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Events
Below, the events ofWorld War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great powers—forming two opposing ...
have the "WWII" prefix.
January
*January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
– WWII: The Soviet Union announces that 22 German divisions have been encircled at Stalingrad, with 175,000 killed and 137,650 captured.
* January 4 – WWII: Greek-Polish athlete and saboteur Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz
Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz ( el, Γεώργιος Ιβάνωφ-Σαϊνόβιτς, ''Georgios Ivanof-Sainovits''; 14 December 1911 – 4 January 1943) was a Polish-Greek athlete who fought as a saboteur in the Greek Resistance during World War II a ...
is executed by the Germans at Kaisariani.
* January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...
** The United States and United Kingdom revise previously unequal treaty
Unequal treaty is the name given by the Chinese to a series of treaties signed during the 19th and early 20th centuries, between China (mostly referring to the Qing dynasty) and various Western powers (specifically the British Empire, France, the ...
relationships with the Republic of China.
** Italian-American anarchist Carlo Tresca
Carlo Tresca (March 9, 1879 – January 11, 1943) was an Italian-American newspaper editor, orator, and labor organizer who was a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World during the 1910s. He is remembered as a leading public opponent of fas ...
is assassinated in New York City.
* January 13 – Anti-Nazi
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in ...
protests in Sofia
Sofia ( ; bg, София, Sofiya, ) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria. It is situated in the Sofia Valley at the foot of the Vitosha mountain in the western parts of the country. The city is built west of the Iskar river, and h ...
result in 200 arrests and 36 executions.
* January 14 – 24 – WWII: Casablanca Conference
The Casablanca Conference (codenamed SYMBOL) or Anfa Conference was held at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, French Morocco, from January 14 to 24, 1943, to plan the Allied European strategy for the next phase of World War II. In attendance were ...
: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
, President of the United States; Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom; and Generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud
Henri Honoré Giraud (18 January 1879 – 11 March 1949) was a French general and a leader of the Free French Forces during the Second World War until he was forced to retire in 1944.
Born to an Alsatian family in Paris, Giraud graduated from ...
of the Free French forces
__NOTOC__
The French Liberation Army (french: Armée française de la Libération or AFL) was the reunified French Army that arose from the merging of the Armée d'Afrique with the prior Free French Forces (french: Forces françaises libres, l ...
meet secretly at the Anfa Hotel in Casablanca, Morocco
Morocco (),, ) officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is the westernmost country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It overlooks the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and has land borders with Algeria t ...
, to plan the Allied European strategy for the next stage of the war.
* January 15 - WWII: Guadalcanal Campaign – Operation Ke: Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
forces begin to withdraw from Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...
.
* January 16 – Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to the north, Iran to the east, the Persian Gulf and K ...
declares war on the Axis powers
The Axis powers, ; it, Potenze dell'Asse ; ja, 枢軸国 ''Sūjikukoku'', group=nb originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies. Its principal members were ...
.
* January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...
** WWII: Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nation ...
officials announce that the Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
has broken the Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the '' Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previo ...
's siege of Leningrad as part of Operation Iskra
Operation Iskra (russian: операция Искра , translation = Operation Spark), a Soviet military operation in January 1943 during World War II, aimed to break the Wehrmacht's siege of Leningrad. Planning for the operation began shortl ...
, opening a narrow land corridor to the city. Georgy Zhukov
Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov ( rus, Георгий Константинович Жуков, p=ɡʲɪˈorɡʲɪj kənstɐnʲˈtʲinəvʲɪtɕ ˈʐukəf, a=Ru-Георгий_Константинович_Жуков.ogg; 1 December 1896 – ...
is promoted to Marshal of the Soviet Union
Marshal of the Soviet Union (russian: Маршал Советского Союза, Marshal sovetskogo soyuza, ) was the highest military rank of the Soviet Union.
The rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union was created in 1935 and abolished in 19 ...
.
** The first Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany' ...
begins: several days engagement with the Germans limits the number of Jews deported at this time.
* January 21
Events Pre-1600
* 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
* 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when ...
– WWII: Pan Am Flight 1104
Pan Am Flight 1104, trip no. 62100, was a Martin M-130 flying boat nicknamed the ''Philippine Clipper'' that crashed on the morning of January 21, 1943, in Northern California. The aircraft was operated by Pan American Airways and was carrying t ...
– Pan American Airways
Pan American World Airways, originally founded as Pan American Airways and commonly known as Pan Am, was an American airline that was the principal and largest international air carrier and unofficial overseas flag carrier of the United States ...
Martin M-130
The Martin M-130 was a commercial flying boat designed and built in 1935 by the Glenn L. Martin Company in Baltimore, Maryland, for Pan American Airways. Three were built: the '' China Clipper'', the ''Philippine Clipper'' and the '' Hawaii Cli ...
flying boat crashes about southwest of Ukiah, California
Ukiah ( ; Pomo: ''Yokaya'', meaning "deep valley") is the county seat and largest city of Mendocino County, California, with a population of 16,607 at the 2020 census. With its accessible location along the U.S. Route 101 corridor, Ukiah serves ...
. All 10 passengers and 9 crew aboard are killed, including Admiral Robert H. English (at this time COMSUBPAC
Commander, Submarine Force, U.S. Pacific Fleet (COMSUBPAC) is the principal advisor to the Commander, United States Pacific Fleet ( COMPACFLT) for submarine matters. The Pacific Submarine Force (SUBPAC) includes attack, ballistic missile and au ...
).
* January 22
** WWII: Battle of Buna–Gona
The battle of Buna–Gona was part of the New Guinea campaign in the Pacific Theatre during World War II. It followed the conclusion of the Kokoda Track campaign and lasted from 16 November 1942 until 22 January 1943. The battle was fought by ...
: American and Australian forces secure control of the territory of Papua
The Territory of Papua comprised the southeastern quarter of the island of New Guinea from 1883 to 1975. In 1883, the Government of Queensland annexed this territory for the British Empire. The United Kingdom Government refused to ratify the a ...
.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Round up of Marseille begins – Over 4,000 Jews are detained in Nazi-occupied Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fra ...
as part of "Action Tiger", before being transported to extermination camp
Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (german: Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (), or killing centers (), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust. The v ...
s in Poland.
* January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
*1264 & ...
** WWII: British forces capture Tripoli
Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to:
Cities and other geographic units Greece
*Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece
* Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in ...
from the Italians
, flag =
, flag_caption = The national flag of Italy
, population =
, regions = Italy 55,551,000
, region1 = Brazil
, pop1 = 25–33 million
, ref1 =
, region2 ...
.
** American critic and commentator Alexander Woollcott
Alexander Humphreys Woollcott (January 19, 1887 – January 23, 1943) was an American drama critic and commentator for ''The New Yorker'' magazine, a member of the Algonquin Round Table, an occasional actor and playwright, and a prominent radio ...
suffers an eventually fatal heart attack, during a regular broadcast of the CBS
CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainm ...
Radio round-table program ''People's Platform''.
* January 27 – WWII: 50 bombers mount the first all American air raid against Germany: Wilhelmshaven
Wilhelmshaven (, ''Wilhelm's Harbour''; Northern Low Saxon: ''Willemshaven'') is a coastal town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the western side of the Jade Bight, a bay of the North Sea, and has a population of 76,089. Wilhelmsh ...
is the target.
* January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, rul ...
** Nazi German police arrest alleged necrophiliac
Necrophilia, also known as necrophilism, necrolagnia, necrocoitus, necrochlesis, and thanatophilia, is sexual attraction towards or a sexual act involving Cadaver, corpses. It is classified as a paraphilia by the World Health Organization (WHO) ...
and serial killer
A serial killer is typically a person who murders three or more persons,A
*
*
*
* with the murders taking place over more than a month and including a significant period of time between them. While most authorities set a threshold of three ...
Bruno Lüdke.
** The United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve
United States Marine Corps Women's Reserve (Reserve) was the World War II women's branch of the United States Marine Corps Reserve. It was authorized by the U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on 30July 1942. ...
(MCWR) is created.
* January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, rul ...
– 30 – WWII: Battle of Rennell Island
The took place on 29–30 January 1943. It was the last major naval engagement between the United States Navy and the Imperial Japanese Navy during the Guadalcanal Campaign of World War II. It occurred in the South Pacific between Rennell ...
– The Imperial Japanese Navy
The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: Shinjitai: ' 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or ''Nippon Kaigun'', 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrend ...
resists the United States Navy's attempt to interrupt the withdrawal of Japanese forces from Guadalcanal, in the last major naval battle of the Guadalcanal Campaign.
* January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, rul ...
– 31 – WWII: Battle of Wau
The Battle of Wau, 29 January – 4 February 1943, was a battle in the New Guinea campaign of World War II. Forces of the Empire of Japan sailed from Rabaul and crossed the Solomon Sea and, despite Allied air attacks, successfully reached Lae, ...
– Australian forces, with United States support, resist a Japanese advance in the New Guinea campaign.
* January 30 – WWII: German General Friedrich Paulus
Friedrich Wilhelm Ernst Paulus (23 September 1890 – 1 February 1957) was a German field marshal during World War II who is best known for commanding the 6th Army during the Battle of Stalingrad (August 1942 to February 1943). The battle ende ...
is promoted to the rank of Field Marshal and instructed to fight to the death in Stalingrad, while Karl Dönitz is promoted to Commander in Chief of the German Navy, replacing Erich Raeder.
February
* February 2 – WWII: In Russia, the Battle of Stalingrad comes to an end, with the surrender of the German 6th Army. * February 3 – WWII: TheFour Chaplains
The Four Chaplains, also referred to as the Immortal Chaplains or the ''Dorchester'' Chaplains, were four World War II chaplains who died rescuing civilian and military personnel as the American troop ship sank on February 3, 1943, in what has ...
of the U.S. Army are among those drowned when their ship, , is struck by a German torpedo
A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, s ...
in the North Atlantic.
* February 5 – Lt. General Frank M. Andrews
Lieutenant General Frank Maxwell Andrews (February 3, 1884 – May 3, 1943) was a senior officer of the United States Army and one of the founders of the United States Army Air Forces, which was later to become the United States Air Force. ...
is selected to command the U.S. armies in Europe, while General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, ...
is assigned command in North Africa. Andrews will serve only 3 months, before dying in an airplane crash.
* February 6 – WWII: RCN corvette HMCS ''Louisburg'' is bombed and sunk off Oran, Algeria
)
, image_map = Algeria (centered orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption =
, image_map2 =
, capital = Algiers
, coordinates =
, largest_city = capital
, relig ...
by Italian aircraft.
* February 7
Events Pre-1600
* 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
* 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
* 1301 &nd ...
– WWII: North Atlantic convoy SC 118 is attacked by U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
s, who sink 8 ships.
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
*1539 – The first recorded race is held ...
** WWII: The Guadalcanal Campaign in the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...
ends with United States forces in command of Guadalcanal, the evacuation of Japanese forces in Operation Ke having been completed two days earlier.
** WWII: Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia ( pl, rzeź wołyńska, lit=Volhynian slaughter; uk, Волинська трагедія, lit=Volyn tragedy, translit=Volynska trahediia), were carried out in German-occupied Poland by th ...
by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
The Ukrainian Insurgent Army ( uk, Українська повстанська армія, УПА, translit=Ukrayins'ka povstans'ka armiia, abbreviated UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan formation. During World ...
begin, with the Parośla I massacre
The Parośla I massacre was committed during World War II by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) under the command of Hryhorij Perehijniak "Dowbeszka-Korobka" on 9 February 1943 against the ethnic Polish residents of the village of Parośla (named ...
within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine
During World War II, (abbreviated as RKU) was the civilian occupation regime () of much of Nazi German-occupied Ukraine (which included adjacent areas of modern-day Belarus and pre-war Second Polish Republic). It was governed by the Reich Min ...
.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Rue Sainte-Catherine Roundup – The Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one orga ...
, directed by Klaus Barbie
Nikolaus "Klaus" Barbie (25 October 1913 – 25 September 1991) was a German operative of the SS and SD who worked in Vichy France during World War II. He became known as the "Butcher of Lyon" for having personally tortured prisoners—primar ...
, arrest 86 Jews in Lyon
Lyon,, ; Occitan language, Occitan: ''Lion'', hist. ''Lionés'' also spelled in English as Lyons, is the List of communes in France with over 20,000 inhabitants, third-largest city and Urban area (France), second-largest metropolitan area of F ...
.
* February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
* 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, spar ...
–March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 & ...
– Mohandas Gandhi (under arrest by forces of the British Raj
The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent;
*
* it is also called Crown rule in India,
*
*
*
*
or Direct rule in India,
* Quote: "Mill, who was him ...
in Pune
Pune (; ; also known as Poona, ( the official name from 1818 until 1978) is one of the most important industrial and educational hubs of India, with an estimated population of 7.4 million As of 2021, Pune Metropolitan Region is the largest i ...
as a member of the Quit India Movement) keeps a hunger strike to protest his imprisonment.
* February 14 – WWII: Rostov-on-Don in Russia is liberated.
* February 14– 17 – WWII: Battle of Sidi Bou Zid
The Battle of Sidi Bou Zid /Operation Spring Breeze) took place during the Tunisia Campaign from 14–17 February 1943, in World War II. The battle was fought around Sidi Bou Zid, where a large number of US Army units were mauled by German and It ...
: In the Tunisia Campaign
The Tunisian campaign (also known as the Battle of Tunisia) was a series of battles that took place in Tunisia during the North African campaign of the Second World War, between Axis and Allied forces from 17 November 1942 to 13 May 1943. Th ...
, German Panzer divisions commanded by Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
Hans-Jürgen Bernard Theodor von Arnim (; 4 April 1889 – 1 September 1962) was a German general in the Nazi Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several armies. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross. Early life ...
are victorious over the United States Army.
* February 16
Events Pre-1600
*1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
*1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– WWII: The Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
reconquers Kharkiv
Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.Third Battle of Kharkiv.
*
*
*
* July 1 – The United States 
*
*
*
An agreement
for the foundation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the White House, Washington, D.C. * November 10 – The Lübeck martyrs, four men of religion, are executed for supposedly treasonable views. * November 14 – Leonard Bernstein, substituting at the last minute for ailing principal conductor Bruno Walter, directs the New York Philharmonic in its regular Sunday afternoon broadcast concert, over
*
* February 2 – Erkan Geniş, Turkish artist
* February 3
** Blythe Danner, American actress
** Dennis Edwards, American soul, R&B singer (d. 2018)
** Eric Haydock, British musician (d. 2019)
* February 4 – Alberto João Jardim, Portuguese politician
* February 5
** Nolan Bushnell, American video game pioneer
** Michael Mann (director), Michael Mann, American film director, writer and producer
** Craig Morton, American football player
*
*
* April 2 – Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007)
* April 4 – Isabel-Clara Simó, Spanish journalist and writer (d. 2020)
* April 5
** Jean-Louis Tauran, French cardinal (d. 2018)
** Max Gail, American actor (''Barney Miller'')
* April 6 − Susan Tolsky, American actress and voice actress
* April 8
** Miller Farr, American football player
** Jack O'Halloran, American boxer and actor
* April 10
** Andrzej Badeński, Polish athlete (d. 2008)
** Margaret Pemberton, English writer
* April 11 – Harley Race, American professional wrestler, promoter and trainer (d. 2019)
* April 13 – Doreen Tracey, British-born American actress (d. 2018)
* April 15
** Robert Lefkowitz, American physician and biochemist
** Mighty Sam McClain, American singer, songwriter (d. 2015)
* April 16 – Petro Tyschtschenko, German businessman
* April 17 – Bobby Curtola, Canadian singer (d. 2016)
*
* May 1
**Ian Dunn (activist), Ian Dunn, Scottish gay and paedophile rights activist (d. 1998)
**Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan politician (d. 2004)
* May 2 – Mustafa Nadarević, Yugoslav and Bosnian actor and comedian (d. 2020)
* May 3 – Jim Risch, American politician
* May 5 – Michael Palin, English comedian, actor, and television presenter (''Monty Python's Flying Circus'')
*
*
* July 3
** Judith Durham, Australian singer (d. 2022)
** Kurtwood Smith, American actor (''That '70s Show'')
** Norman Thagard, American astronaut
*
* August 2 – Max Wright, American actor (d. 2019)
* August 3
** Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson, Princess Christina of Sweden
** Clarence Wijewardena, Sri Lankan musician (d. 1996)
*
*
*
*
* December 2
** Wayne Allard, American politician
** William Wegman (photographer), William Wegman, American photographer
* December 5
** Eva Joly, Norwegian-born French magistrate
** Nicolae Văcăroiu, 55th Prime Minister of Romania
* December 8
** José Carbajal (Uruguayan musician), José Carbajal, Uruguayan singer, composer and guitarist (d. 2010)
** Larry Martin, American paleontologist (d. 2013)
** Jim Morrison, American rock musician (''The Doors'') (d. 1971)
** Bodo Tümmler, German Olympic middle-distance runner
* December 11 – John Kerry, American politician, 68th U.S. Secretary of State
* December 12
** Dickey Betts, American guitarist, singer, songwriter and composer (''The Allman Brothers Band'')
** Gianni Russo, American actor
** Phyllis Somerville, American actress (d. 2020)
** Grover Washington, Jr., African-American saxophonist (d. 1999)
* December 13
** David W. Huff, American rock singer, guitarist of (''David and the Giants'')
** Ferguson Jenkins, Canadian baseball player
* December 14
** Britt Allcroft, British television producer, creator of ''Thomas & Friends''
** António Simões, Portuguese footballer
* December 15 – Lucien den Arend, Dutch sculptor
* December 16 – Steven Bochco, American television producer (d. 2018)
* December 17
** Pak Doo-ik, North Korean footballer
** Ron Geesin, British musician, songwriter (''Pink Floyd'')
** Rick Nolan, American politician
* December 18 – Keith Richards, English rock guitarist, songwriter (''The Rolling Stones'')
* December 19
** Sam Kelly, English actor (d. 2014)
** Ross M. Lence, American political scientist (d. 2006)
** Jimmy Mackay, Australian football player (d. 1998)
* December 20 – Jacqueline Pearce, English screen actress (d. 2018)
* December 21 – Jack Nance, American actor (d. 1996)
* December 22 – Paul Wolfowitz, American political scientist
* December 23
** Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (d. 1987)
** Harry Shearer, American actor, comedian and screenwriter
** Queen Silvia of Sweden, Queen consort of Sweden
* December 24
** Tarja Halonen, 11th President of Finland
** James A. Johnson (politics), James A. Johnson, American business leader, philanthropist
* December 25 – Hanna Schygulla, German actress
* December 27 – Sam Hinds, 3-Time Prime Minister of Guyana
* December 28
** Keith Floyd, British chef (d. 2009)
** Chas Hodges, English musician and singer (d. 2018)
** Craig MacIntosh, American illustrator
** Billy Chapin, American child actor (d.2016)
** Richard Whiteley, English television presenter (d. 2005)
* December 31
** John Denver, American musician (d. 1997)
** Sir Ben Kingsley, British actor (''Gandhi (film), Gandhi'')
** Pete Quaife, English musician, artist and author (''The Kinks'') (d. 2010)
* January 2
** Qazim Koculi, Albanian politician, acting Prime Minister of Albania (murdered) (b. 1887)
** Wilhelm Lorenz, German general (died of wounds) (b. 1894)
* January 3 – Bid McPhee, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1859)
* January 4
** Hàm Nghi, Emperor of Vietnam (b. 1872)
**
* February 1 – Foy Draper, American Olympic athlete (killed in action) (b. 1911)
* February 2
** Alfred Cavendish, British general (b. 1859)
** Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (b. 1880)
* February 4
** Frank Calder, British-born Canadian ice hockey executive, first National Hockey League president (b. 1877)
** Senjūrō Hayashi, Japanese army commander, politician and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1876)
* February 5
** Sim Gokkes, Dutch composer (in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1897)
** W. S. Van Dyke, American director (b. 1889)
*
*
* May 1 – Johan Oscar Smith, Norwegian Christian leader, founder of Brunstad Christian Church (b. 1871)
* May 3 – Frank Maxwell Andrews, American general (plane crash) (b. 1884)
* May 4
** Cesira Ferrani, Italian soprano (b. 1863)
** Saverio Marotta, Italian naval officer (killed in action) (b. 1911)
* May 5
** Grzegorz Bolesław Frąckowiak, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (executed) (b. 1911)
** Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart, British politician, judge (b. 1870)
* May 7 – Fethi Okyar, Turkish diplomat, politician and 2nd Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1880)
* May 8 – Miroslav Šalom Freiberger, Yugoslav rabbi, writer and spiritual leader (killed at Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1903)
*
*
* July 2 – Alice Mary Dowd, American educator and poet (b. 1855)
*
*
* September 1 – Charles Atangana, Cameroonian chief (b. c.1880)
* September 2 – Marsden Hartley, American modernism, American Modernist artist (b. 1877)
* September 6 – Reginald McKenna, British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1915–1916 (b. 1863)
*
*
*
* December 1
** Antonio de Viti de Marco, Italian economist (b. 1858)
** Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince, historian (b. 1862)
* December 2 – Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian poet, novelist, journalist and activist (killed in action as war correspondent) (b. 1902)
* December 6 – G. O. Smith, English sportsman (b. 1872)
* December 7 – Hamilton Lamb, Australian politician, soldier (in Japanese POW camp) (b. 1900)
* December 8 – Donald Mackintosh (bishop), Donald Mackintosh, British clergyman, Roman Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1876)
* December 9
** George Cooper (actor), George Cooper, American silent film actor (b. 1892)
** Georges Dufrénoy, French post-impressionist painter (b. 1870)
* December 10 – Charles Belcher (actor), Charles Belcher, American film actor (b. 1872)
* December 13 – Erich Garske, German political activist (executed) (b. 1907)
* December 14 – John Harvey Kellogg, American physician, nutritionist (b. 1852)
* December 15 – Fats Waller, African-American jazz pianist (pneumonia) (b. 1904)
* December 18 – Hector Gray, British Royal Air Force officer (executed in Japanese Prisoner of War camp) (b. 1911)
* December 20 – Edward L. Beach Sr., American naval officer, author (b. 1867)
* December 22 – Beatrix Potter, British children's author, illustrator (b. 1866)
* December 23 – Frederic Fisher, Sir Frederic Fisher, British admiral (b. 1851)
* December 25 – William Irving (actor), William Irving, German-born American film actor (b. 1893)
* December 26 – Erich Bey, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1898)
* December 27
** Rupert Julian, New Zealand actor, director (b. 1879)
** Creelman MacArthur, Canadian businessman, politician (b. 1874)
* December 30 – Hobart Bosworth, American film actor, director, writer and producer (b. 1867)
February 18
Events Pre-1600
* 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
*1268 & ...
