1931 Essays on:
[Wikipedia]
[Google]
[Amazon]
* February 4 – Soviet leader
*
* January 1
** Mona Hammond, Jamaican-born British actress (d. 2022)
** Mohammad Ali Samatar, 5th Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 2016)
* January 2 – Toshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022)
* January 4
** Guido Messina, Italian road and track cyclist (d. 2020)
** William Deane, 22nd Governor-General of Australia
** Cleopa Msuya, 3rd Prime Minister of Tanzania
* January 5
** Alvin Ailey, American choreographer (d. 1989)
** Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist
** Robert Duvall, American actor and director
* January 6 – E. L. Doctorow, American author (d. 2015)
* January 8 – Bill Graham (promoter), Bill Graham, German concert promoter (d. 1991)
* January 10 – Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, Malaysian politician, Muslim cleric (d. 2015)
* January 12 – Roland Alphonso, Jamaican musician (d. 1998)
* January 14 – Caterina Valente, French singer and actress
* January 16
** Shuhrat Abbosov, Uzbek actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. 2018)
** Johannes Rau, President of Germany (d. 2006)
* January 17 – James Earl Jones, African-American actor
* January 20 – David Lee (physicist), David Lee, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
* January 22 – Sam Cooke, African-American singer (d. 1964)
* January 24 – Lars Hörmander, Swedish mathematician (d. 2012)
* January 25 – Dean Jones (actor), Dean Jones, American actor (d. 2015)
* January 27 – Mordecai Richler, Canadian author (d. 2001)
* January 28 – Lucia Bosè, Italian actress (d. 2020)
* January 29 – Ferenc Mádl, President of Hungary (d. 2011)
* February 1
** Boris Yeltsin, 1st President of Russia (d. 2007)
** Oswald Oberhuber, Austrian painter, sculptor, and graphic artist (d. 2020)
* February 2
** Dries van Agt, Dutch politician, 46th Prime Minister of the Netherlands
** Walter Burkert, German writer (d. 2015)
* February 4 – Isabel Perón, 41st President of Argentina
* February 6
** Rip Torn, American actor and comedian (d. 2019)
** Mamie Van Doren, American actress and writer
** Ricardo Vidal, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, cardinal (d. 2017)
* February 8
** James Dean, American actor (d. 1955)
** Shadia, Egyptian actress, singer (d. 2017)
* February 9
** Thomas Bernhard, Austrian author (d. 1989)
** Josef Masopust, Czech football player and coach (d. 2015)
* February 12 – Agustín García-Gasco Vicente, Spanish cardinal (d. 2011)
* February 14 – Gerrit Jan Heijn, Dutch businessman (d. 1987)
* February 15 – Claire Bloom, English actress
* February 18 – Toni Morrison, African-American writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2019)
* February 19 – Camillo Ruini, Italian cardinal
* February 20 – John Milnor, American mathematician
* February 23 – Linda Cristal, Argentine actress (d. 2020)
* March 1 – Lamberto Dini, Italian politician, economist and 51st Prime Minister of Italy
* March 2 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the 8th and final List of leaders of the Soviet Union, leader of the
*
* June 2 – Viktor Tsaryov, Russian footballer (d. 2017)
* June 3
** Raúl Castro, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
** Lindy Remigino, American Olympic athlete (d. 2018)
* June 4 – D. M. Jayaratne, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2019)
* June 8 – Dana Wynter, German-born American actress (d. 2011)
* June 10 – João Gilberto, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist, pioneer of bossa nova (d. 2019)
*
* July 1
** Leslie Caron, French actress
** Stanislav Grof, Czech psychiatrist
** Seyni Kountché, former President of Niger (d. 1987)
* July 4 – Stephen Boyd, Irish actor (''Ben-Hur (1959 film), Ben-Hur'') (d. 1977)
* July 5 – Ismail Mahomed, South African, Namibian Chief Justice (d. 2000)
* July 6
** Antonella Lualdi, Italian actress and singer
** Della Reese, African-American actress, singer and evangelist (d. 2017)
*
* August 1
** Dino da Costa, Italian footballer (d. 2020)
** Hal Connolly, American athlete (d. 2010)
* August 2 – Ruth Maria Kubitschek, German actress
* August 3 – Vladimir Trusenyov, Russian discus thrower (d. 2001)
* August 6 – Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Iranian cleric, writer and politician (d. 2014)
* August 8 – Roger Penrose, English mathematical physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
*
* September 2 – Zoltán Latinovits, Hungarian actor (d. 1976)
* September 3 – Paulo Maluf, Brazilian politician
* September 4
** Javier Solís, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1966)
** Mitzi Gaynor, American actress, singer and dancer
* September 5 – Moshé Mizrahi, Israeli film director (d. 2018)
*
* October 3 – Denise Scott Brown, American architect
* October 6 – Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-born astrophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018)
* October 7 – Desmond Tutu, South African Anglican archbishop, activist and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2021)
* October 13 – Raymond Kopa, French footballer (d. 2017)
* October 15 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President of India (d. 2015)
* October 16 – Charles Colson, American politician, Watergate conspirator, later evangelist (d. 2012)
* October 17 – José Alencar, Brazilian politician (d. 2011)
* October 19
** Rubens de Falco, Brazilian actor (d. 2008)
** John le Carré, English novelist (d. 2020)
** Manolo Escobar, Spanish singer and actor (d. 2013)
* October 20 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player (d. 1995)
* October 21 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian film actor, director (d. 2011)
* October 23 – Diana Dors, English actress (d. 1984)
* October 25
** Klaus Hasselmann, German oceanographer, climate modeller and Nobel Prize laureate
** Jimmy McIlroy, Northern Irish football player and manager (d. 2018)
*
* November 1 – Shunsuke Kikuchi, Japanese composer (d. 2021)
* November 2 – Phil Woods, American saxophonist (d. 2015)
* November 3
** Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association bishop (d. 2007)
** Monica Vitti, Italian actress (d. 2022)
* November 5 – Ike Turner, American singer, songwriter (d. 2007)
* November 6
** Peter Collins (racing driver), Peter Collins, British racing driver (d. 1958)
** Mike Nichols, German-American television actor, writer and director (d. 2014)
* November 12 – Majida Boulila, Tunisian militant (d. 1952)
* November 15
** Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya (d. 2022)
** Pascal Lissouba, President of the Republic of Congo (d. 2020)
* November 21 – Malcolm Williamson, Australian composer (d. 2003)
*
* December 1
** Rajko Kuzmanović, 7th President of Republika Srpska
** George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2018)
** Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar, Bangladeshi barrister and politician
* December 2 – Wynton Kelly, Jamaican-American jazz pianist, composer (d. 1971)
* December 3 – Elizabeth Ramsey, Filipina singer and actress (d. 2015)
*
* January 3 – Joseph Joffre, French World War I general (b. 1852)
* January 4
** Art Acord, American actor (b. 1890)
** Roger Connor, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857)
** Louise, Princess Royal, British royal, eldest daughter of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)
* January 10 – James Milton Carroll, American Baptist pastor, historian, and author (b. 1852)
* January 14 – Hardy Richardson, American baseball player (b. 1855)
* January 17 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864)
* January 22 – Alma Rubens, American actress (b. 1897)
* January 23
** Anna Pavlova, Soviet ballerina (b. 1881)
** Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, former Minister-President of Austria (b. 1862)
* January 24 – James Percy FitzPatrick, Sir Percy FitzPatrick, South African author, politician and mining financier (b. 1862)
* January 28 – Bernardo Soto Alfaro, 14th President of Costa Rica (b. 1854)
* January 29 – Henri Mathias Berthelot, French general (b. 1861)
* May 2 – George Fisher Baker, American financier, philanthropist (b. 1840)
* May 9 – Albert A. Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
*
* October 2 – Thomas Lipton, Sir Thomas Lipton, Scottish retailer and yachtsman (b. 1848)
* October 3 – Carl Nielsen, Danish composer (b. 1865)
* October 7 – Daniel Chester French, American sculptor (b. 1850)
* October 13 – Ernst Didring, Swedish writer (b. 1868)
* October 18 – Thomas Edison, American inventor (b. 1847)
* October 21 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian author, dramatist (b. 1862)
*
The 1930s Timeline: 1931
– from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century by Henry Hartshorne
{{DEFAULTSORT:1931 1931,
Events
January
* January 2 –South Dakota
South Dakota (; Sioux: , ) is a U.S. state in the North Central region of the United States. It is also part of the Great Plains. South Dakota is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, who comprise a large porti ...
native Ernest Lawrence
Ernest Orlando Lawrence (August 8, 1901 – August 27, 1958) was an American nuclear physicist and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1939 for his invention of the cyclotron. He is known for his work on uranium-isotope separation fo ...
invents the cyclotron
A cyclotron is a type of particle accelerator invented by Ernest O. Lawrence in 1929–1930 at the University of California, Berkeley, and patented in 1932. Lawrence, Ernest O. ''Method and apparatus for the acceleration of ions'', filed: Jan ...
