Events
January
*
January 2
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.
* 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...
–
South Dakota
South Dakota (; Sioux language, Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state in the West North Central states, North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota people, Lakota and Dakota peo ...
native
Ernest Lawrence
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American nuclear physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron. He is known for his work on uranium-isotope separation f ...
invents the
cyclotron
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932. Lawrence, Ernest O. ''Method and apparatus for the acceleration of ions'', filed: Janu ...
, used to accelerate particles to study
nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the ...
.
*
January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – Engli ...
– German pilot
Elly Beinhorn
Elly Beinhorn (30 May 1907 – 28 November 2007) was a German pilot.
Life
Early life
She was born in Hannover, Germany on 30 May 1907.
In 1928, she attended a lecture by famed aviator Hermann Köhl, who had recently completed a historic E ...
begins her flight to Africa.
*
January 22
Events Pre-1600
* 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
* 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...
– Sir
Isaac Isaacs
Sir Isaac Alfred Isaacs (6 August 1855 – 11 February 1948) was an Australian lawyer, politician, and judge who served as the ninth Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1931 to 1936. He had previously served on the High Court of A ...
is sworn in as the first Australian-born
Governor-General of Australia
The governor-general of Australia is the representative of the monarch, currently King Charles III, in Australia.[January 25
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...](_blank)
–
Mohandas Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...
is again released from imprisonment in India.
*
January 27
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent.
* 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to becom ...
–
Pierre Laval
Pierre Jean Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932 and 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. He again occu ...
forms a government in France.
February
![Ford Trimotor](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Ford_Trimotor.jpg)
*
February 4
Events Pre–1600
* 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...
– Soviet leader
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
gives a speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars, while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states: "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." The
first five-year plan
The first five-year plan (russian: I пятилетний план, ) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, based on his policy of socialism in ...
in the Soviet Union is intensified, for the industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
*
February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
* 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparkin ...
– Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.
*
February 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
* 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
–
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (; 15 December 1861 – 29 February 1944) was the third president of Finland from 1931 to 1937. Serving as a lawyer, judge, and politician in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, he played a major role in the ...
is elected president of Finland.
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
–
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = Seal (emblem), National seal
, national_motto = "Fi ...
vian revolutionaries hijack a
Ford Trimotor
The Ford Trimotor (also called the "Tri-Motor", and nicknamed the "Tin Goose") is an American three-engined transport aircraft. Production started in 1925 by the companies of Henry Ford and ended on June 7, 1933, after 199 had been made. It w ...
aeroplane, and demand that the pilot drop
propaganda
Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded ...
leaflets over
Lima
Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón River, Chillón, Rímac River, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of t ...
.
March
*
March 5
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
* 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern ...
– The British
viceroy
A viceroy () is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix ''vice-'', meaning "in the place of" and the French word ''roy'', meaning "k ...
of India and
Mohandas Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...
sign the
Gandhi–Irwin Pact
The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5 March 1931 before the Second Round Table Conference in London. Before this, Irwin, the Viceroy, had announced in October 1929 a va ...
.
*
March 7
Events Pre-1600
* 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
* 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...
– The Finnish
Parliament House opens in
Helsinki
Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the Capital city, capital, primate city, primate, and List of cities and towns in Finland, most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of U ...
, Finland.
*
March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the venerati ...
– The ''
Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR
Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR (russian: «Готов к труду и обороне СССР» ''Gotov k trudu i oborone SSSR''), abbreviated as GTO (russian: ГТО) was the All-Union physical culture training programme, introduced in ...
'' programme, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
.
*
March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey Church, Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of ...
– Indian revolutionary leaders
Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh (27 September 1907 – 23 March 1931) was a charismatic Indian revolutionary*
* who participated in the mistaken murder of a junior British police officer
*
* in what was to be retaliation for the death of an Indian nationa ...
,
Shivaram Rajguru
Shivaram Hari Rajguru (24 August 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian revolutionary from Maharashtra (then Bombay State), known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a British police officer named John Saunders. He was an active m ...
and
Sukhdev Thapar
Sukhdev Thapar (15 May 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian revolutionary who worked to make India independent from the British Raj along with his best friends and partners Bhagat Singh and Shivaram Rajguru. A senior member of the Hindustan S ...
are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the
British Raj
The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent;
*
* it is also called Crown rule in India,
*
*
*
*
or Direct rule in India,
* Quote: "Mill, who was himsel ...
.
*
March 31
Events Pre-1600
* 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.
*1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V ...
– An
earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, from ...
destroys
Managua
)
, settlement_type = Capital city
, motto =
, image_map =
, mapsize =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Nicara ...
,
Nicaragua
Nicaragua (; ), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (), is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the cou ...
, killing 2,000 people.
April
*
April 1
Events Pre-1600
* 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held.
* 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
*1081 – Alexios I Kom ...
– The
Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
The second encirclement campaign () against Jiangxi Soviet was a series of battles launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government in the hope of encircling and destroying the Jiangxi Soviet after the previous campaign had failed. The Red Army ...
in China is launched by the
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Tai ...
government, to destroy the Communist forces in
Jiangxi
Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
Province.
*
April 6
Events Pre–1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.
* 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.
*132 ...
– The Portuguese government declares martial law in
Madeira
)
, anthem = ( en, "Anthem of the Autonomous Region of Madeira")
, song_type = Regional anthem
, image_map=EU-Portugal_with_Madeira_circled.svg
, map_alt=Location of Madeira
, map_caption=Location of Madeira
, subdivision_type=Sovereign st ...
and in the
Azores
)
, motto =( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace")
, anthem= ( en, "Anthem of the Azores")
, image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg
, map_alt=Location of the Azores within the European Union
, map_caption=Location of the Azores wi ...