** In a ''Sportpalast'' speech in Berlin, German Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels declares a "total war
Total war is a type of warfare that includes any and all civilian-associated resources and infrastructure as legitimate military targets, mobilizes all of the resources of society to fight the war, and gives priority to warfare over non-combata ...
" against the Allies, tacitly admitting that Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
faces serious dangers.
** The Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in N ...
arrest the members of the White Rose
The White Rose (german: Weiße Rose, ) was a Nonviolence, non-violent, intellectual German resistance to Nazism, resistance group in Nazi Germany which was led by five students (and one professor) at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, ...
German Resistance movement.
* February 19– 24 – WWII: Battle of Kasserine Pass
The Battle of Kasserine Pass was a series of battles of the Tunisian campaign of World War II that took place in February 1943 at Kasserine Pass, a gap in the Grand Dorsal chain of the Atlas Mountains in west central Tunisia.
The Axis forces, ...
: German General Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps
The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps (, }; DAK) was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of its African colonies, the ...
and other Axis
An axis (plural ''axes'') is an imaginary line around which an object rotates or is symmetrical. Axis may also refer to:
Mathematics
* Axis of rotation: see rotation around a fixed axis
* Axis (mathematics), a designator for a Cartesian-coordinat ...
forces launch an offensive against Allied defenses in Tunisia
)
, image_map = Tunisia location (orthographic projection).svg
, map_caption = Location of Tunisia in northern Africa
, image_map2 =
, capital = Tunis
, largest_city = capital
, ...
; it is the United States' first major battle defeat of the war. On February 22, an Anglo-American force halts the German advance near Thala, forcing the Germans to retreat, US bombers harass the retreating Panzers.
* February 20
** American movie studio executives agree to allow the Office of War Information
The United States Office of War Information (OWI) was a United States government agency created during World War II. The OWI operated from June 1942 until September 1945. Through radio broadcasts, newspapers, posters, photographs, films and other ...
to censor movies.
** The Parícutin
Parícutin (or Volcán de Parícutin, also accented Paricutín) is a cinder cone volcano located in the Mexican state of Michoacán, near the city of Uruapan and about west of Mexico City. The volcano surged suddenly from the cornfield of loca ...
volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the Crust (geology), crust of a Planet#Planetary-mass objects, planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and volcanic gas, gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
On Ear ...
begins to appear in a cornfield in Mexico.
* February 21
Events Pre-1600
*452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
*1440 – The Pru ...
– WWII: North Atlantic convoy ON 166
Convoy ON 166 was the 166th of the numbered ON series of merchant ship convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America. Sixty-three ships departed Liverpool 11 February 1943 and were met the following day by Mid-Ocean Escort Force Gr ...
is attacked by U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
s, who sink eleven ships.
* February 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
* 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferd ...
**WWII: RCN corvette HMCS ''Weyburn'' sinks east of Gibraltar
)
, anthem = " God Save the King"
, song = " Gibraltar Anthem"
, image_map = Gibraltar location in Europe.svg
, map_alt = Location of Gibraltar in Europe
, map_caption = United Kingdom shown in pale green
, mapsize =
, image_map2 = Gib ...
, after being mined.
**Members of the White Rose
The White Rose (german: Weiße Rose, ) was a Nonviolence, non-violent, intellectual German resistance to Nazism, resistance group in Nazi Germany which was led by five students (and one professor) at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, ...
are executed in Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
.
* February 23– 24 – Cavan Orphanage Fire: 35 girls and a cook from St Joseph's Orphanage
An orphanage is a residential institution, total institution or group home, devoted to the care of orphans and children who, for various reasons, cannot be cared for by their biological families. The parents may be deceased, absent, or ab ...
, an industrial school at Cavan, Ireland, are killed in a fire in their dormitories. A subsequent inquiry absolves the Poor Clares
The Poor Clares, officially the Order of Saint Clare ( la, Ordo sanctae Clarae) – originally referred to as the Order of Poor Ladies, and later the Clarisses, the Minoresses, the Franciscan Clarist Order, and the Second Order of Saint Francis ...
of blame.
* February 28 – Operation Gunnerside
The Norwegian heavy water sabotage ( nb, Tungtvannsaksjonen; nn, Tungtvassaksjonen) was a series of Allied-led efforts to halt German heavy water production via hydroelectric plants in Nazi Germany-occupied Norway during World War II, involvi ...
: 6 Norwegians, led by Joachim Rønneberg, successfully attack the heavy water plant at Vemork
Vemork is a hydroelectric power plant outside Rjukan in Tinn, Norway. The plant was built by Norsk Hydro and opened in 1911, its main purpose being to fix nitrogen for the production of fertilizer. At opening, it was the world's largest power pl ...
.
March
* March
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March ...
– Exiled French aviator Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's self-illustrated children's novella, ''The Little Prince
''The Little Prince'' (french: Le Petit Prince, ) is a novella by French aristocrat, writer, and military pilot Antoine de Saint-Exupéry. It was first published in English and French in the United States by Reynal & Hitchcock in April 1943 an ...
'', is published in New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
, the all-time best-selling book originating in French.
* March
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of March ...
–December
December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
December got its name from the Latin word ''decem'' (meaning ten) because it was or ...
– History of computing hardware: British prototype Mark I Colossus computer
Colossus was a set of computers developed by British codebreakers in the years 1943–1945 to help in the cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher. Colossus used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes) to perform Boolean and counting operations. Colossus ...
is constructed (the world's first totally ''electronic'' programmable computing device) to assist in cryptanalysis of German signals at Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park is an English country house and estate in Bletchley, Milton Keynes ( Buckinghamshire) that became the principal centre of Allied code-breaking during the Second World War. The mansion was constructed during the years followin ...
.
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...
– Heinz Guderian
Heinz Wilhelm Guderian (; 17 June 1888 – 14 May 1954) was a German general during World War II who, after the war, became a successful memoirist. An early pioneer and advocate of the "blitzkrieg" approach, he played a central role in th ...
becomes Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the German Army.
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...
– 2 – WWII: Koriukivka massacre
The Koriukivka massacre was a mass murder of 6,700 residentsKoriukivka
Koriukivka (, ) is a town in Chernihiv Oblast (oblast, province) of Ukraine. It was founded in 1657, over 350 years ago. It is the administrative center of Koriukivka Raion. It hosts the administration of Koriukivka urban hromada, one of the hrom ...
are murdered in the Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
, by a German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
SS unit.
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– WWII: Battle of the Bismarck Sea
The Battle of the Bismarck Sea (2–4 March 1943) took place in the South West Pacific Area (SWPA) during World War II when aircraft of the U.S. Fifth Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) attacked a Japanese convoy carrying troop ...
– United States and Australian forces sink Japanese convoy ships, then strafe survivors in the water.
* March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 & ...
– 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an air-raid shelter at Bethnal Green, London.
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
** As part of The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece
In March 1943, about 4,075 Jews living in Bulgarian-occupied eastern Greek Macedonia and Western Thrace (annexed as the Bulgarian province of Belomorie) were deported to Treblinka extermination camp and murdered. In an operation coordinated by ...
, almost all Jews in the region are rounded up to be taken to Treblinka extermination camp
Treblinka () was an extermination camp, built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It was in a forest north-east of Warsaw, south of the village of Treblinka in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship. The camp ...
.
** The 15th Academy Awards
The 15th Academy Awards was held in the Cocoanut Grove at The Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles on March 4, 1943, honoring the films of 1942. The ceremony is most famous for the speech by Greer Garson; accepting the award for Best Actress, Gar ...
ceremony is held in Los Angeles. ''Mrs. Miniver
''Mrs. Miniver'' is a 1942 American romantic war drama film directed by William Wyler, and starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. Inspired by the 1940 novel '' Mrs. Miniver'' by Jan Struther, it shows how the life of an unassuming British h ...
'' wins the Best Picture
This is a list of categories of awards commonly awarded through organizations that bestow film awards, including those presented by various film, festivals, and people's awards.
Best Actor/Best Actress
*See Best Actor#Film awards, Best Actress#F ...
Award.
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
– 6 – WWII: Battle of Fardykambos
The Battle of Fardykambos ( el, Μάχη του Φαρδύκαμπου), also known as the Battle of Bougazi (Μάχη στο Μπουγάζι), was fought between the National Liberation Front (EAM-ELAS) of the Greek Resistance against the I ...
– Greek partisans and armed civilians force the surrender of an Italian army battalion.
* March 5 – The Gloster Meteor
The Gloster Meteor was the first British jet fighter and the Allies of World War II, Allies' only jet aircraft to engage in combat operations during the Second World War. The Meteor's development was heavily reliant on its ground-breaking turb ...
, the first Allied jet fighter
Fighter aircraft are fixed-wing military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat. In military conflict, the role of fighter aircraft is to establish air superiority of the battlespace. Domination of the airspace above a battlefield ...
, makes its first flight, in England.
* March 9
Events Pre-1600
* 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
* 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
* 1226 &nda ...
– 10 – WWII: North Atlantic convoy SC 121
Convoy SC 121 was the 121st of the numbered series of World War II Slow Convoys of merchant ships from Sydney, Cape Breton Island to Liverpool. The ships departed New York City 23 February 1943; and were met by the Mid-Ocean Escort Force Grou ...
is attacked by U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare ro ...
s sinking seven ships.
* March 9
Events Pre-1600
* 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
* 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
* 1226 &nda ...
– Şükrü Saracoğlu
Mehmet Şükrü Saracoğlu (; 17 June 1887, Ödemiş – 27 December 1953, Istanbul) was a Turkish politician, the fifth Prime Minister of Turkey and the Turkish Minister of Foreign Affairs during the early stages of World War II. He signe ...
forms the new government of Turkey (14th government; Şükrü Saracoğlu had served twice as a prime minister).
* March 10
Events Pre-1600
* 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
* 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a ...
– Banco Bradesco
Banco Bradesco S.A. is a Brazilian financial services company headquartered in Osasco, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. It is the third largest banking institution in Brazil, as well as the third largest in Latin America, and the seventy-ni ...
is founded in Marília
Marília () is a Brazilian municipality in the midwestern region of the state of São Paulo. Its distance from the state capital São Paulo is by highway, by railway and in a straight line. It is located at an altitude of 675 meters. The popula ...
, São Paulo
São Paulo (, ; Portuguese for ' Saint Paul') is the most populous city in Brazil, and is the capital of the state of São Paulo, the most populous and wealthiest Brazilian state, located in the country's Southeast Region. Listed by the Ga ...
, Brazil.
* March 12 – WWII: Italian occupation of Greece: The Italian occupying forces abandon the town of Karditsa
Karditsa ( el, Καρδίτσα ) is a city in western Thessaly in mainland Greece. The city of Karditsa is the capital of Karditsa regional unit of region of Thessaly.
Inhabitation is attested from 9000 BC. Karditsa ls linked with GR-30, the ...
to the partisans. On the same day, an Italian motorized column razes the village of Tsaritsani
Tsaritsani or Tsiaritsiani ( el, Τσαριτσάνη, or el, Τσαρίτσιανη, ) is a village and a community of the Elassona municipality. Before the 2011 local government reform, it was an independent community. The 2011 census recorded ...
, burning 360 of its 600 houses and shooting 40 civilians.
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
*1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
*1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
– The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Nazi German
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
forces liquidate the Jews of the Kraków Ghetto
The Kraków Ghetto was one of five major metropolitan Nazi ghettos created by Germany in the new General Government territory during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It was established for the purpose of exploitation, terror, and ...
, in Occupied Poland
' ( Norwegian: ') is a Norwegian political thriller TV series that premiered on TV2 on 5 October 2015. Based on an original idea by Jo Nesbø, the series is co-created with Karianne Lund and Erik Skjoldbjærg. Season 2 premiered on 10 Octobe ...
.
* March 14 – WWII: British submarine HMS ''Thunderbolt'' is sunk off Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
by an Italian corvette, the second time this vessel has been lost with all hands.
* March 15
Events Pre-1600
*474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
* 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odo ...
– WWII:
** Italian submarine ''Leonardo da Vinci'' sinks Canadian Pacific
The Canadian Pacific Railway (french: Chemin de fer Canadien Pacifique) , also known simply as CPR or Canadian Pacific and formerly as CP Rail (1968–1996), is a Canadian Class I railway incorporated in 1881. The railway is owned by Canadi ...
liner
A low-ionization nuclear emission-line region (LINER) is a type of galactic nucleus that is defined by its spectral line emission. The spectra typically include line emission from weakly ionized or neutral atoms, such as O, O+, N+, and S+. ...
RMS ''Empress of Canada'' off Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone,)]. officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea surrounds the northern half of the nation. Covering a total area of , Sierr ...
. Nearly half of the 392 fatalities are Italian prisoners of war.
** German forces recapture Kharkiv
Kharkiv ( uk, wikt:Харків, Ха́рків, ), also known as Kharkov (russian: Харькoв, ), is the second-largest List of cities in Ukraine, city and List of hromadas of Ukraine, municipality in Ukraine.Soviet
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen nation ...
troops, ending the month-long Third Battle of Kharkiv.
* March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
* 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
– 19 – WWII: 22 ships from Convoys HX 229/SC 122 and one U-boat are sunk in the largest North Atlantic U-boat " wolfpack" attack of the war.
* March 17
Events Pre-1600
* 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda.
* 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of ei ...
(Saint Patrick's Day
Saint Patrick's Day, or the Feast of Saint Patrick ( ga, Lá Fhéile Pádraig, lit=the Day of the Festival of Patrick), is a cultural and religious celebration held on 17 March, the traditional death date of Saint Patrick (), the foremost patr ...
) – Éamon de Valera
Éamon de Valera (, ; first registered as George de Valero; changed some time before 1901 to Edward de Valera; 14 October 1882 – 29 August 1975) was a prominent Irish statesman and political leader. He served several terms as head of govern ...
, Taoiseach
The Taoiseach is the head of government, or prime minister, of Ireland. The office is appointed by the president of Ireland upon the nomination of Dáil Éireann (the lower house of the Oireachtas, Ireland's national legislature) and the o ...
of the Republic of Ireland
Ireland ( ga, Éire ), also known as the Republic of Ireland (), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 Counties of Ireland, counties of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, on the eastern ...
, makes the speech "The Ireland That We Dreamed Of
"On Language & the Irish Nation" was the title of a radio address made by Éamon de Valera, then Taoiseach of Ireland, on Raidió Éireann on St. Patrick's Day (17 March) 1943. It is often called The Ireland that we dreamed of, a phrase which is ...
", commonly called the "comely maidens" speech, in Dublin Castle
Dublin Castle ( ga, Caisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a former Motte-and-bailey castle and current Irish government complex and conference centre. It was chosen for its position at the highest point of central Dublin.
Until 1922 it was the s ...
.
* March 22
Events Pre-1600
* 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
* 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
* 871 – Æthelr ...
– WWII: Khatyn massacre
Khatyn ( be, Хаты́нь, Chatyń, ; russian: Хаты́нь, ) was a village of 26 houses and 157 inhabitants in Belarus, in Lahoysk Raion, Minsk Region, 50 km away from Minsk. On 22 March 1943, almost the entire population of the vil ...
– The entire population of Khatyn
Khatyn ( be, Хаты́нь, Chatyń, ; russian: Хаты́нь, ) was a village of 26 houses and 157 inhabitants in Belarus, in Lahoysk Raion, Minsk Region, 50 km away from Minsk. On 22 March 1943, almost the entire population of the vil ...
, Belarus
Belarus,, , ; alternatively and formerly known as Byelorussia (from Russian ). officially the Republic of Belarus,; rus, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus. is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by ...
is burnt alive by German occupation forces.
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– The drugs Vicodin
Hydrocodone/paracetamol (also known as hydrocodone/acetaminophen) is the combination of the pain medications hydrocodone and paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is taken by mouth. Recreational use is co ...
and Lortab
Hydrocodone/paracetamol (also known as hydrocodone/acetaminophen) is the combination of the pain medications hydrocodone and paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is taken by mouth. Recreational use is ...
are first produced in Germany.
* March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– WWII: Battle of the Komandorski Islands: In the Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands (; ; ale, Unangam Tanangin,”Land of the Aleuts", possibly from Chukchi ''aliat'', "island"), also called the Aleut Islands or Aleutic Islands and known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, are a chain of 14 large v ...
, the battle begins when United States Navy
The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...
forces intercept Japanese troops attempting to reinforce a garrison at Kiska
Kiska ( ale, Qisxa, russian: Кыска) is one of the Rat Islands, a group of the Aleutian Islands of Alaska. It is about long and varies in width from . It is part of Aleutian Islands Wilderness and as such, special permission is require ...
.
* March 27
Events Pre-1600
*1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
* 1329 – Pope John XXII ...
– WWII: British Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against ...
escort carrier is destroyed by an accidental explosion in the Firth of Clyde
The Firth of Clyde is the mouth of the River Clyde. It is located on the west coast of Scotland and constitutes the deepest coastal waters in the British Isles (it is 164 metres deep at its deepest). The firth is sheltered from the Atlantic ...
, killing 379 of the crew of 528.
* March 28
Events Pre-1600
* AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...
– In Italy a ship full of weapons and ammunition explodes in the port of Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
, killing 600.
April
*April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
*1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
* ...
– Shipwrecked steward Poon Lim
Poon Lim BEM (; 8 March 1918 – 4 January 1991) was a Chinese sailor who survived 133 days alone in the South Atlantic.
Lim worked as second steward on , a British merchant ship that was sunk by , a German U-boat, on 23 November 194 ...
, BEM, is rescued by Brazilian fishermen after being adrift for 133 days.
* April 13 – WWII: Radio Berlin announces the discovery by Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the '' Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previo ...
of mass graves of Poles killed by Soviets in the Katyn massacre
The Katyn massacre, "Katyń crime"; russian: link=yes, Катынская резня ''Katynskaya reznya'', "Katyn massacre", or russian: link=no, Катынский расстрел, ''Katynsky rasstrel'', "Katyn execution" was a series of m ...
.
* April 19
Events Pre-1600
* AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
* 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persi ...