, used to accelerate particles to study nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
Nuclear physics should not be confused with atomic physics, which studies the ...
.
* January 4 – German pilot Elly Beinhorn
Elly Beinhorn (30 May 1907 – 28 November 2007) was a German pilot.
Life
Early life
She was born in Hannover, Germany on 30 May 1907.
In 1928, she attended a lecture by famed aviator Hermann Köhl, who had recently completed a historic ...
begins her flight to Africa.
* January 22 – Sir Isaac Isaacs
Sir Isaac Alfred Isaacs (6 August 1855 – 11 February 1948) was an Australian lawyer, politician, and judge who served as the ninth Governor-General of Australia, in office from 1931 to 1936. He had previously served on the High Court of Au ...
is sworn in as the first Australian-born Governor-General of Australia.
* January 25 – Mohandas Gandhi is again released from imprisonment in India.
* January 27 – Pierre Laval
Pierre Jean Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932 and 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. He again occ ...
forms a government in France.
February
* February 4 – Soviet leader Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...
gives a speech calling for rapid industrialization, arguing that only strong industrialized countries will win wars, while "weak" nations are "beaten". Stalin states: "We are fifty or a hundred years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this distance in ten years. Either we do it, or they will crush us." The first five-year plan
The first five-year plan (russian: I пятилетний план, ) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, created by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, based on his policy of socialism in ...
in the Soviet Union is intensified, for the industrialization and collectivization of agriculture.
* February 10
Events Pre-1600
* 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end.
* 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, spar ...
– Official inauguration ceremonies for New Delhi as the capital of India begin.
* February 16
Events Pre-1600
*1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
*1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Pehr Evind Svinhufvud
Pehr Evind Svinhufvud af Qvalstad (; 15 December 1861 – 29 February 1944) was the third president of Finland from 1931 to 1937. Serving as a lawyer, judge, and politician in the Russian Grand Duchy of Finland, he played a major role in the ...
is elected president of Finland.
* February 21
Events Pre-1600
*452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
*1440 – The Pru ...
– Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = National seal
, national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...
vian revolutionaries hijack a Ford Trimotor aeroplane, and demand that the pilot drop propaganda leaflets over Lima
Lima ( ; ), originally founded as Ciudad de Los Reyes (City of The Kings) is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of ...
.
March
* March 5 – The Britishviceroy
A viceroy () is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory. The term derives from the Latin prefix ''vice-'', meaning "in the place of" and the French word ''roy'', meaning " ...
of India and Mohandas Gandhi sign the Gandhi–Irwin Pact
The Gandhi–Irwin Pact was a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and Lord Irwin, Viceroy of India, on 5 March 1931 before the Second Round Table Conference in London. Before this, Irwin, the Viceroy, had announced in October 1929 a ...
.
* March 7 – The Finnish Parliament House opens in Helsinki
Helsinki ( or ; ; sv, Helsingfors, ) is the capital, primate, and most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland, and has a population of . The city ...
, Finland.
* March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
– The '' Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR'' programme, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
.
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
– Indian revolutionary leaders Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh (27 September 1907 – 23 March 1931) was a charismatic Indian revolutionary*
* who participated in the mistaken murder of a junior British police officer
*
* in what was to be retaliation for the death of an Indian national ...
, Shivaram Rajguru
Shivaram Hari Rajguru (24 August 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian revolutionary from Maharashtra (then Bombay State), known mainly for his involvement in the assassination of a British police officer named John Saunders. He was an active ...
and Sukhdev Thapar are hanged for conspiracy to murder in the British Raj
The British Raj (; from Hindi ''rāj'': kingdom, realm, state, or empire) was the rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent;
*
* it is also called Crown rule in India,
*
*
*
*
or Direct rule in India,
* Quote: "Mill, who was him ...
.
* March 31 – An earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in intensity, fr ...
destroys Managua
)
, settlement_type = Capital city
, motto =
, image_map =
, mapsize =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Nicar ...
, Nicaragua
Nicaragua (; ), officially the Republic of Nicaragua (), is the largest country in Central America, bordered by Honduras to the north, the Caribbean to the east, Costa Rica to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Managua is the countr ...
, killing 2,000 people.
April
*April 1
Events Pre-1600
* 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held.
* 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
*1081 – Alexios I Ko ...
– The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet
The second encirclement campaign () against Jiangxi Soviet was a series of battles launched by the Chinese Nationalist Government in the hope of encircling and destroying the Jiangxi Soviet after the previous campaign had failed. The Red Army ...
in China is launched by the Kuomintang
The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially on the Chinese mainland and in Tai ...
government, to destroy the Communist forces in Jiangxi
Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
Province.
* April 6
Events Pre–1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.
* 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.
*13 ...
– The Portuguese government declares martial law in Madeira and in the Azores
)
, motto =( en, "Rather die free than subjected in peace")
, anthem= ( en, "Anthem of the Azores")
, image_map=Locator_map_of_Azores_in_EU.svg
, map_alt=Location of the Azores within the European Union
, map_caption=Location of the Azores wi ...
, because of the Madeira uprising in Funchal
Funchal () is the largest city, the municipal seat and the capital of Portugal's Autonomous Region of Madeira, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean. The city has a population of 105,795, making it the sixth largest city in Portugal. Because of its high ...
.
* April 12
Events Pre-1600
* 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I.
* 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...
– Municipal elections in Spain, which are treated as a virtual referendum on the monarchy, result in the triumph for the republican parties.
* April 14
Events Pre-1600
* 43 BC – Legions loyal to the Roman Senate, commanded by Gaius Pansa, defeat the forces of Mark Antony in the Battle of Forum Gallorum.
* 69 – Vitellius, commanding Rhine-based armies, defeats Roman emperor Otho ...
– The Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 ...
is proclaimed in Madrid
Madrid ( , ) is the capital and most populous city of Spain. The city has almost 3.4 million inhabitants and a Madrid metropolitan area, metropolitan area population of approximately 6.7 million. It is the Largest cities of the Europ ...
. Meanwhile, as a result of the victory of the Republican Left of Catalonia
The Republican Left of Catalonia ( ca, Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, ERC; ; generically branded as ) is a pro-Catalan independence, social-democratic political party in the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia, with a presence also i ...
, Francesc Macià
Francesc Macià i Llussà (; 21 September 1859 – 25 December 1933) was a Spanish politician from Catalonia who served as the 122nd president of the Generalitat of Catalonia, and formerly an officer in the Spanish Army.
Politically, he evol ...
proclaims in Barcelona
Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ci ...
the Catalan Republic, as a state of the Iberian Federation.
* April 17
Events Pre-1600
*1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
*1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...
– After the negotiations between the republican ministers of Spain and Catalonia, the Catalan Republic becomes the Generalitat of Catalonia, a Catalan autonomous government inside the Spanish Republic.
* April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
*1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern h ...
– Austria
Austria, , bar, Östareich officially the Republic of Austria, is a country in the southern part of Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps. It is a federation of nine states, one of which is the capital, Vienna, the most populous ...
, the UK, Denmark
)
, song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast")
, song_type = National and royal anthem
, image_map = EU-Denmark.svg
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark
, establish ...
, Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
, Italy
Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...
, Sweden and the United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
recognize the Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 A ...
.
* April 25
Events Pre-1600
*404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
* 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against the ...
– The automobile manufacturer Porsche is founded by Ferdinand Porsche
Ferdinand Porsche (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an Austrian-German automotive engineer and founder of the Porsche AG. He is best known for creating the first gasoline–electric hybrid vehicle (Lohner–Porsche), the Volksw ...
in Stuttgart.
May
* May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
*1169 – N ...
– Construction of the Empire State Building is completed in New York City.
* May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus ar ...
