Events in the year 1944 in

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...

Incumbents

Emperor An emperor (from la, imperator, via fro, empereor) is a monarch, and usually the sovereignty, sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm. Empress, the female equivalent, may indicate an emperor's wife (empress consort), ...

Hirohito Emperor , commonly known in English-speaking countries by his personal name , was the 124th emperor of Japan, ruling from 25 December 1926 until his death in 1989. Hirohito and his wife, Empress Kōjun, had two sons and five daughters; he was ...

Prime Minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...

: **

Hideki Tōjō Hideki Tojo (, ', December 30, 1884 – December 23, 1948) was a Japanese politician, general of the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA), and convicted war criminal who served as prime minister of Japan and president of the Imperial Rule Assistan ...

, until July 22 **

Kuniaki Koiso was a Japanese general in the Imperial Japanese Army, Governor-General of Korea and Prime Minister of Japan from 1944 to 1945. After Japan's defeat in World War II, he was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to life imprisonment. Early lif ...

, from July 22

Governors

Aichi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Aichi Prefecture has a population of 7,552,873 () and a geographic area of with a population density of . Aichi Prefecture borders Mie Prefecture to the west, Gifu Prefectur ...

Shinji Yoshino was a bureaucrat, politician, and cabinet minister in the government of the pre-war Empire of Japan, as well as in post-war Japan. He was the younger brother of political theorist Sakuzō Yoshino, a major proponent of Taishō democracy. Backgr ...

*Akita Prefecture: Katsumi Osafune (until 7 January);

Tadashi Hisayasuhiroshi Tadashi (Kanji: 正, 禎, 忠, 荘, 匡史 Hiragana: ただし), Japanese masculine name, may refer to : *, the first aikido master to live and teach in the west *, Japanese manga story writer, novelist and screenwriter *, Japanese basketball coach ...

(starting 1 August) *Aomori Prefecture: Utsunomiya Kohei (until 1 August); Hiroo Oshima (starting 1 August) *Ehime Prefecture:

Aikawa Katsuroku Aikawa Katsuroku ( ja, 相川勝六) (1891–1973) was a Japanese Home Ministry government official and politician. He was born in Saga Prefecture. He graduated from the University of Tokyo. He was governor of Miyazaki Prefecture (1937–1939), Hi ...

(until 18 April); Chiyoji Kizawa (starting 18 April) *Fukui Prefecture:

Hatsuo Kato Hatsuo (written: or ) is a masculine Japanese given name. Notable people with the name include: *, Japanese World War II flying ace *, Japanese karateka {{given name Japanese masculine given names ...

*Fukushima Prefecture: Koichi Kameyama (until 18 April);

Ishii Masakazu Ishii (, "stone well") is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Akio Ishii (born 1955), Japanese baseball player * Ami Ishii (born 1980), Japanese gravure idol *Anna Ishii (born 1998), Japanese performer, model and actress ...

(starting 18 April) *Gifu Prefecture:

Miyoshi Shigeo Miyoshi may refer to: Places *Miyoshi, Aichi, a city in Aichi Prefecture *Miyoshi, Chiba, a former village in Chiba Prefecture *Miyoshi, Hiroshima, a city in Hiroshima Prefecture *Miyoshi, Saitama, a town in Saitama Prefecture *Miyoshi, Tokushima, ...

(until 28 July);

Masami Hashimoto is a common Japanese given name and can be given to either sex. Possible writings *惟美, meaning "Considerate beauty" *真己, meaning "True self" or "Truth, Snake" *昌美, meaning "Prosperous beauty" *雅美, meaning "Gracious beauty" *� ...

(starting 28 July) *Gunma Prefecture:

Shinoyama Chiyuki Shinoyama (written: 篠山) is a Japanese surname. Notable people with the surname include: *, Japanese photographer *, Japanese basketball player {{surname Japanese-language surnames ...

(until 25 February); Ishii Einosuke (starting 25 February) *

Hiroshima Prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located in the Chūgoku region of Honshu. Hiroshima Prefecture has a population of 2,811,410 (1 June 2019) and has a geographic area of 8,479 km² (3,274 sq mi). Hiroshima Prefecture borders Okayama ...

Sukenari Yokoyama Sukenari Yokoyama (January 1, 1884 – March 27, 1963) was a Japanese politician who served twice as governor of Hiroshima Prefecture in 1927–1928 and 1943–1944. Biography He was also governor of Okayama Prefecture (1923-1924), Ishikawa Prefe ...

