav, President of Nepal * February 5 ** Jim Dornan, Northern Irish obstetrician and gynecologist (d. 2021) ** Sven-Göran Eriksson, Swedish football manager ** Christopher Guest, American actor, screenwriter, director and composer (''National Lampoon (magazine), National Lampoon'', ''Saturday Night Live'') ** Barbara Hershey, American actress (''Beaches (1988 film), Beaches'') ** Tom Wilkinson, English actor * February 7 – Jimmy Greenspoon, American keyboardist, composer (''Three Dog Night'') (d. 2015) * February 8 – Dan Seals, American musician (d. 2009) * February 9 ** David Hayman, Scottish film, television and stage actor, director ** Greg Stafford, American game designer, publisher (d. 2018) * February 10 ** Ûssarĸak K'ujaukitsoĸ, Greenlandic Inuit politician, human rights activist (d. 2018) ** John Magnier, Irish businessman, thoroughbred racehorse breeder * February 11 – Chris Rush, American stand-up comedian * February 12 – Raymond Kurzweil, American inventor, author * February 13 – Kitten Natividad, Mexican-American film actress * February 14 ** Jackie Martling, American comedian, radio personality ** Wally Tax, Dutch musician (d. 2005) ** Teller (magician), Raymond Teller, American illusionist and magician, one half of the duo Penn & Teller ** Yehuda Shoenfeld, Israeli physician, autoimmunity researcher * February 15 – Larry DiTillio, American film and TV series writer (d. 2019) *

– Eckhart Tolle, German-Canadian spiritual author * February 17 ** György Cserhalmi, Hungarian actor ** José José, Mexican singer, actor (d. 2019) *

– Sinéad Cusack, Irish actress * February 19 ** Pim Fortuyn, Dutch politician, author (d. 2002) ** Tony Iommi, English heavy metal guitarist ** Elizabeth Sackler, American activist * February 20 – Jennifer O'Neill, American model, actress *

– Christian Vander (musician), French drummer, founder of progressive rock/Zeuhl group Magma *

** John Ashton (actor), John Ashton, American actor ** Leslie H. Sabo Jr., American Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1970) * February 24 ** Jayalalithaa, Indian politician, film actress (d. 2016) ** Walter Smith, Scottish football manager (d. 2021) * February 25 – Danny Denzongpa, Indian actor * February 28 ** Steven Chu, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate ** Mike Figgis, American director, screenwriter and composer ** Kjell Isaksson, Swedish pole vaulter ** Bernadette Peters, American actress, singer ** Mercedes Ruehl, American actress ** Alfred Sant, Leader of Malta Labour Party (1992–), Prime Minister of Malta (1996–1998) * February 29 ** Khalid Salleh, Malaysian actor, poet (d. 2018) ** Ken Foree, American actor ** Henry Small (singer), Henry Small, American-born Canadian singer

March

Eddy Grant at Supreme Court Gardens cropped

* March 1 – Gopanarayan Das, Indian politician (d. 2022) * March 2 ** R. T. Crowley, American pioneer of electronic commerce ** Rory Gallagher, Irish musician (d. 1995) ** Jeff Kennett, Australian politician * March 3 ** Steve Wilhite, American computer scientist, developer of the GIF image format at CompuServe in 1987 (d. 2022) * March 4 ** Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton, Australian author (''A Cry in the Dark'') ** James Ellroy, American writer ** Tom Grieve, American baseball player ** Leron Lee, American baseball player ** Chris Squire, English bassist (Yes (band), Yes) (d. 2015) ** Shakin' Stevens, Welsh singer ** Brian Cummings, American voice actor * March 5 ** Eddy Grant, Guyanese British singer, musician ("Electric Avenue (song), Electric Avenue") ** Elaine Paige, English singer, actress * March 6 – Anna Maria Horsford, African-American actress (''Amen (TV series), Amen'') *

** Sinta Nuriyah, 4th First Lady of Indonesia, wife of Abdurrahman Wahid ** Jonathan Sacks, British Orthodox rabbi, philosopher, theologian, author and politician (d. 2020) * March 9 ** László Lovász, Hungarian mathematician ** Jeffrey Osborne, American singer ("On the Wings of Love (song), On the Wings of Love") * March 10 – Doug Clark (serial killer), Doug Clark, American serial killer * March 11 ** Dominique Sanda, French actress * March 12 – James Taylor, American singer, songwriter ("Fire and Rain (song), Fire and Rain") * March 13 – Maurice A. de Gosson, Austrian mathematician * March 14 – Billy Crystal, American actor, comedian * March 15 – Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (d. 2003) * March 16 – Margaret Weis, American science fiction writer *

– William Gibson, American/Canadian writer *

** Jessica B. Harris, American historian and journalist ** Bobby Whitlock, American singer and songwriter *

** John de Lancie, American actor ** Bobby Orr, Canadian hockey player ** Helene Vannari, Estonian actress (d. 2022) * March 22 ** Inri Cristo, Brazilian educator who claims to be Jesus Christ reincarnated ** Wolf Blitzer, American television journalist (CNN) ** Andrew Lloyd Webber, English composer (''Jesus Christ Superstar'') * March 25 – Bonnie Bedelia, American actress * March 26 ** Nash the Slash (b. James Jeffrey Plewman), Canadian musician (d. 2014) ** Steven Tyler, American rock singer, songwriter (Aerosmith) * March 28 **Jayne Ann Krentz, American novelist **Dianne Wiest, American actress * March 29 ** Mike Heideman, American basketball coach (d. 2018) ** Bud Cort, American actor (''Harold and Maude'') * March 30 – Eddie Jordan, Irish founder of Jordan Grand Prix * March 31 ** Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States, 2000 United States presidential election, 2000 Democratic nominee for president, environmentalist ** Rhea Perlman, American actress (''Cheers'')

April

– Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican singer, actor * April 2 ** Bob Lienhard, American basketball player (d. 2018) ** Roald Als, Danish cartoonist *

– Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexican economist, politician and 53rd President of Mexico (1988-1994) * April 4 ** Squire Parsons, American gospel singer, songwriter ** Dan Simmons, American fantasy, science fiction author ** Berry Oakley, American musician (d. 1972) * April 5 – Neil Portnow, American President of The Recording Academy (NARAS) *

** Arnie Robinson, American Olympic Long jump champion (d. 2020) ** John Oates, American rock singer, guitarist (''Hall & Oates'') ** Pietro Anastasi, Italian football player (d. 2020) *

– Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress and politician * April 10 – Fauzi Bowo, Indonesian politician, diplomat and former governor of Jakarta * April 12 ** Jeremy Beadle, English TV presenter (d. 2008) ** Don Fernando, American pornographic film actor, director **Joschka Fischer, German politician ** Marcello Lippi, Italian football player, manager * April 13 ** Nam Hae-il, 25th Chief of Naval Operations of the Republic of Korea Navy ** Mikhail Shufutinsky, Soviet, Russian singer, actor and TV presenter * April 15 – Michael Kamen, American composer (d. 2003) *

** Ammar El Sherei, Egyptian music icon, celebrity (d. 2012) ** Kazuyuki Sogabe, Japanese voice actor (d. 2006) * April 17 ** Jan Hammer, Czechoslovakian composer, pianist and keyboardist ** Peter Jenni, Swiss experimental particle physicist *

– Avi Arad, Israeli-American film producer * April 20 – Paul Milgrom, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate * April 21 ** Paul Davis (singer), Paul Davis, American singer, songwriter (''Cool Night'') (d. 2008) ** Josef Flammer, Swiss ophthalmologist (after whom Flammer syndrome is named) *

– István Szívós (water polo, born 1948), István Szívós, Hungarian water polo player (d. 2019) * April 27 ** Amrit Kumar Bohara, Nepalese politician ** Frank Abagnale, American con man, imposter ** Si Robertson, American reality star, preacher, hunter, outdoorsman, and U.S. Army veteran * April 28 ** Terry Pratchett, English comic fantasy, science fiction author (d. 2015) ** Marcia Strassman, American actress, singer (''Welcome Back, Kotter'') (d. 2014) * April 29 – Michael Karoli, German musician (d. 2001) *

– Jocelyne Saab, Lebanese journalist, film director (d. 2019)

May

Stevie Nicks - In Your Dreams Premiere March 2013 (cropped)

* May 2 ** Vladimir Matorin, Russian opera singer ** Larry Gatlin, American singer, songwriter * May 3 ** William H. Miller (writer), William H. Miller, American maritime historian ** Chris Mulkey, American actor * May 4 ** Jan Kantůrek, Czech translator (d. 2018) ** Tanya Falan Welk, Tanya Falan, American singer ** King George Tupou V of Tongo (d. 2012) * May 5 ** Joe Esposito (singer), Joe Esposito, American singer, songwriter ** Richard Pacheco, American pornographic actor ** Bill Ward (musician), Bill Ward, English rock drummer * May 7 – Susan Atkins, convicted murderer and ex-follower of Charles Manson (d. 2009) * May 8 ** Dame Felicity Lott, English soprano ** Stephen Stohn, Canadian television producer *

** Steven W. Mosher, American social scientist, author ** Calvin Murphy, American basketball player, analyst * May 10 – Meg Foster, American actress * May 11 ** Pam Ferris, Welsh actress ** Shigeru Izumiya, Japanese musician * May 12 ** Steve Winwood, English rock singer ("Higher Love") ** Lindsay Crouse, American actress * May 13 – Hawk Wolinski, American keyboardist *

– Bob Woolmer, Indian-born English cricket coach (d. 2007) *

** Yutaka Enatsu, Japanese professional baseball pitcher ** Brian Eno, English musician, record producer * May 16 – Jesper Christensen, Danish actor * May 17 – Penny DeHaven, American country singer (d. 2014) *

** Olivia Harrison, American author and film producer ** Mikko Heiniö, Finnish composer * May 19 – Grace Jones, Jamaican singer, actress * May 20 – Tesshō Genda, Japanese voice actor * May 21 ** D'Jamin Bartlett, American musical theatre actress ** Elizabeth Buchan, English writer ** Jonathan Hyde, Australian-born English actor ** Carol Potter (actress), Carol Potter, American actress ** Leo Sayer, English rock musician ("When I Need You") * May 23 – Gary McCord, American professional golfer *

– Klaus Meine, German singer (Scorpions (band), Scorpions) *

** Dayle Haddon, Canadian model, actress ** Stevie Nicks, American rock singer, songwriter (Fleetwood Mac) * May 27 – Wubbo de Boer, Dutch civil servant *

– Michael Berkeley, English composer * May 30 – Paul L. Schechter, American astronomer and cosmologist * May 31 ** Svetlana Alexievich, Belarusian writer of literary reportage, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate ** Lynda Bellingham, English actress, broadcaster and author (d. 2014) ** John Bonham, English rock drummer (Led Zeppelin) (d. 1980)

June

Andrzej Sapkowski - Lucca Comics and Games 2015 2

** Powers Boothe, American actor (''Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones'') (d. 2017) ** Tom Sneva, American race car driver, Indianapolis 500 winner * June 2 – Jerry Mathers, American actor (''Leave It to Beaver'') *

– Carlos Franzetti, Argentine composer and arranger * June 4 ** Bob Champion, English jump jockey ** David Haskell, American actor (d. 2000) * June 6 – Richard Sinclair, English musician (''Caravan (band), Caravan'') * June 7 – Jim C. Walton, American business person, (′′Walmart′′) * June 8 ** Jürgen von der Lippe, German television presenter, actor and comedian ** Jad Azkoul, Lebanese-American classical guitarist * June 9 ** Gudrun Schyman, Swedish politician ** Gary Thorne, American play-by-play announcer *

– Subrata Roy, Indian businessman *

– Dave Cash (baseball), Dave Cash, American baseball player * June 12 – Sadegh Zibakalam, Iranian academic reformist * June 13 – Garnet Bailey, Canadian hockey player, scout (d. 2001) * June 14 – Laurence Yep, American author *