– Kemal Atatürk Kemal may refer to:
;People
* Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a Turkish politician and the first president of Turkey
* Kemal (name), a common Turkish name
;Places
* Kemalpaşa, İzmir Province, Turkey
* Mustafakemalpaşa, Bursa Province, Turkey
;See als ...
is re-elected president of Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
.
* May 5
Events Pre-1600
* 553 – The Second Council of Constantinople begins.
*1215 – Rebel barons renounce their allegiance to King John of England — part of a chain of events leading to the signing of the Magna Carta.
*1260 – Kub ...
– İsmet İnönü
Mustafa İsmet İnönü (; 24 September 1884 – 25 December 1973) was a Turkish army officer and statesman of Kurdish descent, who served as the second President of Turkey from 11 November 1938 to 22 May 1950, and its Prime Minister three tim ...
forms a new government in Turkey (7th government).
* May 11 – The ''Creditanstalt
The Creditanstalt (sometimes Credit-Anstalt, abbreviated as CA), full original name k. k. priv. Österreichische Credit-Anstalt für Handel und Gewerbe (), was a major Austrian bank, founded in 1855 in Vienna.
From its founding until 1931, th ...
'', Austria's largest bank, goes bankrupt, beginning the banking collapse in Central Europe that causes a worldwide financial meltdown.
* May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
– Paul Doumer
Joseph Athanase Doumer, commonly known as Paul Doumer (; 22 March 18577 May 1932), was the President of France from 13 June 1931 until his assassination on 7 May 1932.
Biography
Joseph Athanase Doumer was born in Aurillac, in the Cantal ''dépar ...
is elected president of France.
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
*1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
– Ådalen shootings
The Ådalen shootings ( sv, skotten i Ådalen) was a series of events in and around the sawmill district of Ådalen, Kramfors Municipality, Ångermanland, Sweden, in May 1931. During a protest on 14 May, five people were killed by bullets fired ...
: Five people are killed in Ådalen
Ådalen is the river valley of the Ångerman River, downstream Junsele, in Sweden. It often refers to the broad, densely populated, fjord-like mouth of the river, in Kramfors Municipality
Kramfors Municipality (''Kramfors kommun'') is a munici ...
, Sweden, when soldiers open fire on an unarmed trade union demonstration.
* May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
** The Chinese Communists inflict a sharp defeat on the Kuomintang forces.
** Pope Pius XI issues the encyclical '' Quadragesimo anno'', on the "reconstruction of the social order".
* May 31
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
* 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
– The Second Encirclement Campaign against Jiangxi Soviet ends in the defeat of the Kuomintang.
June
* June 5 **German Chancellor Dr.Heinrich Brüning
Heinrich Aloysius Maria Elisabeth Brüning (; 26 November 1885 – 30 March 1970) was a German Centre Party politician and academic, who served as the chancellor of Germany during the Weimar Republic from 1930 to 1932.
A political scienti ...
visits London, where he warns the British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald that the collapse of the Austrian banking system, caused by the bankruptcy of the ''Creditanstalt'', has left the entire German banking system on the verge of collapse.
**Anti-Chinese rioting occurs in Pyongyang
Pyongyang (, , ) is the capital and largest city of North Korea, where it is known as the "Capital of the Revolution". Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River about upstream from its mouth on the Yellow Sea. According to the 2008 populat ...
. Approximately 127 Chinese people are killed, 393 wounded, and a considerable number of properties are destroyed by Korean residents.
* June 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
* 1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soon ...
– Saint-Philibert disaster: The overloaded pleasure craft ''Saint-Philibert'', carrying trippers home to Nantes from the Île de Noirmoutier, sinks at the mouth of the River Loire
The Loire (, also ; ; oc, Léger, ; la, Liger) is the longest river in France and the 171st longest in the world. With a length of , it drains , more than a fifth of France's land, while its average discharge is only half that of the Rhône ...
in France; over 450 drown.
* June 19
Events Pre-1600
* 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea.
*1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle chan ...
** In an attempt to stop the banking crisis in Central Europe from causing a worldwide financial meltdown, U.S. President Herbert Hoover
Herbert Clark Hoover (August 10, 1874 – October 20, 1964) was an American politician who served as the 31st president of the United States from 1929 to 1933 and a member of the Republican Party, holding office during the onset of the Gr ...
issues the Hoover Moratorium The Hoover Moratorium was a public statement issued by United States President Herbert Hoover on June 20, 1931, who hoped to ease the ongoing international financial crisis and provide time for recovery by instituting a one-year moratorium on paym ...
.
** The Geneva Convention (1929) relative to the treatment of prisoners of war enters into force.
* June 23– July 1 – Wiley Post
Wiley Hardeman Post (November 22, 1898 – August 15, 1935) was a famed American aviator during the interwar period and the first pilot to fly solo around the world. Also known for his work in high-altitude flying, Post helped develop on ...
and Harold Gatty
Harold Charles Gatty (5 January 1903 – 30 August 1957) was an Australian navigator and aviation pioneer. Charles Lindbergh called Gatty the "Prince of Navigators."Gywnn-Jones, Terry, ''Harold Gatty, Aviation Navigation Expert'', Aviation Histo ...
accomplish the first round-the-world flight in a single-engine plane, flying eastabout from Roosevelt Field
Roosevelt Field is a former airport, located east-southeast of Mineola, Long Island, New York. Originally called the Hempstead Plains Aerodrome, or sometimes Hempstead Plains field or the Garden City Aerodrome, it was a training field (Hazel ...
, New York, in 8 days, 15 hours, 51 minutes.
July
* July 1 – The rebuiltMilano Centrale railway station
Milano Centrale ( it, Stazione Milano Centrale) is the main railway station of the city of Milan, Italy, and is the largest railway station in Europe by volume. The station is a terminus and located at the northern end of central Milan. It was o ...
officially opens in Italy.
* July 9 – Irish racing driver Kaye Don
Kaye Ernest Donsky (10 April 1891 – 29 August 1981), better known by his ''nom de course'' Kaye Don, was an Irish world record breaking car and speedboat racer. He became a motorcycle dealer on his retirement from road racing and set up Amb ...
breaks the world water speed record at Lake Garda, Italy.
* July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
– Norway issues a royal proclamation claiming the uninhabited part of eastern Greenland
Greenland ( kl, Kalaallit Nunaat, ; da, Grønland, ) is an island country in North America that is part of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is located between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Greenland i ...
as Erik the Red's Land
Erik the Red's Land ( no, Eirik Raudes Land) was the name given by Norwegians to an area on the coast of eastern Greenland occupied by Norway in the early 1930s. It was named after Erik the Red, the founder of the first Norse or Viking settlement ...
.
* July 13
Events Pre-1600
* 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173–74, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
* 1249 – Coronation of Alexander III as King of Scots.
*1260 – The Livon ...
– Royal soldiers shoot and kill 22 people demonstrating against the Maharaja
Mahārāja (; also spelled Maharajah, Maharaj) is a Sanskrit title for a "great ruler", "great king" or " high king".
A few ruled states informally called empires, including ruler raja Sri Gupta, founder of the ancient Indian Gupta Empire, a ...
Hari Singh
Maharaja Sir Hari Singh (September 1895 – 26 April 1961) was the last ruling Maharaja of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir.
Hari Singh was the son of Amar Singh and Bhotiali Chib. In 1923, following his uncle's death, Singh became ...
, of the Indian princely state of Kashmir and Jammu.
* July 16
Events Pre-1600
* 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar.
* 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece.
* 1 ...
– Emperor Haile Selassie
Haile Selassie I ( gez, ቀዳማዊ ኀይለ ሥላሴ, Qädamawi Häylä Səllasé, ; born Tafari Makonnen; 23 July 189227 August 1975) was Emperor of Ethiopia from 1930 to 1974. He rose to power as Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia (' ...
signs the first Constitution of Ethiopia
The Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (), also known as the 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia, is the supreme law of Ethiopia. The constitution came into force on 21 August 1995 after it was drawn up by the Constituent Asse ...
.
August
* August 2 –Murder of Paul Anlauf and Franz Lenck
Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse, especially the unlawful killing of another human with malice aforethought. ("The killing of another person without justification or excuse, especially the ...
: Two Berlin
Berlin ( , ) is the capital and List of cities in Germany by population, largest city of Germany by both area and population. Its 3.7 million inhabitants make it the European Union's List of cities in the European Union by population within ci ...
police officers are killed by Communists.
