Events

January

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

** The

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) is a legal agreement between many countries, whose overall purpose was to promote international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas. According to its pre ...

(GATT) is inaugurated. ** The Constitution of New Jersey (later subject to amendment) goes into effect. ** The railways of Britain are nationalized, to form

British Railways British Railways (BR), which from 1965 traded as British Rail, was a state-owned company that operated most of the overground rail transport in Great Britain from 1948 to 1997. It was formed from the nationalisation of the Big Four British rai ...

. *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1601–1900 *1649 – Engli ...

– Burma gains its independence from the United Kingdom, becoming an independent republic, named the ''Union of Burma'', with Sao Shwe Thaik as its first President, and U Nu its first Prime Minister. *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...

Warner Brothers Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly known as Warner Bros. or abbreviated as WB) is an American Film studio, film and entertainment studio headquartered at the Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank, Warner Bros. Studios complex in Burbank, Califo ...

shows the first color newsreel ('' Tournament of Roses Parade'' and the ''

Rose Bowl Game The Rose Bowl Game is an annual American college football bowl game, usually played on January 1 (New Year's Day) at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California. When New Year's Day falls on a Sunday, the game is played on Monday, January 2. The Rose ...

''). ** The first Kinsey Report, ''Sexual Behavior in the Human Male'', is published in the United States. *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army. This prompts the tribunes who support him to flee to Ravenna, where Caesar is waiting. * 1325 – Alfonso IV ...

– Mantell UFO incident: Kentucky Air National Guard pilot Thomas Mantell crashes while in pursuit of an

unidentified flying object An unidentified flying object (UFO), more recently renamed by US officials as a UAP (unidentified aerial phenomenon), is any perceived aerial phenomenon that cannot be immediately identified or explained. On investigation, most UFOs are id ...

. *

January 12 Events Pre-1600 * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire. *1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...

–

Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...

begins his fast-unto-death in

Delhi Delhi, officially the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi, is a city and a union territory of India containing New Delhi, the capital of India. Straddling the Yamuna river, primarily its western or right bank, Delhi shares borders w ...

, to stop communal violence during the

Partition of India The Partition of British India in 1947 was the Partition (politics), change of political borders and the division of other assets that accompanied the dissolution of the British Raj in South Asia and the creation of two independent dominions: ...

. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

– A truce is declared between nationalist Indonesian and Dutch troops in

Java Java (; id, Jawa, ; jv, ꦗꦮ; su, ) is one of the Greater Sunda Islands in Indonesia. It is bordered by the Indian Ocean to the south and the Java Sea to the north. With a population of 151.6 million people, Java is the world's List ...

. *

January 22 Events Pre-1600 * 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople. * 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...

– British foreign secretary

Ernest Bevin Ernest Bevin (9 March 1881 – 14 April 1951) was a British statesman, trade union leader, and Labour Party politician. He co-founded and served as General Secretary of the powerful Transport and General Workers' Union in the years 1922–19 ...

proposes the formation of a Western Union between Britain, France, and the

Benelux The Benelux Union ( nl, Benelux Unie; french: Union Benelux; lb, Benelux-Unioun), also known as simply Benelux, is a politico-economic union and formal international intergovernmental cooperation of three neighboring states in western Europe: B ...

countries, to stand up against the Soviet Union. The

Treaty of Brussels The Treaty of Brussels, also referred to as the Brussels Pact, was the founding treaty of the Western Union (alliance), Western Union (WU) between 1948 and 1954, when it was amended as the Modified Brussels Treaty (MTB) and served as the foundin ...

is signed March 17 as a consequence, a predecessor to

NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO, ; french: Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, ), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two No ...

. *

January 26 Events Pre-1600 * 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph. *1531 – The 6.4–7.1 1531 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people. *1564 – ...

– Teigin poison case: a man masquerading as a doctor poisons 12 of 16 bank employees of the Tokyo branch of Imperial Bank and takes the money; artist

Sadamichi Hirasawa was a Japanese tempera painter. He was convicted of mass poisoning and sentenced to death. Due to strong suspicions that he was innocent, no justice minister ever signed his death warrant. Teigin case On January 26, 1948, a man calling himself ...

is later sentenced to death for the crime, but is never executed. *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler o ...

– A DC-3 aircraft crash at Los Gatos Creek, near

Coalinga, California Coalinga ( or ) is a city in Fresno County and the western San Joaquin Valley, in central California about 80 miles (128 km) southeast of Salinas. It was formerly known as ''Coaling Station A'', ''Coalingo'', and ''Coalinga Station''. The ...

, kills 4 US citizens and 28 deportees, commemorated in a protest song (''

Deportee (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos) "Deportee (Plane Wreck at Los Gatos)" is a protest song with lyrics by Woody Guthrie and music by Martin Hoffman detailing the January 28, 1948 crash of a plane near Los Gatos Canyon, west of Coalinga in Fresno County, California, United Stat ...

'') by

Woody Guthrie Woodrow Wilson Guthrie (; July 14, 1912 – October 3, 1967) was an American singer-songwriter, one of the most significant figures in American folk music. His work focused on themes of American socialism and anti-fascism. He has inspired ...

. *

January 30 Events Pre-1600 *1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen. *1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom. 1601–1900 *1607 – An estimated ...

** Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi: Indian pacifist and leader

is shot by

Nathuram Godse Nathuram Vinayak Godse (19 May 1910 – 15 November 1949) was the assassin of Mahatma Gandhi. He was a Hindu nationalist from Maharashtra who shot Gandhi in the chest three times at point blank range at a multi-faith prayer meeting in Birla ...

New Delhi New Delhi (, , ''Naī Dillī'') is the capital of India and a part of the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the government of India, hosting the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Parliament House ...

. ** The

1948 Winter Olympics The 1948 Winter Olympics, officially known as the V Olympic Winter Games (german: V. Olympische Winterspiele; french: Ves Jeux olympiques d'hiver; it, V Giochi olimpici invernali; rm, V Gieus olimpics d'enviern) and commonly known as St. Moritz ...

open in St Moritz, Switzerland. *

January 31 Events Pre-1600 * 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades. * 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...

– The British

crown colony A Crown colony or royal colony was a colony administered by The Crown within the British Empire. There was usually a Governor, appointed by the British monarch on the advice of the UK Government, with or without the assistance of a local Counci ...

of the

Malayan Union The Malayan Union was a union of the Malay states and the Straits Settlements of Penang and Malacca. It was the successor to British Malaya and was conceived to unify the Malay Peninsula under a single government to simplify administratio ...

Penang Penang ( ms, Pulau Pinang, is a Malaysian state located on the northwest coast of Peninsular Malaysia, by the Malacca Strait. It has two parts: Penang Island, where the capital city, George Town, is located, and Seberang Perai on the Malay ...

and

Malacca Malacca ( ms, Melaka) is a state in Malaysia located in the southern region of the Malay Peninsula, next to the Strait of Malacca. Its capital is Malacca City, dubbed the Historic City, which has been listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site si ...

form the

Federation of Malaya The Federation of Malaya ( ms, Persekutuan Tanah Melayu; Jawi script, Jawi: ) was a federation of what previously had been British Malaya comprising eleven states (nine Malay states and two of the British Empire, British Straits Settlements, P ...

February

February 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer. * 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...

** The

Soviet Union The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...

begins to jam

Voice of America Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is the state-owned news network and international radio broadcaster of the United States of America. It is the largest and oldest U.S.-funded international broadcaster. VOA produces digital, TV, and radio content ...

broadcasts. ** The

is proclaimed. *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

– Ceylon (later known as

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

) becomes an independent kingdom, within the British Commonwealth. *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...

– General Douglas Gracey becomes Commander-in-chief of

Pakistan Army The Pakistan Army (, ) is the Army, land service branch of the Pakistan Armed Forces. The roots of its modern existence trace back to the British Indian Army that ceased to exist following the partition of India, Partition of British India, wh ...

. *

February 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire. * 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...

– Miranda, innermost of the large moons of Uranus, is discovered by Gerard Kuiper. *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. * 1268 &ndas ...

– Éamon de Valera, Irish head of government from 1918 to 1932, loses power to an opposition coalition.

John A. Costello John Aloysius Costello (20 June 1891 – 5 January 1976) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Taoiseach from 1948 to 1951 and from 1954 to 1957, Leader of the Opposition from 1951 to 1954 and from 1957 to 1959, and Attorney General of ...

is appointed

Taoiseach The Taoiseach is the head of government, or prime minister, of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legisl ...

by President

Seán T. O'Kelly Seán Thomas O'Kelly ( ga, Seán Tomás Ó Ceallaigh; 25 August 1882 – 23 November 1966), originally John T. O'Kelly, was an Irish Fianna Fáil politician who served as the second president of Ireland from June 1945 to June 1959. He also serve ...

, until

1960 It is also known as the "Year of Africa" because of major events—particularly the independence of seventeen African nations—that focused global attention on the continent and intensified feelings of Pan-Africanism. Events January * Ja ...

. *

February 19 Events Pre-1600 * 197 – Emperor Septimius Severus defeats usurper Clodius Albinus in the Battle of Lugdunum, the bloodiest battle between Roman armies. * 356 – The anti-paganism policy of Constantius II forbids the worship of pagan ...

– The

Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence The Conference of Youth and Students of Southeast Asia Fighting for Freedom and Independence, also referred to as the Southeast Asian Youth Conference, was an international youth and students event held in Calcutta, India on February 19–23, 1948 ...

convenes in

Calcutta Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , List of renamed places in India#West Bengal, the official name until 2001) is the Capital city, capital of the Indian States and union territories of India, state of West Bengal, on the eastern ba ...

. *

February 21 Events Pre-1600 * 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine. * 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery. * 1440 – The Prus ...

– The United States

stock car racing Stock car racing is a form of automobile racing run on oval tracks and road courses measuring approximately . It originally used production-model cars, hence the name "stock car", but is now run using cars specifically built for racing. It ori ...

organization

NASCAR The National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing, LLC (NASCAR) is an American auto racing sanctioning and operating company that is best known for stock car racing. The privately owned company was founded by Bill France Sr. in 1948, and hi ...

is founded by

Bill France, Sr. William Henry Getty France (September 26, 1909 – June 7, 1992), also known as Bill France Sr. or Big Bill, was an American businessman and racing driver. He is best known for founding and managing NASCAR, a sanctioning body of US-based stock ca ...

with other drivers. *

February 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor. * 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferdina ...

– The first of the Ben Yehuda Street bombings in Jerusalem kills between 49 and 58 civilians, and injures between 140 and 200. *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. ...

–

1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état In late February 1948, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, with Soviet backing, assumed undisputed control over the government of Czechoslovakia. It marked the onset of four decades of the party's rule in the country., sk, Február 1948) or ...

: Edvard Beneš, President of Czechoslovakia, cedes control of the country to the

Communist Party A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of ''The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. A ...

, a day celebrated by that regime as " Victorious February" ( cz, Vítězný únor, links=no; sk, Víťazný Február) until

November 1989 File:1989 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The Cypress Street Viaduct, Cypress structure collapses as a result of the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, killing motorists below; The proposal document for the World Wide Web is submitted; The Exxo ...

. *

February 28 Events Pre-1600 *202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty. * 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes. *1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on ...

** Accra Riots: Riots take place in

Accra Accra (; tw, Nkran; dag, Ankara; gaa, Ga or ''Gaga'') is the capital and largest city of Ghana, located on the southern coast at the Gulf of Guinea, which is part of the Atlantic Ocean. As of 2021 census, the Accra Metropolitan District, , ...

, capital of the British colony of

Gold Coast Gold Coast may refer to: Places Africa * Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana: ** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642) ** Dutch G ...

, when a peaceful protest march by ex-servicemen is broken up by police, leaving several members of the group dead, among them Sergeant Adjetey, one of the leaders. **The

2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India The 2nd Congress of the Communist Party of India was held in Calcutta, West Bengal from 28 February to 6 March 1948. At the Second Party Congress, the party line shifted dramatically under the new General Secretary B.T. Ranadive and subsequent ...

convenes in

March

* March 8 – ''

McCollum v. Board of Education ''McCollum v. Board of Education'', 333 U.S. 203 (1948), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case related to the power of a state to use its tax-supported public school system to aid religious instruction. The case was a test of the separat ...

'': The

United States Supreme Court The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS) is the highest court in the federal judiciary of the United States. It has ultimate appellate jurisdiction over all U.S. federal court cases, and over state court cases that involve a point o ...

rules that religious instruction in public schools violates the

U.S. Constitution The Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the United States of America. It superseded the Articles of Confederation, the nation's first constitution, in 1789. Originally comprising seven articles, it delineates the natio ...

. *

March 12 Events Pre-1600 * 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius. * 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...

– The Costa Rican Civil War begins. * March 17 ** The

is signed by Belgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, providing for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence. ** The Hells Angels motorcycle gang is founded in

California California is a U.S. state, state in the Western United States, located along the West Coast of the United States, Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the List of states and territori ...

. * March 18 – The Round Table Conference convenes in

The Hague The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital of ...

, Netherlands, to prepare the decolonization process for the Caribbean island of

Aruba Aruba ( , , ), officially the Country of Aruba ( nl, Land Aruba; pap, Pais Aruba) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands physically located in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about north of the Venezuela peninsula of ...

and the other Dutch Colonies. Aruba presents the mandate of the Aruban People for Aruba to become an independent country, under the sovereignty of the House of Orange, based on Aruba's first state constitution presented officially since August 1947, and a (4th) member state of the future Dutch Commonwealth. * March 20 **

Singapore Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, borde ...

holds its first elections. ** Renowned Italian conductor

Arturo Toscanini Arturo Toscanini (; ; March 25, 1867January 16, 1957) was an Italian conductor. He was one of the most acclaimed and influential musicians of the late 19th and early 20th century, renowned for his intensity, his perfectionism, his ear for orch ...

makes his television debut, conducting the

NBC Symphony Orchestra The NBC Symphony Orchestra was a radio orchestra conceived by David Sarnoff, the president of the Radio Corporation of America, especially for the conductor Arturo Toscanini. The NBC Symphony performed weekly radio concert broadcasts with Tosca ...

in an all-

Wagner Wilhelm Richard Wagner ( ; ; 22 May 181313 February 1883) was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is chiefly known for his operas (or, as some of his mature works were later known, "music dramas"). Unlike most op ...

program in the United States. ** The

20th Academy Awards The 20th Academy Awards were held on March 20, 1948, to honor the films of 1947. It is notable for being the last Oscars until 2005 in which no film won more than three awards. Rosalind Russell was highly favored to win Best Actress for her pe ...

Ceremony is held in Los Angeles. '' Gentleman's Agreement'' wins the

Academy Award for Best Picture The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929. This award goes to the producers of the film and is the only category ...

April

April April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. April is commonly associated with ...

– Children's Supermart, as predecessor of toys and children relative retailer brand

Toys "R" Us Toys "R" Us is an American toy, clothing, and baby product retailer owned by Tru Kids (doing business as Tru Kids Brands) and various others. The company was founded in 1957; its first store was built in April 1948, with its headquarters loc ...