, because of the
Madeira uprising The Madeira uprising, also referred to as the Island Revolt or the Revolt of the Deported, was a military uprising against the government of the National Dictatorship (1926–1933) that took place on the island of Madeira, beginning in the early h ...
in
Funchal
Funchal () is the largest city, the municipal seat and the capital of Portugal's Madeira, Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a population of 105,795, making it the sixth largest city in Portugal. Because of ...
.
*
April 12
Events Pre-1600
* 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I.
* 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted ...
– Municipal elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy, result in the triumph for the republican parties.
*
April 14
Events Pre-1600
* 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum.
* 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor Otho ...
– The
Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, King Alfonso XIII, and was di ...
is proclaimed in
Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the second-largest city in the European Union (EU), and ...
. Meanwhile, as a result of the victory of the
Republican Left of Catalonia
The Republican Left of Catalonia ( ca, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC; ; generically branded as ) is a Catalan independence movement, pro-Catalan independence, social democracy, social-democratic List of political parties in Catalonia, p ...
,
Francesc Macià
Francesc Macià i Llussà (; 21 September 1859 – 25 December 1933) was a Spanish politician from Catalonia who served as the 122nd president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, and formerly an officer in the Spanish Army.
Politically, he evolve ...
proclaims in
Barcelona
Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
the
Catalan Republic
Catalan Republic or Catalan State refers to Catalonia at various times when it was proclaimed either an independent republic or as a republic within a Spanish federal republic:
* Catalan Republic (1641), a proclaimed independent state under French ...
, as a state of the Iberian Federation.
*
April 17
Events Pre-1600
*1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
*1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...
– After the negotiations between the republican ministers of Spain and Catalonia, the Catalan Republic becomes the
Generalitat of Catalonia
The Generalitat de Catalunya (; oc, label=Aranese, Generalitat de Catalonha; es, Generalidad de Cataluña), or the Government of Catalonia, is the institutional system by which Catalonia politically organizes its self-government. It is formed b ...
, a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.
*
April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
* 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
–
Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
, the
UK,
Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Danish Realm, Kingdom of Denmark
...
,
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
,
Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...
,
Sweden
Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...
and the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
recognize the
Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 A ...
.
*
April 25
Events Pre-1600
* 404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
* 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the ...
– The automobile manufacturer
Porsche
Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG, usually shortened to Porsche (; see #Pronunciation, below), is a German automobile manufacturer specializing in high-performance sports cars, SUVs and sedans, headquartered in Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg, Germany ...
is founded by
Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an Austrian-German automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche AG. He is best known for creating the first gasoline–electric hybrid vehicle (Lohner–Porsche), the Volkswag ...
in
Stuttgart
Stuttgart (; Swabian: ; ) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg. It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the ''Stuttgarter Kessel'' (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the ...
.
May
![Manhattan at Dusk by slonecker](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Manhattan_at_Dusk_by_slonecker.jpg)
*
May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
* 1169 &ndas ...
– Construction of the
Empire State Building
The Empire State Building is a 102-story Art Deco skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan, New York City. The building was designed by Shreve, Lamb & Harmon and built from 1930 to 1931. Its name is derived from "Empire State", the nickname of the st ...
is completed in New York City.
*
May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...
–
Kemal Atatürk Kemal may refer to:
;People
* Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a Turkish politician and the first president of Turkey
* Kemal (name), a common Turkish name
;Places
* Kemalpaşa, İzmir Province, Turkey
* Mustafakemalpaşa, Bursa Province, Turkey
;See also ...
is re-elected president of
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a list of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolia, Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with ...
.
*
May 5
Events Pre-1600
* 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins.
*1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta.
* 1260 – Ku ...
–
İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (; 24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish army officer and statesman of Kurdish descent, who served as the second President of Turkey from 11 November 1938 to 22 May 1950, and its Prime Minister three tim ...
forms a new government in Turkey (7th government).
*
May 11
Events 1601–1900
*1812 – Prime Minister Spencer Perceval is Assassination of Spencer Perceval, assassinated by John Bellingham in the lobby of the British House of Commons.
*1813 – William Lawson (explorer), William Lawson, Grego ...
– The ''
Creditanstalt
The Creditanstalt (sometimes Credit-Anstalt, abbreviated as CA), full original name k. k. priv. Österreichische Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe (), was a major Austrian bank, founded in 1855 in Vienna.
From its founding until 1931, th ...
'', Austria's largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.
*
May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
–
Paul Doumer
Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932.
Biography
Joseph Athanase Doumer was born in Aurillac, in the Cantal ''dépa ...
is elected president of France.
*
May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
*1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
* 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
–
Ådalen shootings
The Ådalen shootings ( sv, skotten i Ådalen) was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Ådalen, Kramfors Municipality, Ångermanland, Sweden, in May 1931. During a protest on 14 May, five people were killed by bullets fired ...
: Five people are killed in
Ådalen
Ådalen is the river valley of the Ångerman River, downstream Junsele, in Sweden. It often refers to the broad, densely populated, fjord-like mouth of the river, in Kramfors Municipality
Kramfors Municipality (''Kramfors kommun'') is a munici ...
, Sweden, when soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.
*
May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
** The Chinese Communists inflict a sharp defeat on the Kuomintang forces.
**
Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI ( it, Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (; 31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was head of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to his death in February 1939. He was the first sovereign of Vatican City fro ...
issues the
encyclical
An encyclical was originally a circular letter sent to all the churches of a particular area in the ancient Roman Church. At that time, the word could be used for a letter sent out by any bishop. The word comes from the Late Latin (originally from ...
''
Quadragesimo anno'', on the "reconstruction of the social order".
*
May 31
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
* 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
– The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet ends in the defeat of the Kuomintang.
June
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
**German Chancellor Dr.
Heinrich Brüning
Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning (; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as the chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932.