* August 9
Events Pre-1600
*48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
* 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens ...
– A referendum in Prussia
Prussia, , Old Prussian: ''Prūsa'' or ''Prūsija'' was a German state on the southeast coast of the Baltic Sea. It formed the German Empire under Prussian rule when it united the German states in 1871. It was ''de facto'' dissolved by an ...
for dissolving the ''Landtag'' ends with the "yes" side winning 37% of the vote, which is insufficient for calling the early elections. The elections are intended to remove the Social Democratic Party
The name Social Democratic Party or Social Democrats has been used by many political parties in various countries around the world. Such parties are most commonly aligned to social democracy as their political ideology.
Active parties
Fo ...
(SPD) government of Otto Braun
Otto Braun (28 January 1872 – 15 December 1955) was a politician of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) during the Weimar Republic. From 1920 to 1932, with only two brief interruptions, Braun was Minister President of the Free State ...
, which is one of the strongest forces for democracy in Germany. Supporting the "yes" side were the NSDAP
The Nazi Party, officially the National Socialist German Workers' Party (german: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or NSDAP), was a far-right political party in Germany active between 1920 and 1945 that created and supported t ...
, the DNVP
The German National People's Party (german: Deutschnationale Volkspartei, DNVP) was a national-conservative party in Germany during the Weimar Republic. Before the rise of the Nazi Party, it was the major conservative and nationalist party in Wei ...
and the Communist Party
A communist party is a political party that seeks to realize the socio-economic goals of communism. The term ''communist party'' was popularized by the title of ''The Manifesto of the Communist Party'' (1848) by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. ...
(KPD), while supporting the "no" side were the SPD and '' Zentrum''.
* August 24
Events Pre-1600
* 367 – Gratian, son of Roman Emperor Valentinian I, is named co-Augustus at the age of eight by his father.
* 394 – The Graffito of Esmet-Akhom, the latest known inscription in Egyptian hieroglyphs, is written. ...
– The Labour
Labour or labor may refer to:
* Childbirth, the delivery of a baby
* Labour (human activity), or work
** Manual labour, physical work
** Wage labour, a socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer
** Organized labour and the labour ...
Government of Ramsay MacDonald resigns in Britain, replaced by a National Government of people drawn from all parties, also under MacDonald.
September
*September 7
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
* 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
*1159 – Pope Alexander III is chosen.
*1191 – Third Cr ...
– The Second Round Table Conference on the constitutional future of India opens in London; Mahatma Gandhi
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (; ; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was an Indian lawyer, anti-colonial nationalist Quote: "... marks Gandhi as a hybrid cosmopolitan figure who transformed ... anti- ...
represents the Indian National Congress
The Indian National Congress (INC), colloquially the Congress Party but often simply the Congress, is a political party in India with widespread roots. Founded in 1885, it was the first modern nationalist movement to emerge in the British E ...
.
* September 10
Events Pre-1600
* 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
*1419 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
* 1509 – An eart ...
– The worst hurricane
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depend ...
in British Honduras
British Honduras was a British Crown colony on the east coast of Central America, south of Mexico, from 1783 to 1964, then a self-governing colony, renamed Belize in June 1973,
history kills an estimated 1,500.
* September 18
Events Pre-1600
* 96 – Domitian, who has been conducting a reign of terror for the past three years, is assassinated as a result of a plot by his wife Domitia and two Praetorian prefects.
* 96 – Nerva is proclaimed Roman emperor a ...
– The Japanese military stages the Mukden Incident, an explosion blamed on Chinese dissidents and used as a pretext for the Japanese invasion of Manchuria
The Empire of Japan's Kwantung Army invaded Manchuria on 18 September 1931, immediately following the Mukden Incident. At the war's end in February 1932, the Japanese established the puppet state of Manchukuo. Their occupation lasted until the ...
.
* September 19
Events Pre-1600
* 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed.
* 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...
– The United Kingdom abandons the gold standard
A gold standard is a monetary system in which the standard economic unit of account is based on a fixed quantity of gold. The gold standard was the basis for the international monetary system from the 1870s to the early 1920s, and from the l ...
.
* September 20
Events Pre-1600
*1058 – Agnes of Poitou and Andrew I of Hungary meet to negotiate about the border territory of Burgenland.
*1066 – At the Battle of Fulford, Harald Hardrada defeats earls Morcar and Edwin.
*1187 – Saladin b ...
– With a gun literally pointed to his head, the Chinese commander of Kirin province announces the annexation of that territory to Japan.
October
*October 5
Events Pre-1600
* 610 – Heraclius arrives at Constantinople, kills Byzantine Emperor Phocas, and becomes emperor.
* 816 – King Louis the Pious is crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire by the Pope.
* 869 – The Fourth Coun ...
– American aviators Clyde Edward Pangborn and Hugh Herndon, Jr., complete the first non-stop flight
A non-stop flight is a flight by an aircraft with no intermediate stops.
History
During the early age of aviation industry when aircraft range was limited, most flights were served in the form of milk run, aka there were many stops along ...
across the Pacific Ocean, from Misawa, Japan, to East Wenatchee, Washington
East Wenatchee is a city in Douglas County, Washington, United States. The population at the 2010 census was 13,190, a 129.1% increase on the 2000 census, having annexed much of the East Wenatchee Bench CDP. As of 2019, the Office of Financia ...
, in 41½ hours.
* October 11
Events Pre-1600
*1138 – A massive earthquake strikes Aleppo; it is one of the most destructive earthquakes ever.
*1142 – A peace treaty ends the Jin–Song wars.
* 1311 – The peerage and clergy restrict the authority of Engl ...
– A rally in Bad Harzburg, Germany leads to the Harzburg Front being founded, uniting the NSDAP, the DNVP, the ''Stahlhelm'' and various other right-wing factions.
* October 24
Events Pre-1600
* AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius.
*1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France.
* 1360 – The T ...
– The George Washington Bridge
The George Washington Bridge is a double-decked suspension bridge spanning the Hudson River, connecting Fort Lee, New Jersey, with Manhattan in New York City. The bridge is named after George Washington, the first president of the United S ...
across the Hudson River
The Hudson River is a river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York. It originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York and flows southward through the Hudson Valley to the New York Harbor between N ...
in the United States is dedicated; it opens to traffic the following day. At , it nearly doubles the previous record for the longest main span in the world.
* October 27
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
* 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
* 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia.
* 1553 – Condemned as ...
– The United Kingdom general election
This is a list of United Kingdom general elections (elections for the UK House of Commons) since the first in 1802. The members of the 1801–1802 Parliament had been elected to the former Parliament of Great Britain and Parliament of Ireland ...
results in the victory of the National Government, and the defeat of Labour Party, in the country's greatest ever electoral landslide.
November
*November 7
Events Pre-1600
* 335 – Athanasius is banished to Trier, on the charge that he prevented a grain fleet from sailing to Constantinople.
* 680 – The Sixth Ecumenical Council commences in Constantinople.
* 921 – Treaty of Bon ...
** The Chinese Soviet Republic
The Chinese Soviet Republic (CSR) was an East Asian proto-state in China, proclaimed on 7 November 1931 by Chinese communist leaders Mao Zedong and Zhu De in the early stages of the Chinese Civil War. The discontiguous territories of the ...
is proclaimed by Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong pronounced ; also romanised traditionally as Mao Tse-tung. (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese communist revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC) ...
.
** Red China News Agency (a predecessor of the Xinhua News Agency
Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation: )J. C. Wells: Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, 3rd ed., for both British and American English, or New China News Agency, is the official state news agency of the People's Republic of China. Xinhua ...
) is officially founded, and news wire service start in Ruijin, Jiangxi Province, China.
* November 8
Events Pre-1600
* 960 – Battle of Andrassos: Byzantines under Leo Phokas the Younger score a crushing victory over the Hamdanid Emir of Aleppo, Sayf al-Dawla.
*1278 – Trần Thánh Tông, the second emperor of the Trần dynasty, ...
** French police launch a large-scale raid against Corsican bandits.
** The Panama Canal
The Panama Canal ( es, Canal de Panamá, link=no) is an artificial waterway in Panama that connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean and divides North and South America. The canal cuts across the Isthmus of Panama and is a condui ...
is closed for a couple of weeks, due to damage caused by earthquakes.
* November 26
Events Pre-1600
* 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus.