– Paul Michiels, Belgian singer, songwriter *

– Terry Schofield, American basketball player *

– Dave Concepción, Venezuelan baseball player *

– Sherry Turkle, American science/social studies professor ** Eliezer Halfin, Israeli wrestler (d. 1972) * June 19 ** Nick Drake, English musician (d. 1974) ** Lea Laven, Finnish singer ** Phylicia Rashad, African-American actress (''The Cosby Show'') * June 20 ** Diana Mara Henry, American freelance photojournalist ** Alan Longmuir, Scottish musician (d. 2018) ** Ludwig Scotty, President of Nauru ** Tina Sinatra, American former singer, actress, film producer, and memoirist * June 21 ** Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (d. 2011) ** Jovan Aćimović, Serbian football player ** Raffaello Martinelli, Italian prelate ** Philippe Sarde, French film composer ** Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish writer ** Wolfgang Seel, German football player ** Greg Hyder, American professional basketball player *

** Madeleine Meilleur, Canadian politician ** Takashi Sasano, Japanese actor ** Shōhaku Okumura, Japanese Soto Zen ** Peter Prijdekker, Dutch swimmer ** Sue Roberts, American professional golfer ** Todd Rundgren, American rock singer, record producer (''Hello It's Me'') ** Curtis Johnson (cornerback), Curtis Johnson, American football cornerback ** Franciszek Smuda, Polish football coach ** Panagiotis Xanthakos, Greek sports shoote ** Colin Waldron, English football defender * June 23 ** Larry Coker, American football player, coach ** Jim Heacock, American defensive coordinator ** Luther Kent, American blues singer *

** Stephen Martin (Australian politician), Stephen Martin, Australian politician, senior academic and rugby league referee ** Patrick Moraz, Swiss keyboard player ** Janet Museveni, First Lady of Uganda ** Dave Orchard, South African cricketer ** Eigil Sørensen, Danish cyclist ** Jürgen Stars, German footballer ** Jenny Wood, Zimbabwean swimmer * June 25 ** Kenn George, American businessman ** Michael Lembeck, American actor, television and film director ** Tom Rideout, Canadian politician *

** David Vaughan (golfer), David Vaughan, Welsh professional golfer ** John Pratt (footballer), John Pratt, English professional footballer ** Pablo Anaya Rivera, Mexican politician * June 27 ** Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Tamil actress ** Michael J. Barrett, Guamanian politician ** Camile Baudoin, American rock guitarist * June 28 ** Deborah Moggach, English writer ** Kathy Bates, American actress (''Misery (film), Misery'') ** Jimmy Thomson (footballer, born 1948), Jimmy Thomson, Scottish professional footballer ** Brian Rowan, Scottish professional footballer * June 29 ** Danny Adcock, Australian actor ** Vic Brooks, English cricketer ** Leo Burke, Canadian professional wrestler ** Fred Grandy, American actor, politician (''The Love Boat'') ** Helge Karlsen, Norwegian football player ** Ian Paice, English musician (''Deep Purple'') ** Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar, crossbench member of the House of Lords * June 30 ** Alice Wong, Canadian politician ** Dag Fornæss, Norwegian speed skater ** Peter Rossborough, English rugby union international ** Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Australian Indigenous community leader ** Vladimir Yakunin, Russian official, head of state-run Russian Railways Company ** Raymond Leo Burke, American cardinal, prelate

July

* July 1 ** Ever Hugo Almeida, Paraguayan footballer ** John Ford (musician), John Ford, English-born rock musician (''Strawbs''), writer of ''Part of the Union'' ** Michael McGimpsey, Northern Ireland politician * July 2 ** Mario Villanueva, Mexican politician ** Saul Rubinek, German-Canadian character actor, director, producer and playwright * July 3 – Tarmo Koivisto, Finnish comics artist * July 4 ** René Arnoux, French racing driver ** Louis Raphaël I Sako, Head of the Chaldean Catholic Church ** Ed Armbrister, Bahamian Major League Baseball outfielder ** Nazmul Hussain, Indian first-class cricketer ** Jeremy Spencer, British musician *

** Tony DeMeo, American football coach, player ** Dave Lemonds, American baseball player ** Salomon Juan Marcos Issa, Mexican politician ** Lojze Peterle, Slovenian politician ** William Hootkins, American actor (d. 2005) *

** Nathalie Baye, French actress ** Jeff Webb (basketball), Jeff Webb, American professional basketball player ** Arnaldo Baptista, Brazilian rock musician, composer ** Brad Park, Canadian NHL Defenseman ** Sid Smith (American football), Sid Smith, American football offensive lineman ** Eiko Segawa, Japanese female enka singer, actress ** Jan van der Veen, Dutch professional association football player * July 7 ** Jerry Sherk, American football defensive tackle ** Jean LeClerc (actor), Jean LeClerc, Québécois actor ** Jean-Marie Colombani, French journalist ** Tan Lee Meng, Singaporean jurist ** Stuart Varney, British-American economic consultant ** Luis Estrada (footballer), Luis Estrada, Mexican football league forward, Olympic athlete * July 8 – Raffi (musician), Raffi, Egyptian-born children's entertainer * July 10 ** Theo Bücker, German football manager, player ** Mick Coop, English professional football right back ** Rich Hand, American professional baseball player * July 12 ** Richard Simmons, American television personality, fitness expert ** Jay Thomas, American actor (d. 2017) *

** Alf Hansen, Norwegian rower ** Daphne Maxwell Reid, African-American actress ** Don Sweet, Canadian star football kicker ** Robert A. Underwood, Guamanian politician, educator *

– Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, Zulu king (d. 2021) *

** Enriqueta Basilio, Mexican track and field athlete (d.2019) ** Richard Franklin (director), Richard Franklin, Australian film director (d. 2007) ** Twinkle (singer), Twinkle, English singer, songwriter (d. 2015) * July 16 ** Rubén Blades, Panamanian singer, actor and musician ** Rita Barberá, Spanish politician, Mayor of Valencia (d. 2016) ** Lars Lagerbäck, Swedish football manager, player ** Jeff Van Wagenen, American professional golfer ** Pinchas Zukerman, Israeli violinist * July 17 ** Doug Berry (Canadian football), Doug Berry, American Canadian football coach ** Alan Sieler, Australian cricketer * July 18 – Hartmut Michel, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate *

** Muse Watson, American actor ** Maroun Elias Nimeh Lahham, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis * July 21 ** Beppe Grillo, Italian activist, blogger, comedian and actor ** Ed Hinton (sportswriter), Ed Hinton, American sportswriter ** Cat Stevens (b. Steven Georgiou, later known as Yusuf Islam), British singer, musician ** Garry Trudeau, American cartoonist (''Doonesbury'') ** Teruzane Utada, Japanese music executive producer, attendant ** Mikhail Nikolayevich Zadornov, Mikhail Zadornov, Russian stand-up comedian, writer ** Snooty, male Florida manatee (d. 2017) *

** Susan Eloise Hinton, American author ** Otto Waalkes, German comedian, actor * July 23 – John Cushnahan, Northern Irish politician * July 25 ** Steve Goodman, American Grammy Award-winning folk music singer, songwriter (d. 1984) ** Tony Cline, American football player (d. 2018) * July 27 – Peggy Fleming, American figure skater *

** Gerald Casale, American director, singer (''Devo'')\ ** Georgia Engel, American actress (d. 2019) ** Sally Struthers, American actress, spokeswoman (''All in the Family'') * July 30 ** Jean Reno, French actor ** Julia Tsenova, Bulgarian composer, musician (d. 2010) * July 31 – Jonathan Dollimore, English academic sociologist, cultural theorist

August

Jean-Pierre Raffarin par Claude Truong-Ngoc 2013

Robert Plant at the Palace Theatre, Manchester

* August 2 ** Dennis Prager, American radio talk show host, author ** Bob Rae, Canadian politician *

– Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France * August 4 – Giorgio Parisi, Italian theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate * August 7 – James P. Allison, American immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine *

– Mizengo Pinda, 9th Prime Minister of Tanzania *

– Kathleen Battle, African-American soprano * August 14 – Joseph Marcell, English actor *

** Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, Iranian cleric, politician (d. 2018) ** George Ryton, Singapore-born English Formula One engineer *

– Sean Scanlan, Scottish actor (d. 2017) ** Robert Hughes (actor), Robert Hughes, Australian actor ** Tipper Gore, Second Lady of the United States ** Deana Martin, American singer and actress *

** John Noble, Australian actor ** Robert Plant, English singer (''Led Zeppelin'') ** Barbara Allen Rainey (b. Barbara Ann Allen), American aviator, first female pilot in the U.S. armed forces (d. 1982) * August 21 ** Sharon M. Draper, American children's book author (''Out of My Mind (Draper novel)'') ** Peter Starkie, Australian rock guitarist (Skyhooks (band), Skyhooks, Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons) * August 22 – David Marks, American guitarist (''The Beach Boys'') *

– Lev Zeleny, Soviet, Russian physicist *

** Jean-Michel Jarre, French electronic musician ** Sauli Niinistö, Finnish politician, 12th President of Finland ** Kim Sung-il (general), Kim Sung-il, Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Air Force ** Tito Sotto, Vicente Sotto III, Filipino actor, host and politician *

– Tony Ramos, Brazilian actor *

– Sgt. Slaughter, American professional wrestler * August 30 ** Lewis Black, American comedian ** Fred Hampton, American activist (d. 1969) ** Victor Skumin, Russian scientist, professor * August 31 ** Cyril Jordan, American musician ** Holger Osieck, German football manager

September

* September 1 – James Rebhorn, American actor (d. 2014) * September 2 ** Nate Archibald, American basketball player ** Terry Bradshaw, American football player, sportscaster ** Christa McAuliffe, American teacher and astronaut (d. in Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster 1986) * September 3 ** Don Brewer, American drummer (''Grand Funk Railroad'') ** Levy Mwanawasa, Zambian president (d. 2008) *

– Michael Berryman, American actor *

– Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian diplomat, politician *

– Sam Hui, Hong Kong singer * September 7 ** Susan Blakely, American actress ** Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi (d. 2022) * September 8 – The Great Kabuki, Japanese professional wrestler * September 10 ** Judy Geeson, English actress ** Bob Lanier, American basketball player (d. 2022) ** Margaret Trudeau (b. Margaret Sinclair), wife and mother of Prime Ministers of Canada ** Charlie Waters, American football player *

– John Martyn (b. Iain McGeachy), British folk-rock guitarist (d. 2009) *

** Nell Carter, African-American singer, actress (''Gimme a Break!'') (d. 2003) ** Sitiveni Rabuka, 3rd Prime Minister of Fiji ** Kathleen Lloyd, American actress * September 16 – Ron Blair, American rock bassist (''Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers'') * September 17 ** Aidan Nichols, English Dominican priest and academic ** John Ritter, American actor (''Three's Company'') (d. 2003) * September 19 ** Jeremy Irons, English actor ** Nadiya Tkachenko, Soviet pentathlete * September 20 ** Rey Langit, Filipino journalist, radio host ** George R. R. Martin, American speculative fiction author * September 22 ** Denis Burke (Australian politician), Denis Burke, Australian politician ** Jim Byrnes (actor), Jim Byrnes, American voice actor, blues musician and actor ** Mark Phillips, British army captain, equestrian and first husband of Anne, Princess Royal * September 23 – José Lavat, Mexican voice actor (d. 2018) * September 24 – Phil Hartman, Canadian actor, comedian (''Saturday Night Live'') (d. 1998) * September 25 ** Cäcilia Rentmeister, German art historian, gender researcher ** Vladimir Yevtushenkov, Russian Business oligarch, oligarch * September 26 ** Maurizio Gucci, Italian businessman, murder victim (d. 1995) ** Olivia Newton-John, English-born Australian singer, actress (d. 2022) ** Vladimír Remek, Czech politician and cosmonaut * September 27 ** Michele Dotrice, English actress ** A Martinez, American actor, singer * September 29 ** Mark Farner, American rock guitarist, singer (''Grand Funk Railroad'') ** Bryant Gumbel, African-American television broadcaster (''The Today Show'') ** Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinetist ** Burton Richardson, American game show announcer

