Events
Below, the events of
World War I
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
have the "WWI" prefix.
January
*
January 9
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
*1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– WWI –
Battle of Rafa
The Battle of Rafa, also known as the Action of Rafah, fought on 9 January 1917, was the third and final battle to complete the recapture of the Sinai Peninsula by British forces during the Sinai and Palestine campaign of the First World War. T ...
: The last substantial
Ottoman Army
The military of the Ottoman Empire ( tr, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire.
Army
The military of the Ottoman Empire can be divided in five main periods. The foundation era covers the ...
garrison on the
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (now usually ) (, , cop, Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a l ...
is captured by the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
's
Desert Column
The Desert Column was a First World War British Empire army corps which operated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 22 December 1916.There is no war diary for Desert Column for December. See The Column was commanded by Lieutenant General ...
.
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
–
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing ...
: Seven survivors of the
Ross Sea party
The Ross Sea party was a component of Sir Ernest Shackleton's 1914–1917 Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. Its task was to lay a series of supply depots across the Great Ice Barrier from the Ross Sea to the Beardmore Glacier, along the polar ...
were rescued after being stranded for several months.
*
January 11
Events Pre-1600
* 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence.
* 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...
– Unknown saboteurs set off the
Kingsland Explosion at Kingsland (modern-day
Lyndhurst, New Jersey
Lyndhurst is a township in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township's population was 20,554, reflecting an increase of 1,171 (+6.0%) from the 19,383 counted in the 2000 Census, which had in turn ...
), one of the events leading to United States involvement in WWI.
*
January 16
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...
– The
Danish West Indies
The Danish West Indies ( da, Dansk Vestindien) or Danish Antilles or Danish Virgin Islands were a Danish colonization of the Americas, Danish colony in the Caribbean, consisting of the islands of Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas ...
is sold to the United States for $25 million.
*
January 22
Events Pre-1600
* 613 – Eight-month-old Constantine is crowned as co-emperor (''Caesar'') by his father Heraclius at Constantinople.
* 871 – Battle of Basing: The West Saxons led by King Æthelred I are defeated by the Danelaw Vi ...
– WWI: United States President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
calls for "peace without victory" in Germany.
*
January 25
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
** WWI: British
armed merchantman
An armed merchantman is a merchant ship equipped with guns, usually for defensive purposes, either by design or after the fact. In the days of sail, piracy and privateers, many merchantmen would be routinely armed, especially those engaging in lo ...
is sunk by mines off
Lough Swilly
Lough Swilly () in Ireland is a glacial fjord or sea inlet lying between the western side of the Inishowen, Inishowen Peninsula and the Fanad Peninsula, in County Donegal. Along with Carlingford Lough and Killary Harbour it is one of three glaci ...
(Ireland), with the loss of 354 of the 475 aboard.
** An anti-
prostitution
Prostitution is the business or practice of engaging in Sex work, sexual activity in exchange for payment. The definition of "sexual activity" varies, and is often defined as an activity requiring physical contact (e.g., sexual intercourse, n ...
drive in
San Francisco
San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...
occurs, and police close about 200 prostitution houses.
*
January 26
Events Pre-1600
* 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.
*1531 – The 6.4–7.1 1531 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people.
*1564 – ...
– The sea defences at the English village of
Hallsands
Hallsands is a village and beach in south Devon, England, in a precarious position between cliffs and the sea, between Beesands to the north and Start Point to the south.
History
The early history of Hallsands is unknown, but a chapel has exi ...
are breached, leading to all but one of the houses becoming uninhabitable.
*
January 28
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany.
* 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession o ...
– The United States ends its search for
.
*
January 30
Events Pre-1600
*1018 – Poland and the Holy Roman Empire conclude the Peace of Bautzen.
*1287 – King Wareru founds the Hanthawaddy Kingdom, and proclaims independence from the Pagan Kingdom.
1601–1900
*1607 – An estimated ...
–
Pershing's troops in
Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
begin withdrawing back to the United States. They reach
Columbus, New Mexico
Columbus is a village in Luna County, New Mexico, United States, about north of the Mexico–United States border, Mexican border. It is considered a place of historical interest, as the scene of Battle of Columbus (1916), a 1916 attack by Mexico, ...
February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
.
February
*
February 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
* 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
– WWI:
Atlantic U-boat Campaign:
Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
announces its
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
s will resume
unrestricted submarine warfare
Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as "cruiser rules") that call for warships to sea ...
, rescinding the '
''Sussex'' Pledge'.
*
February 3
Events Pre-1600
* 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
*1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
– WWI: The United States severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
*
February 13
Events Pre-1600
* 962 – Emperor Otto I and Pope John XII co-sign the ''Diploma Ottonianum'', recognizing John as ruler of Rome.
*1322 – The central tower of Ely Cathedral falls on the night of 12th–13th.
*1462 – The ...
**
Mata Hari
Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle; 7 August 187615 October 1917), better known by the stage name Mata Hari (), was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy for Germany during World War I. She was executed ...
is arrested in Paris for spying.
** WWI –
Raid on Nekhl
The Raid on Nekhl (February 1917) was the second of three battles by British forces to recapture the Sinai Peninsula during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of World War I. Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) mounted forces travelled into the centr ...
: Units of the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
completely reoccupy the
Egypt
Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Mediter ...
ian Sinai Peninsula.
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
– British
troopship
A troopship (also troop ship or troop transport or trooper) is a ship used to carry soldiers, either in peacetime or wartime. Troopships were often drafted from commercial shipping fleets, and were unable land troops directly on shore, typicall ...
is accidentally rammed and sunk off the
Isle of Wight
The Isle of Wight ( ) is a county in the English Channel, off the coast of Hampshire, from which it is separated by the Solent. It is the largest and second-most populous island of England. Referred to as 'The Island' by residents, the Isle of ...
, killing 646, mainly members of the
South African Native Labour Corps
The South African Native Labour Corps (SANLC) was a force of workers formed in 1916 in response to a British request for workers at French ports. About 25,000 South Africans joined the Corps. The SANLC was utilized in various menial noncombat tas ...
.
*
February 24
Events Pre-1600
* 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
* 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
* 13 ...
– WWI:
Walter Hines Page
Walter Hines Page (August 15, 1855 – December 21, 1918) was an American journalist, publisher, and diplomat. He was the United States ambassador to the United Kingdom during World War I.
He founded the ''State Chronicle'', a newspaper in Rale ...
, United States ambassador to the United Kingdom, is shown the intercepted
Zimmermann Telegram, in which Germany offers to give the American Southwest back to Mexico, if Mexico will take sides with Germany, in case the United States declares war on Germany.
March
*
March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor ...
** WWI: The U.S. government releases the text of the
Zimmermann Telegram to the public.
**
Ōmuta, Japan, is founded by Hiroushi Miruku.
*
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
– The enactment of the
Jones Act grants
Puerto Ricans
Puerto Ricans ( es, Puertorriqueños; or boricuas) are the people of Puerto Rico, the inhabitants, and citizens of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico and their descendants.
Overview
The culture held in common by most Puerto Ricans is referred t ...
United States citizenship.
*
March 4
Events Pre-1600
*AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...
**
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
is
sworn in for a second term, as President of the United States.
**
Jeannette Rankin
Jeannette Pickering Rankin (June 11, 1880 – May 18, 1973) was an American politician and women's rights advocate who became the first woman to hold federal office in the United States in 1917. She was elected to the U.S. House of Representa ...
of
Montana
Montana () is a state in the Mountain West division of the Western United States. It is bordered by Idaho to the west, North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, and the Canadian provinces of Alberta, British Columbi ...
becomes the first woman member of the
United States House of Representatives
The United States House of Representatives, often referred to as the House of Representatives, the U.S. House, or simply the House, is the Lower house, lower chamber of the United States Congress, with the United States Senate, Senate being ...
.
*
March 7
Events Pre-1600
* 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
* 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Cob ...
– "
Livery Stable Blues
"Livery Stable Blues" is a jazz composition copyrighted by Ray Lopez ''(né'' Raymond Edward Lopez; 1889–1979) and Alcide Nunez in 1917. It was recorded by the Original Dixieland Jass Band on February 26, 1917, and, with the A side " Dixieland ...
", recorded with "Dixie Jazz Band One Step" on
February 26
Events Pre-1600
*747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events.
* 364 – Valentinian I is p ...
, by the
Original Dixieland Jass Band
The Original Dixieland Jass Band (ODJB) was a Dixieland jazz band that made the first jazz recordings in early 1917. Their "Livery Stable Blues" became the first jazz record ever issued. The group composed and recorded many jazz standards, the m ...
in the United States, becomes the first
jazz
Jazz is a music genre that originated in the African-American communities of New Orleans, Louisiana in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, with its roots in blues and ragtime. Since the 1920s Jazz Age, it has been recognized as a major ...
recording commercially released. On
August 17
Events Pre-1600
*309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike.