(until 1 August);

Mitsuma Matsumura Mitsuma Matsumura (January 8, 1894 – April 10, 1970) was a Japanese politician who served as governor of Hiroshima Prefecture from Aug. 1, 1944 to Apr. 21, 1945. He was also governor of Tochigi Prefecture (1936–1937) and Kanagawa Prefecture ...

(starting 1 August) *

Ibaraki Prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Ibaraki Prefecture has a population of 2,871,199 (1 June 2019) and has a geographic area of . Ibaraki Prefecture borders Fukushima Prefecture to the north, ...

Sieve Yoshimi A sieve, fine mesh strainer, or sift, is a device for separating wanted elements from unwanted material or for controlling the particle size distribution of a sample, using a screen such as a woven mesh or net or perforated sheet material. T ...

(until 25 August);

Hisashi Imai is a Japanese musician and songwriter. He is known as lead guitarist of the rock band Buck-Tick since 1983. He has also performed in musical side-projects such as Schaft (1991–1994, 2015), Schwein (2001), and more recently Lucy (2004). Car ...

(starting 25 August) *Iwate Prefecture: Osamuzo Suzuki *Kagawa Prefecture: Yoshiji Kosuga *Kochi Prefecture: Saburo Takahashi *

Kumamoto Prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyūshū. Kumamoto Prefecture has a population of 1,748,134 () and has a geographic area of . Kumamoto Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the north, Ōita Prefecture to ...

Hikari Akira may refer to: Places *Hikari Station, a station on Sanyō Main Line in Hikari, Yamaguchi * Hikari, Chiba, a former town in Sousa District, Chiba, Japan *Hikari, Yamaguchi, a city in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan People *Hikari (name), people and ...

(until 1 August); Soga Kajimatsu (starting 1 August) * Kyoto Prefecture: Chiyoji Yukizawa (until April); Arai Zentaro (starting April) *Mie Prefecture: Yoshio Mochinaga *

Miyagi Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Tōhoku region of Honshu. Miyagi Prefecture has a population of 2,305,596 (1 June 2019) and has a geographic area of . Miyagi Prefecture borders Iwate Prefecture to the north, Akita Prefecture to the nort ...

: Nobuya Uchida (until 25 February); Tsurukichi Maruyama (starting 1 August) *Miyazaki Prefecture: Tadao Nishihiro (until 1 August);

Akira Taniguchi Akira may refer to: Arts and entertainment * ''Akira'' (franchise), a Japanese cyberpunk franchise ** ''Akira'' (manga), a 1980s cyberpunk manga by Katsuhiro Otomo ** ''Akira'' (1988 film), an anime film adaptation of the manga ** ''Akira'' (vide ...

(starting 1 August) *

Nagano Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshū. Nagano Prefecture has a population of 2,052,493 () and has a geographic area of . Nagano Prefecture borders Niigata Prefecture to the north, Gunma Prefecture to the ...

: Yoshio Koriyama (until 1 August); Yasuo Otsubo (starting 1 August) *

Niigata Prefecture is a Prefectures of Japan, prefecture in the Chūbu region of Honshu of Japan. Niigata Prefecture has a population of 2,227,496 (1 July 2019) and is the List of Japanese prefectures by area, fifth-largest prefecture of Japan by geographic area ...

: Maeda Tamon *Oita Prefecture: Motoharu Nakamura *

Okinawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan. Okinawa Prefecture is the southernmost and westernmost prefecture of Japan, has a population of 1,457,162 (as of 2 February 2020) and a geographic area of 2,281 km2 (880 sq mi). Naha is the capital and largest city o ...

: Osamu Mori Izumi *

Saga Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located on the island of Kyushu. Saga Prefecture has a population of 809,248 (1 August 2020) and has a geographic area of 2,440 km2 (942 sq mi). Saga Prefecture borders Fukuoka Prefecture to the northeast and Nagasak ...

: (until 1 August); Miyazaki Kenta (starting 1 August) *

Saitama Prefecture is a landlocked prefecture of Japan located in the Kantō region of Honshu. Saitama Prefecture has a population of 7,338,536 (1 January 2020) and has a geographic area of 3,797 km2 (1,466 sq mi). Saitama Prefecture borders Tochigi Prefecture ...

: Sudo Tetsushin (until 1 August); Ryuichi Fukumoto (starting 1 August) *Shiname Prefecture: Takeo Yamada *Tochigi Prefecture: Soma Toshio *

Tokyo Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, with an estimated 37.468 ...

: Nisho Toshizo *Toyama Prefecture: ** until 25 February: Saka Shinya ** 25 February-25 July:

Shoichi Nishimura was a Japanese football player and manager. He played for Japan national team. Club career Nishimura was born in Hyogo Prefecture in 1912. He played for Kwangaku Club was consisted of his alma mater Kwansei Gakuin University players and grad ...