* 1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynast ...
– Heavy hydrogen, later named deuterium
Deuterium (or hydrogen-2, symbol or deuterium, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other being protium, or hydrogen-1). The nucleus of a deuterium atom, called a deuteron, contains one proton and one ...
, is discovered by American chemist Harold Urey
Harold Clayton Urey ( ; April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for the discovery of deuterium. He played a significant role in th ...
.
December
*December 5
Events Pre-1600
* 63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations.
* 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo opens, presided over by Isidore of Seville.
* 1033 – The Jordan Rift Valley earthquake destroys multipl ...
– The original Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow
Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 millio ...
(1883
Events
January–March
* January 4 – ''Life'' magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States.
* January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people.
* Ja ...
) is dynamited, by order of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Georgian revolutionary and Soviet political leader who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. He held power as General Secretar ...
.
* December 8
Events Pre-1600
* 395 – Later Yan is defeated by its former vassal Northern Wei at the Battle of Canhe Slope.
* 757 – The poet Du Fu returns to Chang'an as a member of Emperor Xuanzong's court, after having escaped the city durin ...
– Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
Carl Friedrich Goerdeler (; 31 July 1884 – 2 February 1945) was a monarchist conservative German politician, executive, economist, civil servant and opponent of the Nazi regime. He opposed some anti-Jewish policies while he held office and was ...
is appointed Reich Price Commissioner, in Germany to enforce the deflationary policies of the Brüning government.
* December 9 – The Spanish Constituent Cortes approves the Spanish Constitution of 1931, effectively establishing the Second Spanish Republic
The Spanish Republic (), commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic (), was the form of government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931, after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII, and was dissolved on 1 ...
.
* December 10 – Niceto Alcalá-Zamora is elected president of the Spanish Republic.
* December 11 – The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacts the Statute of Westminster 1931, Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominions of the Commonwealth of Australia, Canada, the Irish Free State, Dominion of Newfoundland, Newfoundland, the Dominion of New Zealand and the Union of South Africa.
* December 13 – Wakatsuki Reijirō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan.
* December 19 – The United Australia Party, UAP/National Party of Australia, Country Coalition (Australia), Coalition, led by Joseph Lyons, defeats the Australian Australian Labor Party, Labor Scullin Ministry, Government, led by Prime Minister of Australia, Prime Minister James Scullin. Coming in the aftermath of two Australian Labor Party split of 1931, splits in the Labor Party, the election comes about due to the defeat of the Scullin Government on the floor of the Australian House of Representatives, House of Representatives – to date, it is the last federal election where a one-term government was defeated. Lyons will be sworn in January 6th the following year, but not before disbanding the Coalition, after the UAP wins enough seats to form a government in its own right.
Births
January
* January 1
** Mona Hammond, Jamaican-born British actress (d. 2022)
** Mohammad Ali Samatar, 5th Prime Minister of Somalia (d. 2016)
* January 2 – Toshiki Kaifu, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 2022)
* January 4
** Guido Messina, Italian road and track cyclist (d. 2020)
** William Deane, 22nd Governor-General of Australia
** Cleopa Msuya, 3rd Prime Minister of Tanzania
* January 5
** Alvin Ailey, American choreographer (d. 1989)
** Alfred Brendel, Austrian pianist
** Robert Duvall, American actor and director
* January 6 – E. L. Doctorow, American author (d. 2015)
* January 8 – Bill Graham (promoter), Bill Graham, German concert promoter (d. 1991)
* January 10 – Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat, Malaysian politician, Muslim cleric (d. 2015)
* January 12 – Roland Alphonso, Jamaican musician (d. 1998)
* January 14 – Caterina Valente, French singer and actress
* January 16
** Shuhrat Abbosov, Uzbek actor, film director, screenwriter, and film producer (d. 2018)
** Johannes Rau, President of Germany (d. 2006)
* January 17 – James Earl Jones, African-American actor
* January 20 – David Lee (physicist), David Lee, American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics
* January 22 – Sam Cooke, African-American singer (d. 1964)
* January 24 – Lars Hörmander, Swedish mathematician (d. 2012)
* January 25 – Dean Jones (actor), Dean Jones, American actor (d. 2015)
* January 27 – Mordecai Richler, Canadian author (d. 2001)
* January 28 – Lucia Bosè, Italian actress (d. 2020)
* January 29 – Ferenc Mádl, President of Hungary (d. 2011)
February
* February 1
** Boris Yeltsin, 1st President of Russia (d. 2007)
** Oswald Oberhuber, Austrian painter, sculptor, and graphic artist (d. 2020)
* February 2
** Dries van Agt, Dutch politician, 46th Prime Minister of the Netherlands
** Walter Burkert, German writer (d. 2015)
* February 4 – Isabel Perón, 41st President of Argentina
* February 6
** Rip Torn, American actor and comedian (d. 2019)
** Mamie Van Doren, American actress and writer
** Ricardo Vidal, Filipino Roman Catholic prelate, cardinal (d. 2017)
* February 8
** James Dean, American actor (d. 1955)
** Shadia, Egyptian actress, singer (d. 2017)
* February 9
** Thomas Bernhard, Austrian author (d. 1989)
** Josef Masopust, Czech football player and coach (d. 2015)
* February 12 – Agustín García-Gasco Vicente, Spanish cardinal (d. 2011)
* February 14 – Gerrit Jan Heijn, Dutch businessman (d. 1987)
* February 15 – Claire Bloom, English actress
* February 18 – Toni Morrison, African-American writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2019)
* February 19 – Camillo Ruini, Italian cardinal
* February 20 – John Milnor, American mathematician
* February 23 – Linda Cristal, Argentine actress (d. 2020)
March
* March 1 – Lamberto Dini, Italian politician, economist and 51st Prime Minister of Italy
* March 2 – Mikhail Gorbachev, the 8th and final List of leaders of the Soviet Union, leader of the Soviet Union
The Soviet Union,. officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. (USSR),. was a List of former transcontinental countries#Since 1700, transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. A flagship communist state, ...
, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2022)
* March 4
** William H. Keeler, American Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
** Alice Rivlin, American economist (d. 2019)
* March 5 – Barry Tuckwell, Australian horn player (d. 2020)
* March 6 – Chun Doo-hwan, 5th President of South Korea (d. 2021)
* March 8 – Neil Postman, American media theorist and cultural critic (d. 2003)
* March 9 – León Febres Cordero, President of Ecuador (d. 2008)
* March 10 – Kovambo Nujoma, First Lady of Namibia
* March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
** Janosch, German children's author and illustrator
** Rupert Murdoch, Australian-born publisher
* March 14 – Lisbet Palme, Swedish child psychologist (d. 2018)
* March 15 – D. J. Fontana, American drummer (d. 2018)
* March 16 – Elliott Belgrave, 7th Governor-General of Barbados
* March 18 – Vlastimil Bubník, Czech ice hockey and football player (d. 2015)
* March 22
** Burton Richter, American physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018)
** William Shatner, Canadian actor and science fiction novelist (''Star Trek'')
* March 26 – Leonard Nimoy, American actor, film director (''Star Trek''), and singer (d. 2015)
* March 27 – David Janssen, American actor (''The Fugitive (1963 TV series), The Fugitive'') (d. 1980)
* March 28 – Anatoly Lein, Russian-born American chess Grandmaster (d. 2018)
* March 29 – Aleksei Gubarev, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2015)
April
*April 1
Events Pre-1600
* 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held.
* 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne.
*1081 – Alexios I Ko ...
** Ita Ever, Estonian actress
** Rolf Hochhuth, German dramatist (d. 2020)
** Jean-Jacques Honorat, 3rd Prime Minister of Haiti
* April 2 – Joseph Joffo, French author (d. 2018)
* April 4 – Catherine Tizard, 16th Governor-General of New Zealand (d. 2021)
* April 5 – Héctor Olivera (film director), Héctor Olivera, Argentine film director, producer and screenwriter
* April 6
Events Pre–1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.
* 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.
*13 ...