October

QTXP 20121019 Destination Star Trek London MG 2144

* October 1 ** Mark Landon, American actor (d. 2009) ** Sir Peter Blake (sailor), Peter Blake, New Zealand yachtsman (k. 2001) * October 2 ** Avery Brooks, American actor, musician ** Persis Khambatta, Indian actress, model (''Star Trek: The Motion Picture'') (d. 1998) ** Chris LeDoux, American singer, rodeo star (d. 2005) ** Donna Karan, American fashion designer * October 4 ** Meg Bennett, American soap opera writer ** Iain Hewitson, New Zealand-Australian chef, restaurateur, author, and television personality *October 6 ** Wendell Ladner, American basketball player (d. 1975) ** Gerry Adams, Northern Irish politician * October 7 – Diane Ackerman, American poet, essayist * October 8 ** Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (Ramones) (d. 2004) ** Baldwin Spencer (politician), Baldwin Spencer, 3rd Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda * October 9 ** Jackson Browne, American rock musician ("Running on Empty (song), Running on Empty") ** Ciarán Carson, Northern Irish poet, novelist ** Oliver Hart (economist), Oliver Hart, English-born economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate * October 11 ** Margie Alexander, American gospel, soul singer (d. 2013) ** Cynthia Clawson, American gospel singer * October 12 – Rick Parfitt, English musician (Status Quo (band), Status Quo) (d. 2016) * October 13 ** John Ford Coley, American rock musician ("I'd Really Love to See You Tonight") ** Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Pakistani musician (d. 1997) * October 14 ** Engin Arık, Turkey, Turkish Nuclear physics, nuclear physicist (d. 2007) ** David Ruprecht, American actor, writer (''Supermarket Sweep'') * October 15 ** Renato Corona, Filipino jurist, lawyer (d. 2016) ** Chris de Burgh, born Christopher Davison, Argentine-born Anglo-Irish singer, songwriter * October 16 ** Leo Mazzone, American baseball coach ** Hema Malini, Indian actress, writer, director, producer, dancer and politician * October 17 ** Robert Jordan, American novelist (d. 2007) ** Margot Kidder, Canadian actress (''Superman (1978 film), Superman'') (d. 2018) ** Akira Kushida, Japanese singer ** Ng Jui Ping, Singaporean entrepreneur and former army general (d. 2020) ** George Wendt, American actor (''Cheers'') * October 18 ** Hans Köchler, Austrian philosopher ** Ntozake Shange, African-American playwright and poet (d. 2018) * October 19 – Patrick Simmons, American musician (The Doobie Brothers) * October 21 ** Tom Everett, American actor ** Allen Vigneron, Archdiocese of Detroit, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit * October 22 ** Lynette Fromme, American attempted assassin of Gerald Ford ** Debbie Macomber, American author * October 23 – Sir Gerry Robinson, Irish-born British businessman (d. 2021) * October 25 ** Dave Cowens, American basketball player, coach ** Dan Gable, American wrestler, coach ** Dan Issel, American basketball player and coach * October 26 – Toby Harrah, American baseball player * October 28 – Telma Hopkins, African-American actress, singer (Tony Orlando and Dawn) * October 29 ** Giuseppe Chirichiello, Italian economist and university professor ** Kate Jackson, American actress (''Charlie's Angels'') * October 30 – Garry McDonald, Australian actor, satirist, and comedian

November

2019 Reunião Bilateral com o Príncipe Charles - 48948389972 (cropped)

* November 1 – Anna Stuart, American actress * November 3 – Lulu (singer), Lulu (b. Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie), Scottish singer, actress (''To Sir, with Love'') * November 4 ** Delia Casanova, Mexican actress ** Amadou Toumani Touré, 3rd President of Mali (d. 2020) * November 5 ** Charles Bradley (singer), Charles Bradley, African-American singer (d. 2017) ** Bob Barr, American politician ** Dallas Holm, American Christian musician ** Zacharias Jimenez, Filipino Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2018) ** Khalid Ibrahim Khan, Pakistani politician (d. 2018) ** William Daniel Phillips, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate * November 6 – Glenn Frey, American guitarist, singer (''Eagles (band), Eagles'') (d. 2016) * November 7 – Jim Houghton, American actor, director * November 9 ** Viktor Matviyenko, Ukrainian footballer, coach (d. 2018) ** Luiz Felipe Scolari, Brazilian football player, manager ** Kelly Harmon, American actress and model * November 10 – Vincent Schiavelli, American character actor and food writer (d. 2005) * November 12 ** Skip Campbell, American politician (d. 2018) ** Hassan Rouhani, 7th President of Iran ** Richard Roberts (evangelist), Richard Roberts, American evangelist, son of Oral Roberts * November 13 ** Humayun Ahmed, Bengali language, Bengali-language writer ** Lockwood Smith, New Zealand politician * November 14 ** King Charles III of the United Kingdom ** Robert Ginty, American actor, producer, screenwriter and director (d. 2009) ** Dee Wallace, American actress * November 15 – James Kemsley, Australian cartoonist, actor (d. 2007) * November 16 ** Chi Coltrane, American musician (''Thunder and Lightning (Chi Coltrane song), Thunder and Lightning'') ** Ken James (Australian actor), Ken James, Australian actor ** Mutt Lange, Rhodesian-born record producer ** Mate Parlov, Yugoslav Olympic boxer (d. 2008) * November 18 – Dom Irrera, American actor and stand-up comedian * November 19 – Rance Allen, African-American gospel singer, preacher * November 20 ** Harlee McBride, American actress ** John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., National Security Advisor ** Barbara Hendricks, American singer ** Richard Masur, American actor, director and president of the Screen Actors Guild * November 21 ** Alphonse Mouzon, American jazz drummer (d. 2016) ** Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon * November 22 – Saroj Khan, Indian dance choreographer (d. 2020) * November 23 ** Dominique-France Picard (aka Princess Fadila of Egypt), wife of King Fuad II of Egypt and the Sudan ** Ron Bouchard, American NASCAR driver (d. 2015) ** Gabriele Seyfert, East German figure skater **Bonfoh Abass, Togolese politician and List of presidents of Togo, President of Togo (d. 2021) * November 24 – Joe Howard (actor), Joe Howard, American actor * November 25 – Antoine Sfeir, Franco-Lebanese journalist, professor (d. 2018) * November 26 ** Elizabeth Blackburn, Australian-American biologist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ** Gayle McCormick, American singer (''Smith (band), Smith'') (d. 2016) ** Marianne Muellerleile, American actress * November 28 – Agnieszka Holland, Polish film, television director and screenwriter