A political scienti ...
visits London, where he warns the British Prime Minister
Ramsay MacDonald
James Ramsay MacDonald (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, the first who belonged to the Labour Party, leading minority Labour governments for nine months in 1924 ...
that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the ''Creditanstalt'', has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.
**Anti-Chinese rioting occurs in
Pyongyang
Pyongyang (, , ) is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution". Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 populatio ...
. Approximately 127 Chinese people are killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties are destroyed by Korean residents.
*
June 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
*1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soo ...
–
Saint-Philibert disaster
''St. Philibert'' was a small cruise ship sailing in the summer from the mouth of the Loire River and near the coast of France. On 14 June 1931, nearly 500 people, mostly workers and their families from Nantes, embarked in the port of Nantes. 46 ...
: The overloaded pleasure craft ''Saint-Philibert'', carrying trippers home to Nantes from the Île de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the River
Loire
The Loire (, also ; ; oc, Léger, ; la, Liger) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of , it drains , more than a fifth of France's land, while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône ...
in France; over 450 drown.
*
June 19
Events Pre-1600
* 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.
*1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle chang ...
** In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, U.S. President
Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Gr ...
issues the
Hoover Moratorium The Hoover Moratorium was a public statement issued by United States President Herbert Hoover on June 20, 1931, who hoped to ease the ongoing international financial crisis and provide time for recovery by instituting a one-year moratorium on paym ...
.
** The
Geneva Convention (1929) relative to the treatment of
prisoners of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held Captivity, captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.
Belligerents hold priso ...
enters into force.
*
June 23
Events Pre-1600
* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
* 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
* 1280 – The Spanish Re ...
–
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
–
Wiley Post
Wiley Hardeman Post (November 22, 1898 – August 15, 1935) was a famed American aviator during the interwar period and the first pilot to fly solo around the world. Also known for his work in high-altitude flying, Post helped develop one ...
and
Harold Gatty
Harold Charles Gatty (5 January 1903 – 30 August 1957) was an Australian navigator and aviation pioneer. Charles Lindbergh called Gatty the "Prince of Navigators."Gywnn-Jones, Terry, ''Harold Gatty, Aviation Navigation Expert'', Aviation Histo ...
accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout from Roosevelt Field (airport), Roosevelt Field, New York, in 8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes.
July
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– The rebuilt Milano Centrale railway station officially opens in Italy.
* July 9 – Irish racing driver Kaye Don breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy.
* July 10 – Norway issues a royal proclamation claiming the uninhabited part of eastern Greenland as Erik the Red's Land.
* July 13 – Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the Maharaja Hari Singh, of the Indian princely state of Kashmir and Jammu (princely state), Kashmir and Jammu.
* July 16 – Emperor Haile Selassie signs the first 1931 Constitution of Ethiopia, Constitution of Ethiopia.
August
* August 2 – Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck: Two Berlin police officers are killed by Communists.
* August 9 – A referendum in Free State of Prussia, Prussia for dissolving the ''Landtag'' ends with the "yes" side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early elections. The elections are intended to remove the Social Democratic Party of Germany, Social Democratic Party (SPD) government of Otto Braun, which is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the "yes" side were the NSDAP, the DNVP and the Communist Party of Germany, Communist Party (KPD), while supporting the "no" side were the SPD and ''Zentrumspartei, Zentrum''.
* August 24 – The Labour Party (UK), Labour Government of
Ramsay MacDonald
James Ramsay MacDonald (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, the first who belonged to the Labour Party, leading minority Labour governments for nine months in 1924 ...
resigns in Britain, replaced by a National Government (United Kingdom), National Government of people drawn from all parties, also under MacDonald.
September
* September 7 – The Round Table Conferences (India)#Second Round Table Conference (September 1931 – December 1931), Second Round Table Conference on the constitutional future of India opens in London; Mahatma Gandhi represents the Indian National Congress.
* September 10 – The worst 1931 Belize hurricane, hurricane in Belize, British Honduras history kills an estimated 1,500.
* September 18 – The Japanese military stages the Mukden Incident, an explosion blamed on Chinese dissidents and used as a pretext for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria.
* September 19 – The United Kingdom abandons the gold standard.
* September 20 – With a gun literally pointed to his head, the Chinese commander of Jilin, Kirin province announces the annexation of that territory to Japan.
October
* October 5 – American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight across the Pacific Ocean, from Misawa, Aomori, Misawa, Japan, to East Wenatchee, Washington, in 41½ hours.
* October 11 – A rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the Harzburg Front being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the ''Stahlhelm'' and various other right-wing factions.
* October 24 – The George Washington Bridge across the Hudson River in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At , it nearly doubles the previous record for the List of longest suspension bridge spans, longest main span in the world.
* October 27 – The 1931 United Kingdom general election, United Kingdom general election results in the victory of the National Government (United Kingdom), National Government, and the defeat of Labour Party (UK), Labour Party, in the country's greatest ever electoral landslide.
November
* November 7
** The Chinese Soviet Republic is proclaimed by Mao Zedong.
** Red China News Agency (a predecessor of the Xinhua News Agency) is officially founded, and news wire service start in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province, China.
* November 8
** French police launch a large-scale raid against Corsican bandits.
** The Panama Canal is closed for a couple of weeks, due to damage caused by earthquakes.
* November 26 – Heavy hydrogen, later named deuterium, is discovered by American chemist Harold Urey.
December
* December 5 – The original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow (1883) is dynamited, by order of
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secreta ...
.
* December 8 – Carl Friedrich Goerdeler is appointed Reich Price Commissioner, in Germany to enforce the deflationary policies of the Brüning government.
* December 9 – The Spanish Constituent Cortes approves the Spanish Constitution of 1931, effectively establishing the
Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of Alfonso XIII, King Alfonso XIII, and was di ...
.