** Suchitra Sen, Bengali people, Bengali actress (d. 2014)
** Radomil Eliška, Czech conductor (d. 2019)
* April 8 – John Gavin, American actor and diplomat (d. 2018)
* April 11
** Luís Cabral, Luis Cabral, 1st President of Guinea-Bissau (d. 2009)
** Mustafa Dağıstanlı, Turkish free-style wrestler (d. 2022)
* April 13 – Dan Gurney, American race car driver (d. 2018)
* April 15
** Helen Maksagak, Canadian, first Inuit, Inuk and woman to be Commissioner of both the Northwest Territories and Nunavut (d. 2009)
** Tomas Tranströmer, Swedish poet, translator and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 2015)
* April 19 – Kobie Coetsee, South African politician (d. 2000)
* April 26 – John Cain (41st Premier of Victoria), John Cain, Australian politician (d. 2019)
* April 27 – Igor Oistrakh, Ukrainian violinist (d. 2021)
* April 29
** Frank Auerbach, German-born painter
** Lonnie Donegan, Scottish musician (d. 2002)
May
* May 1
Events Pre-1600
* 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor.
* 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches.
*1169 – N ...
– Chaudhry Ghulam Rasool, Pakistani educationist (d. 1991)
* May 3
** Aldo Rossi, Italian architect and designer (d. 1997)
** Hirokazu Kanazawa, Japanese karate practitioner and teacher (d. 2019)
* May 6
** Magda al-Sabahi, Egyptian actress (d. 2020)
** Willie Mays, African-American baseball player
* May 7
** Teresa Brewer, American pop, jazz singer (d. 2007)
** Marta Terry González, Cuban librarian (d. 2018)
** Gene Wolfe, American science fiction and fantasy writer (d. 2019)
* May 8 – Bob Clotworthy, American diver (d. 2018)
* May 10 – M. Chidananda Murthy, Indian historian (d. 2020)
* May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
** András Hajnal, Hungarian mathematician (d. 2016)
** Jim Jones, American People's Temple cult leader (d. 1978)
** Jiří Petr, Czech university president (d. 2014)
* May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (d. 2021)
* May 16
** Magda Guzmán, Mexican actress (d. 2015)
** Natwar Singh, Indian politician
* May 18
** Victoria Quirino-Gonzalez, First Lady of the Philippines (d. 2006)
* May 20 – George Vassiliou, 3rd President of Cyprus
* May 21 – Bombolo, Italian character actor and comedian (d. 1987)
* May 23 – Barbara Barrie, American actress and writer
* May 25 – Georgy Grechko, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017)
* May 27 – Faten Hamama, Egyptian actress (d. 2015)
* May 28 – Carroll Baker, American actress
* May 31
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
* 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
** John Robert Schrieffer, John Schrieffer, American physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2019)
** Shirley Verrett, American mezzo-soprano (d. 2010)
June
* June 2 – Viktor Tsaryov, Russian footballer (d. 2017)
* June 3
** Raúl Castro, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba
** Lindy Remigino, American Olympic athlete (d. 2018)
* June 4 – D. M. Jayaratne, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2019)
* June 8 – Dana Wynter, German-born American actress (d. 2011)
* June 10 – João Gilberto, Brazilian singer-songwriter and guitarist, pioneer of bossa nova (d. 2019)
* June 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
* 1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soon ...
** Marla Gibbs, African-American actress, comedian and singer
** Junior Walker, American saxophonist, singer (d. 1995)
* June 16 – Ivo Petrić, Slovenian composer (d. 2018)
* June 17 – John Baldessari, American conceptual artist (d. 2020)
* June 18 – Fernando Henrique Cardoso, 34th President of Brazil
* June 20
** Olympia Dukakis, American actress (d. 2021)
** Arne Nordheim, Norwegian composer (d. 2010)
* June 22 – Ian Browne (cyclist), Ian Browne, Australian track cyclist
* June 23 – Ola Ullsten, Swedish politician and diplomat (d. 2018)
* June 24
** Billy Casper, American golfer (d. 2015)
** Gaston Flosse, French Polynesian politician
* June 25 – V. P. Singh, Prime Minister of India (d. 2008)
* June 26 – Colin Wilson, British novelist and philosopher (d. 2013)
* June 27
** Graziella Galvani, Italian stage, television and film actress
** Martinus J. G. Veltman, Dutch physicist and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2021)
* June 28
** Hans Alfredson, Swedish actor, film director, writer and comedian (d. 2017)
** Jenny Glusker, British biochemist and crystallographer
* June 29 – Alina Obidniak, Polish actress and theatre director (d. 2021)
* June 30 – Gerda Herrmann, German composer and poet (d. 2021)
July
* July 1
** Leslie Caron, French actress
** Stanislav Grof, Czech psychiatrist
** Seyni Kountché, former President of Niger (d. 1987)
* July 4 – Stephen Boyd, Irish actor (''Ben-Hur (1959 film), Ben-Hur'') (d. 1977)
* July 5 – Ismail Mahomed, South African, Namibian Chief Justice (d. 2000)
* July 6
** Antonella Lualdi, Italian actress and singer
** Della Reese, African-American actress, singer and evangelist (d. 2017)
* July 10
Events Pre-1600
* 138 – Emperor Hadrian of Rome dies of heart failure at his residence on the bay of Naples, Baiae; he is buried at Rome in the Tomb of Hadrian beside his late wife, Vibia Sabina.
* 645 – Isshi Incident: Prin ...
** Morris Chang, Chairman of Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company Ltd. (TSMC) in 1987
** Jerry Herman, American composer, lyricist (d. 2019)
** Alice Munro, Canadian writer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature
* July 14 – Robert Stephens, English actor (d. 1995)
* July 15
** Clive Cussler, American thriller writer and underwater explorer (d. 2020)
** Gene Louw, South African politician (d. 2015)
* July 22 – Guido de Marco, Maltese politician, 6th President of Malta (d. 2010)
* July 23 – Te Atairangikaahu, Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu, Māori queen (d. 2006)
* July 25 – Paul Danblon, Belgian composer, opera director, administrator and journalist (d. 2018)
August
* August 1
** Dino da Costa, Italian footballer (d. 2020)
** Hal Connolly, American athlete (d. 2010)
* August 2 – Ruth Maria Kubitschek, German actress
* August 3 – Vladimir Trusenyov, Russian discus thrower (d. 2001)
* August 6 – Mohammad-Reza Mahdavi Kani, Iranian cleric, writer and politician (d. 2014)
* August 8 – Roger Penrose, English mathematical physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate
* August 9
Events Pre-1600
*48 BC – Caesar's Civil War: Battle of Pharsalus: Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus and Pompey flees to Egypt.
* 378 – Gothic War: Battle of Adrianople: A large Roman army led by Emperor Valens ...
– Mário Zagallo, Brazilian football player, manager
* August 12 – William Goldman, American author (d. 2018)
* August 15
** Talal bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, Saudi prince and politician (d. 2018)
** Richard F. Heck, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2015)
* August 16 – Harold Bernard St. John, 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 2004)
* August 18 – Hans van Mierlo, Dutch politician, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands), Minister of Foreign Affairs and Deputy Prime Minister of the Netherlands, Deputy Prime Minister (d. 2010)
* August 19 – Willie Shoemaker, American jockey (d. 2003)
* August 20 – Don King (boxing promoter), Don King, American boxing promoter
* August 22 – Ruy Guerra, Portuguese-born Brazilian film director and screenwriter
* August 23
** Barbara Eden, American actress
** Hamilton O. Smith, American microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
* August 27
** Sri Chinmoy, Bengali spiritual teacher, poet, artist and athlete who immigrated to the U.S. in 1964 (d. 2007)
** Clarence James, Bermudian surgeon, politician (d. 2016)
* August 28 – Shunichiro Okano, Japanese football player and manager (d. 2017)
* August 30
** Jacques Braunstein, Romanian-born Venezuelan economist, publicist and disc jockey (d. 2009)
** Jack Swigert, American astronaut (d. 1982)
* August 31 – Jean Béliveau, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2014)
September
* September 2 – Zoltán Latinovits, Hungarian actor (d. 1976)
* September 3 – Paulo Maluf, Brazilian politician
* September 4
** Javier Solís, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1966)
** Mitzi Gaynor, American actress, singer and dancer
* September 5 – Moshé Mizrahi, Israeli film director (d. 2018)
* September 10
Events Pre-1600
* 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
*1419 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
* 1509 – An eart ...