** starting 25 July: Shigero Okamoto *Yamagata Prefecture: Akira Saito

Events

*January 31-February 3 -

Battle of Kwajalein The Battle of Kwajalein was fought as part of the Pacific campaign of World War II. It took place from 31 January – 3 February 1944, on Kwajalein Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Employing the hard-learned lessons of the Battle of Tarawa, the Un ...

*February 17–23 -

Battle of Eniwetok The Battle of Eniwetok was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought between 17 February 1944 and 23 February 1944, on Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands. The invasion of Eniwetok followed the American success in the Battle ...

*April 17-May 25 -

Battle of Central Henan Operation Ichi-Go ( ja, 一号作戦, Ichi-gō Sakusen, lit=Operation Number One) was a campaign of a series of major battles between the Imperial Japanese Army forces and the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China, fought from Ap ...

*May–August -

Battle of Changsha (1944) The Battle of Changsha of 1944 (also known as the Battle of Hengyang or Campaign of Changsha-Hengyang; ) was an invasion of the Chinese province of Hunan by Japanese troops near the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War. As such, it encompasses t ...

*June 4-September 7 -

Battle of Mount Song The Battle of Mount Song (), also known as the , in 1944 was part of a larger campaign in southwest China during the Second World War. Chinese Nationalist forces aimed to retake the Burma Road. Background The Japanese Army in Southern Yunnan ...

*June 15-July 9 -

Battle of Saipan The Battle of Saipan was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Saipan in the Mariana Islands from 15 June to 9 July 1944 as part of Operation Forager. It has been referred to as the "Pacific D-Day" with th ...

*June 15/16 -

Bombing of Yawata (June 1944) The Bombing of Yawata on the night of 15/16 June 1944 marked the beginning of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) strategic bombing campaign against the Japanese home islands during World War II and was the first such raid to employ ...

*June 19–20 -

Battle of the Philippine Sea The Battle of the Philippine Sea (June 19–20, 1944) was a major naval battle of World War II that eliminated the Imperial Japanese Navy's ability to conduct large-scale carrier actions. It took place during the United States' amphibious invas ...

*June 22-August 8 -

Defense of Hengyang The Battle of Hengyang () was the longest defense of a single city of the entire Second Sino-Japanese War. When Changsha fell to the Imperial Japanese Army on June 19, 1944, Hengyang became their next target. The reorganized 11th Army, consistin ...

*July 10-August 25 -

Battle of Driniumor River The Battle of Driniumor River, also known as the Battle of Aitape, 10 July – 25 August 1944, was part of the Western New Guinea campaign of World War II. During the fighting, Japanese forces launched several attacks on United States force ...

*July 21-August 10 -

Battle of Guam (1944) The Battle of Guam (21 July–10 August 1944) was the American recapture of the Japanese-held island of Guam, a U.S. territory in the Mariana Islands captured by the Japanese from the United States in the First Battle of Guam in 1941 during t ...

*July 24-August 1 -

Battle of Tinian The Battle of Tinian was a battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II, fought on the island of Tinian in the Mariana Islands from 24 July until 1 August 1944. The 8,000-man Japanese garrison was eliminated, and the island joined Saipan ...

*August 16-November 24 -

Battle of Guilin-Liuzhou A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and force ...

*September 15-November 27 -

Battle of Peleliu The Battle of Peleliu, codenamed Operation Stalemate II by the US military, was fought between the United States and Japan during the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign of World War II, from September 15 to November 27, 1944, on the island of P ...

*September 17-October 22 -

Battle of Angaur The Battle of Angaur was a major battle of the Pacific campaign in World War II, fought on the island of Angaur in the Palau Islands from 17 September—22 October 1944. This battle was part of a larger offensive campaign known as Operation F ...

*October 10–20 -

Formosa Air Battle The Formosa Air Battle ( ja, 台湾沖航空戦, translation=Battle of the Taiwan Sea, ), 12–16 October 1944, was a series of large-scale aerial engagements between carrier air groups of the United States Navy Fast Carrier Task Force (TF38) an ...

*December 7 -

1944 Tōnankai earthquake The 1944 Tōnankai earthquake occurred at 13:35 local time (04:35 UTC) on 7 December. It had an estimated magnitude of 8.1 on the moment magnitude scale (making it the strongest known earthquake of 1944) and a maximum felt intensity of greater th ...