, is founded in Washington D.C., United States. *

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Kom ...

– Physicists

Ralph Asher Alpher Ralph Asher Alpher (February 3, 1921 – August 12, 2007) was an American cosmologist, who carried out pioneering work in the early 1950s on the Big Bang model, including Big Bang nucleosynthesis and predictions of the cosmic microwave backgroun ...

and

George Gamow George Gamow (March 4, 1904 – August 19, 1968), born Georgiy Antonovich Gamov ( uk, Георгій Антонович Гамов, russian: Георгий Антонович Гамов), was a Russian-born Soviet and American polymath, theoreti ...

publish the Alpher–Bethe–Gamow paper, about the

Big Bang The Big Bang event is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. Various cosmological models of the Big Bang explain the evolution of the observable universe from the ...

. * April 3 ** United States President

Harry S. Truman Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884December 26, 1972) was the 33rd president of the United States, serving from 1945 to 1953. A leader of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 34th vice president from January to April 1945 under Franklin ...

signs the

Marshall Plan The Marshall Plan (officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was an American initiative enacted in 1948 to provide foreign aid to Western Europe. The United States transferred over $13 billion (equivalent of about $ in ) in economic re ...

, which authorizes $5 billion in aid for 16 countries. ** Jeju Uprising: Residents revolt on Jeju island, South Korea, eventually leading to the deaths of between 14,000 and 30,000. ** Beethoven's Symphony No. 9 is played on television in its entirety for the first time, in a series of concerts featuring

conducting the

in the United States. The chorus is conducted by Robert Shaw. *

April 5 Events Pre-1600 * 823 – Lothair I is crowned King of Italy by Pope Paschal I. * 919 – The second Fatimid invasion of Egypt begins, when the Fatimid heir-apparent, al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah, sets out from Raqqada at the head of his a ...

– 1947–48 Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: Haganah launches

Operation Nachshon Operation Nachshon ( he, מבצע נחשון, ''Mivtza Nahshon'') was a Jewish military operation during the 1948 war. Lasting from 5–16 April 1948, its objective was to break the Siege of Jerusalem by opening the Tel Aviv – Jerusalem road ...

, provoking the

1948 Palestinian exodus In 1948 Estimates of the Palestinian Refugee flight of 1948, more than 700,000 Palestinians, Palestinian Arabs – about half of prewar Mandatory Palestine, Palestine's Arab population – Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus, were expelled ...

. * April 7– The

World Health Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level of h ...

is established by the United Nations. *

April 9 Events Pre-1600 * 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum. * 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, s ...

Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Jorge Eliécer Gaitán Ayala (23 January 1903 – 9 April 1948) was a left-wing Colombian politician and charismatic leader of the Liberal Party. He served as the mayor of Bogotá from 1936–37, the national Education Minister from 1940 ...

's assassination provokes a violent riot in

Bogotá Bogotá (, also , , ), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá (; ) during the Spanish period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital city of Colombia, and one of the larges ...

(the ''

Bogotazo El Bogotazo (from "Bogotá" and the ''-azo'' suffix of violent augmentation) refers to the massive riots that followed the assassination in Bogotá, Colombia of Liberal leader and presidential candidate Jorge Eliécer Gaitán on 9 April 19 ...

''), and a further 10 years of violence ('' La Violencia'') across Colombia. ** The Deir Yassin massacre takes place, in British

Mandatory Palestine Mandatory Palestine ( ar, فلسطين الانتدابية '; he, פָּלֶשְׂתִּינָה (א״י) ', where "E.Y." indicates ''’Eretz Yiśrā’ēl'', the Land of Israel) was a geopolitical entity established between 1920 and 1948 ...

. *

April 13 Events Pre-1600 *1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. 1601–1900 *1612 – In one of the epic samurai ...

– The Hadassah medical convoy massacre takes place, in British

. * April 16 – The

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; french: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, ''OCDE'') is an intergovernmental organization, intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries ...

is founded, as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC). *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. * 1428 – Peace of Ferrara betw ...

–

Italian general election, 1948 General elections were held in Italy on 18 April 1948 to elect the first Parliament of the Italian Republic. After the Soviet-backed coup in Czechoslovakia in February 1948, the U.S. became alarmed about Soviet intentions in Central Europe. ...

: The first democratic general election with

universal suffrage Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise, general suffrage, and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens, regardless of wealth, income, gender, social status, race, ethnicity, or political stanc ...

is held in Italy. The

Christian Democracy Christian democracy (sometimes named Centrist democracy) is a political ideology that emerged in 19th-century Europe under the influence of Catholic social teaching and neo-Calvinism. It was conceived as a combination of modern democratic ...

party achieves a majority over the Popular Democratic Front Communist-Socialist coalition. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at ...

Burma Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...

joins the United Nations. ** The

American Broadcasting Company The American Broadcasting Company (ABC) is an American commercial broadcast television network. It is the flagship property of the ABC Entertainment Group division of The Walt Disney Company. The network is headquartered in Burbank, Cali ...

(otherwise known as ABC) begins television services, on WFIL-TV in

Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...

(later

WPVI-TV WPVI-TV (channel 6), branded on-air as 6 ABC, is a television station in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, airing programming from the ABC network. Owned and operated by the network's ABC Owned Television Stations division, the station ...

). *

April 22 Events Pre-1600 * 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil. * 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico. * 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...

** Civil War in Mandatory Palestine: Battle of Haifa – Jewish paramilitary group

Haganah Haganah ( he, הַהֲגָנָה, lit. ''The Defence'') was the main Zionist paramilitary organization of the Jewish population ("Yishuv") in Mandatory Palestine between 1920 and its disestablishment in 1948, when it became the core of the ...

captures

Haifa Haifa ( he, חֵיפָה ' ; ar, حَيْفَا ') is the third-largest city in Israel—after Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—with a population of in . The city of Haifa forms part of the Haifa metropolitan area, the third-most populous metropol ...

from the Arab Liberation Army. ** WTVR begins television services. WTVR is the first TV station south of Washington D.C., giving it the nickname "The South's First Television station". *

April 23 Events Pre-1600 * 215 BC – A temple is built on the Capitoline Hill dedicated to Venus Erycina to commemorate the Roman defeat at Lake Trasimene. * 599 – Maya king Uneh Chan of Calakmul attacks rival city-state Palenque in southe ...

– First

National Games of Pakistan The National Games of Pakistan is a multi-sport event held in Pakistan. It comprises various disciplines in which sportsmen from the different teams participate against each other. The games are organized by Pakistan Sports Board, Pakistan Olympi ...

held in

Karachi Karachi (; ur, ; ; ) is the most populous city in Pakistan and 12th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 20 million. It is situated at the southern tip of the country along the Arabian Sea coast. It is the former cap ...

. * April 24 – The Costa Rican Civil War ends. * April 30 ** The

Organization of American States The Organization of American States (OAS; es, Organización de los Estados Americanos, pt, Organização dos Estados Americanos, french: Organisation des États américains; ''OEA'') is an international organization that was founded on 30 April ...

(OAS) is founded. ** The English-built

Land Rover Land Rover is a British brand of predominantly four-wheel drive, off-road capable vehicles, owned by multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover (JLR), since 2008 a subsidiary of India's Tata Motors. JLR currently builds Land Rovers ...

is unveiled at the Amsterdam Motor Show.

May

May May is the fifth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the third of seven months to have a length of 31 days. May is a month of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, and autumn in the Southern Hemisphere. Therefore, May ...

– The

RAND Corporation The RAND Corporation (from the phrase "research and development") is an American nonprofit global policy think tank created in 1948 by Douglas Aircraft Company to offer research and analysis to the United States Armed Forces. It is financed ...

is established, as an independent nonprofit policy research and analysis institution, in the United States. *

May 9 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria. *1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy. *1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...

–

Solar eclipse of May 9, 1948 An annular solar eclipse occurred on May 9, 1948. A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby totally or partly obscuring the image of the Sun for a viewer on Earth. An annular solar eclipse occurs when the Moo ...

: An annular solar eclipse is visible in Japan and South Korea, and is the 32nd solar eclipse of

Solar Saros 137 Saros cycle The saros () is a period of exactly 223 synodic months, approximately 6585.3211 days, or 18 years, 10, 11, or 12 days (depending on the number of leap years), and 8 hours, that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. ...

. This eclipse is very short, lasting just 0.3 seconds. The path width is just about 200 meters wide (approximately 218 yards). *

May 11 Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...

– Luigi Einaudi becomes President of the Italian Republic. Declaration of State of Israel 1948 2

May 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks. *1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade. * 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...

– The

Israeli Declaration of Independence The Israeli Declaration of Independence, formally the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel ( he, הכרזה על הקמת מדינת ישראל), was proclaimed on 14 May 1948 ( 5 Iyar 5708) by David Ben-Gurion, the Executive ...

is made.

David Ben-Gurion David Ben-Gurion ( ; he, דָּוִד בֶּן-גּוּרִיּוֹן ; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel and the first prime minister of Israel. Adopting the name ...

becomes the first prime minister, a provisional position that will become formalized on February 14, 1949. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...

1948 Arab–Israeli War The 1948 (or First) Arab–Israeli War was the second and final stage of the 1948 Palestine war. It formally began following the end of the British Mandate for Palestine at midnight on 14 May 1948; the Israeli Declaration of Independence had ...

: The British Mandate of Palestine is officially terminated; expeditionary forces from

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...

Transjordan Transjordan may refer to: * Transjordan (region), an area to the east of the Jordan River * Oultrejordain, a Crusader lordship (1118–1187), also called Transjordan * Emirate of Transjordan, British protectorate (1921–1946) * Hashemite Kingdom of ...

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

and

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

invade

Israel Israel (; he, יִשְׂרָאֵל, ; ar, إِسْرَائِيل, ), officially the State of Israel ( he, מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, label=none, translit=Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl; ), is a country in Western Asia. It is situated ...

, and clash with Israeli forces. ** The murder of a 3-year-old girl in Blackburn, England, leads to the fingerprinting of more than 40,000 men in the city, in an attempt to find the murderer. **

Australian cricket team in England in 1948 The Australian cricket team in England in 1948 is famous for being the only Test match side to play an entire tour of England without losing a match. This feat earned them the nickname of "The Invincibles", and they are regarded as one of the ...

: The touring

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a Sovereign state, sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous List of islands of Australia, sma ...

ns set an all-time first-class record, by scoring 721 runs in a day against

Essex Essex () is a county in the East of England. One of the home counties, it borders Suffolk and Cambridgeshire to the north, the North Sea to the east, Hertfordshire to the west, Kent across the estuary of the River Thames to the south, and G ...

. *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...

–

Chaim Weizmann Chaim Azriel Weizmann ( he, חיים עזריאל ויצמן ', russian: Хаим Евзорович Вейцман, ''Khaim Evzorovich Veytsman''; 27 November 1874 – 9 November 1952) was a Russian-born biochemist, Zionist leader and Israel ...

is elected as the first

President of Israel The president of the State of Israel ( he, נְשִׂיא מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, Nesi Medinat Yisra'el, or he, נְשִׂיא הַמְדִינָה, Nesi HaMedina, President of the State) is the head of state of Israel. The posi ...

. New York City Fire Department Rescue 5 is founded for

Staten Island Staten Island ( ) is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Richmond County, in the U.S. state of New York. Located in the city's southwest portion, the borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull an ...

. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 4 ...

– The first

Legislative Yuan The Legislative Yuan is the unicameral legislature of the Republic of China (Taiwan) located in Taipei. The Legislative Yuan is composed of 113 members, who are directly elected for 4-year terms by people of the Taiwan Area through a parallel v ...

of the

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...

officially convenes in Nanking. *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. * 11 ...

– The Soviets launch

Operation Vesna Operation Vesna (; russian: Опера́ция «Весна́») was a mass deportation of the armed opposition to the Soviet power in the occupied Lithuania carried out by the forces of the Ministry of State Security (MGB) on May 22–24, 1948. ...

, the largest Lithuanian deportation to Siberia. * May 25 – The United Church of Christ in the Philippines (UCCP) is founded at Ellinwood Malate Church in Manila. *

May 26 Events Pre-1600 * 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe. * 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire take ...

– The

United States Congress The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...

passes ''

Public Law 557 Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is a congressionally chartered, federally supported non-profit corporation that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). CAP is a volunteer organization with an aviation-minded mem ...

'', which permanently establishes the

Civil Air Patrol Civil Air Patrol (CAP) is a congressionally chartered, federally supported non-profit corporation that serves as the official civilian auxiliary of the United States Air Force (USAF). CAP is a volunteer organization with an aviation-minded mem ...

as the auxiliary of the

United States Air Force The United States Air Force (USAF) is the air service branch of the United States Armed Forces, and is one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. Originally created on 1 August 1907, as a part of the United States Army Signal ...

. * May 28 – Daniel François Malan defeats Jan Smuts and becomes Prime Minister of South Africa, which starts in the era of

apartheid Apartheid (, especially South African English: , ; , "aparthood") was a system of institutionalised racial segregation that existed in South Africa and South West Africa (now Namibia) from 1948 to the early 1990s. Apartheid was ...

(which is finally dismantled by

F. W. de Klerk Frederik Willem de Klerk (, , 18 March 1936 – 11 November 2021) was a South African politician who served as state president of South Africa from 1989 to 1994 and as deputy president from 1994 to 1996 in the democratic government. As South A ...

1994 File:1994 Events Collage.png, From left, clockwise: The 1994 Winter Olympics are held in Lillehammer, Norway; The Kaiser Permanente building after the 1994 Northridge earthquake; A model of the MS Estonia, which Sinking of the MS Estonia, sank in ...

). * May 29 – The

Casimir effect In quantum field theory, the Casimir effect is a physical force acting on the macroscopic boundaries of a confined space which arises from the quantum fluctuations of the field. It is named after the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir, who pr ...

is predicted by Dutch physicist

Hendrik Casimir Hendrik Brugt Gerhard Casimir (15 July 1909 – 4 May 2000) was a Dutch physicist best known for his research on the two-fluid model of superconductors (together with C. J. Gorter) in 1934 and the Casimir effect (together with D. Polder) in 1 ...

. *

May 30 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...

– A dike along the

Columbia River The Columbia River (Upper Chinook: ' or '; Sahaptin: ''Nch’i-Wàna'' or ''Nchi wana''; Sinixt dialect'' '') is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America. The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, C ...

breaks, obliterating

Vanport, Oregon Vanport, sometimes referred to as Vanport City or Kaiserville, was a city of wartime public housing in Multnomah County, Oregon, United States, between the contemporary Portland, Oregon, Portland city boundary and the Columbia River. It was destr ...

, within minutes; 15 people die and tens of thousands are left homeless.

June

June 1 Events Pre-1600 *1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu. *1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...

–

Puma Puma or PUMA may refer to: Animals * ''Puma'' (genus), a genus in the family Felidae ** Puma (species) or cougar, a large cat Businesses and organisations * Puma (brand), a multinational shoe and sportswear company * Puma Energy, a mid- and d ...