** Idelisa Bonnelly, Dominican marine biologist (d. 2022)
** Philip Baker Hall, American actor (d. 2022)
* September 12
** Ian Holm, British actor (d. 2020)
** George Jones, American country music singer, songwriter (d. 2013)
** Silvia Pinal, Mexican actress and politician
* September 13 – Barbara Bain, American actress
* September 16 – E. C. George Sudarshan, Indian theoretical physicist (d. 2018)
* September 17
** Princess Lalla Aicha of Morocco (d. 2011)
** Anne Bancroft, American actress (d. 2005)
* September 19
Events Pre-1600
* 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed.
* 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...
– Brook Benton, American singer-songwriter (d. 1988)
* September 21
** Larry Hagman, American actor and director (d. 2012)
** Syukuro Manabe, Japanese meteorologist, climatologist and Nobel Prize laureate
** Paulias Matane, 8th Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (d. 2021)
* September 22 – Fay Weldon, British author
* September 24
** Tom Adams (politician), Tom Adams, 2nd Prime Minister of Barbados (d. 1985)
** Elizabeth Blackadder, Scottish painter (d. 2021)
* September 27 – Freddy Quinn, Austrian singer, actor
* September 29
** James Cronin, American nuclear physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2016)
** Anita Ekberg, Swedish actress (d. 2015)
* September 30 – Angie Dickinson, American actress
October
* October 3 – Denise Scott Brown, American architect
* October 6 – Riccardo Giacconi, Italian-born astrophysicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2018)
* October 7 – Desmond Tutu, South African Anglican archbishop, activist and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2021)
* October 13 – Raymond Kopa, French footballer (d. 2017)
* October 15 – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President of India (d. 2015)
* October 16 – Charles Colson, American politician, Watergate conspirator, later evangelist (d. 2012)
* October 17 – José Alencar, Brazilian politician (d. 2011)
* October 19
** Rubens de Falco, Brazilian actor (d. 2008)
** John le Carré, English novelist (d. 2020)
** Manolo Escobar, Spanish singer and actor (d. 2013)
* October 20 – Mickey Mantle, American baseball player (d. 1995)
* October 21 – Shammi Kapoor, Indian film actor, director (d. 2011)
* October 23 – Diana Dors, English actress (d. 1984)
* October 25
** Klaus Hasselmann, German oceanographer, climate modeller and Nobel Prize laureate
** Jimmy McIlroy, Northern Irish football player and manager (d. 2018)
* October 27
Events Pre-1600
* 312 – Constantine is said to have received his famous Vision of the Cross.
* 1275 – Traditional founding of the city of Amsterdam.
* 1524 – French troops lay siege to Pavia.
* 1553 – Condemned as ...
– Nawal El Saadawi, Egyptian feminist (d. 2021)
* October 28 – Analía Gadé, Argentine actress (d. 2019)
* October 31
** Sergio Obeso Rivera, Mexican Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2019)
** Dan Rather, American television news reporter (''CBS Evening News'')
November
* November 1 – Shunsuke Kikuchi, Japanese composer (d. 2021)
* November 2 – Phil Woods, American saxophonist (d. 2015)
* November 3
** Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese Catholic Patriotic Association bishop (d. 2007)
** Monica Vitti, Italian actress (d. 2022)
* November 5 – Ike Turner, American singer, songwriter (d. 2007)
* November 6
** Peter Collins (racing driver), Peter Collins, British racing driver (d. 1958)
** Mike Nichols, German-American television actor, writer and director (d. 2014)
* November 12 – Majida Boulila, Tunisian militant (d. 1952)
* November 15
** Mwai Kibaki, 3rd President of Kenya (d. 2022)
** Pascal Lissouba, President of the Republic of Congo (d. 2020)
* November 21 – Malcolm Williamson, Australian composer (d. 2003)
* November 26
Events Pre-1600
* 783 – The Asturian queen Adosinda is held at a monastery to prevent her king from retaking the throne from Mauregatus.
* 1161 – Battle of Caishi: A Song dynasty fleet fights a naval engagement with Jin dynast ...
– Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Argentine activist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
* November 28
** Dervla Murphy, Irish author (d. 2022)
** Tomi Ungerer, French artist, illustrator and writer (d. 2019)
* November 29 – Shintaro Katsu, Japanese actor (d. 1997)
December
* December 1
** Rajko Kuzmanović, 7th President of Republika Srpska
** George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2018)
** Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar, Bangladeshi barrister and politician
* December 2 – Wynton Kelly, Jamaican-American jazz pianist, composer (d. 1971)
* December 3 – Elizabeth Ramsey, Filipina singer and actress (d. 2015)
* December 5
Events Pre-1600
* 63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations.
* 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo opens, presided over by Isidore of Seville.
* 1033 – The Jordan Rift Valley earthquake destroys multipl ...
– Jayant Ganpat Nadkarni, Indian Navy admiral (d. 2018)
* December 7 – Carmela Rey, Mexican singer, actress (d. 2018)
* December 9 – Ladislav Smoljak, Czech film, theater director, actor and screenwriter (d. 2010)
* December 11 – Rita Moreno, Puerto-Rican actress (''West Side Story'')
* December 15 – Klaus Rifbjerg, Danish writer (d. 2015)
* December 21
** Redha Malek, 8th Prime Minister of Algeria (d. 2017)
** Georgi Naydenov (footballer, born 1931), Georgi Naydenov, Bulgarian footballer and manager (d. 1970)
* December 22 – Carlos Graça, 6th Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (d. 2013)
* December 24
** Walter Abish, Austrian-born American writer (d. 2022)
** Mauricio Kagel, Argentine composer (d. 2008)
* December 26 – Roger Piantoni, French footballer (d. 2018)
* December 27
** John Charles, Welsh international footballer (d. 2004)
** Scotty Moore, American guitarist (d. 2016)
** Lê Khả Phiêu, Vietnamese politician (d. 2020)
* December 30
** Charles Bassett, American electrical engineer, astronaut (d. 1966)
** Skeeter Davis, American singer (d. 2004)
Deaths
January
* January 3 – Joseph Joffre, French World War I general (b. 1852)
* January 4
** Art Acord, American actor (b. 1890)
** Roger Connor, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1857)
** Louise, Princess Royal, British royal, eldest daughter of Edward VII of the United Kingdom (b. 1867)
* January 10 – James Milton Carroll, American Baptist pastor, historian, and author (b. 1852)
* January 14 – Hardy Richardson, American baseball player (b. 1855)
* January 17 – Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevich of Russia (b. 1864)
* January 22 – Alma Rubens, American actress (b. 1897)
* January 23
** Anna Pavlova, Soviet ballerina (b. 1881)
** Ernst Seidler von Feuchtenegg, former Minister-President of Austria (b. 1862)
* January 24 – James Percy FitzPatrick, Sir Percy FitzPatrick, South African author, politician and mining financier (b. 1862)
* January 28 – Bernardo Soto Alfaro, 14th President of Costa Rica (b. 1854)
* January 29 – Henri Mathias Berthelot, French general (b. 1861)
February
* February 1 – Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendome (b. 1872) * February 9 – Mammad Hasan Hajinski, last Prime Minister of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (b.1875) * February 11 – Charles Algernon Parsons, Sir Charles Parsons, British inventor (b. 1854) * February 13 – Martin von Feuerstein, German painter (b. 1865) *February 16
Events Pre-1600
*1249 – Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
*1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Kar ...
– Wilhelm von Gloeden, German photographer (b. 1856)
* February 18 – Louis Wolheim, American actor (b. 1880)
* February 19 – Tovmas Nazarbekian, Armenian general (b. 1855)
* February 23
** Eduard von Capelle, German admiral (b. 1855)
** Dame Nellie Melba, Australian soprano (b. 1861)
* February 24 – Frederick Augustus II, Grand Duke of Oldenburg (b. 1852)
* February 26 – Otto Wallach, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1847)
* February 28 – Thomas S. Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1858)
March
* March 5 – Arthur Tooth, Anglican clergyman (b. 1839) * March 7 ** Akseli Gallen-Kallela, Finnish painter (b. 1865) ** Theo van Doesburg, Dutch painter (b.1883
Events
January–March
* January 4 – ''Life'' magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States.
* January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people.
* Ja ...
)
* March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
– F. W. Murnau, German director (b. 1888)
* March 16 – Charles Eliot (diplomat), Sir Charles Eliot, British diplomat (b. 1862)
* March 20
** Alfred Giles (explorer), Alfred Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1846)
** Hermann Müller (politician), Hermann Müller, German journalist, politician and 12th Chancellor of Germany (b. 1876)
** Joseph B. Murdock, United States Navy admiral, New Hampshire politician (b. 1851)
* March 22 – James Campbell, 1st Baron Glenavy, Irish lawyer, politician (b. 1851)
* March 23
Events Pre-1600
*1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official.