** History of lysergic acid diethylamide
The psychedelic drug (or entheogen) lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was first synthesized on November 16, 1938, by the Swiss chemist Albert Hofmann in the Sandoz (now Novartis) laboratories in Basel, Switzerland.Albert Hofmann; translated from ...
: Albert Hofmann
Albert Hofmann (11 January 1906 – 29 April 2008) was a Swiss chemist known for being the first to synthesize, ingest, and learn of the psychedelic effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Hofmann's team also isolated, named and synthesi ...
self-administers the psychedelic drug LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known colloquially as acid, is a potent psychedelic drug. Effects typically include intensified thoughts, emotions, and sensory perception. At sufficiently high dosages LSD manifests primarily mental, vi ...
(which he first synthesized in 1938) for the first time in history and records the details of his experience.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany' ...
begins when Nazi troops enter the Warsaw Ghetto
The Warsaw Ghetto (german: Warschauer Ghetto, officially , "Jewish Residential District in Warsaw"; pl, getto warszawskie) was the largest of the Nazi ghettos during World War II and the Holocaust. It was established in November 1940 by the G ...
to round up remaining Jews.
* April 21 – WWII:
** Aberdeen
Aberdeen (; sco, Aiberdeen ; gd, Obar Dheathain ; la, Aberdonia) is a city in North East Scotland, and is the third most populous city in the country. Aberdeen is one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas (as Aberdeen City), and ...
, Scotland, experiences its worst bombing, with 125 people killed.
** The first German Tiger I
The Tiger I () was a German heavy tank of World War II that operated beginning in 1942 in Africa and in the Soviet Union, usually in independent heavy tank battalions. It gave the German Army its first armoured fighting vehicle that mounted ...
tank is captured in North Africa by British forces.
* April 25
Events Pre-1600
*404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
* 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the ...
– Easter
Easter,Traditional names for the feast in English are "Easter Day", as in the '' Book of Common Prayer''; "Easter Sunday", used by James Ussher''The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher, Volume 4'') and Samuel Pepys''The Diary of Samuel ...
occurs on the latest possible date (last time 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
; next time 2038
The 2030s (pronounced "twenty-thirties"; shortened to the '30s) is the next decade in the Gregorian calendar that will begin on 1 January 2030, and will end on 31 December 2039.
Plans and goals
* NASA plans to execute a crewed mission to Mars ...
) in the Western Christian Church
Western Christianity is one of two sub-divisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other). Western Christianity is composed of the Latin Church and Western Protestantism, together with their offshoots such as the Old Catholic C ...
.
* April 27 – The U.S. Federal Writers' Project ceases operation.
May
* May 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
* 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...
– WWII: Six U-boats are sunk, after sinking 12 ships from Convoy ONS 5
ONS 5 was the 5th of the numbered ONS series of Slow trade convoys Outbound from the British Isles to North America. The North Atlantic battle surrounding it in May 1943 is regarded as the turning point of the Battle of the Atlantic in World ...
, in the last major North Atlantic U-boat " wolfpack" attack of the war.
* May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– 12 – Japanese troops carry out the Changjiao massacre
The Changjiao massacre () was a massacre of Chinese civilians by the China Expeditionary Army in Changjiao, Hunan. Gen. Shunroku Hata was the commander of the Japanese forces. For four days, from May 9-12, 1943, more than 30,000 civilians were ki ...
in Changjiao, Hunan
Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi ...
, China.
* May 11 – WWII: American troops invade Attu in the Aleutian Islands
The Aleutian Islands (; ; ale, Unangam Tanangin,”Land of the Aleuts", possibly from Chukchi ''aliat'', "island"), also called the Aleut Islands or Aleutic Islands and known before 1867 as the Catherine Archipelago, are a chain of 14 large v ...
, in an attempt to expel occupying Japanese forces.
* May 12
Events Pre-1600
* 254 – Pope Stephen I succeeds Pope Lucius I, becoming the 23rd pope of the Catholic Church, and immediately takes a stand against Novatianism.
* 907 – Zhu Wen forces Emperor Ai into abdicating, ending the Tang d ...
– The Third Washington Conference ("Trident") begins in Washington, D.C., with Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
and Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
taking part.
* May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
– WWII: German Afrika Korps
The Afrika Korps or German Africa Corps (, }; DAK) was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African Campaign of World War II. First sent as a holding force to shore up the Italian defense of its African colonies, the ...
and Italian troops in North Africa surrender to Allied forces.
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
*1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
** Australian Hospital Ship ''Centaur'' is sunk off the coast of Queensland by , killing 268 of the 332 medical personnel and civilian crew aboard.
** The 358th Bombardment Squadron
The 358th Bombardment Squadron is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to the 303d Bombardment Wing at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, where it was inactivated on 15 June 1964.
History World War II
The 358 ...
, 303d Bombardment Group
3 (three) is a number, numeral and digit. It is the natural number following 2 and preceding 4, and is the smallest odd prime number and the only prime preceding a square number. It has religious or cultural significance in many societie ...
B-17F ''Hell's Angels'' is the first USAAF
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
bomber
A bomber is a military combat aircraft designed to attack ground and naval targets by dropping air-to-ground weaponry (such as bombs), launching torpedoes, or deploying air-launched cruise missiles. The first use of bombs dropped from an air ...
to complete 25 missions.
* May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– The Comintern is dissolved in Moscow.
* May 16– 17 – WWII: Operation Chastise
Operation Chastise or commonly known as the Dambusters Raid was an attack on Nazi Germany, German dams carried out on the night of 16/17 May 1943 by No. 617 Squadron RAF, 617 Squadron RAF Bomber Command, later called the Dam Busters, using sp ...
(the 'Dambuster Raid') takes place: No. 617 Squadron RAF use bouncing bomb
A bouncing bomb is a bomb designed to bounce to a target across water in a calculated manner to avoid obstacles such as torpedo nets, and to allow both the bomb's speed on arrival at the target and the timing of its detonation to be pre-deter ...
s to breach German dams in the Ruhr Valley
The Ruhr ( ; german: Ruhrgebiet , also ''Ruhrpott'' ), also referred to as the Ruhr area, sometimes Ruhr district, Ruhr region, or Ruhr valley, is a polycentric urban area in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. With a population density of 2,800/km ...
.
* May 16 – Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising; pl, powstanie w getcie warszawskim; german: link=no, Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto was the 1943 act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto in German-occupied Poland during World War II to oppose Nazi Germany' ...
ends. 13,000 Jews have been killed in the ghetto and almost all the remaining 50,000 residents are deported to Majdanek
Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, a ...
and Treblinka extermination camp
Treblinka () was an extermination camp, built and operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland during World War II. It was in a forest north-east of Warsaw, south of the village of Treblinka in what is now the Masovian Voivodeship. The camp ...
s.
* May 17
Events Pre-1600
*1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...
– WWII:
** The United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
contracts with the University of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn or UPenn) is a private research university in Philadelphia. It is the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States and is ranked among the highest-regarded universitie ...
's Moore School to develop the computer ENIAC
ENIAC (; Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first programmable, electronic, general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945. There were other computers that had these features, but the ENIAC had all of them in one pac ...
.
** The '' Memphis Belle's'' crew becomes the first aircrew in the 8th Air Force
The Eighth Air Force (Air Forces Strategic) is a numbered air force (NAF) of the United States Air Force's Air Force Global Strike Command (AFGSC). It is headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana. The command serves as Air Forces ...
to complete its 25-mission tour of duty. The aircraft and crew are the first to return to the U.S. intact for a War Bond drive.
* May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
– Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
addresses a joint session of the United States Congress
A joint session of the United States Congress is a gathering of members of the two chambers of the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States: the Senate and the House of Representatives. Joint sessions can be held on a ...
.
* May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
*1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
* 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
– WWII: The battleship is commissioned at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...
.
* May 27 – The port city of Maizuru
is a city in Kyoto Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 78,644 in 34817 households and a population density of 230 persons per km². The total area of the city is .
Geography
Maizuru is located in northern Kyoto Pref ...
is founded in Japan.
* May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Norman Rockwell
Norman Percevel Rockwell (February 3, 1894 – November 8, 1978) was an American painter and illustrator. His works have a broad popular appeal in the United States for their reflection of Culture of the United States, the country's culture. Roc ...
's illustration of 'Rosie the Riveter
Rosie the Riveter is an allegorical cultural icon in the United States who represents the women who worked in factories and shipyards during World War II, many of whom produced munitions and war supplies. These women sometimes took entirely new ...
' first appears, on the cover of ''The Saturday Evening Post
''The Saturday Evening Post'' is an American magazine, currently published six times a year. It was issued weekly under this title from 1897 until 1963, then every two weeks until 1969. From the 1920s to the 1960s, it was one of the most widely ...
''.
* May 30
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Dr. Josef Mengele
, allegiance =
, branch = Schutzstaffel
, serviceyears = 1938–1945
, rank = '' SS''-'' Hauptsturmführer'' (Captain)
, servicenumber =
, battles =
, unit =
, awards =
, commands =
, ...
begins his position as a medical officer in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp.
** WWII: The Battle of Attu
The Battle of Attu (codenamed Operation Landcrab), which took place on 11–30 May 1943, was a battle fought between forces of the United States, aided by Canadian reconnaissance and fighter-bomber support, and Japan on Attu Island off the coas ...
ends in the Aleutian Islands with an American victory over the Japanese forces there.
June
*June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
* 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed k ...
– BOAC Flight 777, a scheduled passenger flight, is shot down over the Bay of Biscay by German Junkers Ju 88
The Junkers Ju 88 is a German World War II ''Luftwaffe'' twin-engined multirole combat aircraft. Junkers Aircraft and Motor Works (JFM) designed the plane in the mid-1930s as a so-called '' Schnellbomber'' ("fast bomber") that would be too fast ...
s; all 17 persons aboard perish, including actor Leslie Howard
Leslie Howard Steiner (3 April 18931 June 1943) was an English actor, director and producer.Obituary ''Variety'', 9 June 1943. He wrote many stories and articles for ''The New York Times'', ''The New Yorker'', and ''Vanity Fair'' and was one o ...
.
* June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depos ...
** The Zoot Suit Riots
The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that took place from June 3–8, 1943 in Los Angeles, California, United States, involving American servicemen stationed in Southern California and young Latino and Mexican American city residen ...
erupt between military personnel and Mexican-American youths in East Los Angeles.
** The French Committee of National Liberation
The French Committee of National Liberation (french: Comité français de Libération nationale) was a provisional government of Free France formed by the French generals Henri Giraud and Charles de Gaulle to provide united leadership, organi ...
(''Comité Français de Libération Nationale'', CFLN) is formed with headquarters in Algiers and Generals Charles de Gaulle and Henri Giraud
Henri Honoré Giraud (18 January 1879 – 11 March 1949) was a French general and a leader of the Free French Forces during the Second World War until he was forced to retire in 1944.
Born to an Alsatian family in Paris, Giraud graduated from ...
as co-presidents.
* June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– A military coup d'état
A coup d'état (; French for 'stroke of state'), also known as a coup or overthrow, is a seizure and removal of a government and its powers. Typically, it is an illegal seizure of power by a political faction, politician, cult, rebel group, m ...
in Argentina
Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...
ousts Ramón Castillo
Ramón Antonio Castillo Barrionuevo (November 20, 1873 – October 12, 1944) was a conservative Argentine politician who served as President of Argentina from June 27, 1942 to June 4, 1943. He was a leading figure in the period known as ...
.
* June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
– WWII: Japanese battleship ''Mutsu'' is destroyed by an accidental magazine explosion, in Hashirajima anchorage.
* June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
– 9 – WWII: Battle of Porta: The Royal Italian Army is defeated by the Greek People's Liberation Army
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
.
* June 20– 23 – The Detroit race riot of 1943 in the United States kills 34 people (25 African Americans, 9 whites), wounds hundreds more and damages and destroys property worth millions.
* June 21 – WWII: As part of Operation Animals
Operation Animals was a World War II mission by the British Special Operations Executive (SOE), in cooperation with the Greek Resistance groups ELAS, Zeus, EDES, PAO and the United States Army Air Force. The operation took place between 21 June ...
, British Special Operations Executive
The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a secret British World War II organisation. It was officially formed on 22 July 1940 under Minister of Economic Warfare Hugh Dalton, from the amalgamation of three existing secret organisations. Its pu ...
saboteurs destroy the railway bridge over the Asopos River in "Operation Washing
Operation Washing was the successful destruction of the railway bridge over the Asopos River in Central Greece by four British SOE saboteurs. It took place on 21 June 1943, as part of Operation Animals
Operation Animals was a World War II missi ...
", and guerrillas of the Greek People's Liberation Army
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
ambush and destroy a German convoy at the Battle of Sarantaporos
The Battle of Sarantaporo, also variously transliterated as Sarantaporon or Sarandaporon ( el, Μάχη του Σαρανταπόρου, tr, Sarantaporo Muharebesi, links=no), took place on 9–10 October, 1912. It was the first major battle ...
.
* June 22
Events Pre-1600
* 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
* 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus ...
– WWII: The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division lands in North Africa, prior to training at Arzew
Arzew or Arzeu ( ar, أرزيو Berber; ) is a port city in Algeria, 25 miles (40 km) from Oran. It is the capital of Arzew District, Oran Province.
History
Antiquity
Like the rest of North Africa, the site of modern-day Arzew was ori ...
, French Morocco.
* June 30
Events Pre-1600
* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
* 763 – The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.
*1422 – Battle of Arbedo between the duke of Milan ...
** The United States Civilian Conservation Corps
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a voluntary government work relief program that ran from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men ages 18–25 and eventually expanded to ages 17–28. The CCC was a major part of ...
is abolished.
** WWII: The New Georgia campaign
The New Georgia campaign was a series of land and naval battles of the Pacific campaign of World War II between Allied forces and the Empire of Japan. It was part of Operation Cartwheel, the Allied strategy in the South Pacific to isolate th ...
begins in the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...
, an Allied offensive against the Japanese forces stationed there.
* June
June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in ...
(late) – The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: The last trainload of Jewish prisoners is moved from Bełżec extermination camp in Occupied Poland
' ( Norwegian: ') is a Norwegian political thriller TV series that premiered on TV2 on 5 October 2015. Based on an original idea by Jo Nesbø, the series is co-created with Karianne Lund and Erik Skjoldbjærg. Season 2 premiered on 10 Octobe ...
(for gassing at Sobibór
Sobibor (, Polish: ) was an extermination camp built and operated by Nazi Germany as part of Operation Reinhard. It was located in the forest near the village of Żłobek Duży in the General Government region of German-occupied Poland.
As ...
), and for the remainder of the year the Nazis
Nazism ( ; german: Nazismus), the common name in English for National Socialism (german: Nationalsozialismus, ), is the far-right totalitarian political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in N ...
make efforts to obliterate the site.
July
* July 1 – The United States Women's Army Corps
The Women's Army Corps (WAC) was the women's branch of the United States Army. It was created as an auxiliary unit, the Women's Army Auxiliary Corps (WAAC) on 15 May 1942 and converted to an active duty status in the Army of the United States ...
(WAC) is converted to full status.
* July 4
Events Pre-1600
*362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaime ...
– 1943 Gibraltar B-24 crash: The aircraft carrying General Władysław Sikorski
Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (; 20 May 18814 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.
Prior to the First World War, Sikorski established and participated in several underground organizations that promoted the cause for Polish i ...
, Prime Minister of the Polish government-in-exile
The Polish government-in-exile, officially known as the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile ( pl, Rząd Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na uchodźstwie), was the government in exile of Poland formed in the aftermath of the Invasion of Pola ...
, crashes, killing him and 15 others, leading to a lasting controversy over the circumstances.
* July 5
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
* 1316 – The Burgundian a ...
– WWII:
** Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
commences Operation Citadel
Operation Citadel (german: Unternehmen Zitadelle) was a German offensive operation in July 1943 against Soviet forces in the Kursk salient, proposed by Generalfeldmarschall Fritz Erich Georg Eduard von Manstein during the Second World War on ...
. It will eventually lead to the Battle of Kursk
The Battle of Kursk was a major World War II Eastern Front engagement between the forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in the southwestern USSR during late summer 1943; it ultimately became the largest tank battle in history ...
, the largest tank battle in history.
** A fleet sets sail for the Allied invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers ( Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany). It b ...
.
** The National Bands Agreement is concluded in Greece.
* July 6
Events Pre-1600
* 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility.
* 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt ...
– WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the Battle of Kula Gulf
The naval Battle of Kula Gulf (Japanese: クラ湾夜戦) took place in the early hours of 6 July 1943 during World War II. The battle involved United States and Japanese ships off the eastern coast of Kolombangara in the Solomon Islands. It took ...
off Kolombangara
Kolombangara (sometimes spelled ''Kulambangara'') is an island in the New Georgia Islands group of the nation state of Solomon Islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The name is from a local language, a rough translation of its meaning is ...
.
* July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
** (0245 GMT (4:45 a.m. local time)) – WWII: Allied invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers ( Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany). It b ...
– The Allied invasion of Axis
An axis (plural ''axes'') is an imaginary line around which an object rotates or is symmetrical. Axis may also refer to:
Mathematics
* Axis of rotation: see rotation around a fixed axis
* Axis (mathematics), a designator for a Cartesian-coordinat ...
-controlled Europe begins, with landings on the island of Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
off mainland Italy by the Seventh United States Army and the British Eighth Army
The Eighth Army was an Allied field army formation of the British Army during the Second World War, fighting in the North African and Italian campaigns. Units came from Australia, British India, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Free French Forces ...
, including the 1st Canadian Infantry Division
The 1st Canadian Division (French: ''1re Division du Canada'' ) is a joint operational command and control formation based at CFB Kingston, and falls under Canadian Joint Operations Command. It is a high-readiness unit, able to move on very short ...
.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Jedwabne pogrom
The Jedwabne pogrom was a massacre of Polish Jews in the town of Jedwabne, German-occupied Poland, on 10 July 1941, during World War II and the early stages of the Holocaust. At least 340 men, women and children were murdered, some 300 of whom ...
– At least 340 Polish Jews are marched to a local barn, locked inside and subsequently burned to death.
* July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...
– WWII:
** United States Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land warfare, land military branch, service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight Uniformed services of the United States, U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army o ...
forces make an assault on Piano Lupo, just outside Gela
Gela (Sicilian and ; grc, Γέλα) is a city and (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest municipality on the southern coast of Sicily. Gela is part of the Province of Ca ...
, Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
.
** Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia
The massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia ( pl, rzeź wołyńska, lit=Volhynian slaughter; uk, Волинська трагедія, lit=Volyn tragedy, translit=Volynska trahediia), were carried out in German-occupied Poland by th ...
by the Ukrainian Insurgent Army
The Ukrainian Insurgent Army ( uk, Українська повстанська армія, УПА, translit=Ukrayins'ka povstans'ka armiia, abbreviated UPA) was a Ukrainian nationalist paramilitary and later partisan formation. During World ...
within the Reichskommissariat Ukraine
During World War II, (abbreviated as RKU) was the civilian occupation regime () of much of Nazi German-occupied Ukraine (which included adjacent areas of modern-day Belarus and pre-war Second Polish Republic). It was governed by the Reich Min ...
(Volhynia
Volhynia (also spelled Volynia) ( ; uk, Воли́нь, Volyn' pl, Wołyń, russian: Волы́нь, Volýnʹ, ), is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between south-eastern Poland, south-western Belarus, and western Ukraine. The ...
) peak.
* July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II o ...
– WWII: Main engagement of the Battle of Prokhorovka
The Battle of Prokhorovka was fought on 12 July 1943 near Prokhorovka, southeast of Kursk, in the Soviet Union, during the Second World War. Taking place on the Eastern Front, the engagement was part of the wider Battle of Kursk and occurre ...
– The Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the '' Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previo ...
and the Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army ( Russian: Рабо́че-крестья́нская Кра́сная армия),) often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and, afte ...
fight to a draw in one of the largest tank battles in military history.
* July 19
Events Pre-1600
*AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
* 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...
– WWII: Rome is bombed by the Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
, for the first time in the war.
* July 24
Events Pre-1600
*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
* 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirl ...
– WWII: Operation Gomorrha
The Allied bombing of Hamburg during World War II included numerous attacks on civilians and civic infrastructure. As a large city and industrial centre, Hamburg's shipyards, U-boat pens, and the Hamburg-Harburg area oil refineries were attack ...