* December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.
* December 11 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Statute of Westminster 1931, Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Dominion of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.
* December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.
* December 19 – The United Australia Party, UAP/National Party of Australia, Country Coalition (Australia), Coalition, led by Joseph Lyons, defeats the Australian Australian Labor Party, Labor Scullin Ministry, Government, led by Prime Minister of Australia, Prime Minister James Scullin. Coming in the aftermath of two Australian Labor Party split of 1931, splits in the Labor Party, the election comes about due to the defeat of the Scullin Government on the floor of the Australian House of Representatives, House of Representatives – to date, it is the last federal election where a one-term government was defeated. Lyons will be sworn in January 6th the following year, but not before disbanding the Coalition, after the UAP wins enough seats to form a government in its own right.
Births
January
![Sam_Cooke_billboard](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Sam_Cooke_billboard.jpg)
* January 1
** Mona Hammond, Jamaican-born British actress (d. 2022)
** Mohammad Ali Samatar, 5th Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 2016)
*
January 2
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.
* 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...
– Toshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022)
*
January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – Engli ...
** Guido Messina, Italian road and track cyclist (d. 2020)
** William Deane, 22nd Governor-General of Australia
** Cleopa Msuya, 3rd Prime Minister of Tanzania
* January 5
** Alvin Ailey, American choreographer (d. 1989)
** Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist
** Robert Duvall, American actor and director
* January 6 – E. L. Doctorow, American author (d. 2015)
* January 8 – Bill Graham (promoter), Bill Graham, German concert promoter (d. 1991)
* January 10 – Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, Malaysian politician, Muslim cleric (d. 2015)
* January 12 – Roland Alphonso, Jamaican musician (d. 1998)
* January 14 – Caterina Valente, French singer and actress
* January 16
** Shuhrat Abbosov, Uzbek actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. 2018)
** Johannes Rau, President of Germany (d. 2006)
* January 17 – James Earl Jones, African-American actor
* January 20 – David Lee (physicist), David Lee, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
*
January 22
Events Pre-1600
* 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
* 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...
– Sam Cooke, African-American singer (d. 1964)
* January 24 – Lars Hörmander, Swedish mathematician (d. 2012)
*
January 25
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
– Dean Jones (actor), Dean Jones, American actor (d. 2015)
*
January 27
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – Trajan succeeds his adoptive father Nerva as Roman emperor; under his rule the Roman Empire will reach its maximum extent.
* 945 – The co-emperors Stephen and Constantine are overthrown and forced to becom ...
– Mordecai Richler, Canadian author (d. 2001)
* January 28 – Lucia Bosè, Italian actress (d. 2020)
* January 29 – Ferenc Mádl, President of Hungary (d. 2011)
February
![James Dean in Rebel Without a Cause](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e6/James_Dean_in_Rebel_Without_a_Cause.jpg)
* February 1
** Boris Yeltsin, 1st President of Russia (d. 2007)
** Oswald Oberhuber, Austrian painter, sculptor, and graphic artist (d. 2020)
* February 2
** Dries van Agt, Dutch politician, 46th Prime Minister of the Netherlands
** Walter Burkert, German writer (d. 2015)
*
February 4
Events Pre–1600
* 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...
– Isabel Perón, 41st President of Argentina
* February 6
** Rip Torn, American actor and comedian (d. 2019)
** Mamie Van Doren, American actress and writer
** Ricardo Vidal, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, cardinal (d. 2017)
* February 8
** James Dean, American actor (d. 1955)
** Shadia, Egyptian actress, singer (d. 2017)
* February 9
** Thomas Bernhard, Austrian author (d. 1989)
** Josef Masopust, Czech football player and coach (d. 2015)
* February 12 – Agustín García-Gasco Vicente, Spanish cardinal (d. 2011)
* February 14 – Gerrit Jan Heijn, Dutch businessman (d. 1987)
* February 15 – Claire Bloom, English actress
* February 18 – Toni Morrison, African-American writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2019)
* February 19 – Camillo Ruini, Italian cardinal
* February 20 – John Milnor, American mathematician
* February 23 – Linda Cristal, Argentine actress (d. 2020)
March
![Leonard Nimoy by Gage Skidmore](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Leonard_Nimoy_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg)
* March 1 – Lamberto Dini, Italian politician, economist and 51st Prime Minister of Italy
* March 2 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the 8th and final List of leaders of the Soviet Union, leader of the
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, it was nominally a federal union of fifteen national ...
, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2022)
* March 4
** William H. Keeler, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
** Alice Rivlin, American economist (d. 2019)
*
March 5
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
* 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern ...
– Barry Tuckwell, Australian horn player (d. 2020)
* March 6 – Chun Doo-hwan, 5th President of South Korea (d. 2021)
* March 8 – Neil Postman, American media theorist and cultural critic (d. 2003)
* March 9 – León Febres Cordero, President of Ecuador (d. 2008)
* March 10 – Kovambo Nujoma, First Lady of Namibia
*
March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the venerati ...
** Janosch, German children's author and illustrator
** Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born publisher
* March 14 – Lisbet Palme, Swedish child psychologist (d. 2018)
* March 15 – D. J. Fontana, American drummer (d. 2018)
* March 16 – Elliott Belgrave, 7th Governor-General of Barbados
* March 18 – Vlastimil Bubník, Czech ice hockey and football player (d. 2015)
* March 22
** Burton Richter, American physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018)
** William Shatner, Canadian actor and science fiction novelist (''Star Trek'')
* March 26 – Leonard Nimoy, American actor, film director (''Star Trek''), and singer (d. 2015)
* March 27 – David Janssen, American actor (''The Fugitive (1963 TV series), The Fugitive'') (d. 1980)
* March 28 – Anatoly Lein, Russian-born American chess Grandmaster (d. 2018)
* March 29 – Aleksei Gubarev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2015)
April
*
April 1
Events Pre-1600
* 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held.