*1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...
** Harold Edward Elliott, Australian army officer and politician (b. 1878)
** Bhagat Singh
Bhagat Singh (27 September 1907 – 23 March 1931) was a charismatic Indian revolutionary*
* who participated in the mistaken murder of a junior British police officer
*
* in what was to be retaliation for the death of an Indian national ...
, Indian revolutionary hero (b. 1907)
* March 24 – Robert Edeson, American actor (b. 1868)
* March 25 – Ida B. Wells, African-American lynching, anti-lynching crusader (b. 1862)
* March 27 – Arnold Bennett, British novelist (b. 1867)
* March 28 – Ban Johnson, American baseball executive (b. 1864)
* March 31 – Knute Rockne, American football coach (b. 1888)
April
* April 4 – André Michelin, French originator of Michelin Guides (born 1854) * April 8 – Erik Axel Karlfeldt, Swedish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1864) * April 9 – Nicholas Longworth, American politician, Speaker of the House (b. 1869) * April 10 – Khalil Gibran, Lebanese poet, painter (b.1883
Events
January–March
* January 4 – ''Life'' magazine is founded in Los Angeles, California, United States.
* January 10 – A fire at the Newhall Hotel in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States, kills 73 people.
* Ja ...
)
* April 15
** Joe Masseria, American gangster (b. 1886)
** Prince Thomas, Duke of Genoa (b. 1854)
* April 20 – Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon, Scottish landowner, ''RMS Titanic, Titanic'' survivor (b. 1862)
* April 26 – George Herbert Mead, American philosopher, sociologist and psychologist (b. 1863)
* April 27 – Albert, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1869)
* April 30 – Sammy Woods, English cricketer (b. 1867)
May
* May 2 – George Fisher Baker, American financier, philanthropist (b. 1840)
* May 9 – Albert A. Michelson, German-born physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
* May 14
Events Pre-1600
*1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
* 1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
*1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and force ...
– David Belasco, American Broadway impresario, theater owner and playwright (b. 1853)
* May 26 – Anna Sandström, Swedish social reformer (b. 1854)
June
* June 2 – Joseph W. Farnham, American screenwriter (b. 1884) * June 4 – Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Arab nationalist * June 8 – Virginia Frances Sterrett, American artist, illustrator (b. 1900) * June 13 ** Jesse Boot, 1st Baron Trent, British businessman (b. 1850) ** Kitasato Shibasaburō, Japanese physician and bacteriologist (b. 1853) * June 21 – Pio del Pilar, Filipino activist (b. 1860) * June 22 – Armand Fallières, 9th President of France (b. 1841) * July 4 ** Buddie Petit, American jazz musician ** Prince Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta (b. 1869)July
* July 4 – Emanuele Filiberto, 2nd Duke of Aosta, Italian general, Marshal of Italy (b. 1869) * July 11 – William Jasper Spillman, American economist (b. 1863) * July 12 – Nathan Söderblom, Swedish archbishop, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1866)August
* August 6 – Bix Beiderbecke, American jazz trumpeter (b. 1903) * August 11 - Linda Loredo, Mexican-American actress and dancer (b. 1907) * August 14 – Patriarch Damian I of Jerusalem (b. 1848) * August 15 – Nigar Shikhlinskaya, Azerbaijani World War I nurse (b. 1878) * August 22 – Joseph Tabrar, British songwriter (b. 1857) * August 26 ** Frank Harris, Irish author, editor (b. 1856) ** Hamaguchi Osachi, Japanese politician, 27th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1870) * August 27 – Francis Marion Smith, American businessman (b. 1846)September
* September 4 – Archduke Leopold Salvator of Austria (b. 1863) * September 5 – John Thomson (footballer, born 1909), John Thomson, Scottish footballer (b. 1909) *September 7
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
* 878 – Louis the Stammerer is crowned as king of West Francia by Pope John VIII.
*1159 – Pope Alexander III is chosen.
*1191 – Third Cr ...
– Federico Tinoco Granados, 21st President of Costa Rica (b. 1868)
* September 8 – Susan Augusta Pike Sanders, American teacher, clubwoman, and author (b. 1842)
* September 9 – Lujo Brentano, German economist (b. 1844)
* September 10
Events Pre-1600
* 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
*1419 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
* 1509 – An eart ...
– Salvatore Maranzano, Italian mobster (b. 1886)
* September 12
** Francis J. Higginson, United States Navy admiral (b. 1843)
** Joseph Le Brix, French aviator, naval officer (b. 1899)
* September 13 – Prince Friedrich Leopold of Prussia (b. 1866)
* September 14 – Tom Roberts, English-born Australian artist (b. 1856)
* September 16 – Omar al-Mukhtar, Libyan resistance leader (b. 1858)
* September 17
** Marcello Amero D'Aste, Italian admiral, politician (b. 1853)
** Marvin Hart, American world heavyweight boxing champion (b. 1876)
* September 18
Events Pre-1600
* 96 – Domitian, who has been conducting a reign of terror for the past three years, is assassinated as a result of a plot by his wife Domitia and two Praetorian prefects.
* 96 – Nerva is proclaimed Roman emperor a ...
– Geli Raubal, German niece of Adolf Hitler (suicide; b. 1908)
* September 19
Events Pre-1600
* 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed.
* 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...
– David Starr Jordan, American ichthyologist, educator, eugenicist, and peace activist (b. 1851)
* September 29 – William Orpen, Sir William Orpen, Irish artist (b. 1878)
October
* October 2 – Thomas Lipton, Sir Thomas Lipton, Scottish retailer and yachtsman (b. 1848)
* October 3 – Carl Nielsen, Danish composer (b. 1865)
* October 7 – Daniel Chester French, American sculptor (b. 1850)
* October 13 – Ernst Didring, Swedish writer (b. 1868)
* October 18 – Thomas Edison, American inventor (b. 1847)
* October 21 – Arthur Schnitzler, Austrian author, dramatist (b. 1862)
* October 24
Events Pre-1600
* AD 69 – In the Second Battle of Bedriacum, troops loyal to Vespasian defeat those of Emperor Vitellius.
*1260 – Chartres Cathedral is dedicated in the presence of King Louis IX of France.
* 1360 – The T ...
– Sir Murray Bisset, South African cricketer, Governor of Southern Rhodesia (b. 1876)
November
* November 4 – Buddy Bolden, American musician (b. 1877) * November 6 – Jack Chesbro, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1874) * November 10 – Charlotte Scott, English mathematician (b. 1858) * November 11 – Shibusawa Eiichi, Japanese industrialist (b. 1840) * November 13 – Ivan Fichev, Bulgarian general, minister of defense, military historian, and academician (b. 1860) * November 17 – Hara Prasad Shastri, Indian academic and Sanskrit scholar (b. 1853) * November 21 – Bruno von Mudra, German general (b. 1851) * November 27 – Robert Ames (actor), Robert Ames, American actor (b. 1889)December
* December 2 – Vincent d'Indy, French composer (b. 1851) *December 5
Events Pre-1600
* 63 BC – Cicero gives the fourth and final of the Catiline Orations.
* 633 – Fourth Council of Toledo opens, presided over by Isidore of Seville.
* 1033 – The Jordan Rift Valley earthquake destroys multipl ...
– Vachel Lindsay, American poet (b. 1879)
* December 9 – Antonio Salandra, Italian statesman, 21st Prime Minister of Italy (b. 1853)
* December 18 – Legs Diamond, Jack Diamond, American gangster (b. 1897)
* December 23 – Tyrone Power Sr., English-born American actor (b. 1869)
* December 24 – Carlo Fornasini, micropalaeontologist (b. 1854)
* December 26 – Melvil Dewey, American librarian, inventor of the Dewey Decimal Classification (b. 1851)
* December 27 – José Figueroa Alcorta, Argentine politician, 16th President of Argentina (b. 1860)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – not awarded * Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius * Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Physiology or Medicine – Otto Heinrich Warburg * Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Erik Axel Karlfeldt * Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – Jane Addams, Nicholas Murray ButlerReferences
External links
The 1930s Timeline: 1931
– from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
1931: A Glance at the Twentieth Century by Henry Hartshorne
{{DEFAULTSORT:1931 1931,