: British and Canadian aeroplanes bomb Hamburg
(male), (female) en, Hamburger(s),
Hamburgian(s)
, timezone1 = Central (CET)
, utc_offset1 = +1
, timezone1_DST = Central (CEST)
, utc_offset1_DST = +2
, postal ...
by night; American planes bomb the city by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 42,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.
* July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
– Benito Mussolini, Fascist Prime Minister of Italy
The Prime Minister of Italy, officially the President of the Council of Ministers ( it, link=no, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is ...
since 1922, is arrested after the Grand Council of Fascism
The Grand Council of Fascism (, also translated "Fascist Grand Council") was the main body of Mussolini's Fascist government in Italy, that held and applied great power to control the institutions of government. It was created as a body of th ...
withdraws its support. "Il Duce" is replaced by General Pietro Badoglio
Pietro Badoglio, 1st Duke of Addis Abeba, 1st Marquess of Sabotino (, ; 28 September 1871 – 1 November 1956), was an Italian general during both World Wars and the first viceroy of Italian East Africa. With the fall of the Fascist regime ...
.
August
* August 1
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic.
*AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under ...
– Operation Tidal Wave
Operation Tidal Wave was an air attack by bombers of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) based in Libya on nine oil refineries around Ploiești, Romania on 1 August 1943, during World War II. It was a strategic bombing mission and part of ...
: 177 B-24 Liberator bombers from the U.S. Army Air Force
The United States Army Air Forces (USAAF or AAF) was the major land-based aerial warfare service component of the United States Army and ''de facto'' aerial warfare service branch of the United States during and immediately after World War II ...
bomb oil refineries at Ploiești, Romania.
* August 2 – WWII: John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination ...
's PT boat
A PT boat (short for patrol torpedo boat) was a motor torpedo boat used by the United States Navy in World War II. It was small, fast, and inexpensive to build, valued for its maneuverability and speed but hampered at the beginning of the war ...
''PT-109'' is run down by Japanese destroyer ''Amagiri''.
* August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
– WWII: The aircraft carrier is launched at Newport News, Virginia.
* August 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty.
* 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...
– WWII:
** United States Women Airforce Service Pilots
The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) (also Women's Army Service Pilots or Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots) was a civilian women pilots' organization, whose members were United States federal civil service employees. Members of WASP became t ...
(WASPs) are formed, consolidating the Women's Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron
The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) (also Women's Army Service Pilots or Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots) was a civilian women pilots' organization, whose members were United States federal civil service employees. Members of WASP became t ...
(WAFS) and Women Airforce Service Pilots
The Women Airforce Service Pilots (WASP) (also Women's Army Service Pilots or Women's Auxiliary Service Pilots) was a civilian women pilots' organization, whose members were United States federal civil service employees. Members of WASP became t ...
(WFTD).
** John F. Kennedy
John Fitzgerald Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), often referred to by his initials JFK and the nickname Jack, was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination ...
and crew are found by Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...
coastwatchers
The Coastwatchers, also known as the Coast Watch Organisation, Combined Field Intelligence Service or Section C, Allied Intelligence Bureau, were Allied military intelligence operatives stationed on remote Pacific islands during World War II ...
Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, with their dugout canoe
A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed tree. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. ''Monoxylon'' (''μονόξυλον'') (pl: ''monoxyla'') is Greek – ''mono-'' (single) + '' ξύλον xylon'' ( ...
.
* August 6 – WWII: Battle of Vella Gulf
The was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the night of 6–7 August 1943 in Vella Gulf between Vella Lavella Island and Kolombangara Island in the Solomon Islands of the Southwest Pacific.
This engagement was t ...
: Americans defeat a Japanese convoy off Kolombangara
Kolombangara (sometimes spelled ''Kulambangara'') is an island in the New Georgia Islands group of the nation state of Solomon Islands in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The name is from a local language, a rough translation of its meaning is ...
, as the U.S. Army
The United States Army (USA) is the land service branch of the United States Armed Forces. It is one of the eight U.S. uniformed services, and is designated as the Army of the United States in the U.S. Constitution.Article II, section 2, cl ...
drives the Japanese out of Munda airfield on New Georgia
New Georgia, with an area of , is the largest of the islands in Western Province, Solomon Islands, and the 200th-largest island in the world.
Geography
New Georgia island is located in the New Georgia Group, an archipelago including most ...
.
* August 14
** WWII: Rome is declared an open city
In war, an open city is a settlement which has announced it has abandoned all defensive efforts, generally in the event of the imminent capture of the city to avoid destruction. Once a city has declared itself open the opposing military will be ...
by the Italian government, with Italy offering to demilitarize the capital, in return for an Allied agreement not to bomb the city further.
** The Quadrant Conference begins in Quebec City
Quebec City ( or ; french: Ville de Québec), officially Québec (), is the capital city of the Canadian province of Quebec. As of July 2021, the city had a population of 549,459, and the metropolitan area had a population of 839,311. It is t ...
; Canadian Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...
MacKenzie King meets with Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
and Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
.
* August 17
Events Pre-1600
*309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike.
* 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
* 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...
– WWII:
** The Seventh U.S. Army, under General George S. Patton
George Smith Patton Jr. (November 11, 1885 – December 21, 1945) was a general in the United States Army who commanded the Seventh United States Army in the Mediterranean Theater of World War II, and the Third United States Army in France ...
, meets the Eighth British Army under Field Marshal B. L. Montgomery in Messina, Sicily
Messina (, also , ) is a harbour city and the capital of the Italian Metropolitan City of Messina. It is the third largest city on the island of Sicily, and the 13th largest city in Italy, with a population of more than 219,000 inhabitants in ...
, completing the Allied invasion of Sicily
The Allied invasion of Sicily, also known as Operation Husky, was a major campaign of World War II in which the Allied forces invaded the island of Sicily in July 1943 and took it from the Axis powers ( Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany). It b ...
** Operation Hydra: The British Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
sets out to bomb the Peenemünde Army Research Center
The Peenemünde Army Research Center (german: Heeresversuchsanstalt Peenemünde, HVP) was founded in 1937 as one of five military proving grounds under the German Army Weapons Office (''Heereswaffenamt''). Several German guided missiles an ...
, to disrupt the German V-weapons
V-weapons, known in original German as (, German: "retaliatory weapons", "reprisal weapons"), were a particular set of long-range artillery weapons designed for strategic bombing during World War II, particularly strategic bombing and/or aer ...
programme.
* August 21 – 1943 Australian federal election
The 1943 Australian federal election was held in Australia on 21 August 1943. All 74 seats in the House of Representatives and 19 of the 36 seats in the Senate were up for election. The incumbent Labor Party, led by Prime Minister John Curtin, ...
: John Curtin
John Curtin (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was an Australian politician who served as the 14th prime minister of Australia from 1941 until his death in 1945. He led the country for the majority of World War II, including all but the last few ...
's Labor
Labour or labor may refer to:
* Childbirth, the delivery of a baby
* Labour (human activity), or work
** Manual labour, physical work
** Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer
** Organized labour and the la ...
Government
A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.
In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislature, executive, and judiciary. Government is ...
defeats the Country
A country is a distinct part of the world, such as a state, nation, or other political entity. It may be a sovereign state or make up one part of a larger state. For example, the country of Japan is an independent, sovereign state, while ...
/ UAP Coalition, led by former Prime Minister
A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister i ...
Arthur Fadden
Sir Arthur William Fadden, (13 April 189421 April 1973) was an Australian politician who served as the 13th prime minister of Australia from 29 August to 7 October 1941. He was the leader of the Country Party from 1940 to 1958 and also served ...
. Labor achieves its greatest ever electoral result, including winning every seat (except one) outside of the eastern states. Notably, this election marked the first time that a woman has been elected to both the Senate and the House of Representatives
House of Representatives is the name of legislative bodies in many countries and sub-national entitles. In many countries, the House of Representatives is the lower house of a bicameral legislature, with the corresponding upper house often c ...
. Fadden will step down from the Opposition leadership, handing it over to Robert Menzies, who will go on to dissolve the UAP and form the Liberal Party
The Liberal Party is any of many political parties around the world. The meaning of ''liberal'' varies around the world, ranging from liberal conservatism on the right to social liberalism on the left.
__TOC__ Active liberal parties
This is a li ...
shortly after.
* August 23
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Cae ...
– WWII: The Battle of Kursk
The Battle of Kursk was a major World War II Eastern Front engagement between the forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in the southwestern USSR during late summer 1943; it ultimately became the largest tank battle in history ...
ends, with a strategic defeat for the German forces.
* August 24
Events Pre-1600
* 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father.
* 394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is written. ...
– Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ...
is named Reichsminister of the Interior in Germany.
* August 26
Events Pre-1600
* 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
*1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most ...
– WWII: Louis Mountbatten is named Supreme Allied Commander for Southeast Asia.
* August 28
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.
* 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way ...
– WWII: King Boris III of Bulgaria
Boris III ( bg, Борѝс III ; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier) , was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until hi ...
dies under suspicious circumstances; his 6-year-old son, Simeon II, ascends to the throne.
* August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...
– WWII: Occupation of Denmark
At the outset of World War II in September 1939, Denmark declared itself neutral. For most of the war, the country was a protectorate and then an occupied territory of Germany. The decision to occupy Denmark was taken in Berlin on 17 December ...
– Germany dissolves the Danish government, after it refuses to deal with a wave of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities.
September
*September 3
Events Pre-1600
*36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate.
* 301 – San Marino, one of the ...
– WWII: Allied invasion of Italy
The Allied invasion of Italy was the Allied amphibious landing on mainland Italy that took place from 3 September 1943, during the Italian campaign of World War II. The operation was undertaken by General Sir Harold Alexander's 15th Army ...
** Armistice of Cassibile: The Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy ( it, Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 1946, when civil discontent led to an institutional referendum to abandon the monarchy and f ...
surrenders to the Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
in a document signed on Sicily
(man) it, Siciliana (woman)
, population_note =
, population_blank1_title =
, population_blank1 =
, demographics_type1 = Ethnicity
, demographics1_footnotes =
, demographi ...
but not made public at this time.
** Operation Baytown
Operation Baytown was an Allied amphibious landing on the mainland of Italy that took place on 3 September 1943, part of the Allied invasion of Italy, itself part of the Italian Campaign, during the Second World War.
Planning
The attack was ...
: Mainland Italy is invaded by Allied forces under General Bernard Montgomery, for the first time in the war.
* September 5
Events Pre-1600
* 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
*1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
*1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
– WWII: The 503rd Parachute Regiment (under American General Douglas MacArthur) lands and occupies Nadzab, just east of the port city of Lae
Lae () is the capital of Morobe Province and is the second-largest city in Papua New Guinea. It is located near the delta of the Markham River and at the start of the Highlands Highway, which is the main land transport corridor between the Highl ...
, in northeastern Papua New Guinea
Papua New Guinea (abbreviated PNG; , ; tpi, Papua Niugini; ho, Papua Niu Gini), officially the Independent State of Papua New Guinea ( tpi, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini; ho, Independen Stet bilong Papua Niu Gini), is a country i ...
.
* September 7
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
* 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
*1159 – Pope Alexander III is chosen.
*1191 – Third Cr ...
– Gulf Hotel fire
The Gulf Hotel fire claimed 55 lives in the early-morning hours of September 7, 1943 in Downtown Houston, Texas, United States. The fire remains the worst loss of life in a fire in the city's history.
Hotel
The hotel was located on the northwes ...
: A fire at the Gulf Hotel in Houston, Texas kills 55.
* September 8
Events Pre-1600
* 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
*1100 – Election of Antipope Theodo ...
** WWII: United States General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, ...
publicly announces the surrender of Italy to the Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
.
** WWII: Frascati air raid
An air raid of USAAF planes against Frascati, a historic town near Rome, Italy, was made on 8 September 1943. The target was the German General Headquarters for the Mediterranean zone (O.B.S.) and the Italian headquarters, scattered in buildings a ...
: The USAAF bombs the German General Headquarters for the Mediterranean zone.
** The first classes commence at Grace University
Grace University was a private Christian university in Omaha, Nebraska. The university included undergraduate programs and the Grace University College of Professional and Graduate Studies. The university ceased all academic operations in May 2 ...
in Omaha, Nebraska
Omaha ( ) is the largest city in the U.S. state of Nebraska and the county seat of Douglas County. Omaha is in the Midwestern United States on the Missouri River, about north of the mouth of the Platte River. The nation's 39th-largest cit ...
.
* September 9
Events Pre-1600
* 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.
*1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age.
* 1141 – ...
– Bertolt Brecht's play ''Life of Galileo
''Life of Galileo'' (), also known as ''Galileo'', is a play by the 20th century German dramatist Bertolt Brecht and collaborator Margarete Steffin with incidental music by Hanns Eisler. The play was written in 1938 and received its first theatri ...
'' () receives its first theatrical production, at the Schauspielhaus Zürich
The Schauspielhaus Zürich ( en, Zürich playhouse) is one of the most prominent and important theatres in the German-speaking world. It is also known as "Pfauenbühne" (Peacock Stage). The large theatre has 750 seats. The also operates three s ...
.
* September 12
Events Pre-1600
*490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece.
* 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Jin ...
– WWII: Gran Sasso raid
During World War II, the Gran Sasso raid (codenamed ''Unternehmen Eiche'', , literally "Operation Oak", by the German military) on 12 September 1943 was a successful operation by German paratroopers and ''Waffen-SS'' commandos to rescue the dep ...
– German paratroopers rescue Mussolini from imprisonment, in ''Unternehmen Eiche'' ("Operation Oak").
* September 16
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council.
*1400 – Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers. 1601–1900
*1620 – A determined band of 35 religio ...
– WWII: Salerno Mutiny – Soldiers of the British Army
The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...
's X Corps 10th Corps, Tenth Corps, or X Corps may refer to:
France
* 10th Army Corps (France)
* X Corps (Grande Armée), a unit of the Imperial French Army during the Napoleonic Wars
Germany
* X Corps (German Empire), a unit of the Imperial German Army
* ...
refuse postings to new units.
* September 17 – WWII: Villefranche-de-Rouergue Mutiny – A group of pro- Partisan soldiers, led by Ferid Džanić
Ferid Džanić (1918 – 17 September 1943) was a Bosniak soldier during World War II. A member of the SS ''Handschar'' Division, he was one of the leaders of an unsuccessful anti-German mutiny in Villefranche-de-Rouergue, in which he was kille ...
and others within the 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS Handschar (1st Croatian)
The 13th Waffen Mountain Division of the SS ''Handschar'' (1st Croatian) was a mountain infantry division of the Waffen-SS, an armed branch of the German Nazi Party that served alongside but was never formally part of the Wehrmacht during World ...
, training in Occupied France
The Military Administration in France (german: Militärverwaltung in Frankreich; french: Occupation de la France par l'Allemagne) was an interim occupation authority established by Nazi Germany during World War II to administer the occupied zo ...
, rise against Nazi German
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
troops in the Division; the revolt is rapidly suppressed.
* September 21
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army and consolidates his power.
* 1170 – The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Norman invaders.
* 1217 – Livonian Crusade: The Estonian leader Lembitu and Livonian ...
– 26 – WWII: Massacre of the Acqui Division
The massacre of the Acqui Division, also known as the Cephalonia massacre, was the mass execution of the soldiers of the Italian 33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" by German soldiers on the island of Cephalonia, Greece, in September 1943, following t ...
– German soldiers of the 1st Mountain Division (Wehrmacht)
The 1st Mountain Division (german: 1. Gebirgs-Division) was an elite formation of the German '' Wehrmacht'' during World War II, and is remembered for its involvement in multiple large-scale war crimes.
It was created on 9 April 1938 in Garmis ...
kill over 5,100 Italian military internees resisting disarmament on the Greek island of Cephalonia.
* September 22
Events Pre-1600
* 904 – The warlord Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor Zhaozong, the penultimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, after seizing control of the imperial government.
* 1236 – The Samogitians defeat the Livonian Brothers of th ...
–October 2
Events Pre-1600
* 829 – Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor.
* 939 – Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and ...
– WWII: Landing at Scarlet Beach
The Landing at Scarlet Beach (Operation Diminish) (22 September 1943) took place in New Guinea during the Huon Peninsula campaign of the Second World War, involving forces from Australia, the United States and Japan. Allied forces landed at Sc ...
on the Huon Peninsula
Huon Peninsula is a large rugged peninsula on the island of New Guinea in Morobe Province, eastern Papua New Guinea. It is named after French explorer Jean-Michel Huon de Kermadec. The peninsula is dominated by the steep Saruwaged and Finisterr ...
of New Guinea
New Guinea (; Hiri Motu: ''Niu Gini''; id, Papua, or , historically ) is the world's second-largest island with an area of . Located in Oceania in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, the island is separated from Australia by the wide Torr ...
by Allied forces, the first time Australian troops have made an opposed amphibious landing since the Gallipoli Campaign of 1915
Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January
* January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction".
* January ...
.
* September 23 – WWII: The Italian Social Republic ("Republic of Salò") is founded in northern Italy as a puppet state
A puppet state, puppet régime, puppet government or dummy government, is a state that is ''de jure'' independent but ''de facto'' completely dependent upon an outside power and subject to its orders.Compare: Puppet states have nominal sove ...
of Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany (lit. "National Socialist State"), ' (lit. "Nazi State") for short; also ' (lit. "National Socialist Germany") (officially known as the German Reich from 1933 until 1943, and the Greater German Reich from 1943 to 1945) was ...
.
* September 25
Events Pre-1600
* 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus.
* 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt ag ...
– WWII: The Russian city of Smolensk
Smolensk ( rus, Смоленск, p=smɐˈlʲensk, a=smolensk_ru.ogg) is a city and the administrative center of Smolensk Oblast, Russia, located on the Dnieper River, west-southwest of Moscow. First mentioned in 863, it is one of the oldest ...
is liberated by Soviet forces as part of the successful Smolensk operation
The second Smolensk operation (7 August – 2 October 1943) was a Soviet strategic offensive operation conducted by the Red Army as part of the Summer-Autumn Campaign of 1943. Staged almost simultaneously with the Lower Dnieper Offensive (13 Au ...
against German defenders.
* September 27
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
* 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuton ...
– WWII: Four days of Naples begins: a popular uprising drives German occupying forces from the city.
October
*October 1
Events Pre-1600
* 331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
* 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated.
* 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadw ...
– WWII: United States forces enter liberated Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
.
* October 3
Events Pre-1600
* 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day.
* 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Juliu ...
– WWII: Nazi Wehrmacht
The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the '' Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previo ...
forces commit the Lyngiades massacre in northwest Greece as an arbitrary reprisal.
* October 6
Events Pre-1600
* 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army of the mid-Republic.
* 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia.
*A ...
– WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Vella Lavella
The was a naval battle of the Pacific campaign of World War II fought on the night of 6 October 1943, near the island of Vella Lavella in the Solomon Islands. It marked the end of a three-month fight to capture the central Solomon Islands, as pa ...
.
* October 7
Events Pre-1600
* 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar.
* 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon.
* 1477 ...
– WWII: The Naples post-office bombing kills 100.
* October 10
Events Pre-1600
* 680 – The Battle of Karbala marks the Martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali.
* 732 – Charles Martel's forces defeat an Umayyad army near Tours, France.
*1471 – Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with ...
** WWII: Double Tenth incident ( Japanese occupation of Singapore): The Japanese military police, the Kempeitai
The , also known as Kempeitai, was the military police arm of the Imperial Japanese Army from 1881 to 1945 that also served as a secret police force. In addition, in Japanese-occupied territories, the Kenpeitai arrested or killed those suspecte ...
, arrest and torture more than 50 civilians and civilian internees, on false suspicion of their involvement in a raid on Singapore
Singapore (), officially the Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign island country and city-state in maritime Southeast Asia. It lies about one degree of latitude () north of the equator, off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bor ...
Harbour during Operation Jaywick
Operation Jaywick was a special operation undertaken in World War II. In September 1943, 14 commandos and sailors from the Allied Z Special Unit raided Japanese shipping in Singapore Harbour, sinking six ships.
Background
Special Operations ...
.
** The Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky is instituted in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
.
* October 13
Events Pre-1600
* 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina.
* 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the P ...
– WWII: The new government of Italy sides with the Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
and declares war on Germany.
* October 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings.
* 1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's ...
** WWII: During the Second Raid on Schweinfurt
The second Schweinfurt raid, also called Black Thursday, was a World War II air battle that took place on 14 October 1943, over Nazi Germany between forces of the United States 8th Air Force and German ''Luftwaffe'' fighter arm (''Jagdwaffe''). ...