* 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
*1081 – Alexios I Kom ...
** Ita Ever, Estonian actress
** Rolf Hochhuth, German dramatist (d. 2020)
** Jean-Jacques Honorat, 3rd Prime Minister of Haiti
* April 2 – Joseph Joffo, French author (d. 2018)
* April 4 – Catherine Tizard, 16th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 2021)
* April 5 – Héctor Olivera (film director), Héctor Olivera, Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter
*
April 6
Events Pre–1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.
* 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.
*132 ...
** Suchitra Sen, Bengali people, Bengali actress (d. 2014)
** Radomil Eliška, Czech conductor (d. 2019)
* April 8 – John Gavin, American actor and diplomat (d. 2018)
* April 11
** Luís Cabral, Luis Cabral, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau (d. 2009)
** Mustafa Dağıstanlı, Turkish free-style wrestler (d. 2022)
* April 13 – Dan Gurney, American race car driver (d. 2018)
* April 15
** Helen Maksagak, Canadian, first Inuit, Inuk and woman to be Commissioner of both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (d. 2009)
** Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet, translator and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2015)
* April 19 – Kobie Coetsee, South African politician (d. 2000)
* April 26 – John Cain (41st Premier of Victoria), John Cain, Australian politician (d. 2019)
* April 27 – Igor Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist (d. 2021)
* April 29
** Frank Auerbach, German-born painter
** Lonnie Donegan, Scottish musician (d. 2002)
May
![Carroll Baker headshot for Station Six-Sahara 1962](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Carroll_Baker_headshot_for_Station_Six-Sahara_1962.png)
*
May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
* 1169 &ndas ...
– Chaudhry Ghulam Rasool, Pakistani educationist (d. 1991)
* May 3
** Aldo Rossi, Italian architect and designer (d. 1997)
** Hirokazu Kanazawa, Japanese karate practitioner and teacher (d. 2019)
* May 6
** Magda al-Sabahi, Egyptian actress (d. 2020)
** Willie Mays, African-American baseball player
* May 7
** Teresa Brewer, American pop, jazz singer (d. 2007)
** Marta Terry González, Cuban librarian (d. 2018)
** Gene Wolfe, American science fiction and fantasy writer (d. 2019)
* May 8 – Bob Clotworthy, American diver (d. 2018)
* May 10 – M. Chidananda Murthy, Indian historian (d. 2020)
*
May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
** András Hajnal, Hungarian mathematician (d. 2016)
** Jim Jones, American People's Temple cult leader (d. 1978)
** Jiří Petr, Czech university president (d. 2014)
*
May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 2021)
* May 16
** Magda Guzmán, Mexican actress (d. 2015)
** Natwar Singh, Indian politician
* May 18
** Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez, First Lady of the Philippines (d. 2006)
* May 20 – George Vassiliou, 3rd President of Cyprus
* May 21 – Bombolo, Italian character actor and comedian (d. 1987)
* May 23 – Barbara Barrie, American actress and writer
* May 25 – Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017)
* May 27 – Faten Hamama, Egyptian actress (d. 2015)
* May 28 – Carroll Baker, American actress
*
May 31
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
* 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
** John Robert Schrieffer, John Schrieffer, American physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019)
** Shirley Verrett, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2010)
June
![Olympia Dukakis 2019](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Olympia_Dukakis_2019.jpg)
* June 2 – Viktor Tsaryov, Russian footballer (d. 2017)
* June 3
** Raúl Castro, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
** Lindy Remigino, American Olympic athlete (d. 2018)
* June 4 – D. M. Jayaratne, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2019)
* June 8 – Dana Wynter, German-born American actress (d. 2011)
* June 10 – João Gilberto, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist, pioneer of bossa nova (d. 2019)
*
June 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
*1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soo ...
** Marla Gibbs, African-American actress, comedian and singer
** Junior Walker, American saxophonist, singer (d. 1995)
* June 16 – Ivo Petrić, Slovenian composer (d. 2018)
* June 17 – John Baldessari, American conceptual artist (d. 2020)
* June 18 – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 34th President of Brazil
* June 20
** Olympia Dukakis, American actress (d. 2021)
** Arne Nordheim, Norwegian composer (d. 2010)
* June 22 – Ian Browne (cyclist), Ian Browne, Australian track cyclist
*
June 23
Events Pre-1600
* 229 – Sun Quan proclaims himself emperor of Eastern Wu.
* 1266 – War of Saint Sabas: In the Battle of Trapani, the Venetians defeat a larger Genoese fleet, capturing all its ships.
* 1280 – The Spanish Re ...