* 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
* 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...
the band records "
Tiger Rag
"Tiger Rag" is a jazz standard that was recorded and copyrighted by the Original Dixieland Jass Band in 1917. It is one of the most recorded jazz compositions. In 2003, the 1918 recording of "Tiger Rag" was entered into the U.S. Library of Cong ...
".
*
March 8
Events Pre-1600
* 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''.
*1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León.
* 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bour ...
– (N.S.) (
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
, O.S.) – The
February Revolution
The February Revolution ( rus, Февра́льская револю́ция, r=Fevral'skaya revolyutsiya, p=fʲɪvˈralʲskəjə rʲɪvɐˈlʲutsɨjə), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and somet ...
begins in Russia: Women calling for bread in
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
start riots, which spontaneously spread throughout the city.
*
March 10
Events Pre-1600
* 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
* 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a ...
– The Province of
Batangas
Batangas, officially the Province of Batangas ( tl, Lalawigan ng Batangas ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Calabarzon region on Luzon. Its capital is the city of Batangas, and is bordered by the provinces of Cavite and La ...
is formally founded, as one of the
Philippines
The Philippines (; fil, Pilipinas, links=no), officially the Republic of the Philippines ( fil, Republika ng Pilipinas, links=no),
* bik, Republika kan Filipinas
* ceb, Republika sa Pilipinas
* cbk, República de Filipinas
* hil, Republ ...
' first
encomienda
The ''encomienda'' () was a Spanish labour system that rewarded conquerors with the labour of conquered non-Christian peoples. The labourers, in theory, were provided with benefits by the conquerors for whom they laboured, including military ...
s.
*
March 11
Events Pre-1600
* 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander.
* 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the ven ...
–
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
:
Venustiano Carranza
José Venustiano Carranza de la Garza (; 29 December 1859 – 21 May 1920) was a Mexican wealthy land owner and politician who was Governor of Coahuila when the constitutionally elected president Francisco I. Madero was overthrown in a February ...
is elected president of Mexico; the United States gives ''
de jure
In law and government, ''de jure'' ( ; , "by law") describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality. In contrast, ("in fact") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally ...
'' recognition of his government.
*
March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
* 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
– The Russian
Duma
A duma (russian: дума) is a Russian assembly with advisory or legislative functions.
The term ''boyar duma'' is used to refer to advisory councils in Russia from the 10th to 17th centuries. Starting in the 18th century, city dumas were for ...
declares a
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...
. It was dissolved 4 months later.
*
March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
* 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...
– WWI: The
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
terminates diplomatic relations with Germany.
*
March 15
Events Pre-1600
* 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
*44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odoa ...
(N.S.) (
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
, O.S.) – Emperor
Nicholas II of Russia
Nicholas II or Nikolai II Alexandrovich Romanov; spelled in pre-revolutionary script. ( 186817 July 1918), known in the Russian Orthodox Church as Saint Nicholas the Passion-Bearer,. was the last Emperor of Russia, King of Congress Pola ...
abdicates his throne and his son's claims. This is considered to be the end of the
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was an empire and the final period of the Russian monarchy from 1721 to 1917, ruling across large parts of Eurasia. It succeeded the Tsardom of Russia following the Treaty of Nystad, which ended the Great Northern War. ...
, after 196 years.
*
March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
* 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
(N.S.) (
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 &nd ...
, O.S.) –
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia
Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia (russian: Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович, r=Mikhail Aleksandrovich; 13 June 1918) was the youngest son and fifth child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and youngest brother of Nicholas ...
refuses the throne, and power passes to the newly formed Provisional Government, under Prince
Georgy Lvov
Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (7/8 March 1925) was a Russian aristocrat and statesman who served as the first prime minister of republican Russia from 15 March to 20 July 1917. During this time he served as Russia's ''de facto'' head of stat ...
.
*
March 25 – The
Georgian Orthodox Church
The Apostolic Autocephalous Orthodox Church of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამოციქულო ავტოკეფალური მართლმადიდებელი ეკლესია, tr), commonly ...
restores the
autocephaly
Autocephaly (; from el, αὐτοκεφαλία, meaning "property of being self-headed") is the status of a hierarchical Christian church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop. The term is primarily used in Eastern O ...
, abolished by Imperial Russia in
1811
Events
January–March
* January 8 – An unsuccessful slave revolt is led by Charles Deslondes, in St. Charles and St. James Parishes, Louisiana.
* January 17 – Mexican War of Independence – Battle of Calderón Brid ...
.
*
March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– WWI –
First Battle of Gaza
The First Battle of Gaza was fought on 26 March 1917 during the first attempt by the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF), which was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from th ...
: British
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
troops virtually encircle the Gaza garrison, but are then ordered to withdraw, leaving the city to the Ottoman defenders.
*
March 30
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague.
* 1282 &ndas ...
–
Hjalmar Hammarskjöld
Knut Hjalmar Leonard Hammarskjöld (; 4 February 1862 – 12 October 1953) was a Swedish politician, scholar, cabinet minister, Member of Parliament from 1923 to 1938 (first chamber), and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1914 to 1917.
In 1890, he m ...
steps down as
Prime Minister of Sweden
The prime minister ( sv, statsminister ; literally translating to "Minister of State") is the head of government of Sweden. The prime minister and their cabinet (the government) exercise executive authority in the Kingdom of Sweden and are subj ...
; he is replaced by right-wing businessman and politician
Carl Swartz
Carl Johan Gustaf Swartz (5 June 1858 – 6 November 1926) was a Swedish right-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from March to October 1917. He also served as Minister for Finance from 1906 to 1911. He married Dagmar L ...
.
*
March 31
Events Pre-1600
* 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.
*1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V ...
– The United States takes possession of the Danish West Indies, which become the
US Virgin Islands
The United States Virgin Islands,. Also called the ''American Virgin Islands'' and the ''U.S. Virgin Islands''. officially the Virgin Islands of the United States, are a group of Caribbean islands and an unincorporated and organized territory ...
, after paying $25 million to Denmark.
April
* April – ''
Imokawa Mukuzo Genkanban no Maki
was once considered to be the first professional Japanese animated film ever made. It was made by Ōten Shimokawa in 1917 to be shown in a cinema, in this case, in the Asakusa Kinema Kurabu, a theater in Tokyo managed directly by the film compa ...
'', the first
anime
is Traditional animation, hand-drawn and computer animation, computer-generated animation originating from Japan. Outside of Japan and in English, ''anime'' refers specifically to animation produced in Japan. However, in Japan and in Japane ...
, is released in
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
.
*
April 2
Events Pre-1600
*1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. Jo ...
– WWI: U.S. President Woodrow Wilson asks the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
for a
declaration of war
A declaration of war is a formal act by which one state (polity), state announces existing or impending war activity against another. The declaration is a performative speech act (or the signing of a document) by an authorized party of a nationa ...
on Germany.
*
April 6
Events Pre–1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.
* 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.
*13 ...
– WWI: The United States
declares war on Germany.
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
(N.S.) (
March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
, O.S.) – In
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
, 40,000 ethnic
Estonians
Estonians or Estonian people ( et, eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia who speak the Estonian language.
The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to other ...
demand
national autonomy
In developmental psychology and moral, political, and bioethical philosophy, autonomy, from , ''autonomos'', from αὐτο- ''auto-'' "self" and νόμος ''nomos'', "law", hence when combined understood to mean "one who gives oneself one's ...
within
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
.
*
April 9
Events Pre-1600
* 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...
–
May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
* 1364 ...
– WWI:
Battle of Arras – British Empire troops make a significant advance on the Western Front but are unable to achieve a breakthrough.
*
April 9
Events Pre-1600
* 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...
–
12 – WWI: Canadian troops win the
Battle of Vimy Ridge.
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
–
Eddystone explosion
On April 10, 1917, four days after the United States declared war on Germany, an explosion at the Eddystone Ammunition Corporation's artillery shell plant in Eddystone, Pennsylvania, killed 139 people. The majority were women and girls who worke ...
: an explosion at an ammunition plant near
Chester, Pennsylvania
Chester is a city in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, United States. Located within the Philadelphia Metropolitan Area, it is the only city in Delaware County and had a population of 32,605 as of the 2020 census.
Incorporated in 1682, Chester is ...
, kills 139, mostly female workers.
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
* 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
* 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
– WWI:
Brazil
Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...
severs diplomatic relations with Germany.
*
April 12
Events Pre-1600
* 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I.
* 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...
(N.S.) (
March 30
Events Pre-1600
* 598 – Balkan Campaign: The Avars lift the siege at the Byzantine stronghold of Tomis. Their leader Bayan I retreats north of the Danube River after the Avaro- Slavic hordes are decimated by the plague.
* 1282 &ndas ...