, the United States Eighth Air Force suffers so many losses, that it loses air supremacy
Aerial supremacy (also air superiority) is the degree to which a side in a conflict holds control of air power over opposing forces. There are levels of control of the air in aerial warfare. Control of the air is the aerial equivalent of comm ...
over Germany for several months.
** The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Uprising in Sobibór extermination camp
Sobibor (, Polish: ) was an extermination camp built and operated by Nazi Germany as part of Operation Reinhard. It was located in the forest near the village of Żłobek Duży in the General Government region of German-occupied Poland.
As a ...
; about half the inmates escape. Three days later, the camp is closed.
** José P. Laurel takes the oath of office as President of the Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
(Second Philippine Republic
The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines ( tl, Repúbliká ng Pilipinas; es, República de Filipinas; ja, フィリピン共和国, ''Firipin-kyōwakoku'') and also known as the Japanese-sponsored Phi ...
).
* October 16
Events Pre-1600
* 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire.
* 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire.
* ...
– The Holocaust: Raid of the Ghetto of Rome
The Raid of the Ghetto of Rome took place on 16 October 1943. A total of 1,259 people, mainly members of the Jewish community—numbering 363 men, 689 women, and 207 children—were detained by the Gestapo. Of these detainees, 1,023 were identif ...
– Over a thousand Jews are rounded up in Rome by the Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one orga ...
; only 16 will survive their deportation to Auschwitz concentration camp. The public silence of Pope Pius XII on the raid becomes a matter of historical controversy.
* October 17
Events Pre-1600
* 690 – Empress Wu Zetian establishes the Zhou Dynasty of China.
*1091 – London tornado of 1091: A tornado thought to be of strength T8/F4 strikes the heart of London.
*1346 – The English capture King Davi ...
– WWII:
** The last commerce raider
Commerce raiding (french: guerre de course, "war of the chase"; german: Handelskrieg, "trade war") is a form of naval warfare used to destroy or disrupt logistics of the enemy on the open sea by attacking its merchant shipping, rather than enga ...
, German auxiliary cruiser ''Michel'', is sunk off Japan by United States submarine ''Tarpon''.
** The Burma Railway
The Burma Railway, also known as the Siam–Burma Railway, Thai–Burma Railway and similar names, or as the Death Railway, is a railway between Ban Pong, Thailand and Thanbyuzayat, Burma (now called Myanmar). It was built from 1940 to 1943 ...
is completed between Bangkok
Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populati ...
, Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...
and Rangoon, Burma (modern-day Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
) () by the Empire of Japan
The also known as the Japanese Empire or Imperial Japan, was a historical nation-state and great power that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the post-World War II Constitution of Japan, 1947 constitu ...
, to support its forces in the Burma campaign, using the forced labour of Asian civilians and Allied Prisoners of war.
* October 18
Events Pre-1600
* 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation.
* 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philos ...
– Chiang Kai-shek takes the oath of office as Chairman of the National Government of China
This is a list of the presidents of the Republic of China.
The Republic of China controlled Mainland China before 1949. In the fall of 1949, the ROC government retreated to Taiwan and surrounding islands as a result of the takeover of th ...
.
* October 19
Events Pre-1600
* 202 BC – Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage.
* 439 – The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in ...
– WWII: Allied aircraft sink the German-controlled cargo ship in the Mediterranean, killing over 2,000 people, mostly Italian military internees.
* October 21
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade.
*1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of A ...
– Lucie Aubrac
Lucie Samuel (29 June 1912 – 14 March 2007), born Lucie Bernard, and better known as Lucie Aubrac (), was a French history teacher and member of the French Resistance during World War II. In 1938, she earned an agrégation of history (somethi ...
and others in her French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
cell liberate Raymond Aubrac
Raymond Aubrac (31 July 1914 – 10 April 2012) was a leader of the French Resistance during the Second World War and a civil engineer after the Second World War.
Early life
Aubrac was born Raymond Samuel into a middle-class Jewish family in Ves ...
from Gestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one orga ...
imprisonment.
* October 22
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council.
* 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (no ...
– WWII: Bombing of Kassel in World War II: The British Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
delivers a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of Kassel; at least 10,000 are killed and 150,000 are made homeless.
* October 24
Events Pre-1600
* AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius.
*1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France.
* 1360 – The T ...
– WWII: British Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against ...
destroyer is sunk by a mine in the Aegean Sea
The Aegean Sea ; tr, Ege Denizi (Greek: Αιγαίο Πέλαγος: "Egéo Pélagos", Turkish: "Ege Denizi" or "Adalar Denizi") is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia. It is located between the Balkans ...
, with the loss of 119 of the ship's company and 134 troops.
* October 30
Events Pre-1600
* 637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
* 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates.
*1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Ro ...
** WWII: Signing of Moscow Declarations: the Declaration of the Four Nations
The Declaration of the Four Nations on General Security, or Four Power Declaration, was signed on October 30, 1943, at the Moscow Conference by the Big Four: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. The declaration ...
on general security, by the United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union and Republic of China; and the Declarations on Italy, Austria and Atrocities by the first three governments.
** The Merrie Melodies animated cartoon ''Falling Hare
''Falling Hare'' is a 1943 Warner Bros. '' Merrie Melodies'' cartoon directed by Bob Clampett. The cartoon features Bugs Bunny.
In this film, Bugs Bunny tries to prevent the wrecking of an American military aircraft by a gremlin. The setting is ...
'', one of the only short
Short may refer to:
Places
* Short (crater), a lunar impact crater on the near side of the Moon
* Short, Mississippi, an unincorporated community
* Short, Oklahoma, a census-designated place
People
* Short (surname)
* List of people known as ...
s with Bugs Bunny
Bugs Bunny is an animated cartoon character created in the late 1930s by Warner Bros. Cartoons, Leon Schlesinger Productions (later Warner Bros. Cartoons) and Voice acting, voiced originally by Mel Blanc. Bugs is best known for his starring role ...
getting out-smarted, is released in the United States.
November
* November 1
Events Pre-1600
*365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freisin ...
– WWII: Operation Goodtime: United States Marines
The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through com ...
land on Bougainville Island in the Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...
.
* November 2
Events Pre-1600
* 619 – A qaghan of the Western Turkic Khaganate is assassinated in a Chinese palace by Eastern Turkic rivals after the approval of Tang emperor Gaozu.
* 1410 – The Peace of Bicêtre suspends hostilities in the ...
– WWII:
** Battle of Empress Augusta Bay
The Battle of Empress Augusta Bay, on 1–2 November 1943 – also known as the Battle of Gazelle Bay, Operation Cherry Blossom, and in Japanese sources as the Sea Battle off Bougainville Island (ブーゲンビル島沖海戦) – was a naval ba ...
off Bougainville Island: American and Japanese ships fight to a draw.
** WWII: British troops in Italy reach the Garigliano River
The Garigliano () is a river in central Italy.
It forms at the confluence of the rivers Gari (also known as the Rapido) and Liri. Garigliano is actually a deformation of "Gari-Lirano" (which in Italian means something like "Gari from the Liri") ...
.
* November 3
Events Pre-1600
* 361 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia; on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.
*1333 – The River Arno floods causing massive damage in Fl ...
– 4 – The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: ''Aktion Erntefest
Operation Harvest Festival (german: Aktion Erntefest) was the murder of up to 43,000 Jews at the Majdanek, Poniatowa and Trawniki concentration camps by the SS, the Order Police battalions, and the Ukrainian '' Sonderdienst'' on 3–4 Novem ...
'' ("Operation Harvest Festival") – The largest single day massacre of Jews in the entire war takes place when over 43,000 Jews are shot-gunned to death by the SS, the ''Ordnungspolizei
The ''Ordnungspolizei'' (), abbreviated ''Orpo'', meaning "Order Police", were the uniformed police force in Nazi Germany from 1936 to 1945. The Orpo organisation was absorbed into the Nazi monopoly on power after regional police jurisdiction w ...
'' and the "Trawniki men
Trawniki is a village in Świdnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the present-day gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Trawniki. It lies approximately south-east of Świdnik and south-east of the regio ...
" (Ukrainian collaborators) in ''Sonderdienst
''Sonderdienst'' (german: Special Services) were the Nazi German paramilitary formations created in semicolonial General Government during the occupation of Poland in World War II. They were based on similar '' SS'' formations called ''Volksdeuts ...
'' formations at the Majdanek
Majdanek (or Lublin) was a Nazi concentration and extermination camp built and operated by the SS on the outskirts of the city of Lublin during the German occupation of Poland in World War II. It had seven gas chambers, two wooden gallows, a ...
, Trawniki
Trawniki is a village in Świdnik County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. It is the seat of the present-day gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Trawniki. It lies approximately south-east of Świdnik and south-east of the regio ...
and Poniatowa
Poniatowa is a town in southeastern Poland, in Opole Lubelskie County, in Lublin Voivodship, with 10,500 inhabitants (2006). It belongs to the historic province of Lesser Poland. During the existence of the 17th-century Polish–Lithuanian Common ...
concentration camps in the General Government territory of occupied Poland
' ( Norwegian: ') is a Norwegian political thriller TV series that premiered on TV2 on 5 October 2015. Based on an original idea by Jo Nesbø, the series is co-created with Karianne Lund and Erik Skjoldbjærg. Season 2 premiered on 10 Octobe ...
.
* November 5
Events Pre-1600
*1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.
*1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Bre ...
– WWII: First Bombing of the Vatican – Four bombs are dropped on the neutral Vatican City
Vatican City (), officially the Vatican City State ( it, Stato della Città del Vaticano; la, Status Civitatis Vaticanae),—'
* german: Vatikanstadt, cf. '—' (in Austria: ')
* pl, Miasto Watykańskie, cf. '—'
* pt, Cidade do Vati ...
; the aircraft responsible is never certainly identified.
* November 6 – WWII: The Ukrainian capital of Kiev is liberated by Soviet forces from its German occupiers as part of the Battle of Kiev (1943), Battle of Kiev.
* November 9 An agreement
for the foundation of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration is signed by 44 countries in the White House, Washington, D.C. * November 10 – The Lübeck martyrs, four men of religion, are executed for supposedly treasonable views. * November 14 – Leonard Bernstein, substituting at the last minute for ailing principal conductor Bruno Walter, directs the New York Philharmonic in its regular Sunday afternoon broadcast concert, over
CBS
CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainm ...
Radio. The event receives front-page coverage in ''The New York Times'' the following day.
* November 15 – Porajmos: German SS leader Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (; 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945) was of the (Protection Squadron; SS), and a leading member of the Nazi Party of Germany. Himmler was one of the most powerful men in Nazi Germany and a main architect of th ...
orders that Romani people, Gypsies be put "on the same level as Jews and placed in Nazi concentration camps."
* November 16 – WWII:
** After flying from Britain, 160 American bombers Norwegian heavy water sabotage, strike a hydro-electric power facility and heavy water factory in German-controlled Vemork
Vemork is a hydroelectric power plant outside Rjukan in Tinn, Norway. The plant was built by Norsk Hydro and opened in 1911, its main purpose being to fix nitrogen for the production of fertilizer. At opening, it was the world's largest power pl ...
, Norway.
** A Japanese submarine sinks the surfaced U.S. submarine , near Chuuk Lagoon (Truk).
* November 18 – WWII: Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign), Battle of Berlin – The British Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
opens its bombing campaign against Berlin with 440 planes, causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF loses 9 aircraft and 53 aviators.
* November 19 – The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also known as the Shoah, was the genocide of European Jews during World War II. Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe; ...
: Inmates of Janowska concentration camp, near Lwów (at this time in History of Poland (1939–45), German-occupied Poland), stage a failed uprising, after which the SS liquidates the camp, resulting in at least 6,000 deaths.
* November 20 – WWII: Battle of Tarawa: United States Marines
The United States Marine Corps (USMC), also referred to as the United States Marines, is the maritime land force service branch of the United States Armed Forces responsible for conducting expeditionary and amphibious operations through com ...
land on Tarawa Atoll, Tarawa and Makin (islands), Makin atolls in the Gilbert Islands (Kiribati from 1979) and take heavy fire from Japanese shore guns.
* November 22–November 26, 26 – WWII: Cairo Conference ("Sextant") – President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
and Chairman of the National Government of China Chiang Kai-shek meet at Cairo, Egypt, to discuss ways to defeat Japan in the Pacific War.
* November 22 – Lebanon gains independence, upon the ending of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, French Mandate.
* November 23 – The Deutsches Opernhaus on Bismarckstraße, in the Berlin district of Charlottenburg, is destroyed in an air raid (it is reopened in 1961, as the Deutsche Oper Berlin).
* November 25 – WWII: Americans and Japanese fight the naval Battle of Cape St. George, between Buka Island, Buka and New Ireland (island), New Ireland.
* November 26 – WWII: British troopship HMT Rohna, HMT ''Rohna'' is sunk off the north African coast by a ''Luftwaffe'' Henschel Hs 293 radio controlled glide bomb, killing 1,015.
* November 27 – The 1943 Tosya–Ladik earthquake in Turkey kills thousands.
* November 28 – WWII: Tehran Conference: U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill
Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom twice, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and again from ...
and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran, to discuss war strategy. On November 30, they establish an agreement concerning a planned June
June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in ...
1944 invasion of Europe, codenamed Operation Overlord.
* November 29 – The second session of AVNOJ, the Anti-Fascist Council of National Liberation of Yugoslavia, is held in Jajce, Bosnia and Herzegovina, to determine the post-war ordering of the country.
December
* December 2 – WWII: Bari#The 1943 chemical warfare disaster, Bari chemical warfare disaster: A surprise Luftwaffe air raid on Bari, Italy sinks 28 Allied ships in the harbor, including the American Liberty ship , releasing its secret cargo of mustard gas bombs, inflating the number of casualties. * December 3 ** In reprisal for an act of sabotage, the SS andGestapo
The (), abbreviated Gestapo (; ), was the official secret police of Nazi Germany and in German-occupied Europe.
The force was created by Hermann Göring in 1933 by combining the various political police agencies of Prussia into one orga ...
execute 100 Warsaw Tramway workers.
** Edward R. Murrow delivers his classic "Orchestrated Hell" broadcast over CBS
CBS Broadcasting Inc., commonly shortened to CBS, the abbreviation of its former legal name Columbia Broadcasting System, is an American commercial broadcast television and radio network serving as the flagship property of the CBS Entertainm ...
Radio, describing a Royal Air Force
The Royal Air Force (RAF) is the United Kingdom's air and space force. It was formed towards the end of the First World War on 1 April 1918, becoming the first independent air force in the world, by regrouping the Royal Flying Corps (RFC) an ...
nighttime bombing raid on Berlin.
* December 4
** WWII: In Yugoslavia, resistance leader Marshal Josip Broz Tito, Tito proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government-in-exile.
** With unemployment figures falling fast due to WWII-related employment, U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt (; ; January 30, 1882April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American politician and attorney who served as the 32nd president of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945. As the ...
closes the Works Progress Administration.
** WWII: Bolivia declares war on Romania and Hungary.
* December 7 – Chiara Lubich starts the humanitarian Focolare Movement in Trento, Italy.
* December 13 – WWII: Massacre of Kalavryta – The occupying 117th Jäger Division (Wehrmacht) machine-guns all adult males from Kalavryta, Greece, subsequently burning the town.
* December 15 – WWII: American and Australian forces begin the Battle of Arawe as a diversion before a larger landing at Cape Gloucester (Papua New Guinea), Cape Gloucester on New Britain, in Papua New Guinea.
* December 20 – A military coup is staged in Bolivia.
*December 20–December 28, 28 – WWII: Italian Campaign – Battle of Ortona: Canadian infantry defeat elite German paratroops.
* December 24 – WWII: U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower
Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (born David Dwight Eisenhower; ; October 14, 1890 – March 28, 1969) was an American military officer and statesman who served as the 34th president of the United States from 1953 to 1961. During World War II, ...
becomes Supreme Allied Commander Europe. He establishes the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force in London.
* December 26 – WWII: Battle of the North Cape – German battleship Scharnhorst, German battleship ''Scharnhorst'' is torpedoed and sunk in a night action north of the Arctic Circle by British battleship HMS Duke of York (17), HMS ''Duke of York'' and her escorts with the loss of all but 36 of the German crew of 1,943 (including Admiral Erich Bey); this is the war's last action between big-gun capital ships of Britain and Germany.
* December 30 – Subhas Chandra Bose sets up a pro-Japanese Indian government at Port Blair, India.
* December 31 - The Times Square Ball in Times Square, New York City isn't dropped a second time. Instead, there was a moment of silence at midnight, followed by the sound of bells playing from sound trucks at the base of One Times Square.
Date unknown
* Bengal famine of 1943, Bengal Famine. * History of the cooperative movement: Father José María Arizmendiarrieta sets up a polytechnic school at Mondragón in the Spanish Basque Country (predecessor of the University of Mondragón), which inspires creation of the Mondragon Corporation. * Arana Hall, a residential college of the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand, is founded. * Jacques-Yves Cousteau co-invents, with Émile Gagnan, the first commercially successful open circuit type of Scuba set, scuba diving equipment, the Aqua-lung. * Martin Noth's groundbreaking work of Old Testament scholarship, , is published.Births
January
* January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
– Jimmy Hart, American wrestling manager
* January 2 – Barış Manço, Turkish singer, television personality (d. 1999)
* January 4 – Doris Kearns Goodwin, American writer
* January 5 – James Goldstein, LA businessman, NBA basketball aficionado
* January 6 – Terry Venables, English footballer and manager
* January 7 – Sadako Sasaki, Japanese leukemia, atomic bomb sickness victim (d. 1955)
* January 9 – Scott Walker (singer), Scott Walker, American-born singer, composer and record producer (d. 2019)
* January 10 – Jim Croce, American surburbia musician (d. 1973)
* January 14
** Mariss Jansons, Latvian conductor (d. 2019)
** José Luis Rodríguez (singer), José Luis Rodríguez, Venezuelan singer
** Ralph M. Steinman, Canadian immunologist, cell biologist and Nobel laureate (d. 2011)
** Holland Taylor, American actress
* January 15
** Kirin Kiki, Japanese actress (d. 2018)
** Dame Margaret Beckett, British politician
* January 17
** Daniel Brandenstein, American astronaut
** René Préval, 2nd Prime Minister of Haiti, 38th and 40th President of Haiti (d. 2017)
* January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...
** Paul Freeman (actor), Paul Freeman, English actor
** Kay Granger, American politician
* January 19
** Janis Joplin, American rock singer (d. 1970)
** Princess Margriet of the Netherlands
* January 22
** Tamás Cseh, Hungarian composer, singer and actor (d. 2009)
** Marília Pêra, Brazilian actress (d. 2015)
* January 24
** Janice Raymond, American second-wave feminist activist
** Sharon Tate, American actress and model (d. 1969)
* January 25
** Roy Black (singer), Roy Black, German singer (d. 1991)
** Tobe Hooper, American film director (d. 2017)
* January 26 – Soad Hosny, Egyptian actress (d. 2001)
February
* February 2 – Erkan Geniş, Turkish artist
* February 3
** Blythe Danner, American actress
** Dennis Edwards, American soul, R&B singer (d. 2018)
** Eric Haydock, British musician (d. 2019)
* February 4 – Alberto João Jardim, Portuguese politician
* February 5
** Nolan Bushnell, American video game pioneer
** Michael Mann (director), Michael Mann, American film director, writer and producer
** Craig Morton, American football player
* February 7
Events Pre-1600
* 457 – Leo I becomes the Eastern Roman emperor.
* 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II.
* 1301 &nd ...
– Gareth Hunt, English actor (d. 2007)
* February 8 – Creed Bratton, American actor, musician
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
*1539 – The first recorded race is held ...
** Joe Pesci, American actor (''Goodfellas'')
** Joseph E. Stiglitz, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate
* February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
* 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, spar ...
– Walter B. Jones Jr., American politician (d. 2019)
* February 11 – Mohammad Rafiquzzaman, Bangladeshi lyricist
* February 12 – Wacław Kisielewski, Polish pianist (d. 1986)
* February 14 – Maceo Parker, American musician (James Brown, P-Funk)
* February 15 – Elke Heidenreich, German author, TV presenter and journalist
* February 18
Events Pre-1600
* 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
*1268 & ...