, a global

sports goods Sports equipment, sporting equipment, also called sporting goods, are the tools, materials, apparel, and gear used to compete in a sport and varies depending on the sport. The equipment ranges from balls, nets, and protective gear like helmets. ...

brand, is founded in

Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...

West Germany West Germany is the colloquial term used to indicate the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; german: Bundesrepublik Deutschland , BRD) between its formation on 23 May 1949 and the German reunification through the accession of East Germany on 3 O ...

, by

Rudolf Dassler Rudolf "Rudi" Dassler (26 March 1898 – 27 October 1974) was a German cobbler, businessman, a member of the Nazi party and also the founder of the sportswear company Puma. He was the older brother of Adidas founder, Adolf "Adi" Dassler. The b ...

, having split from his brother " Adi". *

June 3 Events Pre-1600 * 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators. * 713 – The Byzantine Empire, Byzantine emperor Philippikos Ba ...

– The

Palomar Observatory Palomar Observatory is an astronomical research observatory in San Diego County, California, United States, in the Palomar Mountain Range. It is owned and operated by the California Institute of Technology (Caltech). Research time at the observat ...

telescope is finished in California. * June 10 –

Hasan Saka Hasan Saka (1885 – 29 July 1960) was a Turkish politician, Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Prime Minister of Turkey. Political career He graduated from "Mülkiye Mektebi" (School of Civil Service) in 1908. Hasan Saka started working for ...

forms the new government of Turkey. (17th government; Hasan Saka had served twice as a prime minister) * June 11 – The first monkey astronaut, Albert I, is launched into space from White Sands, New Mexico. * June 15 – Chinese newspaper ''Renmin Ribao'' (''

People's Daily The ''People's Daily'' () is the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). The newspaper provides direct information on the policies and viewpoints of the CCP. In addition to its main Chinese-language ...

'') is first published in Beijing, China. * June 16 – Three armed men hijack the

Cathay Pacific Cathay Pacific Airways Limited (CPA), more widely known as Cathay Pacific (), is the flag carrier of Hong Kong, with its head office and main hub located at Hong Kong International Airport. The airline's operations and subsidiaries have sc ...

passenger plane ''

Miss Macao ''Miss Macao'' () was a Catalina seaplane owned by Cathay Pacific and operated by subsidiary Macau Air Transport Company. On 16 July 1948 it was involved in the first hijacking of a commercial aircraft. Piracy for robbery and ransom was ...

'' and shoot the pilot; the plane crashes, killing 26 of 27 people on board. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. * 1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...

– United Airlines Flight 624, a Douglas DC-6, crashes near Mount Carmel, Pennsylvania, killing 43 and injuring 84 people on board. * June 18 **

Malayan Emergency The Malayan Emergency, also known as the Anti–British National Liberation War was a guerrilla war fought in British Malaya between communist pro-independence fighters of the Malayan National Liberation Army (MNLA) and the military forces o ...

: A

state of emergency A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to be able to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens. A government can declare such a state du ...

is declared in the

, due to a communist insurgency. **

LP record The LP (from "long playing" or "long play") is an analog sound storage medium, a phonograph record format characterized by: a speed of rpm; a 12- or 10-inch (30- or 25-cm) diameter; use of the "microgroove" groove specification; and a ...

– Columbia Records introduces its long playing rpm phonograph format. *

June 20 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory. * 1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting ...

– The U.S. Congress recesses for the remainder of 1948, after an overtime session closes at 7:00 a.m. (to be shortly interrupted by Truman's recall from Congressional recess for July 20, 1948). *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date). * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mo ...

** The Deutsche Mark becomes the official currency of the future

Federal Republic of Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated between ...

. ** The Manchester Baby becomes the first

stored-program computer A stored-program computer is a computer that stores program instructions in electronically or optically accessible memory. This contrasts with systems that stored the program instructions with plugboards or similar mechanisms. The definition i ...

to successfully execute a program. * June 22 **The ship brings a large group of Afro-Caribbean immigrants to

Tilbury Tilbury is a port town in the borough of Thurrock, Essex, England. The present town was established as separate settlement in the late 19th century, on land that was mainly part of Chadwell St Mary. It contains a 16th century fort and an ancie ...

near London, the start of a large wave of immigration to Britain. **

David Lean Sir David Lean (25 March 190816 April 1991) was an English film director, producer, screenwriter and editor. Widely considered one of the most important figures in British cinema, Lean directed the large-scale epics ''The Bridge on the River ...

's ''

Oliver Twist ''Oliver Twist; or, The Parish Boy's Progress'', Charles Dickens's second novel, was published as a serial from 1837 to 1839, and as a three-volume book in 1838. Born in a workhouse, the orphan Oliver Twist is bound into apprenticeship with ...

'', based on

Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian e ...

's famous novel, premieres in the UK. It is banned for 3 years in the U.S., because of alleged

antisemitism Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism. Antis ...

in depicting master criminal Fagin, played by

Alec Guinness Sir Alec Guinness (born Alec Guinness de Cuffe; 2 April 1914 – 5 August 2000) was an English actor. After an early career on the stage, Guinness was featured in several of the Ealing comedies, including ''Kind Hearts and Coronets'' (194 ...

. * June 24 **

Cold War The Cold War is a term commonly used to refer to a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc. The term '' cold war'' is used because the ...

: The Berlin Blockade begins. ** The first

World Health Assembly The World Health Assembly (WHA) is the forum through which the World Health Organization (WHO) is governed by its 194 member states. It is the world's highest health policy setting body and is composed of health ministers from member states. T ...

of the

is held in Geneva. * June 26 **

William Shockley William Bradford Shockley Jr. (February 13, 1910 – August 12, 1989) was an American physicist and inventor. He was the manager of a research group at Bell Labs that included John Bardeen and Walter Brattain. The three scientists were jointly ...

files the original patent for the grown-junction transistor, the first bipolar junction transistor. ** The

Berlin Airlift The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 12 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War. During the multinational occupation of post–World War II Germany, the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road ...

begins. *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 * 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch. * 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II. * 1461 – ...

** The Cominform Resolution marks the beginning of the

Informbiro period The Informbiro period was an era of Yugoslavia's history following the Tito–Stalin split in mid-1948 that lasted until the country's partial rapprochement with the Soviet Union in 1955 with the signing of the Belgrade declaration. After Wor ...

Yugoslavia Yugoslavia (; sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Jugoslavija, Југославија ; sl, Jugoslavija ; mk, Југославија ;; rup, Iugoslavia; hu, Jugoszlávia; rue, label=Pannonian Rusyn, Югославия, translit=Juhoslavija ...

, and the Soviet/Yugoslav split. ** The 6.8

Fukui earthquake The occurred in Fukui Prefecture, Japan. The magnitude 6.8 quake struck at 5:13:31 p.m.( JDT) on June 28, 1948. The quake's hypocenter was approximately 10 km north-northeast of Fukui, in the present-day neighborhood of Maruoka, Sakai City. ...

strikes

Fukui is a Japanese name meaning "fortunate" or sometimes "one who is from the Fukui prefecture". It may refer to: Places * Fukui Domain, a part of the Japanese han system during the Edo period * Fukui Prefecture, a prefecture of Japan located in ...

, Japan; 3,769 are killed, 22,203 injured. **

Lotte Group Lotte Corporation (or Lotte Group) is a South Korean multinational conglomerate corporation, and the fifth-largest chaebol in South Korea. Lotte began its history on June 28, 1948, by Korean businessman Shin Kyuk-ho in Tokyo. Shin expan ...

, a global

conglomerate Conglomerate or conglomeration may refer to: * Conglomerate (company) * Conglomerate (geology) * Conglomerate (mathematics) In popular culture: * The Conglomerate (American group), a production crew and musical group founded by Busta Rhymes ** Co ...

in Northeast Asia (

South Korea South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia, constituting the southern part of the Korea, Korean Peninsula and sharing a Korean Demilitarized Zone, land border with North Korea. Its western border is formed ...

and

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

), is founded.

July

* July 5 – The

National Health Service The National Health Service (NHS) is the umbrella term for the publicly funded healthcare systems of the United Kingdom (UK). Since 1948, they have been funded out of general taxation. There are three systems which are referred to using the " ...

in the United Kingdom begins functioning, giving the right to universal healthcare, free at point of use. * July 6 – The world's first Air Car-ferry service is flown by a Bristol Freighter of Silver City Airways, from

Lympne Lympne (), formerly also Lymne, is a village on the former shallow-gradient sea cliffs above the expansive agricultural plain of Romney Marsh in Kent. The settlement forms an L shape stretching from Port Lympne Zoo via Lympne Castle facing Lympne ...

to Le Touquet across the

English Channel The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...

. * July 13 – The

Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria The Coptic Orthodox Church ( cop, Ϯⲉⲕ̀ⲕⲗⲏⲥⲓⲁ ⲛ̀ⲣⲉⲙⲛ̀ⲭⲏⲙⲓ ⲛ̀ⲟⲣⲑⲟⲇⲟⲝⲟⲥ, translit=Ti.eklyseya en.remenkimi en.orthodoxos, lit=the Egyptian Orthodox Church; ar, الكنيسة القبطي� ...

and

Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church The Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church ( am, የኢትዮጵያ ኦርቶዶክስ ተዋሕዶ ቤተ ክርስቲያን, ''Yäityop'ya ortodoks täwahedo bétäkrestyan'') is the largest of the Oriental Orthodox Churches. One of the few Chris ...

es reach an agreement, leading to the promotion of the Ethiopian church to the rank of an autocephalous

Patriarch The highest-ranking bishops in Eastern Orthodoxy, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Catholic Church (above major archbishop and primate), the Hussite Church, Church of the East, and some Independent Catholic Churches are termed patriarchs (and in certai ...

ate. Five

bishop A bishop is an ordained clergy member who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution. In Christianity, bishops are normally responsible for the governance of dioceses. The role or office of bishop is ca ...

s are immediately consecrated by the

Patriarch of Alexandria The Patriarch of Alexandria is the archbishop of Alexandria, Egypt. Historically, this office has included the designation "pope" (etymologically "Father", like "Abbot"). The Alexandrian episcopate was revered as one of the three major episco ...

, and the successor to Abuna Qerellos IV is granted the power to consecrate new bishops, who are empowered to elect a new Patriarch for their church. *

July 14 Events Pre-1600 * 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy. * 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II. * 1420 ...

– The attempted assassination of Palmiro Togliatti, general secretary of the Italian Communist Party, results in numerous strikes all over the country. * July 15 – The first London chapter of

Alcoholics Anonymous Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) is an international mutual aid fellowship of alcoholics dedicated to abstinence-based recovery from alcoholism through its spiritually-inclined Twelve Step program. Following its Twelve Traditions, AA is non-professi ...

is founded. * July 20 –

: ** President

issues the second peacetime military draft in the United States, amid increasing tensions with the

(the first peacetime draft occurred in 1940 under President Roosevelt) ** Eugene Dennis,

William Z. Foster William Zebulon Foster (February 25, 1881 – September 1, 1961) was a Political radicalism, radical American labor organizer and Communism, Communist politician, whose career included serving as General Secretary of the Communist Party US ...

, and ten other

CPUSA The Communist Party USA, officially the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA), is a communist party in the United States which was established in 1919 after a split in the Socialist Party of America following the Russian Revo ...

leaders are arrested, and charged under the

Alien Registration Act The Alien Registration Act, popularly known as the Smith Act, 76th United States Congress, 3d session, ch. 439, , is a United States federal statute that was enacted on June 28, 1940. It set criminal penalties for advocating the overthrow of th ...

. *

July 22 Events Pre-1600 * 838 – Battle of Anzen: The Byzantine emperor Theophilos suffers a heavy defeat by the Abbasids. *1099 – First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of J ...

– The

Dominion of Newfoundland Newfoundland was a British dominion in eastern North America, today the modern Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador. It was established on 26 September 1907, and confirmed by the Balfour Declaration of 1926 and the Statute of Westmi ...

votes to join Canada, after a

referendum A referendum (plural: referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue. This is in contrast to an issue being voted on by a representative. This may result in the adoption of a ...

. *

July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...

– U.S. President Truman signs Executive Order 9981, ending

racial segregation Racial segregation is the systematic separation of people into race (human classification), racial or other Ethnicity, ethnic groups in daily life. Racial segregation can amount to the international crime of apartheid and a crimes against hum ...

in the

United States Armed Forces The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. The armed forces consists of six service branches: the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, Space Force, and Coast Guard. The president of the United States is the ...

. * July 28 – Around 200 die in explosion at a chemical plant in

Ludwigshafen Ludwigshafen, officially Ludwigshafen am Rhein (; meaning " Ludwig's Port upon Rhine"), is a city in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate, on the river Rhine, opposite Mannheim. With Mannheim, Heidelberg, and the surrounding region, it form ...

, Germany. * July 29 – The

1948 Summer Olympics The 1948 Summer Olympics (officially the Games of the XIV Olympiad and also known as London 1948) were an international multi-sport event held from 29 July to 14 August 1948 in London, England, United Kingdom. Following a twelve-year hiatus ca ...

begin in London, the first since the

1936 Summer Olympics The 1936 Summer Olympics (German: ''Olympische Sommerspiele 1936''), officially known as the Games of the XI Olympiad (German: ''Spiele der XI. Olympiade'') and commonly known as Berlin 1936 or the Nazi Olympics, were an international multi-sp ...

in Berlin. *

July 31 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide. * 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...

** At Idlewild Field in New York, New York International Airport (later renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport) is dedicated. **

Elizabeth Bentley Elizabeth Terrill Bentley (January 1, 1908 – December 3, 1963) was an American spy and member of the Communist Party USA (CPUSA). She served the Soviet Union from 1938 to 1945 until she defected from the Communist Party and Soviet intelligenc ...

appears under subpoena before the

House Un-American Activities Committee The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly dubbed the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloy ...

(HUAC) of the

United States House of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the Lower house, lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the United States Senate, Senate being ...

regarding Communist espionage; she implicates

Whittaker Chambers Whittaker Chambers (born Jay Vivian Chambers; April 1, 1901 – July 9, 1961) was an American writer-editor, who, after early years as a Communist Party member (1925) and Soviet spy (1932–1938), defected from the Soviet underground (1938), ...

. *Claude Shannon publishe
"A mathematical theory of communication"
- the paper that laid the foundations for the field of "Information Theory" and all modern digital communications.

August

August 3 Events Pre-1600 * 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna. * 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emperor ...

–

appears under subpoena before the

HUAC The House Committee on Un-American Activities (HCUA), popularly dubbed the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), was an investigative committee of the United States House of Representatives, created in 1938 to investigate alleged disloy ...

, and alleges that several former U.S. Federal officials were communists, including

Harry Dexter White Harry Dexter White (October 29, 1892 – August 16, 1948) was a senior U.S. Treasury department official. Working closely with the Secretary of the Treasury Henry Morgenthau Jr., he helped set American financial policy toward the Allies of World W ...

and

Alger Hiss Alger Hiss (November 11, 1904 – November 15, 1996) was an American government official accused in 1948 of having spied for the Soviet Union in the 1930s. Statutes of limitations had expired for espionage, but he was convicted of perjury in con ...