O.S.) – The
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia is formed within
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
, from the
Governorate of Estonia
The Governorate of Estonia, also known as the Governorate of Esthonia (Pre-reformed rus, Эстля́ндская губе́рнія, r=Estlyandskaya guberniya); et, Eestimaa kubermang was a governorate in the Baltic region, along with th ...
and the northern part of the
Governorate of Livonia
The Governorate of Livonia, also known as the Livonia Governorate, was a Baltic governorate of the Russian Empire, now divided between Latvia and Estonia.
Geography
The shape of the province is a fairly rectangular in shape, with a maximum ...
.
*
April 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1457 BC – Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.
* 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide.
* 73 – Masad ...
** (N.S.) (
April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
*1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
* ...
, O.S.) –
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
arrives at the
Finland Station
St Petersburg–Finlyandsky (russian: Станция Санкт-Петербург-Финля́ндский ''Stantsiya Sankt-Peterburg-Finlyandskiy'', in spoken language usually just russian: Финля́ндский вокзал ''Finlyandskiy ...
in
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
.
** WWI: The
Nivelle Offensive
The Nivelle offensive (16 April – 9 May 1917) was a Franco-British operation on the Western Front in the First World War which was named after General Robert Nivelle, the commander-in-chief of the French metropolitan armies, who led the offensi ...
commences.
*
April 17
Events Pre-1600
*1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized.
*1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of Hasan ...
** (N.S.) (
April 4, O.S.) –
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
's
April Theses
The April Theses (russian: апрельские тезисы, transliteration: ') were a series of ten directives issued by the Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin upon his April 1917 return to Petrograd from his exile in Switzerland via Germany ...
are published. They become very influential in the following
July Days
The July Days (russian: Июльские дни) were a period of unrest in Petrograd, Russia, between . It was characterised by spontaneous armed demonstrations by soldiers, sailors, and industrial workers engaged against the Russian Provisi ...
and
Bolshevik Revolution
The October Revolution,. officially known as the Great October Socialist Revolution. in the Soviet Union, also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolsheviks, Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was ...
.
** WWI: The Egyptian Expeditionary Force begins the
Second Battle of Gaza
The Second Battle of Gaza was fought on 17-19 April 1917, following the defeat of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) at the First Battle of Gaza in March, during the Sinai and Palestine Campaign of the First World War. Gaza was defended by ...
. This unsuccessful frontal attack on strong
Ottoman defences along with the first battle, results in 10,000 casualties, the dismissal of force commander General
Archibald Murray
General Sir Archibald James Murray, (23 April 1860 – 21 January 1945) was a British Army officer who served in the Second Boer War and the First World War. He was Chief of Staff to the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) in August 1914 but ...
, and the beginning of the
Stalemate in Southern Palestine.
** ''
The Times
''The Times'' is a British daily national newspaper based in London. It began in 1785 under the title ''The Daily Universal Register'', adopting its current name on 1 January 1788. ''The Times'' and its sister paper ''The Sunday Times'' (fou ...
'' and the ''
Daily Mail
The ''Daily Mail'' is a British daily middle-market tabloid newspaper and news websitePeter Wilb"Paul Dacre of the Daily Mail: The man who hates liberal Britain", ''New Statesman'', 19 December 2013 (online version: 2 January 2014) publish ...
'' (London newspapers both owned by
Lord Northcliffe
Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, 1st Viscount Northcliffe (15 July 1865 – 14 August 1922), was a British newspaper and publishing magnate. As owner of the ''Daily Mail'' and the ''Daily Mirror'', he was an early developer of popular journal ...
) print
atrocity propaganda
Atrocity propaganda is the spreading of information about the crimes committed by an enemy, which can be factual, but often includes or features deliberate fabrications or exaggerations. This can involve photographs, videos, illustrations, intervie ...
of the supposed existence of a
German Corpse Factory processing dead soldiers' bodies.
*
April 19
Events Pre-1600
* AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested.
* 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persi ...
– WWI: Army transport fires the United States' first shots in anger in the war when her gun crew drives off a German
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
in the
English Channel
The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...
seven miles southeast of
Beachy Head
Beachy Head is a chalk headland in East Sussex, England. It is situated close to Eastbourne, immediately east of the Seven Sisters.
Beachy Head is located within the administrative area of Eastbourne Borough Council which owns the land, formi ...
.
*
April 26
Events Pre-1600
* 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
*1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
* 1 ...
– WWI: The
Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
The Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne was an agreement between France, Italy and Great Britain, which emanated from a conference in a railway car at Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne on 19 April 1917 and signed by the allies between 18 August and 26 Sept ...
, between France, Italy and the United Kingdom, to settle interests in the Middle East, is signed.
May
*
May 3
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
* 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
– WWI:
1917 French Army mutinies begin.
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– WWI: The
Nivelle Offensive
The Nivelle offensive (16 April – 9 May 1917) was a Franco-British operation on the Western Front in the First World War which was named after General Robert Nivelle, the commander-in-chief of the French metropolitan armies, who led the offensi ...
is abandoned.
*
May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
– Nuncio Eugenio Pacelli, the future
Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his e ...
, is consecrated
Archbishop
In Christian denominations, an archbishop is a bishop of higher rank or office. In most cases, such as the Catholic Church, there are many archbishops who either have jurisdiction over an ecclesiastical province in addition to their own archdi ...
by
Pope Benedict XV
Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His ...
.
*
May 13
Events Pre-1600
*1373 – Julian of Norwich has visions of Jesus while suffering from a life-threatening illness, visions which are later described and interpreted in her book '' Revelations of Divine Love''.
* 1501 – Amerigo Vespu ...
–
October 13
Events Pre-1600
* 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina.
* 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the P ...
(at monthly intervals) – 10-year-old
Lúcia Santos and her cousins Francisco and Jacinta Marto report experiencing a series of
Marian apparition
A Marian apparition is a reported supernatural appearance by Mary, the mother of Jesus, or a series of related such appearances during a period of time.
In the Catholic Church, in order for a reported appearance to be classified as a Marian a ...
s near
Fátima, Portugal
Fátima () is a city in the municipality of Ourém and district of Santarém in the Central Region of Portugal, with 71.29 km2 of area and 13,212 inhabitants (2021). The homonymous civil parish encompasses several villages and localities of ...
, which become known as
Our Lady of Fátima
Our Lady of Fátima ( pt, Nossa Senhora de Fátima, ); formally known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary of Fátima) is a Catholic title of Mary, mother of Jesus, based on the Marian apparitions reported in 1917 by three shepherd children at the Cov ...
.
*
May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
–
Robert Nivelle
Robert Georges Nivelle (15 October 1856 – 22 March 1924) was a French artillery general officer who served in the Boxer Rebellion and the First World War. In May 1916, he succeeded Philippe Pétain as commander of the French Second Army in th ...
is replaced as Commander-in-Chief of the
French Army
The French Army, officially known as the Land Army (french: Armée de Terre, ), is the land-based and largest component of the French Armed Forces. It is responsible to the Government of France, along with the other components of the Armed For ...
, by
Philippe Pétain
Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), commonly known as Philippe Pétain (, ) or Marshal Pétain (french: Maréchal Pétain), was a French general who attained the position of Marshal of France at the end of World ...
.
*
May 18
Events Pre-1600
* 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
* 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of ...
– WWI: The
Selective Service Act passes the
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the legislature of the federal government of the United States. It is bicameral, composed of a lower body, the House of Representatives, and an upper body, the Senate. It meets in the U.S. Capitol in Washing ...
, giving the
President
President most commonly refers to:
*President (corporate title)
*President (education), a leader of a college or university
*President (government title)
President may also refer to:
Automobiles
* Nissan President, a 1966–2010 Japanese ful ...
the power of
conscription
Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...
.
*
May 21
Events Pre-1600
* 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as ''Caesar'' to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.
* 878 – Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabi ...
– Over 300 acres (73 blocks) are destroyed in the
Great Atlanta fire of 1917
The Great Atlanta Fire of 1917 began just after noon on 21 May 1917 in the Old Fourth Ward of Atlanta, Georgia. It is unclear just how the fire started, but it was fueled by hot temperatures and strong winds which propelled the fire. The fire, ...
in the United States.
*
May 22
Events Pre-1600
* 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
* 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
* 1 ...
**The Commissioned Officer Corps of the
U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) is a United States federal agency that defines and manages a national coordinate system, providing the foundation for transportation and communication; mapping and charting; and a large number of applications ...
is established.
**
Ell Persons
Ell Persons was a black man who was lynched on 22 May 1917, after he was accused of having raped and decapitated a 15-year-old white girl, Antoinette Rappel, in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. He was arrested and was awaiting trial when he was ...
is lynched in Memphis, in connection with the rape and murder of 16-year-old Antoinette Rappal.
*
May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
*1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
* 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
** A month of civil violence in
Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...
, Italy ends, after the Italian army forcibly takes over the city from anarchists and anti-war revolutionaries; 50 people are killed and 800 arrested.