December

Yoshihide Suga cropped 3 Joint Press Announcement of the Okinawa Consolidation Plan

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa em fevereiro de 2018

* December 2 ** T. Coraghessan Boyle, American writer ** Rajat Gupta, Indian-American businessman ** Patricia Hewitt, British Labour Party politician ** Toninho Horta, Brazilian singer, musician ** Christine Westermann, German television, radio host, journalist and author * December 3 ** Rick Cua, American singer, evangelist ** Ozzy Osbourne, English singer (''Black Sabbath'') * December 5, ** Saburō Shinoda, Japanese actor (Ultraman Taro) * December 6 ** Keke Rosberg, Finnish Formula One champion ** Marius Müller-Westernhagen, German actor, musician ** JoBeth Williams, American actress, director ** Yoshihide Suga, Prime Minister of Japan * December 7 ** Gary Morris, American country singer, actor ** Tony Thomas (producer), Tony Thomas, American television and film producer ** Mads Vinding, Danish bassist * December 10 – Abu Abbas, Palestine Liberation Front founder (d. 2004) * December 11 – Chester Thompson, American rock drummer * December 12 – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, 20th President of Portugal * December 13 ** Lillian Board, South African-born English Olympic athlete (d. 1970) ** Ted Nugent, American rock guitarist, singer, conservative political commentator (''Cat Scratch Fever'') ** David O'List, English rock guitarist * December 14 ** Lester Bangs, American music journalist (d. 1982) ** Dee Wallace, American actress * December 15 **Melanie Chartoff, American actress and singer (''Rugrats'') **Charlie Scott (basketball), Charlie Scott, American basketball player * December 18 – Edmund Kemper, American serial killer * December 19 – Ken Brown (ice hockey), Ken Brown, Canadian ice hockey player * December 20 ** Abdulrazak Gurnah, Zanzibar-born novelist, Nobel Prize laureate ** Alan Parsons, English songwriter, musician and record producer * December 21 ** Samuel L. Jackson, American actor, film producer ** Willi Resetarits, Austrian musician, cabaret artist * December 22 ** Noel Edmonds, English TV presenter, DJ ** Steve Garvey, American baseball player ** Flip Mark, American child actor ** Lynne Thigpen, American actress (''Godspell'') (d. 2003) * December 23 – Jim Ferguson, American guitarist, composer, educator, author and music journalist * December 25 ** Alia Al-Hussein, queen consort of Jordan (d. 1977) ** Barbara Mandrell, American country singer, musician and actress * December 27 **Ronnie Caldwell, American soul music, rhythm and blues musician (d. 1967) **Gérard Depardieu, French actor * December 28 – Mary Weiss, American singer (''The Shangri-Las'') * December 29 – Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician), Peter Robinson, Northern Ireland First Minister * December 31 ** Stephen Cleobury, English choral conductor (d. 2019) ** Joe Dallesandro, American model, actor ** Sandy Jardine, Scottish professional footballer, playing for Rangers and Hearts and representing Scotland (d. 2014) ** Donna Summer, African-American singer, actress (''Love to Love You Baby (song), Love to Love You Baby'') (d. 2012)

Deaths

January

– Edna May, American actress (b. 1878) * January 2 – Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet (b. 1893) * January 4 – Anna Kallina, Austrian actress (b. 1874) *

– Mary Dimmick Harrison, wife of President Benjamin Harrison (b. 1858) * January 7 ** Charles C. Wilson (actor), Charles C. Wilson, American actor (b. 1894) ** Maria de Maeztu Whitney, Spanish educator, feminist (b. 1882) * January 8 ** Charles Magnusson, Swedish producer, screenwriter (b. 1878) ** Kurt Schwitters, German artist (b. 1887) ** Edward Stanley Kellogg, 16th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1870) *

– Herbert Allen Farmer, American criminal (b. 1891) * January 19 – Tony Garnier (architect), Tony Garnier, French architect (b. 1869) * January 21 ** Eliza Moore, last person born into slavery in the United States (b. 1843) **Naomasa Sakonju, Japanese admiral and war criminal (executed) (b. 1890) ** Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Italian composer (b. 1876) * January 24 ** Bill Cody (actor), Bill Cody, American actor (b. 1891) ** Maria Mandl, Austrian concentration camp guard and war criminal (executed) (b. 1912) *

– Georg Bruchmüller, German artillery officer (b. 1863) * January 28 ** Therese Brandl, German concentration camp guard and war criminal (executed) (b. 1902) ** Anna Maria Gove, American physician (b. 1867) *

– King Tomislav II of Croatia (b. 1900) * January 30 ** Arthur Coningham (RAF officer), Sir Arthur Coningham, British air force air marshal (disappeared) (b. 1895) **

, Leader of Indian independence movement, (assassinated) (b. 1869) ** Orville Wright, American co-inventor of the airplane (b. 1871)

February

* February 2 ** Thomas W. Lamont, American banker (b. 1870) ** Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (b. 1894) * February 4 – Otto Praeger, American postal official, implemented U.S. Airmail (b. 1871) * February 5 – Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (b. 1883) * February 8 – Samuel P. Bush, American businessman, industrialist (b. 1863) * February 9 – Karl Valentin, German actor (b. 1882) * February 11 ** Sergei Eisenstein, Soviet film director (b. 1898) ** Isaac Isaacs, Sir Isaac Isaacs, 9th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1855) * February 15 – Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Indian poet (b. 1904) * February 23 – John Robert Gregg, Irish-born inventor of shorthand (b. 1867) * February 25 ** Alfredo Baldomir, Uruguayan politician, soldier, architect, 27th President of Uruguay and World War II leader (b. 1884) ** Alexander du Toit, South African geologist (b. 1878) ** Juan Esteban Montero, Chilean political figure, 20th President of Chile (b. 1879) * February 27 – Patriarch Nicodim of Romania (b. 1864).