. *

August 5 Events Pre-1600 *AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty. * 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...

–

appears before the

, to deny the allegations of

. * August 10– 23 – The

Herrenchiemsee convention {{short description, Meeting of constitutional experts The Constitutional Convention at Herrenchiemsee (german: Verfassungskonvent auf Herrenchiemsee) was a meeting of constitutional experts nominated by the minister-presidents of the Western Sta ...

prepares the draft for the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany. * August 12 –

Babrra massacre The Babrra Massacre (or Babara Massacre; ps, د بابړې خونړۍ پېښه) was a mass shooting on 12 August 1948 in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) of Pakistan (now called as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) . According to official figures, aro ...

: About 600 unarmed members of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement are shot dead on the orders of the Chief Minister of the

North-West Frontier Province The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; ps, شمال لویدیځ سرحدي ولایت, ) was a Chief Commissioner's Province of British India, established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province. Followin ...

, Abdul Qayyum Khan Kashmiri, on Babrra ground in the

Hashtnagar Hashtnagar (Pashto: هشتنګر, more commonly known as اشنغر in Pashto) is one of the two constituent parts of the Charsadda District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The name Hashtnagar is derived from the Sanskrit अष्टनगरम् ''A� ...

region of Charsadda District, North-West Frontier Province (modern-day

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (; ps, خېبر پښتونخوا; Urdu, Hindko: خیبر پختونخوا) commonly abbreviated as KP or KPK, is one of the Administrative units of Pakistan, four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the Geography of Pakistan, ...

Pakistan Pakistan ( ur, ), officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan ( ur, , label=none), is a country in South Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fifth-most populous country, with a population of almost 24 ...

. *

August 13 Events Pre-1600 * 29 BC – Octavian holds the first of three consecutive triumphs in Rome to celebrate the victory over the Dalmatian tribes. * 523 – John I becomes the new Pope after the death of Pope Hormisdas. * 554 – Em ...

–

and

Donald Hiss Donald Hiss (December 15, 1906 – May 18, 1989), also known as "Donie" and "Donnie", was the younger brother of Alger Hiss. Donald Hiss's name was mentioned during the 1948 hearings wherein his more famous and older brother, Alger, was ac ...

refute allegations of

Communism Communism (from Latin la, communis, lit=common, universal, label=none) is a far-left sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology and current within the socialist movement whose goal is the establishment of a communist society, a s ...

, before the

. *

August 14 Events Pre-1600 * 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating t ...

–

1948 Ashes series The 1948 Ashes series was that year's edition of the long-standing cricket rivalry between England and Australia. Starting on 10 June 1948, England and Australia played five Tests. Australia had not lost a Test since the Second World War and w ...

: Australian batsman

Don Bradman Sir Donald George Bradman, (27 August 1908 – 25 February 2001), nicknamed "The Don", was an Australian international cricketer, widely acknowledged as the greatest batsman of all time. Bradman's career Test batting average of 99.94 has bee ...

, playing his last

Test cricket Test cricket is a form of first-class cricket played at international level between teams representing full member countries of the International Cricket Council (ICC). A match consists of four innings (two per team) and is scheduled to last fo ...

match, against England at

The Oval The Oval, currently known for sponsorship reasons as the Kia Oval, is an international cricket ground in Kennington, located in the borough of Lambeth, in south London. The Oval has been the home ground of Surrey County Cricket Club since ...

, is bowled by Eric Hollies for a

duck Duck is the common name for numerous species of waterfowl in the family Anatidae. Ducks are generally smaller and shorter-necked than swans and geese, which are members of the same family. Divided among several subfamilies, they are a form t ...

; however, "The Invincibles" win the match by an

innings An innings is one of the divisions of a cricket match during which one team takes its turn to bat. Innings also means the period in which an individual player bats (acts as either striker or nonstriker). Innings, in cricket, and rounders, is bot ...

and 149 runs, and

The Ashes The Ashes is a Test cricket series played between England and Australia. The term originated in a satirical obituary published in a British newspaper, ''The Sporting Times'', immediately after Australia's 1882 victory at The Oval, its first Te ...

4–0. * August 15 – The southern half of Korea is established as the Republic of Korea (South Korea). * August 17 – The

holds a private session between

and

. * August 18 – The

Danube Commission The Danube Commission (, , ) is concerned with the maintenance and improvement of navigation conditions of the Danube River, from its source in Germany to its outlets in Romania and Ukraine, leading to the Black Sea. It was established in 1948 b ...

is created by the

Belgrade Belgrade ( , ;, ; Names of European cities in different languages: B, names in other languages) is the Capital city, capital and List of cities in Serbia, largest city in Serbia. It is located at the confluence of the Sava and Danube rivers a ...

Convention (enters into force

11 May Events 1601–1900 *1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons. *1813 – William Lawson, Gregory Blaxland and William Wentworth discover a route across th ...

1949 Events January * January 1 – A United Nations-sponsored ceasefire brings an end to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947. The war results in a stalemate and the division of Kashmir, which still continues as of 2022. * January 2 – Luis ...

). * August 20 –

Lee Pressman Lee Pressman (July 1, 1906 – November 20, 1969) was a labor attorney and earlier a US government functionary, publicly alleged in 1948 to have been a spy for Soviet intelligence during the mid-1930s (as a member of the Ware Group), following hi ...

Nathan Witt Nathan Witt (February 11, 1903 – February 16, 1982), born Nathan Wittowsky, was an American lawyer who is best known as being the Secretary of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) from 1937 to 1940. He resigned from the NLRB after his commun ...

, and John Abt, represented by

Harold I. Cammer Harold I. Cammer (June 18, 1909 – October 21, 1995) was an American lawyer who co-founded the National Lawyers Guild. He was known for his participation in labor law, civil rights, peace and justice issues, and freedom of speech cases; in parti ...

, plead the Fifth Amendment, in response to allegations of Communism by

before the

. * August 23 – The

World Council of Churches The World Council of Churches (WCC) is a worldwide Christian inter-church organization founded in 1948 to work for the cause of ecumenism. Its full members today include the Assyrian Church of the East, the Oriental Orthodox Churches, most juri ...

is established in

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the Capital of the Netherlands, capital and Municipalities of the Netherlands, most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population ...

, the Netherlands. *

August 24 Events Pre-1600 * 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father. * 394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is written. ...

– The first meeting of the charter members of the American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (ACCJ) is held. * August 25 – The

holds its first-ever televised congressional hearing, featuring "Confrontation Day" between

and

. * August 27 –

states that

was a communist on ''

Meet the Press ''Meet the Press'' is a weekly American television news/interview program broadcast on NBC. It is the longest-running program on American television, though the current format bears little resemblance to the debut episode on November 6, 1947. ' ...

'' radio.

September

* September 4 – Queen

Wilhelmina of the Netherlands Wilhelmina (; Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria; 31 August 1880 – 28 November 1962) was Queen of the Netherlands from 1890 until her abdication in 1948. She reigned for nearly 58 years, longer than any other Dutch monarch. Her reign saw World War ...

abdicates for health reasons. * September 5 –

Robert Schuman Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Robert Schuman (; 29 June 18864 September 1963) was a Luxembourg-born French statesman. Schuman was a Christian Democrat (Popular Republican Movement) political thinker and activist. Twice Prime Minister of France, a ref ...

becomes Prime Minister of France. * September 6 – Juliana is formally inaugurated to succeed her mother, as queen regnant of the Netherlands. * September 9 – The northern half of Korea is formally declared the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea), with Kim Il-sung as prime minister. * September 11 –

Muhammad Ali Jinnah Muhammad Ali Jinnah (, ; born Mahomedali Jinnahbhai; 25 December 1876 – 11 September 1948) was a barrister, politician, and the founder of Pakistan. Jinnah served as the leader of the All-India Muslim League from 1913 until the ...

, founder and first

Governor-General of Pakistan The governor-general of Pakistan ( ur, ) was the representative of the Pakistani monarch in the Dominion of Pakistan, established by the Indian Independence Act 1947. The office of governor-general was abolished when Pakistan became an Islami ...

, dies. Pakistan is in a state of shock as it mourns the departure of the father of the nation. The day is a

public holiday A public holiday, national holiday, or legal holiday is a holiday generally established by law and is usually a non-working day during the year. Sovereign nations and territories observe holidays based on events of significance to their history, ...

nationwide. * September 13– 18 –

Indian annexation of Hyderabad Operation Polo was the code name of the Hyderabad "police action" in September 1948, by the then newly independent Dominion of India against Hyderabad State. It was a military operation in which the Indian Armed Forces invaded the Nizam-ruled ...

("Operation Polo"): The

princely state A princely state (also called native state or Indian state) was a nominally sovereign entity of the British Raj, British Indian Empire that was not directly governed by the British, but rather by an Indian ruler under a form of indirect rule, ...

Hyderabad Hyderabad ( ; , ) is the capital and largest city of the Indian state of Telangana and the ''de jure'' capital of Andhra Pradesh. It occupies on the Deccan Plateau along the banks of the Musi River (India), Musi River, in the northern part ...

is invaded by the Indian Armed Forces in a " police action", in the aftermath of Pakistani leader Jinnah's death. The

Nizam of Hyderabad The Nizams were the rulers of Hyderabad from the 18th through the 20th century. Nizam of Hyderabad (Niẓām ul-Mulk, also known as Asaf Jah) was the title of the monarch of the Hyderabad State ( divided between the state of Telangana, Mar ...

surrenders his state, which is amalgamated into the newly independent

Dominion of India The Dominion of India, officially the Union of India,* Quote: “The first collective use (of the word "dominion") occurred at the Colonial Conference (April to May 1907) when the title was conferred upon Canada and Australia. New Zealand and N ...

; thousands are killed as a result of this event. * September 13 –

Margaret Chase Smith Margaret Madeline Smith (née Chase; December 14, 1897 – May 29, 1995) was an American politician. A member of the Republican Party, she served as a U.S. representative (1940–1949) and a U.S. senator (1949–1973) from Maine. She was the firs ...

is elected United States Senator, and becomes the first woman to serve in both the

U.S. House Of Representatives The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the Senate being the upper chamber. Together they ...

and the United States Senate. *

September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". * 1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Empi ...

–

Lehi Lehi (; he, לח"י – לוחמי חרות ישראל ''Lohamei Herut Israel – Lehi'', "Fighters for the Freedom of Israel – Lehi"), often known pejoratively as the Stern Gang,"This group was known to its friends as LEHI and to its enemie ...

members, also known as the Stern Gang, assassinate Swedish count Folke Bernadotte, United Nations Mediator in Palestine, in Jerusalem. *

September 18 Events Pre-1600 * 96 – Domitian, who has been conducting a reign of terror for the past three years, is assassinated as a result of a plot by his wife Domitia and two Praetorian prefects. * 96 – Nerva is proclaimed Roman emperor a ...

– An inaugural motor race is held at

Goodwood Circuit Goodwood Circuit is a historic venue for both two- and four-wheeled motorsport in the United Kingdom. The circuit is situated near Chichester, West Sussex, close to the south coast of England, on the estate of Goodwood House, and completely e ...

, West Sussex, England. * September 20 – The city of

Rabwah Rabwah (Urdu, pnb, ), officially known as Chenab Nagar ( ur, ), is a city in Chiniot District, Chiniot, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan on the bank of Chenab River. It was the headquarters of the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community since Septemb ...

is established in Pakistan. * September 27 –

files a slander suit against

, for his August 27 radio statement in the United States. * September 29 –

Laurence Olivier Laurence Kerr Olivier, Baron Olivier (; 22 May 1907 – 11 July 1989) was an English actor and director who, along with his contemporaries Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud, was one of a trio of male actors who dominated the Theatre of the U ...

's film of ''

Hamlet ''The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark'', often shortened to ''Hamlet'' (), is a tragedy written by William Shakespeare sometime between 1599 and 1601. It is Shakespeare's longest play, with 29,551 words. Set in Denmark, the play depicts ...

'' opens in the U.S.

October

* October 5 – The International Union for the Protection of Nature (later known as the

International Union for Conservation of Nature The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN; officially International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natu ...

, IUCN) is established in

Fontainebleau Fontainebleau (; ) is a commune in the metropolitan area of Paris, France. It is located south-southeast of the centre of Paris. Fontainebleau is a sub-prefecture of the Seine-et-Marne department, and it is the seat of the ''arrondissement ...

, France. * October 6 –

1948 Ashgabat earthquake The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake (; russian: Ашхабадское землетрясение 1948 года, Ashkhabadskoye zemletryasenie 1948 goda) was on 6 October with a surface wave magnitude of 7.3 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (''Extre ...

: A 7.3 earthquake near

Ashgabat Ashgabat or Asgabat ( tk, Aşgabat, ; fa, عشق‌آباد, translit='Ešqābād, formerly named Poltoratsk ( rus, Полтора́цк, p=pəltɐˈratsk) between 1919 and 1927), is the capital and the largest city of Turkmenistan. It lies ...

Soviet Turkmenistan The Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (, ; russian: Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика, ''Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika''), also commonly known as Turkmenistan o ...

kills 10,000–110,000. * October 10 – The R-1 missile on test becomes the first

Soviet The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...

launch to enter space. * October 16 – The

57th Street Art Fair The 57th Street Art Fair is Chicago's oldest juried art fair. Founded in 1948, it is held the first weekend in June annually on 57th Street between Kimbark and Kenwood Avenues, in the Chicago neighborhood of Hyde Park, directly north of the Unive ...

in Chicago, the oldest juried art fair in the American Midwest, is founded. * October 20 –

Brandeis University , mottoeng = "Truth even unto its innermost parts" , established = , type = Private research university , accreditation = NECHE , president = Ronald D. Liebowitz , pro ...

is formally founded in

Massachusetts Massachusetts (Massachusett language, Massachusett: ''Muhsachuweesut assachusett writing systems, məhswatʃəwiːsət'' English: , ), officially the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous U.S. state, state in the New England ...

. * October 26 –

Donora Smog of 1948 The 1948 Donora smog killed 20 people and caused respiratory problems for 6,000 of the 14,000 people living in Donora, Pennsylvania, a mill town on the Monongahela River southeast of Pittsburgh. The event is commemorated by the Donora Smog Muse ...

: A killer smog settles into

Donora, Pennsylvania Donora is a borough in Washington County, Pennsylvania, United States, approximately south of Pittsburgh on the Monongahela River. Donora was incorporated in 1901. It got its name from a combination of William Donner and Nora Mellon, banker ...

. * October 29 –

: Massacres of Palestinian Arab villagers by the

Israel Defense Forces The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; he, צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל , ), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym (), is the national military of the Israel, State of Israel. It consists of three servic ...

: **

Al-Dawayima massacre The al-Dawayima massacre describes the killing of civilians by the Israeli army (IDF) that took place in the Palestinian Arab town of al-Dawayima on October 29, 1948, during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. The incident occurred after the town was o ...