– Ola Ullsten, Swedish politician and diplomat (d. 2018)
* June 24
** Billy Casper, American golfer (d. 2015)
** Gaston Flosse, French Polynesian politician
* June 25 – V. P. Singh, Prime Minister of India (d. 2008)
* June 26 – Colin Wilson, British novelist and philosopher (d. 2013)
* June 27
** Graziella Galvani, Italian stage, television and film actress
** Martinus J. G. Veltman, Dutch physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2021)
* June 28
** Hans Alfredson, Swedish actor, film director, writer and comedian (d. 2017)
** Jenny Glusker, British biochemist and crystallographer
* June 29 – Alina Obidniak, Polish actress and theatre director (d. 2021)
* June 30 – Gerda Herrmann, German composer and poet (d. 2021)
July
![Seyni Kountche 1983 cropped](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Seyni_Kountche_1983_cropped.jpg)
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
** Leslie Caron, French actress
** Stanislav Grof, Czech psychiatrist
** Seyni Kountché, former President of Niger (d. 1987)
* July 4 – Stephen Boyd, Irish actor (''Ben-Hur (1959 film), Ben-Hur'') (d. 1977)
* July 5 – Ismail Mahomed, South African, Namibian Chief Justice (d. 2000)
* July 6
** Antonella Lualdi, Italian actress and singer
** Della Reese, African-American actress, singer and evangelist (d. 2017)
* July 10
** Morris Chang, Chairman of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (TSMC) in 1987
** Jerry Herman, American composer, lyricist (d. 2019)
** Alice Munro, Canadian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature
* July 14 – Robert Stephens, English actor (d. 1995)
* July 15
** Clive Cussler, American thriller writer and underwater explorer (d. 2020)
** Gene Louw, South African politician (d. 2015)
* July 22 – Guido de Marco, Maltese politician, 6th President of Malta (d. 2010)
* July 23 – Te Atairangikaahu, Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, Māori queen (d. 2006)
* July 25 – Paul Danblon, Belgian composer, opera director, administrator and journalist (d. 2018)
August
![Life Ball 2013 - magenta carpet Barbara Eden 01 (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Life_Ball_2013_-_magenta_carpet_Barbara_Eden_01_%28cropped%29.jpg)
* August 1
** Dino da Costa, Italian footballer (d. 2020)
** Hal Connolly, American athlete (d. 2010)
* August 2 – Ruth Maria Kubitschek, German actress
* August 3 – Vladimir Trusenyov, Russian discus thrower (d. 2001)
* August 6 – Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Iranian cleric, writer and politician (d. 2014)
* August 8 – Roger Penrose, English mathematical physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
* August 9 – Mário Zagallo, Brazilian football player, manager
* August 12 – William Goldman, American author (d. 2018)
* August 15
** Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince and politician (d. 2018)
** Richard F. Heck, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015)
* August 16 – Harold Bernard St. John, 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2004)
* August 18 – Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands), Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Deputy Prime Minister (d. 2010)
* August 19 – Willie Shoemaker, American jockey (d. 2003)
* August 20 – Don King (boxing promoter), Don King, American boxing promoter
* August 22 – Ruy Guerra, Portuguese-born Brazilian film director and screenwriter
* August 23
** Barbara Eden, American actress
** Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
* August 27
** Sri Chinmoy, Bengali spiritual teacher, poet, artist and athlete who immigrated to the U.S. in 1964 (d. 2007)
** Clarence James, Bermudian surgeon, politician (d. 2016)
* August 28 – Shunichiro Okano, Japanese football player and manager (d. 2017)
* August 30
** Jacques Braunstein, Romanian-born Venezuelan economist, publicist and disc jockey (d. 2009)
** Jack Swigert, American astronaut (d. 1982)
* August 31 – Jean Béliveau, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014)
September
![Larry Hagman 2011 (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Larry_Hagman_2011_%28cropped%29.jpg)
* September 2 – Zoltán Latinovits, Hungarian actor (d. 1976)
* September 3 – Paulo Maluf, Brazilian politician
* September 4
** Javier Solís, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1966)
** Mitzi Gaynor, American actress, singer and dancer
* September 5 – Moshé Mizrahi, Israeli film director (d. 2018)
* September 10
** Idelisa Bonnelly, Dominican marine biologist (d. 2022)
** Philip Baker Hall, American actor (d. 2022)
* September 12
** Ian Holm, British actor (d. 2020)
** George Jones, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2013)
** Silvia Pinal, Mexican actress and politician
* September 13 – Barbara Bain, American actress
* September 16 – E. C. George Sudarshan, Indian theoretical physicist (d. 2018)
* September 17
** Princess Lalla Aicha of Morocco (d. 2011)
** Anne Bancroft, American actress (d. 2005)
* September 19 – Brook Benton, American singer-songwriter (d. 1988)
* September 21
** Larry Hagman, American actor and director (d. 2012)
** Syukuro Manabe, Japanese meteorologist, climatologist and Nobel Prize laureate
** Paulias Matane, 8th Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (d. 2021)
* September 22 – Fay Weldon, British author
* September 24
** Tom Adams (politician), Tom Adams, 2nd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 1985)
** Elizabeth Blackadder, Scottish painter (d. 2021)
* September 27 – Freddy Quinn, Austrian singer, actor
* September 29
** James Cronin, American nuclear physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2016)
** Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (d. 2015)
* September 30 – Angie Dickinson, American actress
October
![A](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam_in_2008.jpg)
* October 3 – Denise Scott Brown, American architect
* October 6 – Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-born astrophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018)
* October 7 – Desmond Tutu, South African Anglican archbishop, activist and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2021)
* October 13 – Raymond Kopa, French footballer (d. 2017)
* October 15 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President of India (d. 2015)
* October 16 – Charles Colson, American politician, Watergate conspirator, later evangelist (d. 2012)
* October 17 – José Alencar, Brazilian politician (d. 2011)
* October 19
** Rubens de Falco, Brazilian actor (d. 2008)
** John le Carré, English novelist (d. 2020)
** Manolo Escobar, Spanish singer and actor (d. 2013)
* October 20 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player (d. 1995)
* October 21 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian film actor, director (d. 2011)
* October 23 – Diana Dors, English actress (d. 1984)
* October 25
** Klaus Hasselmann, German oceanographer, climate modeller and Nobel Prize laureate
** Jimmy McIlroy, Northern Irish football player and manager (d. 2018)
* October 27 – Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian feminist (d. 2021)
* October 28 – Analía Gadé, Argentine actress (d. 2019)
* October 31
** Sergio Obeso Rivera, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2019)
** Dan Rather, American television news reporter (''CBS Evening News'')
November