March

* March 4 – Antonin Artaud, French playwright, actor and director (b. 1896) * March 10 ** Zelda Fitzgerald, American wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald (b. 1900) ** Jan Masaryk, Czechoslovakian Foreign Minister (b. 1886) * March 16 – León S. Morra, Argentine physician and university professor (b. 1882) * March 23 – George Milne, 1st Baron Milne, British field marshal (b. 1866) * March 24 ** Nikolai Berdyaev, Soviet religious leader, political philosopher (b. 1874) ** Paolo Thaon di Revel, former admiral of the Royal Italian Navy (b. 1859) * March 31 – Egon Erwin Kisch, Austrian journalist, author (b. 1885)

April

* April 2 ** Biagio Biagetti, Italian painter (b. 1877) ** Baba Sawan Singh, Indian saint known as "The Great Master" (b. 1858) * April 5 – Angelo Joseph Rossi, American political figure, Mayor of San Francisco (b. 1878) *

– Isabel Andreu de Aguilar, Puerto Rican writer, educator, philanthropist and activist (b. 1887) * April 8 – Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Palestinian Arab nationalist (b. 1907) *

– Jorge Eliécer Gaitán, Colombian politician (assassinated) (b. 1903) * April 12 – Masaomi Yasuoka, Japanese general (executed) (b. 1886) * April 14 – W. H. Ellis, American attorney and politician (b. 1867) * April 15 – Manuel Roxas, Filipino statesman, 5th President of the Philippines (b. 1892) * April 17 – Kantarō Suzuki, Japanese admiral, 42nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1868) *

– Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor), Mikhail Rostovtsev, Soviet actor (b. 1872) * April 20 – Mitsumasa Yonai, Japanese admiral and politician, 37th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1880) * April 21 – Carlos López Buchardo, Argentine composer (b. 1881) *

– Prosper Montagné, French chef and author (b. 1865) *

– Manuel Ponce, Mexican composer (b. 1882) * April 25 – Gerardo Matos Rodriguez, Uruguayan composer, journalist and pianist (b. 1897) *

– Alfredo Miguel Aguayo Sánchez, Puerto Rican educator, writer (b. 1866)

May

– Viola Allen, American actress (b. 1867) * May 13 ** Milan Begović, Yugoslavian writer (b. 1876) ** Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (b. 1920) *

** André Dauchez, French painter (b. 1870) ** Father Edward J. Flanagan, Irish-born American Roman Catholic priest, founder of Boys Town and monsignor (b. 1886) ** Toyoaki Horiuchi, Japanese general, Class B war criminal suspect (executed) (b. 1900) * May 16 – Muhammad Habibullah, Indian politician (b. 1869) *

– Francisco Alonso, Spanish composer (b. 1887) * May 19 – Maximilian Lenz, Austrian painter and sculptor (b. 1860) * May 21 – Jacques Feyder, French filmmaker (b. 1885) *

– Claude McKay, Jamaican-born American writer and poet (b. 1889) *

– Witold Pilecki, Polish resistance leader (executed) (b. 1901) *

– Émile Gaston Chassinat, French egyptologist (b. 1868) *

– Unity Mitford, British socialite; friend of Adolf Hitler (b. 1914) *

– Dame May Whitty, British actress (b. 1865) * May 30 – József Klekl (politician), József Klekl, Slovenes, Slovene politician in Hungary (b. 1874)

June

– José Vianna da Motta, Portuguese pianist, teacher and composer (b. 1868) * June 2 ** Viktor Brack, German doctor (executed) (b. 1904) ** Karl Brandt, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1904) ** Rudolf Brandt, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1909) ** Karl Gebhardt, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1897) ** Waldemar Hoven, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1903) ** Joachim Mrugowsky, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1905) ** Wolfram Sievers, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1905) * June 6 – Auguste and Louis Lumière, Louis Lumière, French film pioneer (b. 1864) * June 8 – Giacomo Albanese, Italian mathematician (b. 1890) * June 13 – Osamu Dazai, Japanese writer (b. 1909) *

– Eugênia Álvaro Moreyra, Brazilian journalist, actress and director (b. 1898) * June 25 – Bento de Jesus Caraça, Portuguese mathematician, economist and statistician (b. 1901) *

** Nasib al-Bitar, Palestine jurist (b. 1890) ** Lilian Velez, Filipino actress (murdered) (b. 1924) * June 30 – Prince Sabahaddin (b. 1879)

July

* July 1 – Assunta Marchetti, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed * July 4 ** Albert Bates (criminal), Albert Bates, American criminal (b. 1893) ** Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian writer (b. 1882) *

** Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888) ** Charles Fillmore (Unity Church), Charles Fillmore, American Protestant mystic (b. 1854) ** Carole Landis, American actress (b. 1919) * July 9 – Alcibiades Diamandi, Greek political figure (b. 1893) * July 11 ** King Baggot, American actor (b. 1879) ** Franz Weidenreich, German anatomist, physical anthropologist (b. 1873) *

** Harry Brearley, British inventor of stainless steel (b. 1871) ** Marguerite Moreno, French actress (b. 1871) *

– John J. Pershing, American general (b. 1860) * July 17 – Ildebrando Zacchini, Maltese painter, inventor and traveller (b. 1868) * July 18 – Baldassarre Negroni, Italian director, screenwriter (b. 1877) * July 21 – Arshile Gorky, Soviet-born painter (b. 1904) *

– Sud Mennucci, Brazilian journalist, educator (b. 1882) * July 23 – D. W. Griffith, American film director (''The Birth of a Nation'') (b. 1875) * July 24 – Pencho Zlatev, Bulgarian general, 25th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1881) *