: Between 30 and 145 are killed. **

Safsaf massacre The Safsaf massacre took place on 29 October 1948, following the capture of the Palestinian Arab village of Safsaf in the Galilee by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). The village was defended by the Arab Liberation Army's Second Yarmuk Battali ...

: At least 52 are killed. * October 30 – A '' luzzu'' fishing boat overloaded with passengers capsizes and sinks in the

Gozo Channel The Gozo Channel is short stretch of Mediterranean Sea separating the Maltese island of Gozo from the northern tip of Malta. It is about long and varies in width from at its widest to at its northeastern end. At the centre of the channel are t ...

off Qala,

Gozo Gozo (, ), Maltese: ''Għawdex'' () and in antiquity known as Gaulos ( xpu, 𐤂𐤅𐤋, ; grc, Γαῦλος, Gaúlos), is an island in the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of the Republic of Malta. After t ...

Malta Malta ( , , ), officially the Republic of Malta ( mt, Repubblika ta' Malta ), is an island country in the Mediterranean Sea. It consists of an archipelago, between Italy and Libya, and is often considered a part of Southern Europe. It lies ...

, killing 23 of the 27 people on board.

November

November 1 Events Pre-1600 * 365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities. * 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freising, ...

** The Foley Square trial of Eugene Dennis and ten other

leaders begins, in New York City. ** Athenagoras I is elected the 268th

Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople The ecumenical patriarch ( el, Οἰκουμενικός Πατριάρχης, translit=Oikoumenikós Patriárchēs) is the archbishop of Constantinople (Istanbul), New Rome and '' primus inter pares'' (first among equals) among the heads of th ...

. ** A boiler and ammunition explosion aboard a merchant ship evacuating troops of the Republic of China Army from Yingkou, China for

Taiwan Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...

causes thousands of deaths. * November 2 –

1948 United States presidential election The 1948 United States presidential election was the 41st quadrennial presidential election. It was held on Tuesday, November 2, 1948. In one of the greatest election upsets in American history, incumbent President Harry S. Truman, the Democra ...

: Democratic incumbent

defeats Republican

Thomas E. Dewey Thomas Edmund Dewey (March 24, 1902 – March 16, 1971) was an American lawyer, prosecutor, and politician who served as the 47th governor of New York from 1943 to 1954. He was the Republican candidate for president in 1944 and 1948: although ...

, "Dixiecrat"

Strom Thurmond James Strom Thurmond Sr. (December 5, 1902June 26, 2003) was an American politician who represented South Carolina in the United States Senate from 1954 to 2003. Prior to his 48 years as a senator, he served as the 103rd governor of South Caro ...

, and Progressive party candidate

Henry A. Wallace Henry Agard Wallace (October 7, 1888 – November 18, 1965) was an American politician, journalist, farmer, and businessman who served as the 33rd vice president of the United States, the 11th U.S. Secretary of Agriculture, and the 10th U.S. S ...

. *

November 12 Events Pre-1600 * 954 – The 13-year-old Lothair III is crowned at the Abbey of Saint-Remi as king of the West Frankish Kingdom. *1028 – Future Byzantine empress Zoe takes the throne as empress consort to Romanos III Argyros. * 13 ...

– In Tokyo, an international war crimes tribunal sentences seven Japanese military and government officials to death, including General

Hideki Tojo Hideki Tojo (, ', December 30, 1884 – December 23, 1948) was a Japanese politician, general of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), and convicted war criminal who served as prime minister of Japan and president of the Imperial Rule Assistan ...

, for their roles in World War II. * November 15 – Louis Stephen St. Laurent becomes Canada's 12th Prime Minister of Canada, prime minister. * November 16 ** ''Operation Magic Carpet (Yemen), Operation Magic Carpet'' to transport Jews from Yemen to Israel begins. ** The University of the Andes, Colombia, University of the Andes (Universidad de los Andes) is founded in

, Colombia. * November 17 ** Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi divorces his second wife, the former Princess Princess Fawzia Fuad of Egypt, Fawzia of Egypt. **

produces secret government papers, handwritten and typewritten by

, during pretrial examination. * November 20 – Geoffrey B. Orbell rediscovers the Takahē, last seen 50 years previously, near Lake Te Anau, New Zealand. * November 24 – In Venezuela, president Rómulo Gallegos is ousted by a military junta. * November 27 – The Calgary Stampeders defeat the Ottawa Rough Riders 12–7 before 20,013 fans at Toronto's Varsity Stadium, to win their first Grey Cup, and complete the only perfect season to date in Canadian Football.

December

Een groep Recce M3 Stuart tanks passeert geparkeerde vrachtwagen

* December 1 – José Figueres Ferrer abolishes the army in Costa Rica, making it the first country in history to do so. * December 2 – The United States

subpoenas and retrieves the "Pumpkin Papers" from the farm of

. * December 6 – Richard Nixon displays microfilm from the "Pumpkin Papers" to the press. * December 9 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Genocide Convention. * December 10 – The United Nations General Assembly adopts the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. * December 11–December 12, 12 –

: Batang Kali massacre: Scots Guards shoot 24 Chinese people, Chinese villagers in Federation of Malaya, Malaya. * December 15 – The United States Department of Justice indicts

, on two counts of perjury. * December 17 – The Finnish Security Intelligence Service, Finnish Security Police is established to remove Communist Party of Finland, communist leadership from its predecessor, the State Police (Finland), State Police. * December 19 – In the American National Football League, the Philadelphia Eagles defeat the Chicago Cardinals 7–0, to win the championship. * December 20 ** Indonesian National Revolution: The Dutch military captures Yogyakarta, the temporary capital of the newly formed Republic of Indonesia. ** American economist and former State Department official Laurence Duggan falls to his death, from the 16th story window of his Manhattan office. * December 23 – Seven Japanese military and political leaders, convicted of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, are executed by Allied occupation authorities, at Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, Japan. * December 26 ** The last Soviet troops withdraw from North Korea. ** Cardinal József Mindszenty is arrested in Hungary, and accused of treason and conspiracy. * December 28 – A Muslim Brotherhood member assassinates Egyptian Prime Minister Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha, Mahmud Fahmi Nokrashi. * December 30 – The musical ''Kiss Me, Kate'' opens for the first of 1,077 performances in New York City. * December 31 – 1948 Arab–Israeli War, Arab-Israeli War: Israeli troops drive Egyptians from the Negev.

Date unknown

* The Fresh Kills Landfill, the world's largest, opens on Staten Island, New York. * The Slovak city Gúta is renamed Kolárovo. * The Vielha Tunnel is opened, giving access to the Val d'Aran in the Spanish Pyrenees; at this time it is the longest road tunnel in the world. * The Oakridge Transit Centre opens in Vancouver, British Columbia. * The last recorded sighting is made of the Caspian tiger, in Kazakhstan. * A pack of wolves kills about 40 children in Darovskoy District, in Russia. * The last edition of the ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'' is published in the Holy See, Vatican. * Charles Warrell creates the first I-Spy (Michelin), I-Spy books in the United Kingdom. * Wilbert Awdry, Rev. W. Awdry's third book, ''James the Red Engine'', is published in the United Kingdom. * Inspired by World War II fighter planes, Cadillac introduces the first automobile to sport car tailfin, tailfins. * The inaugural 6 Hours of Watkins Glen sports car endurance race is held in the United States.

Births

January

Akira Yoshino cropped 2 Akira Yoshino 201911

– Allan Alcorn, American engineer * January 2 ** Judith Miller, American journalist ** Joyce Wadler, American writer, memoirist ** Deborah Watling, English actress (d. 2017) * January 3 – Wanda Seux, Paraguayan vedette, dancer, and actress (d. 2020) *

** Wally Foreman, Australian media icon (d. 2006) ** Ted Lange, African-American actor, director (''The Love Boat'') * January 6 ** Guy Gardner (astronaut), Guy Gardener, American astronaut ** Bob Wise, Former Governor of West Virginia *

** Kenny Loggins, American rock singer (''Footloose (song), Footloose'') ** Ichirou Mizuki, Japanese voice actor * January 10 ** Remu Aaltonen, Finnish musician ** Donald Fagen, American rock keyboardist (''Steely Dan'') ** Teresa Graves, African-American actress and comedian (''Get Christie Love'') (d. 2002) ** Mischa Maisky, Latvian cellist * January 11 ** Hiroshi Wajima, Japanese sumo wrestler (d. 2018) ** Terry Goodkind, American writer (d. 2020) ** Danne Larsson, Swedish musician *

** Kenny Allen (footballer), Kenny Allen, English footballer ** Anthony Andrews, English actor * January 13 ** V. Krishnasamy, Malaysian footballer (d. 2020) ** Françoise David, Canadian spokesperson * January 14 ** T Bone Burnett, American record producer, musician ** Muhriz of Negeri Sembilan, Yamtuan Besar of Negeri Sembilan ** Carl Weathers, African-American actor, football player (''Rocky IV'', ''Action Jackson (1988 film), Action Jackson'') * January 15 – Ronnie Van Zant, American rock musician (''Lynyrd Skynyrd'') (d. 1977) * January 16 ** John Carpenter, American film director, producer, screenwriter and composer ** Gregor Gysi, German politician ** Cliff Thorburn, Canadian snooker player ** Tsuneo Horiuchi, Japanese baseball pitcher, manager *

** Billy T. James, New Zealand comedian, musician and actor (d. 1991) ** Davíð Oddsson, Prime Minister of Iceland * January 18 – M. C. Gainey, American actor * January 20 ** Nancy Kress, American science fiction writer ** Jerry L. Ross, American air engineer * January 23 ** Katharine Holabird, American writer ** Mitoji Yabunaka, Japanese politician * January 27 – Mikhail Baryshnikov, Russian dancer * January 28 ** Ilkka Kanerva, Finnish politician (d. 2022) ** Charles Taylor (Liberian politician), Charles Taylor, Liberian politician, 22nd President of Liberia *

– Marc Singer, Canadian actor (''V (1983 miniseries), V'') *

** Akira Yoshino, Japanese chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate ** Paul Magee, Provisional Irish Republican Army member *

** Paul Jabara, American actor, singer and songwriter (d. 1992) ** Muneo Suzuki, Japanese politician

February

Alice Cooper 2017-08-05 Wacken (cropped)

– Rick James, African-American urban singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist and record producer (d. 2004) * February 2 ** Ina Garten, American cooking author ** Roger Williamson, British race car driver (d. 1973) * February 3 ** Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo, East Timorean Catholic bishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize ** Henning Mankell, Swedish crime novelist (d. 2015) *

** Alice Cooper, American hard rock singer and musician (''School's Out (song), School's Out'') ** Ram Baran Yadav, President of Nepal * February 5 ** Jim Dornan, Northern Irish obstetrician and gynecologist (d. 2021) ** Sven-Göran Eriksson, Swedish football manager ** Christopher Guest, American actor, screenwriter, director and composer (''National Lampoon (magazine), National Lampoon'', ''Saturday Night Live'') ** Barbara Hershey, American actress (''Beaches (1988 film), Beaches'') ** Tom Wilkinson, English actor * February 7 – Jimmy Greenspoon, American keyboardist, composer (''Three Dog Night'') (d. 2015) * February 8 – Dan Seals, American musician (d. 2009) * February 9 ** David Hayman, Scottish film, television and stage actor, director ** Greg Stafford, American game designer, publisher (d. 2018) * February 10 ** Ûssarĸak K'ujaukitsoĸ, Greenlandic Inuit politician, human rights activist (d. 2018) ** John Magnier, Irish businessman, thoroughbred racehorse breeder *

– Chris Rush, American stand-up comedian * February 12 – Raymond Kurzweil, American inventor, author * February 13 – Kitten Natividad, Mexican-American film actress * February 14 ** Jackie Martling, American comedian, radio personality ** Wally Tax, Dutch musician (d. 2005) ** Teller (magician), Raymond Teller, American illusionist and magician, one half of the duo Penn & Teller ** Yehuda Shoenfeld, Israeli physician, autoimmunity researcher * February 15 – Larry DiTillio, American film and TV series writer (d. 2019) *

– Eckhart Tolle, German-Canadian spiritual author * February 17 ** György Cserhalmi, Hungarian actor ** José José, Mexican singer, actor (d. 2019) *

– Sinéad Cusack, Irish actress *

** Pim Fortuyn, Dutch politician, author (d. 2002) ** Tony Iommi, English heavy metal guitarist ** Elizabeth Sackler, American activist * February 20 – Jennifer O'Neill, American model, actress *

– Christian Vander (musician), French drummer, founder of progressive rock/Zeuhl group Magma *

** John Ashton (actor), John Ashton, American actor ** Leslie H. Sabo Jr., American Medal of Honor recipient (d. 1970) * February 24 ** Jayalalithaa, Indian politician, film actress (d. 2016) ** Walter Smith, Scottish football manager (d. 2021) *

– Danny Denzongpa, Indian actor *

** Steven Chu, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate ** Mike Figgis, American director, screenwriter and composer ** Kjell Isaksson, Swedish pole vaulter ** Bernadette Peters, American actress, singer ** Mercedes Ruehl, American actress ** Alfred Sant, Leader of Malta Labour Party (1992–), Prime Minister of Malta (1996–1998) * February 29 ** Khalid Salleh, Malaysian actor, poet (d. 2018) ** Ken Foree, American actor ** Henry Small (singer), Henry Small, American-born Canadian singer

March

Eddy Grant at Supreme Court Gardens cropped

* March 1 – Gopanarayan Das, Indian politician (d. 2022) * March 2 ** R. T. Crowley, American pioneer of electronic commerce ** Rory Gallagher, Irish musician (d. 1995) ** Jeff Kennett, Australian politician * March 3 ** Steve Wilhite, American computer scientist, developer of the GIF image format at CompuServe in 1987 (d. 2022) * March 4 ** Lindy Chamberlain-Creighton, Australian author (''A Cry in the Dark'') ** James Ellroy, American writer ** Tom Grieve, American baseball player ** Leron Lee, American baseball player ** Chris Squire, English bassist (Yes (band), Yes) (d. 2015) ** Shakin' Stevens, Welsh singer ** Brian Cummings, American voice actor * March 5 ** Eddy Grant, Guyanese British singer, musician ("Electric Avenue (song), Electric Avenue") ** Elaine Paige, English singer, actress * March 6 – Anna Maria Horsford, African-American actress (''Amen (TV series), Amen'') * March 8 ** Sinta Nuriyah, 4th First Lady of Indonesia, wife of Abdurrahman Wahid ** Jonathan Sacks, British Orthodox rabbi, philosopher, theologian, author and politician (d. 2020) * March 9 ** László Lovász, Hungarian mathematician ** Jeffrey Osborne, American singer ("On the Wings of Love (song), On the Wings of Love") * March 10 – Doug Clark (serial killer), Doug Clark, American serial killer * March 11 ** Dominique Sanda, French actress *