![Mwai Kibaki, October 2003](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Mwai_Kibaki%2C_October_2003.jpg)
* November 1 – Shunsuke Kikuchi, Japanese composer (d. 2021)
* November 2 – Phil Woods, American saxophonist (d. 2015)
* November 3
** Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association bishop (d. 2007)
** Monica Vitti, Italian actress (d. 2022)
* November 5 – Ike Turner, American singer, songwriter (d. 2007)
* November 6
** Peter Collins (racing driver), Peter Collins, British racing driver (d. 1958)
** Mike Nichols, German-American television actor, writer and director (d. 2014)
* November 12 – Majida Boulila, Tunisian militant (d. 1952)
* November 15
** Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya (d. 2022)
** Pascal Lissouba, President of the Republic of Congo (d. 2020)
* November 21 – Malcolm Williamson, Australian composer (d. 2003)
* November 26 – Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Argentine activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
* November 28
** Dervla Murphy, Irish author (d. 2022)
** Tomi Ungerer, French artist, illustrator and writer (d. 2019)
* November 29 – Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor (d. 1997)
December
![Rita Moreno face](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Rita_Moreno_face.jpg)
* December 1
** Rajko Kuzmanović, 7th President of Republika Srpska
** George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2018)
** Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar, Bangladeshi barrister and politician
* December 2 – Wynton Kelly, Jamaican-American jazz pianist, composer (d. 1971)
* December 3 – Elizabeth Ramsey, Filipina singer and actress (d. 2015)
* December 5 – Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni, Indian Navy admiral (d. 2018)
* December 7 – Carmela Rey, Mexican singer, actress (d. 2018)
* December 9 – Ladislav Smoljak, Czech film, theater director, actor and screenwriter (d. 2010)
* December 11 – Rita Moreno, Puerto-Rican actress (''West Side Story'')
* December 15 – Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish writer (d. 2015)
* December 21
** Redha Malek, 8th Prime Minister of Algeria (d. 2017)
** Georgi Naydenov (footballer, born 1931), Georgi Naydenov, Bulgarian footballer and manager (d. 1970)
* December 22 – Carlos Graça, 6th Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (d. 2013)
* December 24
** Walter Abish, Austrian-born American writer (d. 2022)
** Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (d. 2008)
* December 26 – Roger Piantoni, French footballer (d. 2018)
* December 27
** John Charles, Welsh international footballer (d. 2004)
** Scotty Moore, American guitarist (d. 2016)
** Lê Khả Phiêu, Vietnamese politician (d. 2020)
* December 30
** Charles Bassett, American electrical engineer, astronaut (d. 1966)
** Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004)
Deaths
January
![Giuseppe „Joe“ Masseria](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Giuseppe_%E2%80%9EJoe%E2%80%9C_Masseria.jpg)
* January 3 – Joseph Joffre, French World War I general (b. 1852)
*
January 4
Events Pre-1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina.
* 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army.
1601–1900
*1649 – Engli ...
** Art Acord, American actor (b. 1890)
** Roger Connor, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857)
** Louise, Princess Royal, British royal, eldest daughter of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)
* January 10 – James Milton Carroll, American Baptist pastor, historian, and author (b. 1852)
* January 14 – Hardy Richardson, American baseball player (b. 1855)
* January 17 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864)
*
January 22
Events Pre-1600
* 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
* 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...
– Alma Rubens, American actress (b. 1897)
* January 23
** Anna Pavlova, Soviet ballerina (b. 1881)
** Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, former Minister-President of Austria (b. 1862)
* January 24 – James Percy FitzPatrick, Sir Percy FitzPatrick, South African author, politician and mining financier (b. 1862)
* January 28 – Bernardo Soto Alfaro, 14th President of Costa Rica (b. 1854)
* January 29 – Henri Mathias Berthelot, French general (b. 1861)
February
* February 1 – Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome (b. 1872)
* February 9 – Mammad Hasan Hajinski, last Prime Minister of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (b.1875)
* February 11 – Charles Algernon Parsons, Sir Charles Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854)
* February 13 – Martin von Feuerstein, German painter (b. 1865)
*
February 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
* 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Wilhelm von Gloeden, German photographer (b. 1856)
* February 18 – Louis Wolheim, American actor (b. 1880)
* February 19 – Tovmas Nazarbekian, Armenian general (b. 1855)
* February 23
** Eduard von Capelle, German admiral (b. 1855)
** Dame Nellie Melba, Australian soprano (b. 1861)
* February 24 – Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1852)
* February 26 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847)
* February 28 – Thomas S. Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1858)
March
*
March 5
Events Pre-1600
* 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death.
* 1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern ...
– Arthur Tooth, Anglican clergyman (b. 1839)
*
March 7
Events Pre-1600
* 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
* 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...
** Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865)
** Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter (b. 1883)
*
March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the venerati ...
– F. W. Murnau, German director (b. 1888)
* March 16 – Charles Eliot (diplomat), Sir Charles Eliot, British diplomat (b. 1862)
* March 20
** Alfred Giles (explorer), Alfred Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1846)
** Hermann Müller (politician), Hermann Müller, German journalist, politician and 12th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
** Joseph B. Murdock, United States Navy admiral, New Hampshire politician (b. 1851)
* March 22 – James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, Irish lawyer, politician (b. 1851)
*
March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey Church, Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of ...
** Harold Edward Elliott, Australian army officer and politician (b. 1878)
**
Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh (27 September 1907 – 23 March 1931) was a charismatic Indian revolutionary*
* who participated in the mistaken murder of a junior British police officer
*
* in what was to be retaliation for the death of an Indian nationa ...
, Indian revolutionary hero (b. 1907)
* March 24 – Robert Edeson, American actor (b. 1868)
* March 25 – Ida B. Wells, African-American lynching, anti-lynching crusader (b. 1862)
* March 27 – Arnold Bennett, British novelist (b. 1867)
* March 28 – Ban Johnson, American baseball executive (b. 1864)
*
March 31
Events Pre-1600
* 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.
*1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V ...