– Graeme Garden, Scottish writer, comedian and actor
* February 19
** Homer Hickam, American aerospace engineer and writer
** Tim Hunt, British biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
* February 20
** Moshe Cotel, American composer, pianist (d. 2008)
** Antonio Inoki, Japanese professional wrestler (d. 2022)
** Mike Leigh, British film director
* February 21
Events Pre-1600
*452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
*1440 – The Pru ...
** David Geffen, American record executive, film producer
** Lyudmila Ulitskaya, Russian novelist
* February 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
* 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferd ...
** Horst Köhler, President of Germany, President of the Federal Republic of Germany
** Eduard Limonov, Russian writer, poet, publicist, and political dissident (d. 2020)
* February 23 – Fred Biletnikoff, American football player, coach
* February 24 – Hristo Prodanov, Bulgarian mountaineer
* February 25
** Boediono, Indonesian economist, 11th Vice President of Indonesia
** George Harrison, English singer, guitarist (''The Beatles'') (d. 2001)
* February 26
** Bill Duke, American actor, director
** Bob Hite, American singer, musician (Canned Heat) (d. 1981)
** Darcus Howe, Trinidadian-born British civil rights activist (d. 2017)
* February 27 – Morten Lauridsen, American composer
* February 28 – Donnie Iris, American rock singer, guitarist (The Jaggerz, Wild Cherry (band), Wild Cherry, Donnie Iris, Donnie Iris and the Cruisers)
March
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...
** Gil Amelio, American entrepreneur
** Richard H. Price, American physicist
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
** Zygfryd Blaut, Polish footballer (d. 2005)
** Tony Meehan, British drummer (The Shadows) (d. 2005)
** Peter Straub, American author (d. 2022)
* March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 & ...
– Trond Mohn, Norwegian billionaire
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
** Lucio Dalla, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 2012)
** Zoltán Jeney, Hungarian composer (d. 2019)
* March 5
** Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, Nigerian Army major general (d. 1997)
** Lucio Battisti, Italian singer-songwriter (d. 1998)
* March 8
** Lynn Redgrave, English-American actress (d. 2010)
** Susan Clark, Canadian actress (''Webster (TV series), Webster'')
* March 9
Events Pre-1600
* 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
* 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
* 1226 &nda ...
** Bobby Fischer, American chess player (d. 2008)
** Charles Gibson, American television journalist
* March 11 - Ma'ruf Amin, Indonesian Islamic cleric and 13th Vice President of Indonesia
* March 12 – Ratko Mladic, Serbia military leader
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
*1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
*1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
– André Téchiné, French film director
* March 14
** Anita Morris, American actress, singer and dancer (d. 1994)
** Leroy "Sugarfoot" Bonner, American guitarist (Ohio Players) (d. 2013)
* March 15
Events Pre-1600
*474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
* 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odo ...
** David Cronenberg, Canadian film director
** Kohji Moritsugu, Japanese actor (Ultraseven)
** Sly Stone, African-American singer (Sly and the Family Stone)
* March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
* 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
** Helen Armstrong (violinist), Helen Armstrong, American violinist (d. 2006)
** Kim Mu-saeng, South Korean actor (d. 2005)
* March 18
** Kevin Dobson, American actor (d. 2020)
** Lowrell Simon, American singer (d. 2018)
* March 19
** Mario J. Molina, Mexican chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)
** Mario Monti, 54th Prime Minister of Italy
The Prime Minister of Italy, officially the President of the Council of Ministers ( it, link=no, Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri), is the head of government of the Italian Republic. The office of president of the Council of Ministers is ...
* March 20
** Gerard Malanga, American poet, photographer
** Douglas Tompkins, American conservationist, businessman (d. 2015)
* March 21
** Luigi Agnolin, Italian football referee (d. 2018)
** István Gyulai, Hungarian sports official (d. 2006)
** Vivian Stanshall, British comedy writer, artist, broadcaster and musician (d. 1995)
** Andreas, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
* March 22
Events Pre-1600
* 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
* 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
* 871 – Æthelr ...
** George Benson, African American guitarist and singer-songwriter
** Keith Relf, British rock musician (d. 1976)
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Lee May, American baseball player (d. 2017)
* March 24 – Kate Webb, New Zealand-born Australian war correspondent (d. 2007)
* March 25 – Paul Michael Glaser, American actor
* March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– Bob Woodward, American journalist
* March 28
Events Pre-1600
* AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...
– Conchata Ferrell, American actress (d. 2020)
* March 29
** Eric Idle, English comedian, actor, author and musician (''Monty Python's Flying Circus'')
** John Major, British politician, 70th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
** Vangelis, Greek musician, composer (''Chariots of Fire'', ''Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Cosmos'') (d. 2022)
* March 30
** Dennis Etchison, American author and editor (d. 2019)±
** Jay Traynor, American singer (Jay and the Americans) (d. 2014)
* March 31
** Motiur Rahman Nizami, Bangladeshi politician, convicted war criminal (d. 2016)
** Christopher Walken, American actor
April
* April 2 – Caterina Bueno, Italian singer (d. 2007)
* April 4 – Isabel-Clara Simó, Spanish journalist and writer (d. 2020)
* April 5
** Jean-Louis Tauran, French cardinal (d. 2018)
** Max Gail, American actor (''Barney Miller'')
* April 6 − Susan Tolsky, American actress and voice actress
* April 8
** Miller Farr, American football player
** Jack O'Halloran, American boxer and actor
* April 10
** Andrzej Badeński, Polish athlete (d. 2008)
** Margaret Pemberton, English writer
* April 11 – Harley Race, American professional wrestler, promoter and trainer (d. 2019)
* April 13 – Doreen Tracey, British-born American actress (d. 2018)
* April 15
** Robert Lefkowitz, American physician and biochemist
** Mighty Sam McClain, American singer, songwriter (d. 2015)
* April 16 – Petro Tyschtschenko, German businessman
* April 17 – Bobby Curtola, Canadian singer (d. 2016)
* April 19
Events Pre-1600
* AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
* 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persi ...
– Claus Theo Gärtner, German actor
* April 20 – John Eliot Gardiner, English conductor
* April 21 – Napsiah Omar, Malaysian educator, politician (d. 2018)
* April 22
** Louise Glück, American poet, 12th US Poet Laureate, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature
** Gabriel López Zapiain, Mexican footballer (d. 2018)
* April 23
** Dominik Duka, Czech Roman Catholic bishop, theologian
** Gail Goodrich, American basketball player
** Fighting Harada, Japanese boxer
** Frans Koppelaar, Dutch painter
** Hervé Villechaize, French-born actor (''Fantasy Island'') (d. 1993)
* April 24 – Richard Sterban, American singer (''The Oak Ridge Boys'')
* April 25
Events Pre-1600
*404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
* 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the ...
** Alan Feduccia, American paleornithologist
** James G. Mitchell, Canadian computer scientist
* April 26 – Gary Wright, American singer, songwriter, musician and composer
* April 28 – John Oliver Creighton, John O. Creighton, American astronaut
* April 29 – Sir Ian Kershaw, English historian
* April 30
** Frederick Chiluba, Zambian politician, 2nd President of Zambia (d. 2011)
** Bobby Vee, American singer (d. 2016)
May
* May 1
**Ian Dunn (activist), Ian Dunn, Scottish gay and paedophile rights activist (d. 1998)
**Vassal Gadoengin, Nauruan politician (d. 2004)
* May 2 – Mustafa Nadarević, Yugoslav and Bosnian actor and comedian (d. 2020)
* May 3 – Jim Risch, American politician
* May 5 – Michael Palin, English comedian, actor, and television presenter (''Monty Python's Flying Circus'')
* May 6
Events Pre-1600
* 1527 – Spanish and German troops sack Rome; many scholars consider this the end of the Renaissance.
* 1536 – The Siege of Cuzco commences, in which Incan forces attempt to retake the city of Cuzco from the Sp ...
– Grange Calveley, British writer, artist (d. 2021)
* May 7 – Orlando Ramírez (footballer), Orlando Ramírez, Chilean footballer (d. 2018)
* May 8 – Danny Whitten, American musician (d. 1972)
* May 10 – Richard Darman, American federal government official, businessman (d. 2008)
* May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
– Kurt Trampedach, Danish artist (d. 2013)
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
*1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
** Jack Bruce, British musician, songwriter (d. 2014)
** Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, 5th President of Iceland
* May 16 – Dan Coats, American politician and diplomat
* May 17
Events Pre-1600
*1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...
** Mark W. Olson, American economist, politician (d. 2018)
** Tuanku Syed Sirajuddin, King of Malaysia
* May 20 – Imata Kabua, Marshallese politician, 2nd List of Presidents of the Marshall Islands, President of the Marshall Islands (d. 2019)
* May 22 – Betty Williams (Nobel laureate), Betty Williams, Northern Irish political activist, co-recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2020)
* May 24 – Gary Burghoff, American actor (''M*A*S*H'')
* May 25 – Jessi Colter, American singer, composer
* May 26 – Erica Terpstra, Dutch swimmer, politician and president of the Dutch Olympic Committee
* May 27
** Bruce Weitz, American actor
** Cilla Black, English singer, entertainer (d. 2015)
* May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Ion Ciubuc, Moldovan politician (d. 2018)
* May 30 – James Chaney, African-American civil rights worker (d. 1964)
* May 31
** Sharon Gless, American actress
** Joe Namath, American football player
June
* June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
* 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed k ...
** Kuki Gallmann, Kenyan writer, poet
** Richard Goode, American pianist
** Lorrie Wilmot, South African cricketer (d. 2004)
* June 2 – Ilayaraaja, Indian composer
* June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depos ...
** John Burgess (host), John Burgess, Australian game show host, actor
** Billy Cunningham, American basketball player and coach
* June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– Joyce Meyer, Christian author, speaker
* June 6 – Richard Smalley, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005)
* June 7
** Chan Hung-lit, Hong Kong actor (d. 2009)
** Nikki Giovanni, American poet, writer, commentator, activist and educator
** Ken Osmond, American actor (d. 2020)
* June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
** Colin Baker, British actor
** Şahan Arzruni, Armenian pianist
* June 11 – Henry Hill, American gangster (d. 2012)
* June 13 – Malcolm McDowell, English actor
* June 14 – Jim Sensenbrenner, American politician
* June 15
** Johnny Hallyday, French pop singer, actor (d. 2017)
** Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, 23rd Prime Minister of Denmark
* June 16
** Raymond Ramazani Baya, Congolese politician (d. 2019)
** Joan Van Ark, American actress
* June 17
** Newt Gingrich, American politician, author and historian
** Barry Manilow, American pop musician
* June 18
** Raffaella Carrà, Italian singer, dancer and actress (d. 2021)
** Barry Evans (actor), Barry Evans, English actor (d. 1997)
* June 21 – Marika Green, French-Swedish actress
* June 22
Events Pre-1600
* 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
* 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus ...
** Klaus Maria Brandauer, Austrian actor
** J. Michael Kosterlitz, Scottish-born condensed matter physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
* June 23
** Patrick Bokanowski, French filmmaker
** James Levine, American conductor (d. 2021)
** Vint Cerf, American internet pioneer
* June 25
** Carly Simon, American singer-songwriter
* June 26
** John Beasley (actor), John Beasley, American actor
** Warren Farrell, American educator, activist and author on gender issues
* June 27 – Rico Petrocelli, American baseball player
* June 28
** Jens Birkemose, Danish painter
** Klaus von Klitzing, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
* June 29
** Maureen O'Brien, British actress
** Leopold Grausam, Austrian footballer
** Frank Zweerts, Dutch field hockey player
* June 30
Events Pre-1600
* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
* 763 – The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.
*1422 – Battle of Arbedo between the duke of Milan ...
** Cees Kurpershoek, Dutch sailor
** Daniel Kablan Duncan, Ivorian politician
** Florence Ballard, African-American singer, founder of The Supremes (d. 1976)
** Dieter Kottysch, West German Olympic boxer (d. 2017)
** Dani Litani, Israeli musician and actor
July
* July 3
** Judith Durham, Australian singer (d. 2022)
** Kurtwood Smith, American actor (''That '70s Show'')
** Norman Thagard, American astronaut
* July 4
Events Pre-1600
*362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaime ...
** Conny Bauer, Konrad "Conny" Bauer, German trombonist
** Geraldo Rivera, American reporter, talk show host
**Alan Wilson (musician), Alan Wilson, American musician (Canned Heat) (d. 1970)
* July 5
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
* 1316 – The Burgundian a ...
** István Gáli, Hungarian boxer
** Curt Blefary, American baseball player (d. 2001)
** Robbie Robertson, Canadian musician (''The Band'')
* July 6
Events Pre-1600
* 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility.
* 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt ...
** Kim Kye-gwan, North Korean diplomat
** Tamara Sinyavskaya, Russian mezzo-soprano
** Rosemary Forsyth, Canadian-American actress, model
** Muhammad Iqbal Gujjar, Pakistani politician
* July 7
** Jürgen Geschke, German track cyclist
** M. Karathu, Malaysian football player, manager
** Robert East (actor), Robert East, Welsh theatre, TV actor
** Joel Siegel, American film critic (d. 2007)
** Miguel Vila Luna, Dominican architect, painter (d. 2005)
* July 8
** Guido Marzulli, Italian painter
** Carmine Preziosi, Italian road bicycle racer
* July 9
** Suzanne Rogers, American actress
** Soledad Miranda, Spanish actress (d. 1970)
* July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
** Arthur Ashe, African-American tennis player (d. 1993)
** Inonge Mbikusita-Lewanika, Zambian politician
* July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...
** Edna Madzongwe, Zimbabwean politician
** Tom Holland (filmmaker), Tom Holland, American screenwriter, actor and filmmaker
** Luciano Onder, Italian journalist
* July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II o ...
** Christine McVie, British musician (''Fleetwood Mac'') (d. 2022)
** Walter Murch, American film editor, sound designer
* July 14
** George Thomas Coker, United States Navy commander
** Harold Wheeler (musician), Harold Wheeler, American orchestrator, composer, conductor, arranger, record producer and music director
** David Burden, British Army officer
* July 15 – Jocelyn Bell Burnell, British astrophysicist
* July 16 – Reinaldo Arenas, Cuban writer (d. 1990)
* July 17
** Shlomo Ben-Ami, Israeli diplomat, politician and historian
** Alfredo Mantica, Italian politician
* July 18 – Jerry Chambers, American basketball player
* July 19
Events Pre-1600
*AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
* 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...
** Carla Mazzuca Poggiolini, Italian journalist and politician
** David Griffin (actor), David Griffin, British actor
* July 20
** Christopher Murney, American actor, vocal artist
** Wendy Richard, British actress (d. 2009)
* July 21
** Michael Caton, Australian actor, comedian and television presenter
** Edward Herrmann, American actor (d. 2014)
** Henry McCullough, Northern Irish musician (''Paul McCartney & Wings'') (d. 2016)
** Bob Shrum, American political consultant
* July 22 – Kay Bailey Hutchison, American attorney, television correspondent, politician and diplomat
* July 23
** Tony Joe White, American singer, songwriter and guitarist (d. 2018)
** Zvonimir Vujin, Serbian amateur boxer (d. 2019)
** Bob Hilton, American game show host
* July 24
Events Pre-1600
*1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
* 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
*1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirl ...
- John Bryson, American businessman and Former 37th US Secretary of Commerce (2011–12)
* July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
– Erika Steinbach, German politician
* July 26 – Mick Jagger, English rock singer (''The Rolling Stones'')
* July 28
** Mike Bloomfield, American guitarist and composer (d. 1981)
** Bill Bradley, American basketball player and politician
** Richard Wright (musician), Richard Wright, British musician (d. 2008)
* July 29 – Bob Brunning, British musician (d. 2011)
* July 30 – Giovanni Goria, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1994)
August
* August 2 – Max Wright, American actor (d. 2019)
* August 3
** Princess Christina, Mrs. Magnuson, Princess Christina of Sweden
** Clarence Wijewardena, Sri Lankan musician (d. 1996)
* August 4
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Goguryeo-Sui War: In response to a Goguryeo (Korean) incursion into Liaoxi, Emperor Wéndi of Sui orders his youngest son, Yang Liang (assisted by the co-prime minister Gao Jiong), to conquer Goguryeo during th ...
** Vicente Álvarez Areces, Spanish politician (d. 2019)
** Barbara Saß-Viehweger, German politician, lawyer and civil law notary
** Bjørn Wirkola, Norwegian ski jumper
* August 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty.
* 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...
– Nelson Briles, American baseball player (d. 2005)
* August 6 – Jim Hardin, American baseball pitcher (Baltimore Orioles, New York Yankees, Atlanta Braves) (d. 1991)
* August 8 – Luc Rosenzweig, French journalist (d. 2018)
* August 9 – Ken Norton, African-American boxer, actor (d. 2013)
* August 10
** Frédéric Kyburz, Swiss judoka (d. 2018)
** Ronnie Spector, American singer (d. 2022)
* August 11
** Abigail Folger, American heiress, murder victim (d. 1969)
** Pervez Musharraf, Pakistani general, leader and 10th President of Pakistan (d. 2022)
* August 13 – Roberto Micheletti, President of Honduras
* August 15 – Glória Maria, Brazilian journalist, reporter and television host
* August 17
Events Pre-1600
*309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike.
* 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
* 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...
** Robert De Niro, American actor
** Yukio Kasaya, Japanese ski jumper
* August 18
** Martin Mull, American actor and comedian
** Gianni Rivera, Italian footballer
* August 19 – Edwin Hawkins, African-American gospel musician, pianist (d. 2018)
* August 20 – Sylvester McCoy, Scottish actor
* August 22 – Nahas Angula, Prime Minister of Namibia
* August 23
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Cae ...
– Pino Presti, Italian bassist, arranger, composer, conductor, record producer
* August 27 – Tuesday Weld, American actress
* August 28
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.
* 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way ...
** Surayud Chulanont, Thai politician, 24th Prime Minister of Thailand
** Lou Piniella, American baseball player, manager
** Jihad Al-Atrash, Lebanese actor, voice actor
* August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...
– Arthur B. McDonald, Canadian astrophysicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
* August 30
** Tal Brody, American-born Israeli basketball player
** Robert Crumb, R. Crumb, American artist, illustrator
** Altovise Davis, American entertainer (d. 2009)
** Jean-Claude Killy, French skier
** John Kani, South African actor
* August 31 – Leonid Ivashov, Russian general
September
* September 5
Events Pre-1600
* 917 – Liu Yan declares himself emperor, establishing the Southern Han state in southern China, at his capital of Panyu.
*1367 – Swa Saw Ke becomes king of Ava
*1590 – Alexander Farnese's army forces Henry ...
– Dulce Saguisag, Filipino politician, former DSWD Secretary (d. 2007)
* September 6
** Harris Hines, American judge (d. 2018)
** Richard J. Roberts, English biochemist, molecular biologist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
** Roger Waters, English musician (''Pink Floyd'')
* September 7
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
* 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
*1159 – Pope Alexander III is chosen.
*1191 – Third Cr ...
– Lena Valaitis, Lithuanian-German Schlager singer
* September 9
Events Pre-1600
* 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.
*1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age.
* 1141 – ...
– Art LaFleur, American actor (d. 2021)
* September 10
** Daniel Truhitte, American actor
** Neale Donald Walsch, American author (''Conversations with God'')
* September 11
** Mickey Hart, American percussionist and musicologist (''Grateful Dead'')
** Jaime Thorne León, Peruvian politician (d. 2018)
** Gilbert Proesch, Italian-born artist (''Gilbert and George'')
** Raymond Villeneuve, Canadian terrorist
* September 13 – Mildred D. Taylor, American writer
* September 14
** Irwin Goodman, Finnish singer (d. 1991)
** Tunde Idiagbon, Nigerian Army major general (d. 1999)
* September 16
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council.
*1400 – Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers. 1601–1900
*1620 – A determined band of 35 religio ...
** Tadamasa Goto, Japanese yakuza boss
** Oskar Lafontaine, German politician
* September 18 – Nina Wayne, American actress
* September 19 – Joe Morgan, American baseball player (d. 2020)
* September 20 – Sani Abacha, Nigerian Army officer and dictator (d. 1998)
* September 21
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army and consolidates his power.
* 1170 – The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Norman invaders.
* 1217 – Livonian Crusade: The Estonian leader Lembitu and Livonian ...