** WWI: During the
Stalemate in Southern Palestine the
Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway
The Raid on the Beersheba to Hafir el Auja railway took place on 23 May 1917 after the Second Battle of Gaza and before the Battle of Beersheba (1917), Battle of Beersheba during the Stalemate in Southern Palestine in the Sinai and Palestine Campa ...
, by the British
Desert Column
The Desert Column was a First World War British Empire army corps which operated in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign from 22 December 1916.There is no war diary for Desert Column for December. See The Column was commanded by Lieutenant General ...
, large sections of the railway line linking
Beersheba
Beersheba or Beer Sheva, officially Be'er-Sheva ( he, בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, ''Bəʾēr Ševaʿ'', ; ar, بئر السبع, Biʾr as-Sabʿ, Well of the Oath or Well of the Seven), is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. ...
to the main
Ottoman desert base are destroyed.
*
May 26
Events Pre-1600
* 17 – Germanicus celebrates a triumph in Rome for his victories over the Cherusci, Chatti, and other German tribes west of the Elbe.
* 451 – Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sasanian Empire take ...
– A
tornado
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. It is often referred to as a twister, whirlwind or cyclone, altho ...
strikes
Mattoon, Illinois
Mattoon ( ) is a city in Coles County, Illinois, United States. The population was 16,870 as of the 2020 census. The city is home to Lake Land College and has close ties with its neighbor, Charleston. Both are principal cities of the Charleston ...
, causing devastation and killing 101 people.
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– WWI:
1917 French Army mutinies: Over 30,000 French troops refuse to go to the trenches at
Missy-aux-Bois
Missy-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
*Communes of the Aisne department
The following is a list of the 799 communes in the French department of Aisne.
The ...
.
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
–
Pope Benedict XV
Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His ...
promulgates the
1917 ''Code of Canon Law''.
June
*
June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
–
1917 French Army mutinies: A French infantry regiment seizes
Missy-aux-Bois
Missy-aux-Bois () is a commune in the Aisne department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Population
See also
*Communes of the Aisne department
The following is a list of the 799 communes in the French department of Aisne.
The ...
, and declares an anti-war military government. Other French army troops soon apprehend them.
*
June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– The first
Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made h ...
s are awarded:
Laura E. Richards
Laura Elizabeth Howe Richards (February 27, 1850 – January 14, 1943) was an American writer. She wrote more than 90 books including biographies, poetry, and several for children. One well-known children's poem is her literary nonsense verse " ...
,
Maud Howe Elliott
Maud Howe Elliott (November 9, 1854 – March 19, 1948) was an American novelist, most notable for her Pulitzer prize-winning collaboration with her sisters, Laura E. Richards and Florence Hall, on their mother's biography ''The Life of Julia Wa ...
and
Florence Hall receive the first
Pulitzer Pulitzer may refer to:
*Joseph Pulitzer, a 20th century media magnate
*Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award
*Pulitzer (surname)
* Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain
*Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-pro ...
for a biography, (for ''
Julia Ward Howe
Julia Ward Howe (; May 27, 1819 – October 17, 1910) was an American author and poet, known for writing the " Battle Hymn of the Republic" and the original 1870 pacifist Mother's Day Proclamation. She was also an advocate for abolitionism ...
'').
Jean Jules Jusserand
Jean Adrien Antoine Jules Jusserand (18 February 1855 – 18 July 1932) was a French author and diplomat. He was the French Ambassador to the United States 1903-1925 and played a major diplomatic role during World War I.
Birth and education
...
receives the first
Pulitzer Pulitzer may refer to:
*Joseph Pulitzer, a 20th century media magnate
*Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award
*Pulitzer (surname)
* Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain
*Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-pro ...
for history, for his work ''With Americans of Past and Present Days.''
Herbert Bayard Swope
Herbert Bayard Swope Sr. (; January 5, 1882 – June 20, 1958) was an American editor, journalist and intimate of the Algonquin Round Table. Swope spent most of his career at the ''New York World.'' He was the first and three-time recipient of t ...
receives the first
Pulitzer Pulitzer may refer to:
*Joseph Pulitzer, a 20th century media magnate
*Pulitzer Prize, an annual U.S. journalism, literary, and music award
*Pulitzer (surname)
* Pulitzer, Inc., a U.S. newspaper chain
*Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting, a non-pro ...
for journalism, for his work for the ''
New York World
The ''New York World'' was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 until 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers. It was a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publi ...
.''
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– WWI:
Conscription
Conscription (also called the draft in the United States) is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day un ...
begins in the United States.
*
June 7
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Istanbul, Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).
* 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir of Croatia, Branimir as an independent ...
– WWI:
Battle of Messines opens with the British Army detonating 24
ammonal
Ammonal is an explosive made up of ammonium nitrate and aluminium powder, not to be confused with T-ammonal which contains trinitrotoluene as well to increase properties such as brisance. The mixture is often referred to as Tannerite, which is ...
mines under the German lines, killing 10,000 in the deadliest deliberate non-nuclear man-made explosion in history.
*
June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
–
Speculator Mine disaster: A fire at the Granite Mountain and Speculator ore mine, outside
Butte, Montana
Butte ( ) is a consolidated city-county and the county seat of Silver Bow County, Montana, United States. In 1977, the city and county governments consolidated to form the sole entity of Butte-Silver Bow. The city covers , and, according to the ...
, kills at least 168 workers.
*
June 11
Events Pre-1600
* 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...
– King
Constantine I of Greece abdicates for the first time, being succeeded by his son
Alexander
Alexander is a male given name. The most prominent bearer of the name is Alexander the Great, the king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia who created one of the largest empires in ancient history.
Variants listed here are Aleksandar, Al ...
.
*
June 13
Events Pre-1600
* 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.
* 1325 – Ibn Battuta ...
– WWI: The first major German bombing raid on London by fixed-wing aircraft leaves 162 dead and 432 injured.
*
June 15
Events Pre-1600
* 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.
* 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
* 923 – Battle of So ...
– The United States enacts the
Espionage Act
The Espionage Act of 1917 is a United States federal law enacted on June 15, 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found in Title 50 of the U.S. Code (War ...
.
July
*
July
July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the mont ...
– The first
Cottingley Fairies photographs are taken in
Yorkshire
Yorkshire ( ; abbreviated Yorks), formally known as the County of York, is a Historic counties of England, historic county in northern England and by far the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its large area in comparison with other Eng ...
, England, apparently depicting fairies (a hoax not admitted by the child creators until
1981
Events January
* January 1
** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union.
** Palau becomes a self-governing territory.
* January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...
).
*
July 1
**
East St. Louis riot
The East St. Louis Riots were a series of outbreaks of labor and race-related violence by White Americans who murdered between 39 and
150 African Americans in late May and early July 1917. Another 6,000 black people were left homeless, and t ...
: A labor dispute ignites a
race riot
This is a list of ethnic riots by country, and includes riots based on ethnic, sectarian, xenophobic, and racial conflict. Some of these riots can also be classified as pogroms.
Africa
Americas
United States
Nativist period: 1700s ...
in
East St. Louis, Illinois
East St. Louis is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois. It is directly across the Mississippi River from Downtown St. Louis, Missouri and the Gateway Arch National Park. East St. Louis is in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois. Once a b ...
, which leaves 250 dead.
** Russian General
Brusilov begins the major
Kerensky Offensive in
Galicia, initially advancing towards
Lemberg
Lviv ( uk, Львів) is the largest city in Western Ukraine, western Ukraine, and the List of cities in Ukraine, seventh-largest in Ukraine, with a population of . It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is o ...
.
*
July 2
Events Pre-1600
* 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
* 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
– WWI: Greece joins the war on the side of the
Allies
An alliance is a relationship among people, groups, or states that have joined together for mutual benefit or to achieve some common purpose, whether or not explicit agreement has been worked out among them. Members of an alliance are called ...
.
*
July 6
Events Pre-1600
* 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility.
* 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt ...
– WWI:
**
Battle of Aqaba
The Battle of Aqaba (6 July 1917) was fought for the Red Sea port of Aqaba (now in Jordan) during the Arab Revolt of World War I. The attacking forces, led by Sherif Nasir and Auda abu Tayi and advised by T. E. Lawrence ("Lawrence of Arabia"), ...
:
Arabian troops, led by
T. E. Lawrence
Thomas Edward Lawrence (16 August 1888 – 19 May 1935) was a British archaeologist, army officer, diplomat, and writer who became renowned for his role in the Arab Revolt (1916–1918) and the Sinai and Palestine Campaign (1915–1918 ...
, capture
Aqaba
Aqaba (, also ; ar, العقبة, al-ʿAqaba, al-ʿAgaba, ) is the only coastal city in Jordan and the largest and most populous city on the Gulf of Aqaba. Situated in southernmost Jordan, Aqaba is the administrative centre of the Aqaba Govern ...
from the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
.
** The
Conscription Crisis of 1917
The Conscription Crisis of 1917 (french: Crise de la conscription de 1917) was a political and military crisis in Canada during World War I. It was mainly caused by disagreement on whether men should be conscripted to fight in the war, but also b ...
in Canada leads to passage of the Military Service Act.