*December 30–31 -

Battle of Pearl Ridge The Battle of Pearl Ridge (30–31 December 1944) was an engagement of the Second World War fought between Australian and Japanese forces on Bougainville Island. Part of the wider Bougainville Campaign, the battle took place in the central ...

Births

*February 8 – Isao Shibata, former professional baseball player *April 16 -

Shoji Tabuchi is a Japanese-American country music fiddler and singer who currently performs at his theater, the Shoji Tabuchi Theatre, in Branson, Missouri. Early life Shoji Tabuchi was born April 16, 1944 in Daishōji, Ishikawa, Japan (now Kaga, Ishikawa, J ...

*July 8 -

Hironobu Takesaki is a Japanese lawyer and a former Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Japan. He is a graduate of the University of Tokyo Faculty of Law and of Columbia Law School. At age 64, Takesaki replaced Niro Shimada as the Chief Justice when November 2 ...

*July 15 - Ken Kagaya, painter and writer (d. 2003)

Deaths

*January 25 -

Monzo Akiyama Monzo Bank Ltd () is an online bank based in the United Kingdom. Monzo was one of the earliest of a number of new app-based challenger banks in the UK. Originally operating through a mobile app and a prepaid debit card, in April 2017 its UK b ...

, admiral (b.

1891 Events January–March * January 1 ** Paying of old age pensions begins in Germany. ** A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence. **Germany takes formal possession of its new Africa ...

) *February 21 -

Yoshimi Nishida was an Imperial Japanese Army general during World War II. He was killed in action during the Battle of Eniwetok. Biography Yoshimi Nishida was born on 1 March 1892 in Kōchi Prefecture, Japan. He graduated from the 25th class Imperial Japanese A ...

, general (b.

1892 Events January–March * January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States. * February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado. * February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...

) *March 29 -

Kiichi Hasegawa was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Biography Hasegawa was born in Saitama prefecture. He graduated from the 42nd class of the Imperial Japanese Navy Academy in 1914, ranked 27th out of 117 cadets. As a midshipman ...

, admiral (b.

1894 Events January–March * January 4 – A military alliance is established between the French Third Republic and the Russian Empire. * January 7 – William Kennedy Dickson receives a patent for motion picture film in the United S ...

) *March 31 -

Mineichi Koga was a Japanese Marshal Admiral and commander-in-chief of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Combined Fleet. Biography Early life and career Koga was born in the famous ceramics center of Arita in Nishimatsuura County of Saga Prefecture in 1885. He ...

, Marshal Admiral (b.

1885 Events January–March * January 3– 4 – Sino-French War – Battle of Núi Bop: French troops under General Oscar de Négrier defeat a numerically superior Qing Chinese force, in northern Vietnam. * January 4 – ...

) *May 24 -

Matsuji Ijuin Baron was a commander in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, who was promoted posthumously to vice admiral after being killed in action in combat off Saipan. Life and military career Born in the Kōjimachi district of Tokyo, Ijui ...

, vice admiral (b.

1893 Events January–March * January 2 – Webb C. Ball introduces railroad chronometers, which become the general railroad timepiece standards in North America. * Mark Twain started writing Puddn'head Wilson. * January 6 – Th ...

) *July 6 -

Chūichi Nagumo Chūichi Nagumo (, ''Nagumo Chūichi''; 25 March 1887 – 6 July 1944) was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) during World War II. Nagumo led Japan's main carrier battle group, the ''Kido Butai'', in the attack on Pearl Harbor, t ...

, admiral (b.

1887 Events January–March * January 11 – Louis Pasteur's anti-rabies treatment is defended in the Académie Nationale de Médecine, by Dr. Joseph Grancher. * January 20 ** The United States Senate allows the Navy to lease Pearl Har ...

) *July 8 -

Takeo Takagi was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. Biography Takagi was a native of Iwaki city, Fukushima prefecture. He was a graduate of the 39th class of the Imperial Japanese Naval Academy, ranking 17th of 148 cadets in 1911. A ...

, admiral (b.

) *July 10 -

Yoshitsugu Saitō was a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. He commanded Japanese forces during the Battle of Saipan and killed himself during the battle. Biography A native of Miyagi Prefecture, Saitō attended military pre ...

, lieutenant general (b.

1890 Events January–March * January 1 ** The Kingdom of Italy establishes Eritrea as its colony, in the Horn of Africa. ** In Michigan, the wooden steamer ''Mackinaw'' burns in a fire on the Black River. * January 2 ** The steamship ...

) *July 19 -

Shigeo Arai was a Japanese freestyle swimmer who competed at the 1936 Olympics. He won a gold medal in 4 × 200 m freestyle relay, setting a world record. In the individual 100 m race he finished almost simultaneously with Masanori Yusa and Masaharu Taguchi ...