– Knute Rockne, American football coach (b. 1888)
April
* April 4 – André Michelin, French originator of Michelin Guides (born 1854)
* April 8 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864)
* April 9 – Nicholas Longworth, American politician, Speaker of the House (b. 1869)
* April 10 – Khalil Gibran, Lebanese poet, painter (b. 1883)
* April 15
** Joe Masseria, American gangster (b. 1886)
** Prince Thomas, Duke of Genoa (b. 1854)
* April 20 – Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, Scottish landowner, ''RMS Titanic, Titanic'' survivor (b. 1862)
* April 26 – George Herbert Mead, American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist (b. 1863)
* April 27 – Albert, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1869)
* April 30 – Sammy Woods, English cricketer (b. 1867)
May
![Hamaguchi Osachi 1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Hamaguchi_Osachi_1.jpg)
* May 2 – George Fisher Baker, American financier, philanthropist (b. 1840)
* May 9 – Albert A. Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
*
May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
*1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
* 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
– David Belasco, American Broadway impresario, theater owner and playwright (b. 1853)
* May 26 – Anna Sandström, Swedish social reformer (b. 1854)
June
* June 2 – Joseph W. Farnham, American screenwriter (b. 1884)
* June 4 – Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Arab nationalist
* June 8 – Virginia Frances Sterrett, American artist, illustrator (b. 1900)
* June 13
** Jesse Boot, 1st Baron Trent, British businessman (b. 1850)
** Kitasato Shibasaburō, Japanese physician and bacteriologist (b. 1853)
* June 21 – Pio del Pilar, Filipino activist (b. 1860)
* June 22 – Armand Fallières, 9th President of France (b. 1841)
* July 4
** Buddie Petit, American jazz musician
** Prince Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta (b. 1869)
July
* July 4 – Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, Italian general, Marshal of Italy (b. 1869)
* July 11 – William Jasper Spillman, American economist (b. 1863)
* July 12 – Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1866)
August
* August 6 – Bix Beiderbecke, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1903)
* August 11 - Linda Loredo, Mexican-American actress and dancer (b. 1907)
* August 14 – Patriarch Damian I of Jerusalem (b. 1848)
* August 15 – Nigar Shikhlinskaya, Azerbaijani World War I nurse (b. 1878)
* August 22 – Joseph Tabrar, British songwriter (b. 1857)
* August 26
** Frank Harris, Irish author, editor (b. 1856)
** Hamaguchi Osachi, Japanese politician, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1870)
* August 27 – Francis Marion Smith, American businessman (b. 1846)
September
* September 4 – Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria (b. 1863)
* September 5 – John Thomson (footballer, born 1909), John Thomson, Scottish footballer (b. 1909)
* September 7 – Federico Tinoco Granados, 21st President of Costa Rica (b. 1868)
* September 8 – Susan Augusta Pike Sanders, American teacher, clubwoman, and author (b. 1842)
* September 9 – Lujo Brentano, German economist (b. 1844)
* September 10 – Salvatore Maranzano, Italian mobster (b. 1886)
* September 12
** Francis J. Higginson, United States Navy admiral (b. 1843)
** Joseph Le Brix, French aviator, naval officer (b. 1899)
* September 13 – Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia (b. 1866)
* September 14 – Tom Roberts, English-born Australian artist (b. 1856)
* September 16 – Omar al-Mukhtar, Libyan resistance leader (b. 1858)
* September 17
** Marcello Amero D'Aste, Italian admiral, politician (b. 1853)
** Marvin Hart, American world heavyweight boxing champion (b. 1876)
* September 18 – Geli Raubal, German niece of Adolf Hitler (suicide; b. 1908)
* September 19 – David Starr Jordan, American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and peace activist (b. 1851)
* September 29 – William Orpen, Sir William Orpen, Irish artist (b. 1878)
October
![Thomas Edison](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Thomas_Edison.jpg)
* October 2 – Thomas Lipton, Sir Thomas Lipton, Scottish retailer and yachtsman (b. 1848)
* October 3 – Carl Nielsen, Danish composer (b. 1865)
* October 7 – Daniel Chester French, American sculptor (b. 1850)
* October 13 – Ernst Didring, Swedish writer (b. 1868)
* October 18 – Thomas Edison, American inventor (b. 1847)
* October 21 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian author, dramatist (b. 1862)
* October 24 – Sir Murray Bisset, South African cricketer, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. 1876)
November
* November 4 – Buddy Bolden, American musician (b. 1877)
* November 6 – Jack Chesbro, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1874)
* November 10 – Charlotte Scott, English mathematician (b. 1858)
* November 11 – Shibusawa Eiichi, Japanese industrialist (b. 1840)
* November 13 – Ivan Fichev, Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military historian, and academician (b. 1860)
* November 17 – Hara Prasad Shastri, Indian academic and Sanskrit scholar (b. 1853)
* November 21 – Bruno von Mudra, German general (b. 1851)
* November 27 – Robert Ames (actor), Robert Ames, American actor (b. 1889)
December
* December 2 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer (b. 1851)
* December 5 – Vachel Lindsay, American poet (b. 1879)
* December 9 – Antonio Salandra, Italian statesman, 21st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1853)
* December 18 – Legs Diamond, Jack Diamond, American gangster (b. 1897)
* December 23 – Tyrone Power Sr., English-born American actor (b. 1869)
* December 24 – Carlo Fornasini, micropalaeontologist (b. 1854)
* December 26 – Melvil Dewey, American librarian, inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification (b. 1851)
* December 27 – José Figueroa Alcorta, Argentine politician, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1860)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Otto Heinrich Warburg
* Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Erik Axel Karlfeldt
* Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray Butler
References
External links
The 1930s Timeline: 1931– from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century by Henry Hartshorne
{{DEFAULTSORT:1931
1931,