**Jerry Bruckheimer, American film and television producer
**David Hood, American session bassist and trombone player
**Mathew Prichard, British philanthropist, the only child of literary guardian Rosalind Hicks and the only grandchild of author Agatha Christie
* September 22
Events Pre-1600
* 904 – The warlord Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor Zhaozong, the penultimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, after seizing control of the imperial government.
* 1236 – The Samogitians defeat the Livonian Brothers of th ...
– Toni Basil, American musician, video artist ("Mickey (Toni Basil song), Mickey")
* September 23
** Ernie Ackerley, British footballer (d. 2017)
** Julio Iglesias, Spanish singer, songwriter
** Tanuja, Indian actress
* September 28 – J. T. Walsh, American actor (d. 1998)
* September 29
** Wolfgang Overath, German footballer
** Lech Wałęsa, President of Poland, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
* September 30
** Johann Deisenhofer, German biochemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate
** Ian Ogilvy, British-American actor
October
* October 1
Events Pre-1600
* 331 BC – Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela.
* 366 – Pope Damasus I is consecrated.
* 959 – Edgar the Peaceful becomes king of all England, in succession to Eadw ...
** Jerry Martini, American musician
** Naushad Ali (cricketer), Naushad Ali, Pakistani cricketer
** Jean-Jacques Annaud, French film director
* October 2
Events Pre-1600
* 829 – Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor.
* 939 – Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and ...
** Franklin Rosemont, American poet (d. 2009)
** Henri Szeps, Australian actor
* October 3
Events Pre-1600
* 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day.
* 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Juliu ...
– Jeff Bingaman, American politician
* October 4 – Buddy Roemer, American politician, investor and banker (d. 2021)
* October 5
** Bonnie Bryant (golfer), Bonnie Bryant, American golfer
** Ben Cardin, American politician
* October 6
Events Pre-1600
* 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army of the mid-Republic.
* 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia.
*A ...
– Michael Durrell, American actor
* October 7
Events Pre-1600
* 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar.
* 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon.
* 1477 ...
– Oliver North, American military officer, military historian, political commentator, author and television host
* October 8
** Chevy Chase, American comedian, actor (''Saturday Night Live'')
** R. L. Stine, American novelist (''Goosebumps'')
* October 11
** John Nettles, English actor, writer
** Gene Watson, American country singer
* October 12
**Jeffrey R. MacDonald, American physician and United States Army Officer
**Köbi Kuhn, Swiss footballer and manager (d. 2019)
* October 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings.
* 1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's ...
** Lois Hamilton, American model, actress and artist (d. 1999)
** Mohammad Khatami, 5th President of Iran
** Lance Rentzel, American football player
* October 15 – Penny Marshall, American actress, director and producer (d. 2018)
* October 18
Events Pre-1600
* 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation.
* 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philos ...
** Birthe Rønn Hornbech, Danish politician
** Christine Charbonneau, Canadian francophone singer, songwriter (d. 2014)
* October 22
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council.
* 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (no ...
– Catherine Deneuve, French actress
* October 24
Events Pre-1600
* AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius.
*1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France.
* 1360 – The T ...
** Theodor Stolojan, 54th Prime Minister of Romania
** José E. Serrano, American politician
* October 25 – Roy Lynes, English keyboardist
* October 27 – Carmen Argenziano, American actor (d. 2019)
* October 28 – Cornelia Froboess, German actress
* October 29 – Don Simpson, American film producer, screenwriter and actor (d. 1996)
November
* November 1
Events Pre-1600
*365 – The Alemanni cross the Rhine and invade Gaul. Emperor Valentinian I moves to Paris to command the army and defend the Gallic cities.
* 996 – Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk, Bishop of Freisin ...
– Jacques Attali, French economist
* November 3
Events Pre-1600
* 361 – Emperor Constantius II dies of a fever at Mopsuestia in Cilicia; on his deathbed he is baptised and declares his cousin Julian rightful successor.
*1333 – The River Arno floods causing massive damage in Fl ...
– Bert Jansch, Scottish folk musician (d. 2011)
* November 4
** Sundar Popo, Indo-Trinidadian Chutney music, chutney musician (d. 2000)
** Chuck Scarborough, American news anchor
* November 5
Events Pre-1600
*1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.
*1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Bre ...
** Friedman Paul Erhardt, German-American pioneering television chef (d. 2007)
** Sam Shepard, American playwright, actor (d. 2017)
* November 7
** Stephen Greenblatt, American literary critic
** Nasirdin Isanov, 1st Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (d. 1991)
** Joni Mitchell, Canadian musician (''Big Yellow Taxi'')
** Michael Spence, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate
* November 8 – Martin Peters, English footballer (d. 2019)
* November 11 – Doug Frost (swimming coach), Doug Frost, Australian swimming coach
* November 12 – Wallace Shawn, American actor
* November 13
** Roberto Boninsegna, Italian footballer
** Jay Sigel, American golfer
* November 14
** Peter Norton, American software engineer, businessman
** Rafael Leonardo Callejas Romero, Rafael Leonardo Callejas, President of Honduras (d. 2020)
* November 17 – Lauren Hutton, American actress, model
* November 19 – Aurelio Monteagudo, Cuban Major League Baseball player (d. 1990)
* November 20
** Mie Hama, Japanese actress
** Marek Tomaszewski, Polish pianist
* November 21 – Larry Mahan, American rodeo cowboy
* November 22
** Peter Adair, American filmmaker (d. 1996)
** Yvan Cournoyer, Canadian ice hockey player
** Billie Jean King, American tennis player
** William Kotzwinkle, American novelist, screenwriter
** Fouad Siniora, 32nd Prime Minister of Lebanon
* November 23 – Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo
* November 24
** Dave Bing, American mayor, longtime National Basketball Association, NBA player
** Kuniwo Nakamura, 6th President of Palau (d. 2020)
* November 25 – Dante Caputo, Argentine diplomat, politician (d. 2018)
* November 26 – Marilynne Robinson, American writer
* November 28 – Randy Newman, American musician
* November 30 – Terrence Malick, American film director
December
* December 2
** Wayne Allard, American politician
** William Wegman (photographer), William Wegman, American photographer
* December 5
** Eva Joly, Norwegian-born French magistrate
** Nicolae Văcăroiu, 55th Prime Minister of Romania
* December 8
** José Carbajal (Uruguayan musician), José Carbajal, Uruguayan singer, composer and guitarist (d. 2010)
** Larry Martin, American paleontologist (d. 2013)
** Jim Morrison, American rock musician (''The Doors'') (d. 1971)
** Bodo Tümmler, German Olympic middle-distance runner
* December 11 – John Kerry, American politician, 68th U.S. Secretary of State
* December 12
** Dickey Betts, American guitarist, singer, songwriter and composer (''The Allman Brothers Band'')
** Gianni Russo, American actor
** Phyllis Somerville, American actress (d. 2020)
** Grover Washington, Jr., African-American saxophonist (d. 1999)
* December 13
** David W. Huff, American rock singer, guitarist of (''David and the Giants'')
** Ferguson Jenkins, Canadian baseball player
* December 14
** Britt Allcroft, British television producer, creator of ''Thomas & Friends''
** António Simões, Portuguese footballer
* December 15 – Lucien den Arend, Dutch sculptor
* December 16 – Steven Bochco, American television producer (d. 2018)
* December 17
** Pak Doo-ik, North Korean footballer
** Ron Geesin, British musician, songwriter (''Pink Floyd'')
** Rick Nolan, American politician
* December 18 – Keith Richards, English rock guitarist, songwriter (''The Rolling Stones'')
* December 19
** Sam Kelly, English actor (d. 2014)
** Ross M. Lence, American political scientist (d. 2006)
** Jimmy Mackay, Australian football player (d. 1998)
* December 20 – Jacqueline Pearce, English screen actress (d. 2018)
* December 21 – Jack Nance, American actor (d. 1996)
* December 22 – Paul Wolfowitz, American political scientist
* December 23
** Elizabeth Hartman, American actress (d. 1987)
** Harry Shearer, American actor, comedian and screenwriter
** Queen Silvia of Sweden, Queen consort of Sweden
* December 24
** Tarja Halonen, 11th President of Finland
** James A. Johnson (politics), James A. Johnson, American business leader, philanthropist
* December 25 – Hanna Schygulla, German actress
* December 27 – Sam Hinds, 3-Time Prime Minister of Guyana
* December 28
** Keith Floyd, British chef (d. 2009)
** Chas Hodges, English musician and singer (d. 2018)
** Craig MacIntosh, American illustrator
** Billy Chapin, American child actor (d.2016)
** Richard Whiteley, English television presenter (d. 2005)
* December 31
** John Denver, American musician (d. 1997)
** Sir Ben Kingsley, British actor (''Gandhi (film), Gandhi'')
** Pete Quaife, English musician, artist and author (''The Kinks'') (d. 2010)
Deaths
January
* January 2
** Qazim Koculi, Albanian politician, acting Prime Minister of Albania (murdered) (b. 1887)
** Wilhelm Lorenz, German general (died of wounds) (b. 1894)
* January 3 – Bid McPhee, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1859)
* January 4
** Hàm Nghi, Emperor of Vietnam (b. 1872)
** Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz
Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz ( el, Γεώργιος Ιβάνωφ-Σαϊνόβιτς, ''Georgios Ivanof-Sainovits''; 14 December 1911 – 4 January 1943) was a Polish-Greek athlete who fought as a saboteur in the Greek Resistance during World War II a ...
, Greek-born Polish athlete, resistance member (executed) (b. 1911)
** Kate Price (actress), Kate Price, Irish-born American actress (b. 1872)
* January 5 – George Washington Carver, African-American botanist (b. c. 1864)
* January 7
** George Washington Crile, founder of the Cleveland Clinic (b. 1864)
** Nikola Tesla, Croatian-born American electrical engineer, inventor (b. 1856)
* January 8 – Richard Hillary, Australian-born British Battle of Britain Supermarine Spitfire, Spitfire pilot, author (killed on active service in aviation accident) (b. 1919)
* January 9 – R. G. Collingwood, English philosopher, historian and archaeologist (b. 1889)
* January 10 – Lewis Hall (soldier), Lewis Hall, American soldier (killed on active service) (b. 1895)
* January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muha ...
– Agustín Pedro Justo, Argentinian military officer, diplomat and politician, 23rd President of Argentina (b. 1876)
* January 12 – Jan Campert, Dutch journalist, writer (in Neuengamme concentration camp) (b. 1902)
* January 13
** Henner Henkel, German tennis champion (killed in action) (b. 1915
Events
Below, the events of World War I have the "WWI" prefix.
January
* January – British physicist Sir Joseph Larmor publishes his observations on "The Influence of Local Atmospheric Cooling on Astronomical Refraction".
* January ...
)
** Xavier Martinez, Mexican-born American painter (b. 1869)
** Else Ury, German writer, children's book author (b. 1877)
* January 14 – Laura E. Richards, American author (b. 1850)
* January 15 – Eric Knight, American author (b. 1897)
* January 16 – Sir William Arbuthnot Lane, 1st Baronet, British surgeon (b. 1856)
* January 17
** Jane Avril, French dancer (b. 1868)
** Taj al-Din al-Hasani, Syrian politician, 6th Prime Minister of Syria and 6th President of Syria (b. 1885)
* January 18
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Seven-year-old Leo II succeeds his maternal grandfather Leo I as Byzantine emperor. He dies ten months later.
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople fail.
* 1126 – Emperor Huizong abdicates the Chi ...
– Urban Jacob Rasmus Børresen, Norwegian admiral and industry leader (b. 1857)
* January 19 – William Pettigrew (missionary), William Pettigrew, British Christian missionary (b. 1869)
* January 20
** Giacomo Benvenuti, Italian composer (b. 1885)
** Baron Max Wladimir von Beck, former Minister-President of Austria (b. 1854)
* January 21
Events Pre-1600
* 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
* 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when ...
** Aimo Cajander, 7th Prime Minister of Finland (b. 1879)
** Konstantinos Davakis, Greek army officer (died of wounds) (b. 1897)
** Robert Henry English, American admiral (killed in aviation accident) (b. 1888)
* January 22 – Gyula Peidl, 23rd Prime Minister of Hungary (b. 1873)
* January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
*1264 & ...
– Alexander Woollcott
Alexander Humphreys Woollcott (January 19, 1887 – January 23, 1943) was an American drama critic and commentator for ''The New Yorker'' magazine, a member of the Algonquin Round Table, an occasional actor and playwright, and a prominent radio ...
, American critic (b. 1887)
* January 26
** Harry H. Laughlin, American Eugenics, eugenicist (b. 1880)
** Nikolai Vavilov, Russian, Soviet botanist, geneticist (b. 1887)
* January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, rul ...
** Henriette Caillaux, French murderer, socialite and wife of former French prime minister (b. 1874)
** Vladimir Kokovtsov, 4th Prime Minister of Russia, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Russian Empire (b. 1853)
February
* February 1 – Foy Draper, American Olympic athlete (killed in action) (b. 1911)
* February 2
** Alfred Cavendish, British general (b. 1859)
** Ganga Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner (b. 1880)
* February 4
** Frank Calder, British-born Canadian ice hockey executive, first National Hockey League president (b. 1877)
** Senjūrō Hayashi, Japanese army commander, politician and 22nd Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1876)
* February 5
** Sim Gokkes, Dutch composer (in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1897)
** W. S. Van Dyke, American director (b. 1889)
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
*1539 – The first recorded race is held ...
** Eustace Fiennes, British soldier, politician (b. 1864)
** Dmitry Kardovsky, Soviet painter, illustrator (b. 1866)
* February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
* 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, spar ...
** Sverre Granlund, Norwegian general (b. 1918)
** James T. Powers (actor), James T. Powers, American actor (b. 1862)
* February 11 – Bess Houdini, American wife of Harry Houdini (b. 1876)
* February 14 – David Hilbert, German mathematician (b. 1862)
* February 15 – Charles Bennett (actor), Charles Bennett, American actor (b. 1889)
* February 16
Events Pre-1600
*1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
*1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Paul Ranous Greever, American politician (b. 1891)
* February 18
Events Pre-1600
* 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy.
*1268 & ...
– Reginald Pinney, Sir Reginald Pinney, British army general (b. 1863)
* February 19 – Jan Piekałkiewicz, Polish economist, statistician and politician (b. 1892)
* February 20
** Ernest Guglielminetti, Swiss physician (b. 1862)
** Donald Haines, American actor (b. 1919)
* February 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1076 – Having received a letter during the Lenten synod of 14–20 February demanding that he abdicate, Pope Gregory VII excommunicates Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
* 1316 – The Battle of Picotin, between Ferd ...
** Tamara Drasin, Russian-born American singer, actress (b. 1905)
** Christoph Probst, German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. 1919)
** Ben Robertson (journalist), Ben Robertson, American novelist, journalist and war correspondent (b. 1903)
** Hans Scholl, German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. 1918)
** Sophie Scholl, German White Rose resistance member (executed) (b. 1921)
* February 23
** Edward Heaton-Ellis, Sir Edward Heaton-Ellis, British vice-admiral (b. 1868)
** Grigory Kravchenko, Soviet test pilot and air force general (killed in action) (b. 1912)
** Karl Leopold von Möller, German officer, journalist, author and politician (b. 1876)
* February 26 – Theodor Eicke, German Nazi official (killed in action) (b. 1892)
* February 27 – Maria Josefa Karolina Brader, Swiss Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1860)
March
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Diocletian ...
– Alexandre Yersin, Swiss-French physician and bacteriologist (b. 1863)
* March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– Gisela Januszewska, Austrian physician (in Theresienstadt concentration camp) (b. 1867)
* March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 & ...
– Rafael López Nussa, Puerto Rican physician (b. 1885)
* March 6 – Jimmy Collins, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1870)
* March 8
** Alma del Banco, German painter (suicide) (b. 1862)
** Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo, Indonesian independence leader (b. 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
)
* March 9
Events Pre-1600
* 141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China.
* 1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg.
* 1226 &nda ...
– Otto Freundlich, German painter, sculptor (killed in Majdanek concentration camp) (b. 1878)
* March 10
Events Pre-1600
* 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
* 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a ...
** Laurence Binyon, English poet and scholar (b. 1869)
** Tully Marshall, American character actor (b. 1864)
* March 12
** Czesława Kwoka, Polish Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (killed in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1928)
** Gustav Vigeland, Norwegian sculptor (b. 1869)
* March 13
Events Pre-1600
*624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh.
*1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War.
*1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...
– Jaap Nunes Vaz, Dutch journalist, writer and editor (killed in Sobibór extermination camp) (b. 1906)
* March 19 – Frank Nitti, Italian-born American gangster (suicide) (b. 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
)
* March 20
** Lizika Jančar, Slovene Partisan, national hero (killed by militia) (b. 1919)
** Heinrich Zimmer, German-born Indologist, historian (pneumonia) (b. 1890)
* March 22
Events Pre-1600
* 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
* 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
* 871 – Æthelr ...
– Hans Woellke, German Olympic athlete (killed by partisans) (b. 1911)
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Mervyn Herbert, Viscount Clive, British peer, army officer (killed on active service in aviation accident) (b. 1904)
* March 27
Events Pre-1600
*1309 – Pope Clement V imposes excommunication and interdiction on Venice, and a general prohibition of all commercial intercourse with Venice, which had seized on Ferrara, a papal fiefdom.
* 1329 – Pope John XXII ...
– George Monckton-Arundell, 8th Viscount Galway, British politician, 5th Governor-General of New Zealand (b. 1882)
* March 28
Events Pre-1600
* AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate.
* 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...
** Ben Davies (tenor), Ben Davies, British tenor (b. 1858)
** Lorenzo Gasparri, Italian admiral (killed on active service in accidental explosion) (b. 1894)
** Edward Heron-Allen, British polymath, lawyer, scientist and scholar (b. 1861)
** Robert W. Paul, British film director (b. 1869)
** Sergei Rachmaninoff, Soviet composer (b. 1873)
* March 30 – Maria Restituta Kafka, German Roman Catholic religious sister and blessed (executed) (b. 1894)
* March 31 – Pavel Milyukov, exiled Russian politician, founder and leader of the Constitutional Democratic Party (b. 1859)
April
* April 1 – Vahida Maglajlić, Yugoslav partisan, national hero (killed in combat) (b. 1907) *April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
*1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
* ...
– Conrad Veidt, German actor (b. 1893)
* April 5 – W. G. Howard Gritten, British barrister, writer and conservative politician (b. 1870)
* April 6 – Alexandre Millerand, French politician, 41st Prime Minister of France and 11th President of France (b. 1859)
* April 7 – Auguste Audollent, French historian, archaeologist (b. 1864)
* April 8
** Harry Baur, French actor (b. 1880)
** Itamar Ben-Avi, Israeli activist (b. 1882)
** Tomás Garrido Canabal, Mexican politician, revolutionary (b. 1891)
** Otto and Elise Hampel, German anti-Nazi resistance members (executed) (b. 1897 & 1903)
** Richard Sears (tennis), Richard Sears, American tennis champion (b. 1861)
* April 9 – Philip Slier, Dutch Jewish typesetter (in Sobibór extermination camp
Sobibor (, Polish: ) was an extermination camp built and operated by Nazi Germany as part of Operation Reinhard. It was located in the forest near the village of Żłobek Duży in the General Government region of German-occupied Poland.
As a ...
) (b. 1923)
* April 11 – Kim Myeong-sik, Korean independence activist (b. 1890)
* April 13 – Oskar Schlemmer, German painter, sculptor, designer and choreographer (b. 1888)
* April 16 – Carlos Arniches, Spanish playwright (b. 1866)
* April 18 – Isoroku Yamamoto, Japanese admiral (b. 1884)
* April 21 – Rihard Jakopič, Yugoslav painter (b. 1869)
* April 24
** Kenneth Whiting, United States Navy officer, submarine and naval aviation pioneer (b. 1881)
** Kurt von Hammerstein-Equord, German general (b. 1878)
* April 30
** Eddy Hamel, American footballer (b. 1902; killed in Auschwitz)
** Otto Jespersen, Danish linguist, creator of Ido (language), Ido and Novial languages (b.1860)
** Beatrice Webb, British sociologist, economist, historian and social reformer (b. 1858)
May
* May 1 – Johan Oscar Smith, Norwegian Christian leader, founder of Brunstad Christian Church (b. 1871)
* May 3 – Frank Maxwell Andrews, American general (plane crash) (b. 1884)
* May 4
** Cesira Ferrani, Italian soprano (b. 1863)
** Saverio Marotta, Italian naval officer (killed in action) (b. 1911)
* May 5
** Grzegorz Bolesław Frąckowiak, Polish Roman Catholic priest, martyr and blessed (executed) (b. 1911)
** Gordon Hewart, 1st Viscount Hewart, British politician, judge (b. 1870)
* May 7 – Fethi Okyar, Turkish diplomat, politician and 2nd Prime Minister of Turkey (b. 1880)
* May 8 – Miroslav Šalom Freiberger, Yugoslav rabbi, writer and spiritual leader (killed at Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1903)
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
*1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
** George, Crown Prince of Saxony, Catholic priest (b. 1893)
** Henri La Fontaine, Belgian lawyer, author and Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1854)
* May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– Horst Hannig, German Luftwaffe fighter ace (b. 1921)
* May 17
Events Pre-1600
*1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army.