*
July 7
Events Pre-1600
* 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
* 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistad ...
– The
Lions Clubs International
The International Association of Lions Clubs, more commonly known as Lions Clubs International, is an international non-political service organization established originally in 1916 in Chicago, Illinois, by Melvin Jones. It is now headquartere ...
is formed in the United States.
*
July 8–
13 – WWI –
First Battle of Ramadi: British troops fail to take
Ramadi
Ramadi ( ar, ٱلرَّمَادِي ''Ar-Ramādī''; also formerly rendered as ''Rumadiyah'' or ''Rumadiya'') is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah. It is the capital and largest city of Al Anbar Governorate w ...
from the Ottoman Empire; a majority of British casualties are due to extreme heat.
*
July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II o ...
–
Bisbee Deportation
The Bisbee Deportation was the illegal kidnapping and deportation of about 1,300 striking mine workers, their supporters, and citizen bystanders by 2,000 members of a deputized posse, who arrested them beginning on July 12, 1917, in Bisbee, A ...
: The
Phelps Dodge
Phelps Dodge Corporation was an American mining company founded in 1834 as an import-export firm by Anson Greene Phelps and his two sons-in-law William Earle Dodge, Sr. and Daniel James. The latter two ran Phelps, James & Co., the part of the o ...
Corporation deports over 1,000 suspected
IWW
The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), members of which are commonly termed "Wobblies", is an international labor union that was founded in Chicago in 1905. The origin of the nickname "Wobblies" is uncertain. IWW ideology combines general ...
members from
Bisbee, Arizona
Bisbee is a city in and the county seat of Cochise County in southeastern Arizona, United States. It is southeast of Tucson and north of the Mexican border. According to the 2020 census, the population of the town was 4,923, down from 5,575 i ...
.
*
July 16
Events Pre-1600
* 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar.
* 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece.
* 1 ...
–
July 17
Events Pre-1600
* 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world.
* 1048 – Damas ...
–
Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
troops mutiny, abandon the
Austrian
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
front, and retreat to
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
; hundreds are shot by their commanding officers during the retreat.
*
July 16
Events Pre-1600
* 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar.
* 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece.
* 1 ...
–
July 18
Events Pre-1600
* 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
* 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
–
July Days
The July Days (russian: Июльские дни) were a period of unrest in Petrograd, Russia, between . It was characterised by spontaneous armed demonstrations by soldiers, sailors, and industrial workers engaged against the Russian Provisi ...
: Serious clashes occur in
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
;
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
escapes to
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of B ...
;
Leon Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian ...
is arrested.
*
July 17
Events Pre-1600
* 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world.
* 1048 – Damas ...
– King
George V
George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until Death and state funeral of George V, his death in 1936.
Born duri ...
of the United Kingdom issues a proclamation, stating that thenceforth the male line descendants of the
British Royal Family will bear the surname
Windsor
Windsor may refer to:
Places Australia
* Windsor, New South Wales
** Municipality of Windsor, a former local government area
* Windsor, Queensland, a suburb of Brisbane, Queensland
**Shire of Windsor, a former local government authority around Wi ...
, vice the Germanic bloodline of ''
House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
The House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (; german: Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha) is a European royal house. It takes its name from its oldest domain, the Ernestine duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, its members later sat on the thrones of Belgium, Bu ...
'', which is an offshoot of the historic (800+ years)
House of Wettin
The House of Wettin () is a dynasty of German kings, prince-electors, dukes, and counts that once ruled territories in the present-day German states of Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia. The dynasty is one of the oldest in Europe, and its ori ...
.
*
July 20
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
* 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defea ...
** The
Parliament of Finland
The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The ...
, with a
Social Democratic
Social democracy is a political, social, and economic philosophy within socialism that supports political and economic democracy. As a policy regime, it is described by academics as advocating economic and social interventions to promote soci ...
majority, passes a "Sovereignty Act", declaring itself, as the representative of the Finnish people, sovereign over the
Grand Principality of Finland
The Grand Duchy of Finland ( fi, Suomen suuriruhtinaskunta; sv, Storfurstendömet Finland; russian: Великое княжество Финляндское, , all of which literally translate as Grand Principality of Finland) was the predecess ...
. The Russian Provisional Government does not recognize the act, as it would have devolved Russian sovereignty over Finland, formerly exercised by the Russian Emperor as Grand Prince of Finland, and alter the relationship between Finland and Russia into a real union, with Russia solely responsible for the defence and foreign relations of an independent Finland.
** (
July 7
Events Pre-1600
* 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
* 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistad ...
, O.S.) –
Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky, ; Reforms of Russian orthography, original spelling: ( – 11 June 1970) was a Russian lawyer and revolutionary who led the Russian Provisional Government and the short-lived Russian Republic for three months ...
becomes
premier of the
Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government ( rus, Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of the Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately ...
, replacing Prince
Georgy Lvov
Prince Georgy Yevgenyevich Lvov (7/8 March 1925) was a Russian aristocrat and statesman who served as the first prime minister of republican Russia from 15 March to 20 July 1917. During this time he served as Russia's ''de facto'' head of stat ...
.
** The Russian Provisional Government enacts
women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections. Beginning in the start of the 18th century, some people sought to change voting laws to allow women to vote. Liberal political parties would go on to grant women the right to vot ...
.
** The
Corfu Declaration
The Corfu Declaration ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, Krfska deklaracija, Крфска декларација) was an agreement between the prime minister of Serbia, Nikola Pašić, and the president of the Yugoslav Committee, Ante Trumbić, concluded on the ...
, which enables the establishment of the post-war
Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia ( sh-Latn-Cyrl, separator=" / ", Kraljevina Jugoslavija, Краљевина Југославија; sl, Kraljevina Jugoslavija) was a state in Southeast Europe, Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 unt ...
, is signed by the
Yugoslav Committee
Yugoslav Committee ( sh-Latn, Jugoslavenski odbor, sr-Cyrl, Југословенски одбор) was a political interest group formed by South Slavs from Austria-Hungary during World War I aimed at joining the existing south Slavic nations in ...
and the
Kingdom of Serbia
The Kingdom of Serbia ( sr-cyr, Краљевина Србија, Kraljevina Srbija) was a country located in the Balkans which was created when the ruler of the Principality of Serbia, Milan I, was proclaimed king in 1882. Since 1817, the Princi ...
.
*
July 20
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
* 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defea ...
–
July 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
* 1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, T ...
– WWI:
Austrian
Austrian may refer to:
* Austrians, someone from Austria or of Austrian descent
** Someone who is considered an Austrian citizen, see Austrian nationality law
* Austrian German dialect
* Something associated with the country Austria, for example: ...
and
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
forces repulse the
Russian
Russian(s) refers to anything related to Russia, including:
*Russians (, ''russkiye''), an ethnic group of the East Slavic peoples, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries
*Rossiyane (), Russian language term for all citizens and peo ...
advance into
Galicia.
*
July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
– Sir
William Thomas White
Sir William Thomas White, GCMG, PC (UK), PC (Can) (November 13, 1866 – February 11, 1955), was a Canadian politician and Cabinet minister.
Biography
White worked as a reporter for the ''Toronto Evening Telegram'' in 1890, and subsequent ...
introduces Canada's first
income tax
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Tax ...
as a "temporary" measure (lowest bracket is 4% and highest is 25%).
*
July 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
* 1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, T ...
– The
Silent Parade
The Negro Silent Protest Parade, commonly known as the Silent Parade, was a silent march of about 10,000 African Americans along Fifth Avenue starting at 57th Street in New York City on July 28, 1917. The event was organized by the NAACP, church ...
is organized by the
NAACP
The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is a civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909 as an interracial endeavor to advance justice for African Americans by a group including W. E.&nb ...
in New York City, to protest the
East St. Louis riot
The East St. Louis Riots were a series of outbreaks of labor and race-related violence by White Americans who murdered between 39 and
150 African Americans in late May and early July 1917. Another 6,000 black people were left homeless, and t ...
of
July 2
Events Pre-1600
* 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
* 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
, as well as lynchings in
Tennessee
Tennessee ( , ), officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States. Tennessee is the 36th-largest by area and the 15th-most populous of the 50 states. It is bordered by Kentucky to th ...
and
Texas
Texas (, ; Spanish language, Spanish: ''Texas'', ''Tejas'') is a state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States. At 268,596 square miles (695,662 km2), and with more than 29.1 million residents in 2 ...
.
*
July 30
Events Pre-1600
* 762 – Baghdad is founded.
*1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council.
* 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islan ...
– The
Parliament of Finland
The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The ...
is dissolved by the
Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government ( rus, Временное правительство России, Vremennoye pravitel'stvo Rossii) was a provisional government of the Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately ...
. New elections are held in the autumn, resulting in a bourgeois majority.