, freestyle swimmer (b.

1916 Events Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that had been stored and cooled. * ...

) *July 28 -

Takeshi Takashina was an Imperial Japanese Army general during World War II. He was killed in action during the Battle of Guam. Biography Early military service Takashina was born in Chiba Prefecture and was a graduate of the 25th class of the Imperial Japanese ...

, general (b.

) *August 1 -

Kiyochi Ogata Kiyochi Ogata (died August 1, 1944) was a colonel in the Imperial Japanese Army during World War II. He committed ''seppuku'' after the Battle of Tinian. Biography Kiyochi Ogata was the commanding officer of Tinian, one of the Pacific Islands. H ...

, colonel *August 2 **

Kakuji Kakuta , was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II. He is noted for his role in commanding Japanese naval aviation units in the Pacific War. Biography Kakuta was a native of rural Minamikanbara, Niigata Prefecture, Japan. He gra ...

, captain (b.

) **

Goichi Oya Goichi Oie (died August 2, 1944) was a captain in the Imperial Japanese Navy during World War II, and died during the Battle of Tinian. Biography Goichi Oie was the subordinate to Admiral Kakuji Kakuta, the commander of the Tinian garrison. He ...

, admiral *August 11 -

Hideyoshi Obata was a general in the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. Biography Obata was the fifth son of a Chinese language scholar from Osaka prefecture. He attended military preparatory schools and graduated from the 23rd class of the Imperial Japa ...

, general (b.

) *October 15 -

Masafumi Arima was an admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy in World War II. An experienced aviator, he is sometimes credited with being the first to use the ''kamikaze'' attack, although official accounts may have been invented for propaganda purposes. Arima ...

, admiral (b.

1895 Events January–March * January 5 – Dreyfus affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island. * January 12 – The National Trust for Places of Histor ...

) *October 26 -

Hiroyoshi Nishizawa was a Japanese naval aviator and an ace of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service during World War II. Nishizawa was known to his colleagues as 'the Devil' for his breathtaking, brilliant, and unpredictable aerobatics and superb control of hi ...

, flying ace (b.

1920 Events January * January 1 ** Polish–Soviet War in 1920: The Russian Red Army increases its troops along the Polish border from 4 divisions to 20. ** Kauniainen, completely surrounded by the city of Espoo, secedes from Espoo as its own ma ...

) *November 7 -

Hotsumi Ozaki was a Japanese journalist working for the ''Asahi Shimbun'' newspaper, communist, Soviet intelligence agent, and advisor to Prime Minister Fumimaro Konoe. The only Japanese person to be hanged for treason (under the provisions of the Peace ...

, journalist and soviet spy (b.

1901 Events January * January 1 – The Crown colony, British colonies of New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria (Australia), Victoria and Western Australia Federation of Australia, federate as the Australia, ...

) *November 18 -

Tsunesaburō Makiguchi Tsunesaburō Makiguchi (牧口常三郎, ''Makiguchi Tsunesaburō''; 23 July 1871 (lunar calendar date 6 June) – 18 November 1944) was a Japanese educator who founded and became the first president of the Sōka Kyōiku Gakkai (Value-Creating ...

, educator (b.

1871 Events January–March * January 3 – Franco-Prussian War – Battle of Bapaume: Prussians win a strategic victory. * January 18 – Proclamation of the German Empire: The member states of the North German Confederation and the sout ...

) *November 24 -

Kunio Nakagawa was the commander of Japanese forces which defended the island of Peleliu in the Battle of Peleliu which took place from 15 September to 27 November 1944. He inflicted heavy losses on attacking U.S. Marines and held Peleliu Island for almost th ...

, general (b.

1898 Events January–March * January 1 – New York City annexes land from surrounding counties, creating the City of Greater New York as the world's second largest. The city is geographically divided into five boroughs: Manhattan, B ...

) *December 1 -

Murakami Namiroku was a well-known writer in Japan during the late 19th and early 20th century, best remembered for his popular fiction frequently set in the Edo period featuring chivalric gangsters. In 1891, he published his first work "''Mikazuki'' (Crescent Moo ...

, novelist and fiction writer (b.

1865 Events January–March * January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at Broad Street (Manhattan), 10-12 Broad near Wall Street, in New York City. * January 13 – American Civil War : Sec ...

)

References

{{Asia topic, 1944 in 1940s in Japan

Years of the 20th century in Japan

Incumbents

Governors

Events

Births

Deaths

See also

References