*1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason.
* 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...
** Johanna Elberskirchen, German feminist (b. 1864)
** Montagu Love, British actor (b. 1877)
* May 19
Events
Pre-1600
* 639 – Ashina Jiesheshuai and his tribesmen assaulted Emperor Taizong at Jiucheng Palace.
* 715 – Pope Gregory II is elected.
*1051 – Henry I of France marries the Rus' princess, Anne of Kiev.
*1445 &nda ...
– Kristjan Raud, Soviet painter, drawer (b. 1865)
* May 20 – John Stone Stone, American physicist, inventor (b. 1869)
* May 22 – Helen Taft, First Lady of the United States (b. 1861)
* May 24 – Johannes Orasmaa, Estonian army general (in labour camp) (b. 1890)
* May 25 – Ali Rikabi, 1st Prime Minister of Syria, 2-time Prime Minister of Jordan (b. 1864)
* May 26 – Edsel Ford, American businessman, president of Ford Motor Company (b. 1893)
* May 27 – Gordon Coates, 21st Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1878)
* May 29
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
* 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under ...
– Yasuyo Yamasaki, Imperial Japanese Army officer (killed in action) (b. 1891)
* May 31
** Prince Georg of Bavaria, Catholic priest (b. 1880)
** Helmut Kapp, German Gestapo official (killed by partisans)
June
* June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
* 1252 – Alfonso X is proclaimed k ...
** István Bárczy, Hungarian politician (b. 1866)
** Leslie Howard, British actor (aircraft shot down) (b. 1893)
* June 2 – Nile Kinnick, American athlete, Heisman Trophy winner (died on active service in aviation accident) (b. 1918)
* June 3
Events Pre-1600
* 350 – The Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman emperor, entering Rome at the head of a group of gladiators.
* 713 – The Byzantine emperor Philippicus is blinded, depos ...
– Osgood Hanbury, British pilot (killed on active service) (b. 1917)
* June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
** Francesco Pianzola, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1881)
** Kermit Roosevelt, American explorer, author (suicide) (b. 1889)
* June 10 – Sultan Abdelaziz of Morocco (b. 1878)
* June 11 – Heisuke Abe, Japanese general (b. 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
)
* June 12 – Hans Junkermann (actor), Hans Junkermann, German actor (b. 1872)
* June 26 – Karl Landsteiner, Austrian biologist, physician (b. 1868)
* June 28 – Pietro Porcelli, Italian sculptor (b. 1872)
* June 30
Events Pre-1600
* 296 – Pope Marcellinus begins his papacy.
* 763 – The Byzantine army of emperor Constantine V defeats the Bulgarian forces in the Battle of Anchialus.
*1422 – Battle of Arbedo between the duke of Milan ...
– Kristian Kristiansen (explorer), Kristian Kristiansen, Norwegian explorer (b. 1865)
July
* July 2 – Alice Mary Dowd, American educator and poet (b. 1855)
* July 4
Events Pre-1600
*362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans.
* 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaime ...
** Cevat Abbas Gürer, Turkish army officer (b. 1887)
** Gordon Sidney Harrington, Canadian politician (b. 1883)
** Zofia Leśniowska, Polish army officer (aviation accident) (b. 1912)
** Władysław Sikorski
Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (; 20 May 18814 July 1943) was a Polish military and political leader.
Prior to the First World War, Sikorski established and participated in several underground organizations that promoted the cause for Polish i ...
, Polish prime minister in exile (aviation accident) (b. 1881)
** Charles Stevenson (actor), Charles Stevenson, American silent film actor (b. 1887)
* July 5
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus ( Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman architect Theophilus Patricius.
* 1316 – The Burgundian a ...
** Leonardo Ferrulli, Italian pilot (killed in action) (b. 1918)
** Kazimierz Junosza-Stępowski, Polish actor (b. 1880)
* July 6
Events Pre-1600
* 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility.
* 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt ...
** Teruo Akiyama, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1891)
** Nazaria Ignacia March Mesa, Spanish-born Roman Catholic religious sister, canonized (b. 1889)
* July 8
** Jean Moulin, French resistance fighter (injuries from suicide attempt in custody) (b. 1899)
** Sir Harry Oakes, American-born British gold mine owner (murdered) (b. 1874)
* July 11
Events Pre-1600
* 472 – After being besieged in Rome by his own generals, Western Roman Emperor Anthemius is captured in St. Peter's Basilica and put to death.
* 813 – Byzantine emperor Michael I, under threat by conspiracies, ...
– Eugen Lovinescu, Romanian critic, academic and novelist (b. 1881)
* July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II o ...
** Shunji Isaki, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1892)
** Cecilia Loftus, Scottish-born actress (b. 1876)
* July 13
** Lorenzo Barcelata, Mexican composer (b. 1898)
** Marianna Biernacka, Polish Roman Catholic religious sister, martyr and blessed (killed) (b. 1888)
** Luz Long, German long jump athlete (killed in action) (b. 1913)
** Alexander Schmorell, Russian-born German White Rose
The White Rose (german: Weiße Rose, ) was a Nonviolence, non-violent, intellectual German resistance to Nazism, resistance group in Nazi Germany which was led by five students (and one professor) at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, ...
resistance member, Orthodox Church passion bearer and saint (executed) (b. 1917)
* July 14 – Mariya Borovichenko, Soviet medical officer (killed in action) (b. 1925)
* July 16 – Saul Raphael Landau, Polish Jewish lawyer, journalist, publicist and Zionist activist (b. 1870)
* July 19
Events Pre-1600
*AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city.
* 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is ...
** Martin Faust (actor), Martin Faust, American film actor (b. 1886
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Upper Burma is formally annexed to British Burma, following its conquest in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of November 1885.
* January 5– 9 – Robert Louis Stevenson's novella ''Strange ...
)
** Giuseppe Terragni, Italian architect (b. 1904)
* July 20
** Maria Gay, Spanish opera singer (b. 1879)
** Charles Hazelius Sternberg, American fossil collector and paleontologist (b. 1850)
* July 21
** José Jurado de la Parra, Spanish journalist, poet and playwright (b. 1856)
** Charley Paddock, American sprinter (aviation accident) (b. 1900)
** Louis Vauxcelles, French art critic (b. 1870)
** Theodor von Guérard, German jurist, politician (b. 1863)
* July 23 – Mario Nicolis di Robilant, Italian general (b. 1855)
* July 26 – Luis Barros Borgoño, Chilean politician (b. 1858)
* July 28 – Charles Granval, French actor (b. 1882)
* July 29 – William Ewart Hart, Australian aviator, dentist (b. 1885)
* July 30 – Max Eitingon, Belarusian-German medical doctor and psychoanalyst (b. 1881)
* July 31
**Zdzisław Lubomirski, Polish aristocrat, landowner, lawyer, politician and activist (b. 1865)
**James MacLachlan, British flying ace (b. 1919)
**Hedley Verity, British cricketer (b. 1905)
**Rodger Young, American soldier, remembered in the song "The Ballad of Rodger Young" (killed in action) (b. 1918)
August
* August 1
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic.
*AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under ...
– Martyrs of Nowogródek, Polish nuns, martyrs and blessed (executed) (b. 1888–1916)
**Lin Sen, Chinese chairman of the National Government of China (b. 1868)
* August 5
Events Pre-1600
*AD 25 – Guangwu claims the throne as Emperor of China, restoring the Han dynasty after the collapse of the short-lived Xin dynasty.
* 70 – Fires resulting from the destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are ...
** Iosif Apanasenko, Soviet commander (killed in action) (b. 1890)
** Eva-Maria Buch, German resistance leader (executed) (b. 1921)
* August 9
** Franz Jägerstätter, Austrian conscientious objector, martyr and blessed (executed) (b. 1907)
** Chaïm Soutine, Russian-born painter (b. 1893)
* August 12 – Bobby Peel, English cricketer (b. 1857)
* August 14 – Joe Kelley, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1871)
* August 18 – Hans Jeschonnek, German general (suicide) (b. 1899)
* August 21 – Henrik Pontoppidan, Danish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1857)
* August 22 – Virgilio Dávila, Puerto Rican poet, educator, businessman and politician (b. 1869)
* August 24
Events Pre-1600
* 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father.
* 394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is written. ...
** Ettore Muti, Italian Fascist politician (shot while under arrest) (b. 1902)
** Simone Weil, French philosopher (b. 1909)
* August 26
Events Pre-1600
* 683 – Yazid I's army kills 11,000 people of Medina including notable Sahabas in Battle of al-Harrah.
*1071 – The Seljuq Turks defeat the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert, and soon gain control of most ...
– Ted Ray (golfer), Ted Ray, British golfer (b. 1877)
* August 27
** William de Burgh (philosopher), William de Burgh, British philosopher (b. 1866)
** Constantin Prezan, Romanian general, Marshal of Romania (b. 1861)
* August 28
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – The Roman general Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his capital city, Ravenna.
* 489 – Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths, defeats Odoacer at the Battle of Isonzo, forcing his way ...
– King Boris III of Bulgaria
Boris III ( bg, Борѝс III ; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier) , was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until hi ...
(b. 1894)
* August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...
– Baba Nand Singh ji, Punjabi Sikh religious leader, saint (b. 1870)
* August 31 – Gustav Bachmann, German naval officer, admiral (b. 1860)
September
* September 1 – Charles Atangana, Cameroonian chief (b. c.1880)
* September 2 – Marsden Hartley, American modernism, American Modernist artist (b. 1877)
* September 6 – Reginald McKenna, British Chancellor of the Exchequer 1915–1916 (b. 1863)
* September 7
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
* 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
*1159 – Pope Alexander III is chosen.
*1191 – Third Cr ...
** Géza Grünwald, Hungarian mathematician (b. 1910)
** Karlrobert Kreiten, German pianist (executed) (b. 1916)
* September 8
Events Pre-1600
* 617 – Battle of Huoyi: Li Yuan defeats a Sui dynasty army, opening the path to his capture of the imperial capital Chang'an and the eventual establishment of the Tang dynasty.
*1100 – Election of Antipope Theodo ...
– Julius Fučík (journalist), Julius Fučík, Czech resistance fighter (executed) (b. 1903)
* September 9
Events Pre-1600
* 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.
*1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age.
* 1141 – ...
** Carlo Bergamini (admiral), Carlo Bergamini, Italian admiral (killed in action) (b. 1888)
** Salvatore John Cavallaro, American naval officer (killed in action) (b. 1920)
** Federico Martinengo, Italian pilot (killed in action) (b. 1899)
* September 13
** David Bacon (actor), David Bacon, American film actor (b. 1914)
** Ugo Cavallero, General of the Italian Army (suicide) (b. 1880)
* September 17 – (killed in Ponary massacre)
** Kazimierz Pelczar, Polish oncologist, academic (b. 1894)
** Mieczysław Witold Gutkowski, Polish lawyer (b. 1893)
* September 19 – Germaine Cernay, French mezzo-soprano (b. 1900)
* September 23
** Elinor Glyn, British writer, critic (b. 1864)
** Ernst Trygger, Swedish professor, politician and 19th Prime Minister of Sweden (b. 1857)
* September 26 - Henri Fertet, French Resistance
The French Resistance (french: La Résistance) was a collection of organisations that fought the German occupation of France during World War II, Nazi occupation of France and the Collaborationism, collaborationist Vichy France, Vichy régim ...
fighter (b. 1926)
* September 28
** Sam Ruben, American chemist (b. 1913)
** Filippo Illuminato, Italian partisan, Gold Medal of Military Valour (b. 1930)
* September 27
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – William the Conqueror and his army set sail from the mouth of the Somme river, beginning the Norman conquest of England.
* 1331 – The Battle of Płowce is fought, between the Kingdom of Poland and the Teuton ...
– Willoughby Hamilton, Irish tennis player (b. 1864)
* September 29 – Mariano Goybet, French army general (b. 1861)
* September 30
** Johan Ludwig Mowinckel, Norwegian businessman, Prime Minister of Norway (b. 1870)
** Adolf Paul, Swedish novelist, playwright (b. 1863)
October
* October 2
Events Pre-1600
* 829 – Theophilos succeeds his father Michael II as Byzantine Emperor.
* 939 – Battle of Andernach: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor, crushes a rebellion against his rule, by a coalition of Eberhard of Franconia and ...
** Carlos Blanco Galindo, 32nd President of Bolivia (b. 1882)
** Muhamed Hadžiefendić, Yugoslav army officer (killed by partisans) (b. 1898)
* October 4 – Irena Iłłakowicz, Polish general (murdered) (b. 1906)
* October 5 – Leon Roppolo, American jazz clarinetist (b. 1902)
* October 6
Events Pre-1600
* 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army of the mid-Republic.
* 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia.
*A ...
– Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln, Hungarian adventurer (b. 1879)
* October 7
Events Pre-1600
* 3761 BC – The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar.
* 1403 – Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon.
* 1477 ...
– Prince Christoph of Hesse (aviation accident) (b. 1901)
* October 8
**Marianne Golz, Austrian-born opera singer, World War II resistance member (executed) (b. 1895)
**Wilhelm Hegeler, German novelist (b. 1870)
* October 9 – Pieter Zeeman, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1865)
* October 12 – Max Wertheimer, Austro-Hungarian psychologist (b. 1880)
* October 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings.
* 1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland's ...
** Rudolf Beckmann, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1910)
** Siegfried Graetschus, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1916)
** Johann Niemann, German SS officer (Sobibór uprising) (b. 1913)
* October 15 – William Penhallow Henderson, American painter, architect and furniture designer (b. 1877)
* October 18
Events Pre-1600
* 33 – Heartbroken by the deaths of her sons Nero and Drusus, and banished to the island of Pandateria by Tiberius, Agrippina the Elder dies of self-inflicted starvation.
* 320 – Pappus of Alexandria, Greek philos ...
– Margaret Bartholomew, American Civil Air Patrol officer (aviation accident on mission) (b. 1903)
* October 19
Events Pre-1600
* 202 BC – Second Punic War: At the Battle of Zama, Roman legions under Scipio Africanus defeat Hannibal Barca, leader of the army defending Carthage.
* 439 – The Vandals, led by King Gaiseric, take Carthage in ...
– Camille Claudel, French sculptor (b. 1864)
* October 21
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – A Seljuk Turkish army successfully fights off the People's Crusade.
*1097 – First Crusade: Crusaders led by Godfrey of Bouillon, Bohemund of Taranto, and Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse, begin the Siege of A ...
– Dudley Pound, Sir Dudley Pound, British admiral (b. 1877)
* October 22
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – The Chalcedonian Creed, regarding the divine and human nature of Jesus, is adopted by the Council of Chalcedon, an ecumenical council.
* 794 – Emperor Kanmu relocates the Japanese capital to Heian-kyō (no ...
– William Reginald Hall, Sir Reginald Hall, British admiral (b. 1870)
* October 23
** André Antoine, French actor (b. 1858)
** Ben Bernie, American jazz violinist (b. 1891)
** Antonio Legnani, Italian admiral (automobile accident) (b. 1888)
** Franceska Mann, Polish dancer (killed in Auschwitz concentration camp) (b. 1917)
* October 24
Events Pre-1600
* AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius.
*1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France.
* 1360 – The T ...
– Hector de Saint-Denys Garneau, Canadian poet, lawyer (b. 1912)
* October 26 – Joseph E. Widener, American art collector and philanthropist (b. 1871)
* October 28 – Aurel Stein, Sir Aurel Stein, Hungarian-born British archaeologist (b. 1862)
* October 30
Events Pre-1600
* 637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge.
* 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates.
*1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Ro ...
– Max Reinhardt, Austrian director (b. 1873)
November
* November 5
Events Pre-1600
*1138 – Lý Anh Tông is enthroned as emperor of Vietnam at the age of two, beginning a 37-year reign.
*1499 – The '' Catholicon'', written in 1464 by Jehan Lagadeuc in Tréguier, is published; this is the first Bre ...
** Samad Abdullayev, Soviet army officer (killed in action) (b. 1920)
**Frank Campeau, American actor (b. 1864)
** Idhomene Kosturi, Albanian politician, acting Prime Minister of Albania (b. 1873)
* November 7 – Dwight Frye, American character actor (b. 1899)
* November 9 – Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich of Russia (b. 1877)
* November 10 – Blessed Lübeck martyrs, German Roman Catholic priests (executed):
** Johannes Prassek (b. 1911)
** Eduard Müller (martyr), Eduard Müller (b. 1911)
** Hermann Lange (b. 1912)
** Karl Friedrich Stellbrink (b. 1894)
* November 13 – Maurice Denis, French painter (b. 1870)
* November 14 – Gurie Grosu, Romanian Eastern Orthodox Church, Orthodox priest and metropolitan (b. 1877)
* November 19 – Baruch Lopes Leão de Laguna, Dutch painter (b. 1864)
* November 22
** Lorenz Hart, American lyricist (b. 1895)
** Keiji Shibazaki, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1894)
* November 23 – Charles Ray (actor), Charles Ray, American actor (b. 1891)
* November 24
** France Balantič, Yugoslav poet (killed in action) (b. 1921)
** Doris Miller, African-American sailor, Pearl Harbor survivor (killed in action) (b. 1919)
** Henry M. Mullinnix, American admiral (killed in action) (b. 1892)
* November 25 – Renato Cialente, Italian film actor (b. 1897)
* November 26
** Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (pilot), Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1909)
** Kiyoto Kagawa, Japanese admiral (killed in action) (b. 1895)
** Edward O'Hare, Edward "Butch" O'Hare, American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1914)
* November 28 – Aleksander Hellat, Soviet politician (b. 1881)
* November 29 – Zsolt Harsányi, Hungarian author, dramatist, translator and writer (b. 1887)
December
* December 1
** Antonio de Viti de Marco, Italian economist (b. 1858)
** Damrong Rajanubhab, Thai prince, historian (b. 1862)
* December 2 – Nordahl Grieg, Norwegian poet, novelist, journalist and activist (killed in action as war correspondent) (b. 1902)
* December 6 – G. O. Smith, English sportsman (b. 1872)
* December 7 – Hamilton Lamb, Australian politician, soldier (in Japanese POW camp) (b. 1900)
* December 8 – Donald Mackintosh (bishop), Donald Mackintosh, British clergyman, Roman Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1876)
* December 9
** George Cooper (actor), George Cooper, American silent film actor (b. 1892)
** Georges Dufrénoy, French post-impressionist painter (b. 1870)
* December 10 – Charles Belcher (actor), Charles Belcher, American film actor (b. 1872)
* December 13 – Erich Garske, German political activist (executed) (b. 1907)
* December 14 – John Harvey Kellogg, American physician, nutritionist (b. 1852)
* December 15 – Fats Waller, African-American jazz pianist (pneumonia) (b. 1904)
* December 18 – Hector Gray, British Royal Air Force officer (executed in Japanese Prisoner of War camp) (b. 1911)
* December 20 – Edward L. Beach Sr., American naval officer, author (b. 1867)
* December 22 – Beatrix Potter, British children's author, illustrator (b. 1866)
* December 23 – Frederic Fisher, Sir Frederic Fisher, British admiral (b. 1851)
* December 25 – William Irving (actor), William Irving, German-born American film actor (b. 1893)
* December 26 – Erich Bey, German admiral (killed in action) (b. 1898)
* December 27
** Rupert Julian, New Zealand actor, director (b. 1879)
** Creelman MacArthur, Canadian businessman, politician (b. 1874)
* December 30 – Hobart Bosworth, American film actor, director, writer and producer (b. 1867)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Otto Stern * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – George de Hevesy * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Carl Peter Henrik Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – not awarded * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awardedReferences
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