*
July 31 – WWI –
Battle of Passchendaele
The Third Battle of Ypres (german: link=no, Dritte Flandernschlacht; french: link=no, Troisième Bataille des Flandres; nl, Derde Slag om Ieper), also known as the Battle of Passchendaele (), was a campaign of the First World War, fought by t ...
("Third Battle of Ypres"): Allied offensive operations commence in Flanders.
August
*
August 2–
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...
– The
Green Corn Rebellion, an uprising by several hundred farmers against the WWI draft, takes place in central
Oklahoma
Oklahoma (; Choctaw language, Choctaw: ; chr, ᎣᎧᎳᎰᎹ, ''Okalahoma'' ) is a U.S. state, state in the South Central United States, South Central region of the United States, bordered by Texas on the south and west, Kansas on the nor ...
.
*
August 2 –
Squadron Commander E.H. Dunningbr>
lands his aircraft on the ship in
Scapa Flow
Scapa Flow viewed from its eastern end in June 2009
Scapa Flow (; ) is a body of water in the Orkney Islands, Scotland, sheltered by the islands of Mainland, Graemsay, Burray,S. C. George, ''Jutland to Junkyard'', 1973. South Ronaldsay and ...
,
Orkney
Orkney (; sco, Orkney; on, Orkneyjar; nrn, Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north ...
. He is killed 5 days later during another landing on the ship.
*
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...
– The
New York Guard
The New York Guard (NYG) is the state defense force of New York State, also called The New York State Military Reserve. Originally called the New York State Militia it can trace its lineage back to the American Revolution and the War of 1812.
T ...
is founded.
*
August 10
Events Pre-1600
* 654 – Pope Eugene I elected to succeed Martinus I.
* 955 – Battle of Lechfeld: Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor
Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (german: Otto der Gro ...
– A general strike begins in Spain; it is smashed after 3 days with 70 left dead, hundreds of wounded and 2,000 arrests.
*
August 14 – The
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary.
*
August 17
Events Pre-1600
*309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike.
* 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
* 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...
– One of English literature's important meetings takes place, when
Wilfred Owen
Wilfred Edward Salter Owen MC (18 March 1893 – 4 November 1918) was an English poet and soldier. He was one of the leading poets of the First World War. His war poetry on the horrors of trenches and gas warfare was much influenced b ...
introduces himself to
Siegfried Sassoon
Siegfried Loraine Sassoon (8 September 1886 – 1 September 1967) was an English war poet, writer, and soldier. Decorated for bravery on the Western Front, he became one of the leading poets of the First World War. His poetry both describ ...
at the
Craiglockhart War Hospital in
Edinburgh
Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...
.
*
August 18
Events Pre-1600
* 684 – Battle of Marj Rahit: Umayyad partisans defeat the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr and cement Umayyad control of Syria.
* 707 – Princess Abe accedes to the imperial Japanese throne as Empress Genmei.
*1304 & ...
– The
Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917
250px, The fire as seen from the quay in 1917.
250px, The fire as seen from the Thermaic Gulf.
The Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917 ( el, Μεγάλη Πυρκαγιά της Θεσσαλονίκης, 1917) destroyed two thirds of the city of T ...
in Greece destroys 32% of the city, leaving 70,000 individuals homeless.
*
August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...
– WWI: The
Military Service Act is passed in the
House of Commons of Canada
The House of Commons of Canada (french: Chambre des communes du Canada) is the lower house of the Parliament of Canada. Together with the Crown and the Senate of Canada, they comprise the bicameral legislature of Canada.
The House of Common ...
, giving the
Government of Canada
The government of Canada (french: gouvernement du Canada) is the body responsible for the federal administration of Canada. A constitutional monarchy, the Crown is the corporation sole, assuming distinct roles: the executive, as the ''Crown ...
the right to conscript men into the army.
September
*
September 14
Events Pre-1600
*AD 81 – Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
* 629 – Emperor Heraclius enters Constantinople in triumph after his victory over the Persian Empire.
* 786 – "Night ...
(September 1
Old Style
Old Style (O.S.) and New Style (N.S.) indicate dating systems before and after a calendar change, respectively. Usually, this is the change from the Julian calendar to the Gregorian calendar as enacted in various European countries between 158 ...
) – Russia is declared a
republic
A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...
by the
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...
.
*
September 23 –
Leon Trotsky
Lev Davidovich Bronstein. ( – 21 August 1940), better known as Leon Trotsky; uk, link= no, Лев Давидович Троцький; also transliterated ''Lyev'', ''Trotski'', ''Trotskij'', ''Trockij'' and ''Trotzky''. (), was a Russian ...
is elected Chairman of the
Petrograd Soviet
The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (russian: Петроградский совет рабочих и солдатских депутатов, ''Petrogradskiy soviet rabochikh i soldatskikh deputatov'') was a city council of P ...
.
*
September 25
Events Pre-1600
* 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus.
* 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt a ...
– The Mossovet (Moscow Soviet of People's Deputies) votes to side with the Bolsheviks.
* September 26–October 3 – WWI – Battle of Polygon Wood (part of the
Battle of Passchendaele
The Third Battle of Ypres (german: link=no, Dritte Flandernschlacht; french: link=no, Troisième Bataille des Flandres; nl, Derde Slag om Ieper), also known as the Battle of Passchendaele (), was a campaign of the First World War, fought by t ...
) near Ypres in Belgium: British and Australian troops capture positions from the Germans.
* September 28–September 29, 29 – WWI – Battles of Ramadi (1917)#Second Battle of Ramadi, Second Battle of Ramadi: British troops take
Ramadi
Ramadi ( ar, ٱلرَّمَادِي ''Ar-Ramādī''; also formerly rendered as ''Rumadiyah'' or ''Rumadiya'') is a city in central Iraq, about west of Baghdad and west of Fallujah. It is the capital and largest city of Al Anbar Governorate w ...
from the Ottoman Empire.
October
* October 4 – WWI: Battle of Broodseinde near Ypres – British Imperial forces overpower the 4th Army (German Empire), German 4th Army's defences.
* October 12 – WWI: First Battle of Passchendaele: – Allies fail to take a German defensive position, with the biggest loss of life in a single day for New Zealand, over 800 men and 45 officers are killed, roughly 1 in 1,000 of the nation's population at this time.
* October 12-October 19, 19 – WWI: Operation Albion – German forces land on and capture the West Estonian archipelago.
*
October 13
Events Pre-1600
* 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina.
* 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the P ...
– The Miracle of the Sun is reported at
Fátima, Portugal
Fátima () is a city in the municipality of Ourém and district of Santarém in the Central Region of Portugal, with 71.29 km2 of area and 13,212 inhabitants (2021). The homonymous civil parish encompasses several villages and localities of ...
.
* October 19
** Dallas Love Field Airport is opened in Texas.
**
Carl Swartz
Carl Johan Gustaf Swartz (5 June 1858 – 6 November 1926) was a Swedish right-wing politician who served as Prime Minister of Sweden from March to October 1917. He also served as Minister for Finance from 1906 to 1911. He married Dagmar L ...
leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after dismal election results for the right-wing in the Riksdag elections in September. He is replaced by liberal leader and history professor Nils Edén.
* October 23 – A Brazil during World War I, Brazilian ship is destroyed by a German U-Boat, encouraging Brazil to enter World War I.
* October 24 – WWI: Battle of Caporetto opens between the Kingdom of Italy and the Central Powers near Kobarid in the Austrian Littoral. It is the first major engagement for junior German officer Erwin Rommel.
* October 26 – WWI: First Brazilian Republic#Brazil in World War I, Brazil declares war against the Central Powers.
![Venceslau Brás declara guerra 1917](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Venceslau_Br%C3%A1s_declara_guerra_1917.jpg)
* October 27 – WWI: Battle of Buqqar Ridge –
Ottoman forces attack British Desert Mounted Corps units garrisoning El-Buqqar Ridge, during the last days of the
Stalemate in Southern Palestine.
* October 31 – WWI: Battle of Beersheba (1917), Battle of Beersheba – The British XX Corps (United Kingdom), XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps (
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
) attack and capture
Beersheba
Beersheba or Beer Sheva, officially Be'er-Sheva ( he, בְּאֵר שֶׁבַע, ''Bəʾēr Ševaʿ'', ; ar, بئر السبع, Biʾr as-Sabʿ, Well of the Oath or Well of the Seven), is the largest city in the Negev desert of southern Israel. ...
from Ottoman forces, ending the stalemate in Southern Palestine. The battle includes a rare (by this date) mounted Charge (warfare), charge, by Australian mounted infantry.
November
* November 1 – WWI:
** The British XXI Corps (United Kingdom), XXI Corps of the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
begins the Third Battle of Gaza.
** The British Desert Mounted Corps begins the Battle of Tel el Khuweilfe, in the direction of Hebron and Jerusalem.
* November 2 – Zionism: The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour makes the Balfour Declaration, proclaiming British support for the "establishment in Palestine (region), Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people..., it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities".
