The 1922 Bodmin by-election was a parliamentary

by-election A by-election, also known as a special election in the United States and the Philippines, a bye-election in Ireland, a bypoll in India, or a Zimni election (Urdu: ضمنی انتخاب, supplementary election) in Pakistan, is an election used to f ...

for the British House of Commons. The constituency of Bodmin in

Cornwall Cornwall (; kw, Kernow ) is a historic county and ceremonial county in South West England. It is recognised as one of the Celtic nations, and is the homeland of the Cornish people. Cornwall is bordered to the north and west by the Atlantic ...

polled on 23 February 1922. The by-election was notable for the opposition Liberal Party gaining a seat from the Coalition-supporting Conservative Party.

Vacancy

The by-election was caused by the death of the sitting

Coalition Conservative The Coalition Coupon was a letter sent to parliamentary candidates at the 1918 United Kingdom general election, endorsing them as official representatives of the Coalition Government. The 1918 election took place in the heady atmosphere of victory ...

MP, Sir Charles Hanson on 17 January 1922. Hanson had been MP for Bodmin since himself winning the seat in a by-election on 15 August 1916.

Electoral history

The constituency was a traditional Unionist/Liberal marginal. The last Liberal win came in January 1910. In December 1910 a Liberal Unionist narrowly gained the seat. In 1918 the Coalition Government of Lloyd George chose to endorse the incumbent Unionist candidate. The result at the General Election in 1918 was;

Candidates

*The Bodmin Unionists had already selected Major-General

Frederick Poole Major General Sir Frederick Cuthbert Poole, (3 August 1869 – 20 December 1936) was a British Army officer of the First World War and a Conservative parliamentary candidate. Career Poole attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich and was ...

as the Coalition candidate to replace Sir Charles Hanson who had indicated he was standing down at the next election. Poole was Hanson's son-in-law. Poole has usually been described as a Coalition Conservative but

The Times ''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper '' The Sunday Times'' (f ...

newspaper did refer to him as a Coalition Liberal in its report on the by-election polling day. *The Bodmin Liberals re-adopted 41-year-old Plymouth solicitor

Isaac Foot Isaac Foot (23 February 1880 – 13 December 1960) was a British Liberal politician and solicitor. Early life Isaac Foot was born in Plymouth, the son of a carpenter and undertaker who was also named Isaac Foot, and educated at Plymouth Publi ...

who had fought Bodmin twice before, including at the last election. He had also stood as Liberal candidate in the

1919 Plymouth Sutton by-election The 1919 Plymouth Sutton by-election was a by-election, parliamentary by-election held on 28 November 1919 for the British House of Commons United Kingdom constituencies, constituency of Plymouth Sutton (UK Parliament constituency), Sutton in the ...

when he was beaten by

Nancy Astor Nancy Witcher Langhorne Astor, Viscountess Astor, (19 May 1879 – 2 May 1964) was an American-born British politician who was the first woman seated as a Member of Parliament (MP), serving from 1919 to 1945. Astor's first husband was America ...

. Foot was seen as a direct opponent of Lloyd George. *The Labour Party had never before contested Bodmin and did not put forward a candidate this time.

Campaign

The Coalition was fighting on its record of having won the war and negotiated the peace and was relying on appeals to the electorate of being allowed to get on with the task of steering the country through the difficult domestic and international waters currently flowing around the British ship of state. Sir

Austen Chamberlain Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain (16 October 1863 – 16 March 1937) was a British statesman, son of Joseph Chamberlain and older half-brother of Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. He served as Chancellor of the Exchequer (twice) and was briefly ...

in a letter to General Poole asked for the support of the electors for the giving of peace to Ireland and the restoration of that economic and financial stability necessary for good trade and prosperity.The Times, 21 February 1922, p10 Poole was supported by almost all the local press except the previously pro-Coalition ''

Western Morning News The ''Western Morning News'' is a daily regional newspaper founded in 1860, and covering the West Country including Devon, Cornwall, the Isles of Scilly and parts of Somerset and Dorset in the South West of England. Organisation The ''Western M ...

'' which had supported Foot due to the Coalition government's "reckless expenditure". For the Independent Liberals, Foot attacked the government's record in waste and inefficiency. He said that the electorate had recognised the 1918 general election as a fraud and resented having been tricked by 'delusive promises' and 'crooked politics'. As well as being endorsed by the ''Western Morning News'', Foot gained the formal support of the constituency Labour Party and was supported by

Arthur Quiller-Couch Sir Arthur Thomas Quiller-Couch (; 21 November 186312 May 1944) was a British writer who published using the pseudonym Q. Although a prolific novelist, he is remembered mainly for the monumental publication '' The Oxford Book of English Verse ...

, who served as one of his nominators. The campaign also took on a distinctly Cornish aspect: there was significant local disillusion over the perceived failure of the government to support the Cornish tin mining industry after the war. An election song at the time had the lines "The Coalition would not help the miners poor", being sung to the tune of Trelawny.

Lib-Lab co-operation

One question which was raised during the round of by-elections being fought at this time, as the date of the next general election neared, was if there was a some kind of electoral arrangement between the Independent, Asquithian Liberals and the Labour Party. Foot had no Labour opponent in Bodmin but Labour had not contested the seat at the 1918 general election either. The Executive Committee of the Labour Party in Bodmin did however issue a strong attack on the government's record, especially what it described as 'its wanton waste of the country's resources' and it recommended that Labour supporters should vote for Foot.Michael Foot & Alison Highet, ''Isaac Foot: a Westcountry boy – Apostle of England''; Politico’s Publishing, 2006 p138 The endorsement led Poole's campaign to try and paint Foot as a radical socialist and the constituency party to later be censured by the national party. The local Labour Party's active help during Foot's campaign caused the Cornish Times to say that he had "the open blessing of the Socialists". By-elections were taking place at Manchester Clayton, Camberwell North and Wolverhampton West in this period as well as at Bodmin. In the other three seats the Independent Liberals did not stand candidates, allowing Labour to take on the Coalition in straight fights with the result that Manchester and Wolverhampton were Labour gains. The Coalition leadership regarded this as evidence that understandings, formal or unofficial, were being entered into by the opposition parties in anticipation of a similar but formal arrangement for the next general election, but that was denied by Labour and Liberal spokesmen. ''The Times'' tended to accept these denials, given the difficulty of imposing national arrangements on independently minded local Liberal and Labour constituency organisations, but clearly it was then in the interests of the opposition parties to avoid fighting each other as far as possible, as it made it easier to for the government candidate to win.

Result

The by-election turnout was up on the last general election. The result was a gain for the Liberal Party from the Coalition Unionist. Foot obtained a swing of 14.8%. The size of the Liberal victory has been described by one historian as a 'landslide'. The result was said to have turned the tide for the Liberals in the region restoring the party as the true heir of the old Radical tradition and that as a result Cornish

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now had a charismatic spokesman at Westminster. Garry Tregidga (ed.) ''Killerton, Camborne and Westminster: The Political Correspondence of Sir Francis and Lady Acland, 1910-1929''; Devon and Cornwall Record Society, 2006 p42

Aftermath

Foot and Poole were to face off again at the general election later in the year. On this occasion Foot again won, though his majority was halved;