1932 in science

The year 1932 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy and space sciences

* August 10 – A 5.1 kg chondrite-type meteorite breaks into fragments and strikes earth near the town of Archie, Missouri.
* Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik postulates that long-period comets originate in an orbiting cloud (the Öpik–Oort cloud) at the outermost edge of the Solar System.

Biology

* English geneticist C. D. Darlington publishes ''Recent Advances in Cytology'', describing the mechanics of chromosomal crossover and its role in evolutionary science.
* English geneticist J. B. S. Haldane publishes ''The Causes of Evolution'', unifying the findings of Mendelian genetics with those of evolutionary science.
* American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon publishes ''The Wisdom of the Body'', developing and popularising the concept of homeostasis.
* A flock of Soay sheep is translocated from Soay to Hirta (also in the depopulated archipelago of St Kilda, Scotland) by conservationist John Crichton-Stuart, 4th Marquess of Bute.
* The heath hen becomes extinct in North America.

Earth sciences

* Braggite is first described, the first mineral discovered with the assistance of X rays.

Mathematics

* Menger-Nöbeling theorem.
* John von Neumann makes foundational contributions to ergodic theory in a series of papers.
* Rózsa Péter presents the results of her paper on recursive function theory, "Rekursive Funktionen," to the International Congress of Mathematicians in Zurich, Switzerland.
* December – Marian Rejewski of the Polish Biuro Szyfrów applies pure mathematics – permutation group theory – to breaking the German armed forces' Enigma machine ciphers.

Medicine

* January 5 – The pathology of Cushing's syndrome is first described by Harvey Cushing.
* American gastroenterologist Burrill Bernard Crohn and colleagues describe a series of patients with "regional ileitis", inflammation of the terminal ileum, the area most commonly affected by the condition which will become known as Crohn's disease.
* Grace Medes discovers tyrosinosis, the metabolic disorder later known as Type I tyrosinemia.
* Swedish neurosurgeon Herbert Olivecrona performs the first surgical excision of an intracranial arteriovenous malformation.
* Rudolph Schindler introduces the first semi-flexible gastroscope, in Germany.
* Commencement of the 40-year Tuskegee syphilis experiment by the U.S. Public Health Service to study the natural progression of untreated syphilis in poor African-American sharecroppers in Alabama without their informed consent.
* First published use of the term ''Medical genetics'', in an article by Madge Thurlow Macklin.
* Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus

Pharmacology

* Albert Szent-Györgyi and Charles Glen King identify ascorbic acid as an anti-scorbutic.
* December 25 – IG Farben file a patent application in Germany for the medical application of the first sulfonamide drug, Sulfonamidochrysoidine (KI-730; which will be marketed as Prontosil), following Gerhard Domagk's laboratory demonstration of its properties as an antibiotic at the conglomerate's Bayer laboratories.

Physics

* April 14 – John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton focus a proton beam on lithium and split its nucleus.
* May – Radio Luxembourg begins high-powered longwave test transmissions aimed directly at the British Isles which prove, inadvertently, to be the first radio modification of the ionosphere.
* May 10 – James Chadwick discovers the neutron. Werner Heisenberg explains its symmetries by introducing the concept of isospin.
* August 2 – The positron is observed by Carl Anderson.
* November 1 – The Kennedy–Thorndike experiment is published, showing that measured time as well as length is affected by motion, in accordance with the theory of special relativity.
* John von Neumann rigorously establishes a mathematical framework for quantum mechanics in ''Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik''.
* Zero-length springs are invented, revolutionizing seismometers and gravimeters.

Awards

* Nobel Prizes
** Physics – Werner Karl Heisenberg
** Chemistry – Irving Langmuir
** Medicine – Sir Charles Sherrington, Edgar Adrian

Births

* January 16 – Dian Fossey (murdered 1985), American primatologist.
* February 7 – Alfred Worden (died 2020), American astronaut.
* February 10 – Robert Taylor (died 2017), American computer scientist.
* March 10 – Udupi Ramachandra Rao (died 2017), Indian space scientist.
* March 14 – Joseph Bryan Nelson (died 2015), British ornithologist.
* March 15 – Alan Bean (died 2018), American astronaut.
* March 21 – Walter Gilbert, American chemist and Nobel laureate
* March 24 – Lodewijk van den Berg (died 2022), Dutch-born American chemical engineer and astronaut
* April 26 – Michael Smith (died 2000), English-born biochemist, recipient of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
* May 22 – Robert Spitzer (died 2015), American psychiatrist.
* July 10 – Ioan Pușcaș (died 2015), Romanian gastroenterologist.
* July 31 – John Searle, American philosopher of the mind and language.
* August 4 – Frances E. Allen, American computer scientist, Turing Award winner.
* August 15 – Robert L. Forward (died 2002), American science fiction author and physicist.
* August 18 – Luc Montagnier (died 2022), French virologist and joint recipient of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
* September 18 – Nikolai Rukavishnikov (died 2002), Russian cosmonaut.
* September 29 – Rainer Weiss, German-born American physicist, joint recipient of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physics for detection of gravitational waves.
* October 1 – Biswa Ranjan Nag (died 2004), Indian physicist.
* October 3 – Terence English, South African-born cardiac surgeon.
* October 13 – John G. Thompson, American mathematician.
* November 6 – François Englert, Belgian theoretical physicist, joint recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery of the Higgs mechanism.
* December 15 – John Meurig Thomas (died 2020), Welsh physical chemist.

Deaths

* February 29 – George Claridge Druce (born 1850), English botanist.
* March 14 – George Eastman (born 1854), American photography pioneer (suicide).
* April 3 – Wilhelm Ostwald (born 1853), Baltic German chemist.
* April 20 – Giuseppe Peano (born 1858), Italian mathematician.
* May 29 – Cuthbert Christy (born 1863), English medical investigator, zoologist and explorer.
* June 21 – Major Taylor (born 1878), African American racing cyclist.
* July 9 – King Camp Gillette (born 1855), American inventor.
* July 14 – Fran Jesenko (born 1875), Slovene botanist and plant geneticist.
* July 22 – Reginald Fessenden (born 1866), Canadian American radio broadcasting pioneer.
* August 9 – John Charles Fields (born 1863), Canadian mathematician.
* September 16 – Sir Ronald Ross (born 1857), British physiologist.
* November 12 – Sir Dugald Clerk (born 1854), Scottish-born mechanical engineer.

References

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20th century in science
1930s in science