* November 5 (N.S.) (October 23, O.S.) – Estonian and Russian Bolsheviks seize power in Tallinn,
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, two days before the October Revolution in
Petrograd
Saint Petersburg ( rus, links=no, Санкт-Петербург, a=Ru-Sankt Peterburg Leningrad Petrograd Piter.ogg, r=Sankt-Peterburg, p=ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk), formerly known as Petrograd (1914–1924) and later Leningrad (1924–1991), i ...
.
* November 6
** WWI – Second Battle of Passchendaele: After 3 months of fierce fighting, Canadian forces take Passendale, Passchendaele in Belgium (the battle concludes on November 10).
** WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria is launched by the British XX Corps (United Kingdom), XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps, against the central
Ottoman defences protecting the Gaza to Beersheba Road.
** Militants from Trotsky's committee join with trusty Bolshevik soldiers, to seize government buildings and pounce on members of the provisional government.
* November 7
** (N.S.) (October 25, O.S.) – October Revolution in Russia: The workers of the St. Petersburg, Petrograd Workers' council, Soviet in Russia, led by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Bolshevik Party and leader
Vladimir Lenin
Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
, storm the Winter Palace and successfully destroy the Alexander Kerensky, Kerensky
Provisional Government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, or a transitional government, is an emergency governmental authority set up to manage a political transition generally in the cases of a newly formed state or f ...
after less than eight months of rule. This immediately triggers the Russian Civil War.
** History of Iran, Iran (which has provided weapons for Russia) refuses to support the Allies of World War II, Allied Forces after the October Revolution.
** WWI – Third Battle of Gaza: The British Army XXI Corps (United Kingdom), XXI Corps occupies Gaza City, Gaza, after the
Ottoman garrison withdraws.
** WWI: The Battle of Hareira and Sheria continues, when the XX Corps (United Kingdom), XX Corps and Desert Mounted Corps capture Hareira and Sheria, marking the end of the
Ottoman Gaza to Beersheba line.
** Women's suffrage in the United States, Women's Suffrage in the United States: Women win the right to vote in New York State.
* November 8
** (N.S.) (October 26, O.S.) – Following the October Revolution, Alexandra Kollontai is appointed People's Commissar for Social Welfare in the Council of People's Commissars of the Government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, the first woman Cabinet (government), cabinet Minister (government), minister in Europe.
* November 13 – WWI:
** Battle of Mughar Ridge: The
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
attacks retreating Yildirim Army Group forces, resulting in the capture of 10,000
Ottoman prisoners, 100 guns and of Palestine (region), Palestine territory.
** The ANZAC Mounted Division (Desert Mounted Corps) successfully fights the Battle of Ayun Kara, in the aftermath of the Battle of Mughar Ridge against strong
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
** Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ge ...
rearguards.
* November 15
** Night of Terror (event), "Night of Terror" in the United States: Influential suffragettes from the Silent Sentinels are deliberately subjected to physical assaults by guards while imprisoned.
** The
Parliament of Finland
The Parliament of Finland ( ; ) is the unicameral and supreme legislature of Finland, founded on 9 May 1906. In accordance with the Constitution of Finland, sovereignty belongs to the people, and that power is vested in the Parliament. The ...
passes another "Sovereignty Act", dissolving Russian sovereignty over Finland and effectively declaring Finland independent.
** (N.S.) (November 2, O.S.) – The Estonian Provincial Assembly, Provincial Assembly of the
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia declares itself the highest legal body in Estonia, in opposition to Bolsheviks.
* November 16
** WWI: Battle of Ayun Kara: The ANZAC Mounted Division occupies Jaffa.
** Georges Clemenceau becomes prime minister of France.
* November 17
** WWI: Action of 17 November 1917: United States Navy destroyers USS Fanning (DD-37), USS ''Fanning'' and USS Nicholson (DD-52), USS ''Nicholson'' capture Imperial German Navy
U-boat
U-boats were naval submarines operated by Germany, particularly in the First and Second World Wars. Although at times they were efficient fleet weapons against enemy naval warships, they were most effectively used in an economic warfare role ...
SM U-58, SM ''U-58'' off the south-west coast of Ireland, the first combat action in which U.S. ships take a submarine (which is then scuttled).
** WWI: The Battle of Jerusalem (1917) begins, with the
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
launching attacks against
Ottoman forces in the Judean Hills.
** The People's Dispensary for Sick Animals is founded in the United Kingdom.
* November 19 – WWI: Battle of Caporetto ends with Austrian and German forces driving the Italian army to retreat 150 kilometres south to the Piave river. The Italians lose 13,000 killed, 30,000 wounded, around 270,000 taken prisoner (mostly willingly) and 50,000 Desertion, deserted; the government of Paolo Boselli collapses on November 29.
* November 20
** WWI: Battle of Cambrai (1917), Battle of Cambrai – British forces, using tanks, make early progress in an attack on German positions, but are soon beaten back.
** The
Ukraine
Ukraine ( uk, Україна, Ukraïna, ) is a country in Eastern Europe. It is the second-largest European country after Russia, which it borders to the east and northeast. Ukraine covers approximately . Prior to the ongoing Russian inv ...
is declared a republic.
* November 22 – In Montreal, Quebec, Canada, the National Hockey Association suspends operations.
* November 23 – The Bolsheviks release the full text of the previously secret Sykes–Picot Agreement of 1916 in ''Izvestia'' and ''Pravda''; it is printed in the ''Manchester Guardian'' on November 26.
* November 24 – A bomb kills 9 members of the Milwaukee Police Department, the most deaths in a single event in U.S. police history (until the September 11 attacks in 2001).
* November 25 – WWI: Battle of Ngomano – German forces defeat a Portuguese army of about 1,200 at Negomano, on the border of modern-day Mozambique and Tanzania.
* November 26 – The National Hockey League is formed in Montreal, as a replacement for the recently disbanded National Hockey Association.
* November 28 – WWI: The Bolsheviks offer peace terms to the German Empire, Germans.
December
* December – Annie Besant becomes president of the Indian National Congress.
* December 3 – After nearly 20 years of planning and construction, the Quebec Bridge opens to traffic (the bridge partially collapsed on
August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...
, 1907 and September 11, 1916).
![Senate1917](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Senate1917.jpg)
* December 6
** The Senate of Finland officially declares the Independence of Finland, country's independence from
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
.
** Halifax Explosion: Two freighters collide in Halifax Harbour at Halifax, Nova Scotia, and cause a huge explosion that kills at least 1,963 people, injures 9,000 and destroys part of the city (the biggest man-made explosion in recorded history until the Trinity (nuclear test), Trinity nuclear weapons testing, nuclear test in 1945).
** WWI: U.S. Navy destroyer is torpedoed and sunk in the Atlantic Ocean by German submarine , killing 66 crew in the first significant American naval loss of the war.
* December 9 – WWI – Battle of Jerusalem (1917), Battle of Jerusalem: The British
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
accepts the surrender of Jerusalem by the mayor, Hussein al-Husayni, following the effective defeat of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
's Yildirim Army Group.
* December 11 – WWI: General Edmund Allenby leads units of the British
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
into Jerusalem on foot through, the Jaffa Gate.
* December 17 – The ''Raad van Vlaanderen (World War I), Raad van Vlaanderen'' proclaims the independence of Flanders.
* December 20 (N.S.) (December 7, O.S.) – The Cheka, a predecessor to the KGB, is established in Russia.
* December 23 (N.S.) (December 10, O.S.) – A local plebiscite supports transferring Narva and Ivangorod (''Jaanilinn'') from the Petrograd Governorate, to the
Autonomous Governorate of Estonia.
* December 25 – Jesse Lynch Williams's ''Why Marry?'', the first dramatic play to win a
Pulitzer Prize
The Pulitzer Prize () is an award for achievements in newspaper, magazine, online journalism, literature, and musical composition within the United States. It was established in 1917 by provisions in the will of Joseph Pulitzer, who had made h ...
, opens at the Astor Theatre, New York City.
* December 26 – United States President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
uses the Federal Possession and Control Act to place most U.S. railroads under the United States Railroad Administration, hoping to transport troops and materials for the war effort more efficiently.
* December 30 – WWI: The
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
secures the victory at the Battle of Jerusalem (1917)#Defence of Jerusalem, Battle of Jerusalem, by successfully defending Jerusalem from numerous Yildirim Army Group counterattacks.
Date unknown
* The first edition of the World Book Encyclopedia – simply known as The World Book – is published by the Hanson-Roach-Fowler Company, and is one of the first American encyclopedias to cover the major areas of knowledge to a mass audience.
* Women are permitted to stand in national elections in the Netherlands.
* The True Jesus Church is established in Beijing.
* Nakajima Aircraft Company, as predecessor of Subaru Corporation, Subaru, a car manufacturing company in Japan, founded in Ota, Gunma Prefecture.