– James Taylor, American singer, songwriter ("Fire and Rain (song), Fire and Rain") * March 13 – Maurice A. de Gosson, Austrian mathematician * March 14 – Billy Crystal, American actor, comedian * March 15 – Sérgio Vieira de Mello, Brazilian diplomat (d. 2003) * March 16 – Margaret Weis, American science fiction writer * March 17 – William Gibson, American/Canadian writer * March 18 ** Jessica B. Harris, American historian and journalist ** Bobby Whitlock, American singer and songwriter * March 20 ** John de Lancie, American actor ** Bobby Orr, Canadian hockey player ** Helene Vannari, Estonian actress (d. 2022) * March 22 ** Inri Cristo, Brazilian educator who claims to be Jesus Christ reincarnated ** Wolf Blitzer, American television journalist (CNN) ** Andrew Lloyd Webber, English composer (''Jesus Christ Superstar'') * March 25 – Bonnie Bedelia, American actress * March 26 ** Nash the Slash (b. James Jeffrey Plewman), Canadian musician (d. 2014) ** Steven Tyler, American rock singer, songwriter (Aerosmith) * March 28 **Jayne Ann Krentz, American novelist **Dianne Wiest, American actress * March 29 ** Mike Heideman, American basketball coach (d. 2018) ** Bud Cort, American actor (''Harold and Maude'') * March 30 – Eddie Jordan, Irish founder of Jordan Grand Prix * March 31 ** Al Gore, 45th Vice President of the United States, 2000 United States presidential election, 2000 Democratic nominee for president, environmentalist ** Rhea Perlman, American actress (''Cheers'')

April

– Jimmy Cliff, Jamaican singer, actor * April 2 ** Bob Lienhard, American basketball player (d. 2018) ** Roald Als, Danish cartoonist * April 3 – Carlos Salinas de Gortari, Mexican economist, politician and 53rd President of Mexico (1988-1994) * April 4 ** Squire Parsons, American gospel singer, songwriter ** Dan Simmons, American fantasy, science fiction author ** Berry Oakley, American musician (d. 1972) *

– Neil Portnow, American President of The Recording Academy (NARAS) * April 7 ** Arnie Robinson, American Olympic Long jump champion (d. 2020) ** John Oates, American rock singer, guitarist (''Hall & Oates'') ** Pietro Anastasi, Italian football player (d. 2020) *

– Jaya Bachchan, Indian actress and politician * April 10 – Fauzi Bowo, Indonesian politician, diplomat and former governor of Jakarta * April 12 ** Jeremy Beadle, English TV presenter (d. 2008) ** Don Fernando, American pornographic film actor, director **Joschka Fischer, German politician ** Marcello Lippi, Italian football player, manager *

** Nam Hae-il, 25th Chief of Naval Operations of the Republic of Korea Navy ** Mikhail Shufutinsky, Soviet, Russian singer, actor and TV presenter * April 15 – Michael Kamen, American composer (d. 2003) * April 16 ** Ammar El Sherei, Egyptian music icon, celebrity (d. 2012) ** Kazuyuki Sogabe, Japanese voice actor (d. 2006) * April 17 ** Jan Hammer, Czechoslovakian composer, pianist and keyboardist ** Peter Jenni, Swiss experimental particle physicist *

– Avi Arad, Israeli-American film producer * April 20 – Paul Milgrom, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate * April 21 ** Paul Davis (singer), Paul Davis, American singer, songwriter (''Cool Night'') (d. 2008) ** Josef Flammer, Swiss ophthalmologist (after whom Flammer syndrome is named) * April 24 – István Szívós (water polo, born 1948), István Szívós, Hungarian water polo player (d. 2019) * April 27 ** Amrit Kumar Bohara, Nepalese politician ** Frank Abagnale, American con man, imposter ** Si Robertson, American reality star, preacher, hunter, outdoorsman, and U.S. Army veteran * April 28 ** Terry Pratchett, English comic fantasy, science fiction author (d. 2015) ** Marcia Strassman, American actress, singer (''Welcome Back, Kotter'') (d. 2014) * April 29 – Michael Karoli, German musician (d. 2001) * April 30 – Jocelyne Saab, Lebanese journalist, film director (d. 2019)

May

Stevie Nicks - In Your Dreams Premiere March 2013 (cropped)

* May 2 ** Vladimir Matorin, Russian opera singer ** Larry Gatlin, American singer, songwriter * May 3 ** William H. Miller (writer), William H. Miller, American maritime historian ** Chris Mulkey, American actor * May 4 ** Jan Kantůrek, Czech translator (d. 2018) ** Tanya Falan Welk, Tanya Falan, American singer ** King George Tupou V of Tongo (d. 2012) * May 5 ** Joe Esposito (singer), Joe Esposito, American singer, songwriter ** Richard Pacheco, American pornographic actor ** Bill Ward (musician), Bill Ward, English rock drummer * May 7 – Susan Atkins, convicted murderer and ex-follower of Charles Manson (d. 2009) * May 8 ** Dame Felicity Lott, English soprano ** Stephen Stohn, Canadian television producer *

** Steven W. Mosher, American social scientist, author ** Calvin Murphy, American basketball player, analyst * May 10 – Meg Foster, American actress *

** Pam Ferris, Welsh actress ** Shigeru Izumiya, Japanese musician * May 12 ** Steve Winwood, English rock singer ("Higher Love") ** Lindsay Crouse, American actress * May 13 – Hawk Wolinski, American keyboardist *

– Bob Woolmer, Indian-born English cricket coach (d. 2007) *

** Yutaka Enatsu, Japanese professional baseball pitcher ** Brian Eno, English musician, record producer *

– Jesper Christensen, Danish actor * May 17 – Penny DeHaven, American country singer (d. 2014) *

** Olivia Harrison, American author and film producer ** Mikko Heiniö, Finnish composer * May 19 – Grace Jones, Jamaican singer, actress * May 20 – Tesshō Genda, Japanese voice actor * May 21 ** D'Jamin Bartlett, American musical theatre actress ** Elizabeth Buchan, English writer ** Jonathan Hyde, Australian-born English actor ** Carol Potter (actress), Carol Potter, American actress ** Leo Sayer, English rock musician ("When I Need You") * May 23 – Gary McCord, American professional golfer * May 25 – Klaus Meine, German singer (Scorpions (band), Scorpions) *

** Dayle Haddon, Canadian model, actress ** Stevie Nicks, American rock singer, songwriter (Fleetwood Mac) * May 27 – Wubbo de Boer, Dutch civil servant * May 29 – Michael Berkeley, English composer *

– Paul L. Schechter, American astronomer and cosmologist * May 31 ** Svetlana Alexievich, Belarusian writer of literary reportage, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate ** Lynda Bellingham, English actress, broadcaster and author (d. 2014) ** John Bonham, English rock drummer (Led Zeppelin) (d. 1980)

June

Andrzej Sapkowski - Lucca Comics and Games 2015 2

** Powers Boothe, American actor (''Guyana Tragedy: The Story of Jim Jones'') (d. 2017) ** Tom Sneva, American race car driver, Indianapolis 500 winner * June 2 – Jerry Mathers, American actor (''Leave It to Beaver'') *

– Carlos Franzetti, Argentine composer and arranger * June 4 ** Bob Champion, English jump jockey ** David Haskell, American actor (d. 2000) * June 6 – Richard Sinclair, English musician (''Caravan (band), Caravan'') * June 7 – Jim C. Walton, American business person, (′′Walmart′′) * June 8 ** Jürgen von der Lippe, German television presenter, actor and comedian ** Jad Azkoul, Lebanese-American classical guitarist * June 9 ** Gudrun Schyman, Swedish politician ** Gary Thorne, American play-by-play announcer * June 10 – Subrata Roy, Indian businessman * June 11 – Dave Cash (baseball), Dave Cash, American baseball player * June 12 – Sadegh Zibakalam, Iranian academic reformist * June 13 – Garnet Bailey, Canadian hockey player, scout (d. 2001) * June 14 – Laurence Yep, American author * June 15 – Paul Michiels, Belgian singer, songwriter * June 16 – Terry Schofield, American basketball player *

– Dave Concepción, Venezuelan baseball player * June 18 – Sherry Turkle, American science/social studies professor ** Eliezer Halfin, Israeli wrestler (d. 1972) * June 19 ** Nick Drake, English musician (d. 1974) ** Lea Laven, Finnish singer ** Phylicia Rashad, African-American actress (''The Cosby Show'') *

** Diana Mara Henry, American freelance photojournalist ** Alan Longmuir, Scottish musician (d. 2018) ** Ludwig Scotty, President of Nauru ** Tina Sinatra, American former singer, actress, film producer, and memoirist *

** Lionel Rose, Australian boxer (d. 2011) ** Jovan Aćimović, Serbian football player ** Raffaello Martinelli, Italian prelate ** Philippe Sarde, French film composer ** Andrzej Sapkowski, Polish writer ** Wolfgang Seel, German football player ** Greg Hyder, American professional basketball player * June 22 ** Madeleine Meilleur, Canadian politician ** Takashi Sasano, Japanese actor ** Shōhaku Okumura, Japanese Soto Zen ** Peter Prijdekker, Dutch swimmer ** Sue Roberts, American professional golfer ** Todd Rundgren, American rock singer, record producer (''Hello It's Me'') ** Curtis Johnson (cornerback), Curtis Johnson, American football cornerback ** Franciszek Smuda, Polish football coach ** Panagiotis Xanthakos, Greek sports shoote ** Colin Waldron, English football defender * June 23 ** Larry Coker, American football player, coach ** Jim Heacock, American defensive coordinator ** Luther Kent, American blues singer * June 24 ** Stephen Martin (Australian politician), Stephen Martin, Australian politician, senior academic and rugby league referee ** Patrick Moraz, Swiss keyboard player ** Janet Museveni, First Lady of Uganda ** Dave Orchard, South African cricketer ** Eigil Sørensen, Danish cyclist ** Jürgen Stars, German footballer ** Jenny Wood, Zimbabwean swimmer * June 25 ** Kenn George, American businessman ** Michael Lembeck, American actor, television and film director ** Tom Rideout, Canadian politician * June 26 ** David Vaughan (golfer), David Vaughan, Welsh professional golfer ** John Pratt (footballer), John Pratt, English professional footballer ** Pablo Anaya Rivera, Mexican politician * June 27 ** Vennira Aadai Nirmala, Tamil actress ** Michael J. Barrett, Guamanian politician ** Camile Baudoin, American rock guitarist *

** Deborah Moggach, English writer ** Kathy Bates, American actress (''Misery (film), Misery'') ** Jimmy Thomson (footballer, born 1948), Jimmy Thomson, Scottish professional footballer ** Brian Rowan, Scottish professional footballer * June 29 ** Danny Adcock, Australian actor ** Vic Brooks, English cricketer ** Leo Burke, Canadian professional wrestler ** Fred Grandy, American actor, politician (''The Love Boat'') ** Helge Karlsen, Norwegian football player ** Ian Paice, English musician (''Deep Purple'') ** Usha Prashar, Baroness Prashar, crossbench member of the House of Lords * June 30 ** Alice Wong, Canadian politician ** Dag Fornæss, Norwegian speed skater ** Peter Rossborough, English rugby union international ** Galarrwuy Yunupingu, Australian Indigenous community leader ** Vladimir Yakunin, Russian official, head of state-run Russian Railways Company ** Raymond Leo Burke, American cardinal, prelate

July

* July 1 ** Ever Hugo Almeida, Paraguayan footballer ** John Ford (musician), John Ford, English-born rock musician (''Strawbs''), writer of ''Part of the Union'' ** Michael McGimpsey, Northern Ireland politician * July 2 ** Mario Villanueva, Mexican politician ** Saul Rubinek, German-Canadian character actor, director, producer and playwright * July 3 – Tarmo Koivisto, Finnish comics artist * July 4 ** René Arnoux, French racing driver ** Louis Raphaël I Sako, Head of the Chaldean Catholic Church ** Ed Armbrister, Bahamian Major League Baseball outfielder ** Nazmul Hussain, Indian first-class cricketer ** Jeremy Spencer, British musician * July 5 ** Tony DeMeo, American football coach, player ** Dave Lemonds, American baseball player ** Salomon Juan Marcos Issa, Mexican politician ** Lojze Peterle, Slovenian politician ** William Hootkins, American actor (d. 2005) * July 6 ** Nathalie Baye, French actress ** Jeff Webb (basketball), Jeff Webb, American professional basketball player ** Arnaldo Baptista, Brazilian rock musician, composer ** Brad Park, Canadian NHL Defenseman ** Sid Smith (American football), Sid Smith, American football offensive lineman ** Eiko Segawa, Japanese female enka singer, actress ** Jan van der Veen, Dutch professional association football player * July 7 ** Jerry Sherk, American football defensive tackle ** Jean LeClerc (actor), Jean LeClerc, Québécois actor ** Jean-Marie Colombani, French journalist ** Tan Lee Meng, Singaporean jurist ** Stuart Varney, British-American economic consultant ** Luis Estrada (footballer), Luis Estrada, Mexican football league forward, Olympic athlete * July 8 – Raffi (musician), Raffi, Egyptian-born children's entertainer * July 10 ** Theo Bücker, German football manager, player ** Mick Coop, English professional football right back ** Rich Hand, American professional baseball player * July 12 ** Richard Simmons, American television personality, fitness expert ** Jay Thomas, American actor (d. 2017) * July 13 ** Alf Hansen, Norwegian rower ** Daphne Maxwell Reid, African-American actress ** Don Sweet, Canadian star football kicker ** Robert A. Underwood, Guamanian politician, educator *

– Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu, Zulu king (d. 2021) * July 15 ** Enriqueta Basilio, Mexican track and field athlete (d.2019) ** Richard Franklin (director), Richard Franklin, Australian film director (d. 2007) ** Twinkle (singer), Twinkle, English singer, songwriter (d. 2015) * July 16 ** Rubén Blades, Panamanian singer, actor and musician ** Rita Barberá, Spanish politician, Mayor of Valencia (d. 2016) ** Lars Lagerbäck, Swedish football manager, player ** Jeff Van Wagenen, American professional golfer ** Pinchas Zukerman, Israeli violinist * July 17 ** Doug Berry (Canadian football), Doug Berry, American Canadian football coach ** Alan Sieler, Australian cricketer * July 18 – Hartmut Michel, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate * July 20 ** Muse Watson, American actor ** Maroun Elias Nimeh Lahham, Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Tunis * July 21 ** Beppe Grillo, Italian activist, blogger, comedian and actor ** Ed Hinton (sportswriter), Ed Hinton, American sportswriter ** Cat Stevens (b. Steven Georgiou, later known as Yusuf Islam), British singer, musician ** Garry Trudeau, American cartoonist (''Doonesbury'') ** Teruzane Utada, Japanese music executive producer, attendant ** Mikhail Nikolayevich Zadornov, Mikhail Zadornov, Russian stand-up comedian, writer ** Snooty, male Florida manatee (d. 2017) *