– Antonin Sertillanges, French Catholic philosopher, spiritual writer (b. 1863) * July 27 – Joe Tinker, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs), MLB Hall of Fame member (b. 1880) *

– Susan Glaspell, American playwright (b. 1876) * July 31 – Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd, mistress of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (b. 1891)

August

– Tommy Ryan, American boxing champion (b. 1870) * August 4 – Mileva Marić, Serbian physicist and mathematician, wife of Albert Einstein (b. 1875) * August 7 – Charles Bryant (actor), Charles Bryant, American actor (b. 1879) *

– Andrew Brown (soccer), Andrew Brown, Scottish soccer coach (b. 1870) * August 11 – Kan'ichi Asakawa, Japanese historian (b. 1873) *

– Edwin Maxwell (actor), Edwin Maxwell, Irish actor (b. 1886) * August 16 – Babe Ruth, American baseball player (New York Yankees), MLB Hall of Fame member (b. 1895) * August 26 – George Anderson (actor), George Anderson, American actor (b. 1886) *

** Cissie Cahalan, Irish trade union, feminist and suffragette (b. 1876) ** Charles Evans Hughes, 11th Chief Justice of the United States, 1916 Republican presidential candidate (b. 1862)

September

* September 1 ** Feng Yuxiang, Chinese warlord and general (b. 1882)Feng Yuxiang Chinese warlord
/ref> ** Moncef Bey, ruler of Tunisia (1942–43) (b. 1881) * September 2 – Sylvanus Morley, American scholar, World War I spy (b. 1883) * September 3 –

, Czechoslovakian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia and 2-time President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1884) *

– Richard C. Tolman, American mathematical physicist (b. 1881) * September 7 – André Suarès, French poet, critic (b. 1868) * September 10 – Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (b. 1861) *

– Muhammad Ali Jinnah, founder, first Governor General of

(b. 1876) * September 12 ** Rupert D'Oyly Carte, British hotelier, theatre owner and impresario (b. 1876) ** Carlo Servolini, Italian artist (b. 1876) *

– Paul Wegener, German actor, film director, and screenwriter; one of the pioneers of German Expressionism (b. 1874) * September 17 ** Ruth Benedict, American anthropologist, folklorist (b. 1887) ** Folke Bernadotte, Swedish diplomat (assassinated) (b. 1895) ** Emil Ludwig, German-born Swiss historian, biographer (b. 1881) ** Raffaele Rossi, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal, eminence and servant of God (b. 1876) * September 20 – Husain Salaahuddin, Maldivian writer (b. 1881) * September 22 – Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884–1948), Prince Adalbert of Prussia (b. 1884) * September 24 – Warren William, American actor (b. 1894) * September 26 – Gregg Toland, American cinematographer (b. 1904) * September 27 – Frank Cellier (actor), Frank Cellier, British actor (b. 1884) * September 30 ** Vasily Kachalov, Soviet actor (b. 1875) ** Edith Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States (b. 1861)

October

* October 1 ** Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz, Portuguese priest (b. 1859) ** Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, 1st Prime Minister of Siam (b. 1884) * October 13 – Samuel S. Hinds, American actor (b. 1875) * October 14 – Dale Fuller (actress), Dale Fuller, American actress (b. 1885) * October 15 – Edythe Chapman, American actress (b. 1863) * October 18 – Walther von Brauchitsch, German field marshal (b. 1881) * October 21 – Elissa Landi, Italian actress (b. 1904) * October 24 – Franz Lehár, Hungarian composer (b. 1870) * October 31 – Mary Nolan, American actress (b. 1905)

November

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* November 4 ** Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield, British-born American businessman (b. 1874) ** Filippo Perlo, Italian Roman Catholic prelate and missionary (b. 1873) * November 7 – David Leland (actor), David Leland, American actor (b. 1932) * November 8 – Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1874) * November 9 – Edgar Kennedy, American actor (b. 1890) * November 10 ** Julius Curtius, German politician, diplomat (b. 1877) ** Jack Nelson (actor), Jack Nelson, American actor, director (b. 1882) * November 11 – Fred Niblo, American film director (b. 1874) * November 12 – Umberto Giordano, Italian composer (b. 1867) * November 17 – Oerip Soemohardjo, Indonesian general (b. 1893) * November 21 – Béla Miklós, Hungarian military officer, politician and 38th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1890) * November 23 – Hack Wilson, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs), MLB Hall of Fame member (b. 1900) * November 28 – D. D. Sheehan, Irish politician (b. 1873) * November 29 ** Maria Koppenhöfer, German actress (b. 1901) ** Roberto Omegna, Italian cinematographer, director (b. 1876) * November 30 – Franco Vittadini, Italian composer (b. 1884)

December

* December 3 ** Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894–1948), Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr, South African politician (b. 1894) ** Luis Orrego Luco, Chilean politician, lawyer, novelist and diplomat (b. 1866) ** Chano Pozo, Cuban percussionist (b. 1915) * December 8 – Matthew Charlton, Australian politician (b. 1866) * December 15 – João Tamagnini Barbosa, Portuguese military officer, politician and 69th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1883) * December 20 – C. Aubrey Smith, British actor (b. 1863) * December 21 – Władysław Witwicki, Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator, historian (of philosophy and art) and artist (b. 1878) * December 23 – Japanese war leaders (hanged): ** Kenji Doihara, general (b. 1883) ** Kōki Hirota, diplomat and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1878) ** Seishirō Itagaki, military officer (b. 1885) ** Heitarō Kimura, general (b. 1888) ** Iwane Matsui, general (b. 1878) ** Akira Mutō, general (b. 1892) ** Hideki Tojo, general, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1884) * December 26 – John Westley (actor), John Westley, American actor (b. 1878) * December 28 ** Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, Indian civil servant, politician (b. 1894) ** Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha, Egyptian political figure, 27th Prime Minister of Egypt (assassinated) (b. 1888) * December 30 – George Ault, American painter (b. 1891) * December 31 – Malcolm Campbell, Sir Malcolm Campbell, English land, water racer (b. 1885)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Arne Tiselius * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Paul Hermann Müller * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – T. S. Eliot * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1948 1948, Leap years in the Gregorian calendar