** Susan Eloise Hinton, American author ** Otto Waalkes, German comedian, actor * July 23 – John Cushnahan, Northern Irish politician * July 25 ** Steve Goodman, American Grammy Award-winning folk music singer, songwriter (d. 1984) ** Tony Cline, American football player (d. 2018) * July 27 – Peggy Fleming, American figure skater * July 28 ** Gerald Casale, American director, singer (''Devo'')\ ** Georgia Engel, American actress (d. 2019) ** Sally Struthers, American actress, spokeswoman (''All in the Family'') * July 30 ** Jean Reno, French actor ** Julia Tsenova, Bulgarian composer, musician (d. 2010) *

– Jonathan Dollimore, English academic sociologist, cultural theorist

August

Jean-Pierre Raffarin par Claude Truong-Ngoc 2013

Robert Plant at the Palace Theatre, Manchester

* August 2 ** Dennis Prager, American radio talk show host, author ** Bob Rae, Canadian politician *

– Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime Minister of France * August 4 – Giorgio Parisi, Italian theoretical physicist and Nobel Prize laureate * August 7 – James P. Allison, American immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine * August 12 – Mizengo Pinda, 9th Prime Minister of Tanzania *

– Kathleen Battle, African-American soprano *

– Joseph Marcell, English actor * August 15 ** Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi, Iranian cleric, politician (d. 2018) ** George Ryton, Singapore-born English Formula One engineer * August 18 – Sean Scanlan, Scottish actor (d. 2017) ** Robert Hughes (actor), Robert Hughes, Australian actor ** Tipper Gore, Second Lady of the United States ** Deana Martin, American singer and actress * August 20 ** John Noble, Australian actor ** Robert Plant, English singer (''Led Zeppelin'') ** Barbara Allen Rainey (b. Barbara Ann Allen), American aviator, first female pilot in the U.S. armed forces (d. 1982) * August 21 ** Sharon M. Draper, American children's book author (''Out of My Mind (Draper novel)'') ** Peter Starkie, Australian rock guitarist (Skyhooks (band), Skyhooks, Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons) * August 22 – David Marks, American guitarist (''The Beach Boys'') * August 23 – Lev Zeleny, Soviet, Russian physicist *

** Jean-Michel Jarre, French electronic musician ** Sauli Niinistö, Finnish politician, 12th President of Finland ** Kim Sung-il (general), Kim Sung-il, Chief of Staff of the Republic of Korea Air Force ** Tito Sotto, Vicente Sotto III, Filipino actor, host and politician * August 25 – Tony Ramos, Brazilian actor * August 27 – Sgt. Slaughter, American professional wrestler * August 30 ** Lewis Black, American comedian ** Fred Hampton, American activist (d. 1969) ** Victor Skumin, Russian scientist, professor * August 31 ** Cyril Jordan, American musician ** Holger Osieck, German football manager

September

* September 1 – James Rebhorn, American actor (d. 2014) * September 2 ** Nate Archibald, American basketball player ** Terry Bradshaw, American football player, sportscaster ** Christa McAuliffe, American teacher and astronaut (d. in Space Shuttle Challenger disaster, Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster 1986) * September 3 ** Don Brewer, American drummer (''Grand Funk Railroad'') ** Levy Mwanawasa, Zambian president (d. 2008) * September 4 – Michael Berryman, American actor * September 5 – Benita Ferrero-Waldner, Austrian diplomat, politician * September 6 – Sam Hui, Hong Kong singer * September 7 ** Susan Blakely, American actress ** Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, ruler of Abu Dhabi (d. 2022) * September 8 – The Great Kabuki, Japanese professional wrestler * September 10 ** Judy Geeson, English actress ** Bob Lanier, American basketball player (d. 2022) ** Margaret Trudeau (b. Margaret Sinclair), wife and mother of Prime Ministers of Canada ** Charlie Waters, American football player * September 11 – John Martyn (b. Iain McGeachy), British folk-rock guitarist (d. 2009) * September 13 ** Nell Carter, African-American singer, actress (''Gimme a Break!'') (d. 2003) ** Sitiveni Rabuka, 3rd Prime Minister of Fiji ** Kathleen Lloyd, American actress * September 16 – Ron Blair, American rock bassist (''Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers'') *

** Aidan Nichols, English Dominican priest and academic ** John Ritter, American actor (''Three's Company'') (d. 2003) * September 19 ** Jeremy Irons, English actor ** Nadiya Tkachenko, Soviet pentathlete * September 20 ** Rey Langit, Filipino journalist, radio host ** George R. R. Martin, American speculative fiction author * September 22 ** Denis Burke (Australian politician), Denis Burke, Australian politician ** Jim Byrnes (actor), Jim Byrnes, American voice actor, blues musician and actor ** Mark Phillips, British army captain, equestrian and first husband of Anne, Princess Royal * September 23 – José Lavat, Mexican voice actor (d. 2018) * September 24 – Phil Hartman, Canadian actor, comedian (''Saturday Night Live'') (d. 1998) * September 25 ** Cäcilia Rentmeister, German art historian, gender researcher ** Vladimir Yevtushenkov, Russian Business oligarch, oligarch * September 26 ** Maurizio Gucci, Italian businessman, murder victim (d. 1995) ** Olivia Newton-John, English-born Australian singer, actress (d. 2022) ** Vladimír Remek, Czech politician and cosmonaut * September 27 ** Michele Dotrice, English actress ** A Martinez, American actor, singer * September 29 ** Mark Farner, American rock guitarist, singer (''Grand Funk Railroad'') ** Bryant Gumbel, African-American television broadcaster (''The Today Show'') ** Theo Jörgensmann, German jazz clarinetist ** Burton Richardson, American game show announcer

October

QTXP 20121019 Destination Star Trek London MG 2144

* October 1 ** Mark Landon, American actor (d. 2009) ** Sir Peter Blake (sailor), Peter Blake, New Zealand yachtsman (k. 2001) * October 2 ** Avery Brooks, American actor, musician ** Persis Khambatta, Indian actress, model (''Star Trek: The Motion Picture'') (d. 1998) ** Chris LeDoux, American singer, rodeo star (d. 2005) ** Donna Karan, American fashion designer * October 4 ** Meg Bennett, American soap opera writer ** Iain Hewitson, New Zealand-Australian chef, restaurateur, author, and television personality * October 6 ** Wendell Ladner, American basketball player (d. 1975) ** Gerry Adams, Northern Irish politician * October 7 – Diane Ackerman, American poet, essayist * October 8 ** Johnny Ramone, American guitarist (Ramones) (d. 2004) ** Baldwin Spencer (politician), Baldwin Spencer, 3rd Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda * October 9 ** Jackson Browne, American rock musician ("Running on Empty (song), Running on Empty") ** Ciarán Carson, Northern Irish poet, novelist ** Oliver Hart (economist), Oliver Hart, English-born economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate * October 11 ** Margie Alexander, American gospel, soul singer (d. 2013) ** Cynthia Clawson, American gospel singer * October 12 – Rick Parfitt, English musician (Status Quo (band), Status Quo) (d. 2016) * October 13 ** John Ford Coley, American rock musician ("I'd Really Love to See You Tonight") ** Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, Pakistani musician (d. 1997) * October 14 ** Engin Arık, Turkey, Turkish Nuclear physics, nuclear physicist (d. 2007) ** David Ruprecht, American actor, writer (''Supermarket Sweep'') * October 15 ** Renato Corona, Filipino jurist, lawyer (d. 2016) ** Chris de Burgh, born Christopher Davison, Argentine-born Anglo-Irish singer, songwriter * October 16 ** Leo Mazzone, American baseball coach ** Hema Malini, Indian actress, writer, director, producer, dancer and politician * October 17 ** Robert Jordan, American novelist (d. 2007) ** Margot Kidder, Canadian actress (''Superman (1978 film), Superman'') (d. 2018) ** Akira Kushida, Japanese singer ** Ng Jui Ping, Singaporean entrepreneur and former army general (d. 2020) ** George Wendt, American actor (''Cheers'') * October 18 ** Hans Köchler, Austrian philosopher ** Ntozake Shange, African-American playwright and poet (d. 2018) * October 19 – Patrick Simmons, American musician (The Doobie Brothers) * October 21 ** Tom Everett, American actor ** Allen Vigneron, Archdiocese of Detroit, Roman Catholic Archbishop of Detroit * October 22 ** Lynette Fromme, American attempted assassin of Gerald Ford ** Debbie Macomber, American author * October 23 – Sir Gerry Robinson, Irish-born British businessman (d. 2021) * October 25 ** Dave Cowens, American basketball player, coach ** Dan Gable, American wrestler, coach ** Dan Issel, American basketball player and coach * October 26 – Toby Harrah, American baseball player * October 28 – Telma Hopkins, African-American actress, singer (Tony Orlando and Dawn) * October 29 ** Giuseppe Chirichiello, Italian economist and university professor ** Kate Jackson, American actress (''Charlie's Angels'') * October 30 – Garry McDonald, Australian actor, satirist, and comedian

November

2019 Reunião Bilateral com o Príncipe Charles - 48948389972 (cropped)

– Anna Stuart, American actress * November 3 – Lulu (singer), Lulu (b. Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie), Scottish singer, actress (''To Sir, with Love'') * November 4 ** Delia Casanova, Mexican actress ** Amadou Toumani Touré, 3rd President of Mali (d. 2020) * November 5 ** Charles Bradley (singer), Charles Bradley, African-American singer (d. 2017) ** Bob Barr, American politician ** Dallas Holm, American Christian musician ** Zacharias Jimenez, Filipino Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2018) ** Khalid Ibrahim Khan, Pakistani politician (d. 2018) ** William Daniel Phillips, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate * November 6 – Glenn Frey, American guitarist, singer (''Eagles (band), Eagles'') (d. 2016) * November 7 – Jim Houghton, American actor, director * November 9 ** Viktor Matviyenko, Ukrainian footballer, coach (d. 2018) ** Luiz Felipe Scolari, Brazilian football player, manager ** Kelly Harmon, American actress and model * November 10 – Vincent Schiavelli, American character actor and food writer (d. 2005) *

** Skip Campbell, American politician (d. 2018) ** Hassan Rouhani, 7th President of Iran ** Richard Roberts (evangelist), Richard Roberts, American evangelist, son of Oral Roberts * November 13 ** Humayun Ahmed, Bengali language, Bengali-language writer ** Lockwood Smith, New Zealand politician * November 14 ** King Charles III of the United Kingdom ** Robert Ginty, American actor, producer, screenwriter and director (d. 2009) ** Dee Wallace, American actress * November 15 – James Kemsley, Australian cartoonist, actor (d. 2007) * November 16 ** Chi Coltrane, American musician (''Thunder and Lightning (Chi Coltrane song), Thunder and Lightning'') ** Ken James (Australian actor), Ken James, Australian actor ** Mutt Lange, Rhodesian-born record producer ** Mate Parlov, Yugoslav Olympic boxer (d. 2008) * November 18 – Dom Irrera, American actor and stand-up comedian * November 19 – Rance Allen, African-American gospel singer, preacher * November 20 ** Harlee McBride, American actress ** John R. Bolton, U.S. Ambassador to the U.N., National Security Advisor ** Barbara Hendricks, American singer ** Richard Masur, American actor, director and president of the Screen Actors Guild * November 21 ** Alphonse Mouzon, American jazz drummer (d. 2016) ** Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon * November 22 – Saroj Khan, Indian dance choreographer (d. 2020) * November 23 ** Dominique-France Picard (aka Princess Fadila of Egypt), wife of King Fuad II of Egypt and the Sudan ** Ron Bouchard, American NASCAR driver (d. 2015) ** Gabriele Seyfert, East German figure skater **Bonfoh Abass, Togolese politician and List of presidents of Togo, President of Togo (d. 2021) * November 24 – Joe Howard (actor), Joe Howard, American actor * November 25 – Antoine Sfeir, Franco-Lebanese journalist, professor (d. 2018) * November 26 ** Elizabeth Blackburn, Australian-American biologist, winner of Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ** Gayle McCormick, American singer (''Smith (band), Smith'') (d. 2016) ** Marianne Muellerleile, American actress * November 28 – Agnieszka Holland, Polish film, television director and screenwriter

December

Yoshihide Suga cropped 3 Joint Press Announcement of the Okinawa Consolidation Plan

Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa em fevereiro de 2018

* December 2 ** T. Coraghessan Boyle, American writer ** Rajat Gupta, Indian-American businessman ** Patricia Hewitt, British Labour Party politician ** Toninho Horta, Brazilian singer, musician ** Christine Westermann, German television, radio host, journalist and author * December 3 ** Rick Cua, American singer, evangelist ** Ozzy Osbourne, English singer (''Black Sabbath'') * December 5, ** Saburō Shinoda, Japanese actor (Ultraman Taro) * December 6 ** Keke Rosberg, Finnish Formula One champion ** Marius Müller-Westernhagen, German actor, musician ** JoBeth Williams, American actress, director ** Yoshihide Suga, Prime Minister of Japan * December 7 ** Gary Morris, American country singer, actor ** Tony Thomas (producer), Tony Thomas, American television and film producer ** Mads Vinding, Danish bassist * December 10 – Abu Abbas, Palestine Liberation Front founder (d. 2004) * December 11 – Chester Thompson, American rock drummer * December 12 – Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, 20th President of Portugal * December 13 ** Lillian Board, South African-born English Olympic athlete (d. 1970) ** Ted Nugent, American rock guitarist, singer, conservative political commentator (''Cat Scratch Fever'') ** David O'List, English rock guitarist * December 14 ** Lester Bangs, American music journalist (d. 1982) ** Dee Wallace, American actress * December 15 **Melanie Chartoff, American actress and singer (''Rugrats'') **Charlie Scott (basketball), Charlie Scott, American basketball player * December 18 – Edmund Kemper, American serial killer * December 19 – Ken Brown (ice hockey), Ken Brown, Canadian ice hockey player * December 20 ** Abdulrazak Gurnah, Zanzibar-born novelist, Nobel Prize laureate ** Alan Parsons, English songwriter, musician and record producer * December 21 ** Samuel L. Jackson, American actor, film producer ** Willi Resetarits, Austrian musician, cabaret artist * December 22 ** Noel Edmonds, English TV presenter, DJ ** Steve Garvey, American baseball player ** Flip Mark, American child actor ** Lynne Thigpen, American actress (''Godspell'') (d. 2003) * December 23 – Jim Ferguson, American guitarist, composer, educator, author and music journalist * December 25 ** Alia Al-Hussein, queen consort of Jordan (d. 1977) ** Barbara Mandrell, American country singer, musician and actress * December 27 **Ronnie Caldwell, American soul music, rhythm and blues musician (d. 1967) **Gérard Depardieu, French actor * December 28 – Mary Weiss, American singer (''The Shangri-Las'') * December 29 – Peter Robinson (Northern Ireland politician), Peter Robinson, Northern Ireland First Minister * December 31 ** Stephen Cleobury, English choral conductor (d. 2019) ** Joe Dallesandro, American model, actor ** Sandy Jardine, Scottish professional footballer, playing for Rangers and Hearts and representing Scotland (d. 2014) ** Donna Summer, African-American singer, actress (''Love to Love You Baby (song), Love to Love You Baby'') (d. 2012)

Deaths

January

– Edna May, American actress (b. 1878) * January 2 – Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet (b. 1893) *

– Anna Kallina, Austrian actress (b. 1874) *

– Mary Dimmick Harrison, wife of President Benjamin Harrison (b. 1858) *

** Charles C. Wilson (actor), Charles C. Wilson, American actor (b. 1894) ** Maria de Maeztu Whitney, Spanish educator, feminist (b. 1882) * January 8 ** Charles Magnusson, Swedish producer, screenwriter (b. 1878) ** Kurt Schwitters, German artist (b. 1887) ** Edward Stanley Kellogg, 16th Governor of American Samoa (b. 1870) *

– Herbert Allen Farmer, American criminal (b. 1891) * January 19 – Tony Garnier (architect), Tony Garnier, French architect (b. 1869) * January 21 ** Eliza Moore, last person born into slavery in the United States (b. 1843) **Naomasa Sakonju, Japanese admiral and war criminal (executed) (b. 1890) ** Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari, Italian composer (b. 1876) * January 24 ** Bill Cody (actor), Bill Cody, American actor (b. 1891) ** Maria Mandl, Austrian concentration camp guard and war criminal (executed) (b. 1912) *

– Georg Bruchmüller, German artillery officer (b. 1863) * January 28 ** Therese Brandl, German concentration camp guard and war criminal (executed) (b. 1902) ** Anna Maria Gove, American physician (b. 1867) *

– King Tomislav II of Croatia (b. 1900) *

** Arthur Coningham (RAF officer), Sir Arthur Coningham, British air force air marshal (disappeared) (b. 1895) **

, Leader of Indian independence movement, (assassinated) (b. 1869) ** Orville Wright, American co-inventor of the airplane (b. 1871)

February

* February 2 ** Thomas W. Lamont, American banker (b. 1870) ** Bevil Rudd, South African athlete (b. 1894) *

– Otto Praeger, American postal official, implemented U.S. Airmail (b. 1871) * February 5 – Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (b. 1883) * February 8 – Samuel P. Bush, American businessman, industrialist (b. 1863) * February 9 – Karl Valentin, German actor (b. 1882) *

** Sergei Eisenstein, Soviet film director (b. 1898) ** Isaac Isaacs, Sir Isaac Isaacs, 9th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1855) * February 15 – Subhadra Kumari Chauhan, Indian poet (b. 1904) * February 23 – John Robert Gregg, Irish-born inventor of shorthand (b. 1867) *

** Alfredo Baldomir, Uruguayan politician, soldier, architect, 27th President of Uruguay and World War II leader (b. 1884) ** Alexander du Toit, South African geologist (b. 1878) ** Juan Esteban Montero, Chilean political figure, 20th President of Chile (b. 1879) * February 27 – Patriarch Nicodim of Romania (b. 1864).

March

* March 4 – Antonin Artaud, French playwright, actor and director (b. 1896) * March 10 ** Zelda Fitzgerald, American wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald (b. 1900) ** Jan Masaryk, Czechoslovakian Foreign Minister (b. 1886) * March 16 – León S. Morra, Argentine physician and university professor (b. 1882) * March 23 – George Milne, 1st Baron Milne, British field marshal (b. 1866) * March 24 ** Nikolai Berdyaev, Soviet religious leader, political philosopher (b. 1874) ** Paolo Thaon di Revel, former admiral of the Royal Italian Navy (b. 1859) * March 31 – Egon Erwin Kisch, Austrian journalist, author (b. 1885)

April

* April 2 ** Biagio Biagetti, Italian painter (b. 1877) ** Baba Sawan Singh, Indian saint known as "The Great Master" (b. 1858) *

– Angelo Joseph Rossi, American political figure, Mayor of San Francisco (b. 1878) * April 7 – Isabel Andreu de Aguilar, Puerto Rican writer, educator, philanthropist and activist (b. 1887) * April 8 – Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni, Palestinian Arab nationalist (b. 1907) *

–

, Colombian politician (assassinated) (b. 1903) * April 12 – Masaomi Yasuoka, Japanese general (executed) (b. 1886) * April 14 – W. H. Ellis, American attorney and politician (b. 1867) * April 15 – Manuel Roxas, Filipino statesman, 5th President of the Philippines (b. 1892) * April 17 – Kantarō Suzuki, Japanese admiral, 42nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1868) *

– Mikhail Rostovtsev (actor), Mikhail Rostovtsev, Soviet actor (b. 1872) * April 20 – Mitsumasa Yonai, Japanese admiral and politician, 37th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1880) * April 21 – Carlos López Buchardo, Argentine composer (b. 1881) *

– Prosper Montagné, French chef and author (b. 1865) * April 24 – Manuel Ponce, Mexican composer (b. 1882) * April 25 – Gerardo Matos Rodriguez, Uruguayan composer, journalist and pianist (b. 1897) * April 30 – Alfredo Miguel Aguayo Sánchez, Puerto Rican educator, writer (b. 1866)

May

– Viola Allen, American actress (b. 1867) * May 13 ** Milan Begović, Yugoslavian writer (b. 1876) ** Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington (b. 1920) *

** André Dauchez, French painter (b. 1870) ** Father Edward J. Flanagan, Irish-born American Roman Catholic priest, founder of Boys Town and monsignor (b. 1886) ** Toyoaki Horiuchi, Japanese general, Class B war criminal suspect (executed) (b. 1900) *

– Muhammad Habibullah, Indian politician (b. 1869) *

– Francisco Alonso, Spanish composer (b. 1887) * May 19 – Maximilian Lenz, Austrian painter and sculptor (b. 1860) * May 21 – Jacques Feyder, French filmmaker (b. 1885) *

– Claude McKay, Jamaican-born American writer and poet (b. 1889) * May 25 – Witold Pilecki, Polish resistance leader (executed) (b. 1901) *

– Émile Gaston Chassinat, French egyptologist (b. 1868) * May 28 – Unity Mitford, British socialite; friend of Adolf Hitler (b. 1914) * May 29 – Dame May Whitty, British actress (b. 1865) *

– József Klekl (politician), József Klekl, Slovenes, Slovene politician in Hungary (b. 1874)

June

– José Vianna da Motta, Portuguese pianist, teacher and composer (b. 1868) * June 2 ** Viktor Brack, German doctor (executed) (b. 1904) ** Karl Brandt, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1904) ** Rudolf Brandt, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1909) ** Karl Gebhardt, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1897) ** Waldemar Hoven, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1903) ** Joachim Mrugowsky, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1905) ** Wolfram Sievers, German S.S. officer (executed) (b. 1905) * June 6 – Auguste and Louis Lumière, Louis Lumière, French film pioneer (b. 1864) * June 8 – Giacomo Albanese, Italian mathematician (b. 1890) * June 13 – Osamu Dazai, Japanese writer (b. 1909) * June 16 – Eugênia Álvaro Moreyra, Brazilian journalist, actress and director (b. 1898) * June 25 – Bento de Jesus Caraça, Portuguese mathematician, economist and statistician (b. 1901) * June 26 ** Nasib al-Bitar, Palestine jurist (b. 1890) ** Lilian Velez, Filipino actress (murdered) (b. 1924) * June 30 – Prince Sabahaddin (b. 1879)

July

* July 1 – Assunta Marchetti, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed * July 4 ** Albert Bates (criminal), Albert Bates, American criminal (b. 1893) ** Monteiro Lobato, Brazilian writer (b. 1882) * July 5 ** Georges Bernanos, French writer (b. 1888) ** Charles Fillmore (Unity Church), Charles Fillmore, American Protestant mystic (b. 1854) ** Carole Landis, American actress (b. 1919) * July 9 – Alcibiades Diamandi, Greek political figure (b. 1893) * July 11 ** King Baggot, American actor (b. 1879) ** Franz Weidenreich, German anatomist, physical anthropologist (b. 1873) *

** Harry Brearley, British inventor of stainless steel (b. 1871) ** Marguerite Moreno, French actress (b. 1871) * July 15 – John J. Pershing, American general (b. 1860) * July 17 – Ildebrando Zacchini, Maltese painter, inventor and traveller (b. 1868) * July 18 – Baldassarre Negroni, Italian director, screenwriter (b. 1877) * July 21 – Arshile Gorky, Soviet-born painter (b. 1904) *

– Sud Mennucci, Brazilian journalist, educator (b. 1882) * July 23 – D. W. Griffith, American film director (''The Birth of a Nation'') (b. 1875) * July 24 – Pencho Zlatev, Bulgarian general, 25th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1881) *

– Antonin Sertillanges, French Catholic philosopher, spiritual writer (b. 1863) * July 27 – Joe Tinker, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs), MLB Hall of Fame member (b. 1880) * July 28 – Susan Glaspell, American playwright (b. 1876) *

– Lucy Mercer Rutherfurd, mistress of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt (b. 1891)

August

– Tommy Ryan, American boxing champion (b. 1870) * August 4 – Mileva Marić, Serbian physicist and mathematician, wife of Albert Einstein (b. 1875) * August 7 – Charles Bryant (actor), Charles Bryant, American actor (b. 1879) * August 10 – Andrew Brown (soccer), Andrew Brown, Scottish soccer coach (b. 1870) * August 11 – Kan'ichi Asakawa, Japanese historian (b. 1873) *

– Edwin Maxwell (actor), Edwin Maxwell, Irish actor (b. 1886) * August 16 – Babe Ruth, American baseball player (New York Yankees), MLB Hall of Fame member (b. 1895) * August 26 – George Anderson (actor), George Anderson, American actor (b. 1886) * August 27 ** Cissie Cahalan, Irish trade union, feminist and suffragette (b. 1876) ** Charles Evans Hughes, 11th Chief Justice of the United States, 1916 Republican presidential candidate (b. 1862)

September

* September 1 ** Feng Yuxiang, Chinese warlord and general (b. 1882)Feng Yuxiang Chinese warlord
/ref> ** Moncef Bey, ruler of Tunisia (1942–43) (b. 1881) * September 2 – Sylvanus Morley, American scholar, World War I spy (b. 1883) * September 3 – Edvard Beneš, Czechoslovakian politician, 4th Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia and 2-time President of Czechoslovakia (b. 1884) * September 5 – Richard C. Tolman, American mathematical physicist (b. 1881) * September 7 – André Suarès, French poet, critic (b. 1868) * September 10 – Tsar Ferdinand I of Bulgaria (b. 1861) * September 11 –

, founder, first Governor General of

(b. 1876) * September 12 ** Rupert D'Oyly Carte, British hotelier, theatre owner and impresario (b. 1876) ** Carlo Servolini, Italian artist (b. 1876) * September 13 – Paul Wegener, German actor, film director, and screenwriter; one of the pioneers of German Expressionism (b. 1874) *

** Ruth Benedict, American anthropologist, folklorist (b. 1887) ** Folke Bernadotte, Swedish diplomat (assassinated) (b. 1895) ** Emil Ludwig, German-born Swiss historian, biographer (b. 1881) ** Raffaele Rossi, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal, eminence and servant of God (b. 1876) * September 20 – Husain Salaahuddin, Maldivian writer (b. 1881) * September 22 – Prince Adalbert of Prussia (1884–1948), Prince Adalbert of Prussia (b. 1884) * September 24 – Warren William, American actor (b. 1894) * September 26 – Gregg Toland, American cinematographer (b. 1904) * September 27 – Frank Cellier (actor), Frank Cellier, British actor (b. 1884) * September 30 ** Vasily Kachalov, Soviet actor (b. 1875) ** Edith Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States (b. 1861)

October

* October 1 ** Francisco Rodrigues da Cruz, Portuguese priest (b. 1859) ** Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, 1st Prime Minister of Siam (b. 1884) * October 13 – Samuel S. Hinds, American actor (b. 1875) * October 14 – Dale Fuller (actress), Dale Fuller, American actress (b. 1885) * October 15 – Edythe Chapman, American actress (b. 1863) * October 18 – Walther von Brauchitsch, German field marshal (b. 1881) * October 21 – Elissa Landi, Italian actress (b. 1904) * October 24 – Franz Lehár, Hungarian composer (b. 1870) * October 31 – Mary Nolan, American actress (b. 1905)

November

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* November 4 ** Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield, British-born American businessman (b. 1874) ** Filippo Perlo, Italian Roman Catholic prelate and missionary (b. 1873) * November 7 – David Leland (actor), David Leland, American actor (b. 1932) * November 8 – Archduke Peter Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1874) * November 9 – Edgar Kennedy, American actor (b. 1890) * November 10 ** Julius Curtius, German politician, diplomat (b. 1877) ** Jack Nelson (actor), Jack Nelson, American actor, director (b. 1882) * November 11 – Fred Niblo, American film director (b. 1874) *

– Umberto Giordano, Italian composer (b. 1867) * November 17 – Oerip Soemohardjo, Indonesian general (b. 1893) * November 21 – Béla Miklós, Hungarian military officer, politician and 38th Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1890) * November 23 – Hack Wilson, American baseball player (Chicago Cubs), MLB Hall of Fame member (b. 1900) * November 28 – D. D. Sheehan, Irish politician (b. 1873) * November 29 ** Maria Koppenhöfer, German actress (b. 1901) ** Roberto Omegna, Italian cinematographer, director (b. 1876) * November 30 – Franco Vittadini, Italian composer (b. 1884)

December

* December 3 ** Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr (1894–1948), Jan Hendrik Hofmeyr, South African politician (b. 1894) ** Luis Orrego Luco, Chilean politician, lawyer, novelist and diplomat (b. 1866) ** Chano Pozo, Cuban percussionist (b. 1915) * December 8 – Matthew Charlton, Australian politician (b. 1866) * December 15 – João Tamagnini Barbosa, Portuguese military officer, politician and 69th Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1883) * December 20 – C. Aubrey Smith, British actor (b. 1863) * December 21 – Władysław Witwicki, Polish psychologist, philosopher, translator, historian (of philosophy and art) and artist (b. 1878) * December 23 – Japanese war leaders (hanged): ** Kenji Doihara, general (b. 1883) ** Kōki Hirota, diplomat and politician, 32nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1878) ** Seishirō Itagaki, military officer (b. 1885) ** Heitarō Kimura, general (b. 1888) ** Iwane Matsui, general (b. 1878) ** Akira Mutō, general (b. 1892) **

, general, 40th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1884) * December 26 – John Westley (actor), John Westley, American actor (b. 1878) * December 28 ** Muhammad Saleh Akbar Hydari, Indian civil servant, politician (b. 1894) ** Mahmoud an-Nukrashi Pasha, Egyptian political figure, 27th Prime Minister of Egypt (assassinated) (b. 1888) * December 30 – George Ault, American painter (b. 1891) * December 31 – Malcolm Campbell, Sir Malcolm Campbell, English land, water racer (b. 1885)

Nobel Prizes

* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Arne Tiselius * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – Paul Hermann Müller * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – T. S. Eliot * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1948 1948, Leap years in the Gregorian calendar