Births
January
![Janio Quadros](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Janio_Quadros.png)
* January 2
** Vera Zorina, Norwegian dancer, actress (d. 2003)
** K. M. Mathew, Indian newspaper editor (d. 2010)
* January 3
** Liu Zhonghua, Chinese military officer (d. 2018)
** D. J. Finney, British statistician (d. 2018)
* January 5
** Adolfo Consolini, Italian discus thrower (d. 1969)
** Lucienne Day, British textile designer (d. 2010)
** Francis L. Kellogg, American diplomat, prominent socialite (d. 2006)
** Jane Wyman, American actress, philanthropist, and first wife of Ronald Reagan (d. 2007)
* January 6 – Koo Chen-fu, Nationalist Chinese negotiator (d. 2005)
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
** Saul Cherniack, Canadian politician, lawyer (d. 2018)
** Jerry Wexler, American record producer (d. 2008)
* January 12 – Jimmy Skinner, American hockey coach (d. 2007)
* January 15 – K. A. Thangavelu, Indian film actor, comedian (d. 1994)
* January 17 – M. G. Ramachandran, Tamil Nadu chief minister, actor (d. 1987)
* January 21 – Erling Persson, Swedish businessman, founder of H&M (d. 2002)
* January 24 – Ernest Borgnine, American actor (d. 2012)
*
January 25
Events Pre-1600
* 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate.
* 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...
** Ilya Prigogine, Russian-born physicist, chemist, and recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2003)
** Jânio Quadros, 22nd President of Brazil (d. 1992)
*
January 26
Events Pre-1600
* 661 – The Rashidun Caliphate is effectively ended with the assassination of Ali, the last caliph.
*1531 – The 6.4–7.1 1531 Lisbon earthquake, Lisbon earthquake kills about thirty thousand people.
*1564 – ...
– Louis Zamperini, American prisoner of war (World War II), Olympic distance athlete (1936), and Christian evangelist (d. 2014)
* January 29 – John Raitt, American actor, singer (d. 2005)
February
![Burgess1](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Burgess1.jpg)
* February 2 – Đỗ Mười, Vietnamese leader (d. 2018)
*
February 3
Events Pre-1600
* 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
*1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
– Shlomo Goren, Ashkenazi Chief Rabbi of Israel (d. 1994)
* February 4 – Yahya Khan, 3rd President of Pakistan (d. 1980)
*
February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
– Isuzu Yamada, Japanese actress (d. 2012)
* February 6
** John Franzese, Italian-born American prisoner (d. 2020)
** Zsa Zsa Gabor, Hungarian-born actress (d. 2016)
* February 9 – Joseph Conombo, Prime Minister of Upper Volta (d. 2008)
* February 11
** T. Nagi Reddy, Indian revolutionary (d. 1976)
** Sidney Sheldon, American author, television writer (d. 2007)
* February 14 – Herbert A. Hauptman, American mathematician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2011)
* February 17
** Abdel Rahman Badawi, Egyptian existentialist philosopher (d. 2002)
** Whang-od, Filipino ''mambabatok'' or tattoo artist
* February 18 – Tuulikki Pietilä, Finnish artist (d. 2009)
* February 19 – Carson McCullers, American author (d. 1967)
* February 20 – Juan Vicente Torrealba, Venezuelan harpist, composer (d. 2019)
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
– Lucille Bremer, American actress, dancer (d. 1996)
*
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– Abdelmunim Al-Rifai, 2-time prime minister of Jordan (d. 1985)
* February 25
** Anthony Burgess, English author (d. 1993)
** Brenda Joyce (actress), Brenda Joyce, American actress (d. 2009)
* February 27
** John Connally, Governor of Texas (d. 1993)
** Laine Mesikäpp, Estonian actress, singer and folk song collector (d. 2012)
* February 28 – Ernesto Alonso, Mexican actor, director, cinematographer, and producer (d. 2007)
March
![CyrusVanceSoS](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/CyrusVanceSoS.jpg)
*
March 1
Events Pre-1600
*509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first Roman triumph, triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor ...
** Robert Lowell, American poet (d. 1977)
** Dinah Shore, American singer (d. 1994)
*
March 2
Events Pre-1600
* 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...
** Desi Arnaz, Cuban-born American actor, bandleader, musician, and television producer; co-founder of Desilu Productions (d. 1986)
** Babiker Awadalla, 8th Prime Minister of Sudan (d. 2019)
** Max Webb, Polish-American real estate developer and philanthropist (d. 2018)
*
March 3
Events Pre-1600
* 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japan.
* 1575 &nd ...
– Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear scientist (d. 1952)
* March 5 – Raymond P. Shafer, 39th Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 2006)
* March 6
** Samael Aun Weor, Colombian writer (d. 1977)
** Will Eisner, American cartoonist (d. 2005)
*
March 12
Events Pre-1600
* 538 – Vitiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving the city to the victorious Byzantine general, Belisarius.
* 1088 – Election of Urban II as the 159th Pope of the Cat ...
** Giovanni Benedetti, Italian Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
** Leonard Chess, Polish-American record company executive, co-founder of Chess Records (d. 1969)
** Googie Withers, British actress (d. 2011)
*
March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
* 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
– Mehrdad Pahlbod, Iranian royal and politician (d. 2018)
* March 18 – Mircea Ionescu-Quintus, Romanian politician (d. 2017)
* March 19
** Dinu Lipatti, Romanian pianist (d. 1950)
** Sardon Jubir, Malaysian politician (d. 1985)
* March 20
** Haddon Donald, New Zealand Army Lieutenant Colonel and politician (d. 2018)
** Dame Vera Lynn, English actress, singer (d. 2020)
* March 21 – Yigael Yadin, Israeli archeologist, politician, and Military Chief of Staff (d. 1984)
* March 22 – Virginia Grey, American actress (d. 2004)
* March 24
** Constantine Andreou, Brazilian-Greek artist (d. 2007)
** John Kendrew, British molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1997)
*
March 26
Events Pre-1600
* 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
*1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, ...
– Rufus Thomas, American singer (d. 2001)
* March 27 – Cyrus Vance, American politician (d. 2002)
April
![Robert Bloch with His Award](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/Robert_Bloch_with_His_Award.jpg)
* April 1 – Sydney Newman, Canadian-born television producer (d. 1997)
* April 5 – Robert Bloch, American writer (d. 1994)
* April 7
** R. G. Armstrong, American actor (d. 2012)
** Mongo Santamaría, Cuban jazz musician (d. 2003)
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– Hubertus Ernst, Dutch Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2017)
*
April 9
Events Pre-1600
* 193 – The distinguished soldier Septimius Severus is proclaimed emperor by the army in Illyricum.
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Basiliscus issues a circular letter (''Enkyklikon'') to the bishops of his empire, su ...
– Brad Dexter, American actor (d. 2002)
*
April 10
Events Pre-1600
* 428 – Nestorius becomes the Patriarch of Constantinople.
* 837 – Halley's Comet makes its closest approach to Earth at a distance equal to 0.0342 AU (5.1 million kilometres/3.2 million miles).
* 1407 ...
– Robert Burns Woodward, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979)
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
* 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
* 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
– Morton Sobell, American spy (d. 2018)
*
April 12
Events Pre-1600
* 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I.
* 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire.
* 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted to ...
– Džemal Bijedić, Yugoslav politician (d. 1977)
* April 13
** Bill Clements, Governor of Texas (d. 2011)
** Li Rui (politician), Li Rui, Chinese Communist Party politician (d. 2019)
* April 14 – Valerie Hobson, British actress (d. 1998)
* April 15 – Hans Conried, American actor (d. 1982)
*
April 16
Events Pre-1600
* 1457 BC – Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail.
* 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide.
* 73 – Masad ...
– Barry Nelson, American actor (d. 2007)
* April 22 – Yvette Chauviré, French ballerina (d. 2016)
* April 23 – Dorian Leigh, American model (d. 2008)
* April 25 – Ella Fitzgerald, American jazz singer (d. 1996)
*
April 26
Events Pre-1600
* 1336 – Francesco Petrarca (Petrarch) ascends Mont Ventoux.
*1348 – Czech king Karel IV founds the Charles University in Prague, which was later named after him and was the first university in Central Europe.
* 1 ...
– I. M. Pei, Chinese-born architect (d. 2019)
* April 28 – Minoru Chiaki, Japanese actor (d. 1999)
* April 29
** Bernard Blossac, French fashion illustrator (d. 2002)
** Celeste Holm, American actress (d. 2012)
** Maya Deren, Russian-American experimental filmmaker (d. 1961)
May
![John F](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_color_photo_portrait.jpg)
* May 1
** John Beradino, American baseball player and actor, best known for his role in ''General Hospital'' (d. 1996)
** Ulric Cross, Trinidadian judge, diplomat and war hero (d. 2013)
** Danielle Darrieux, French singer, actress (d. 2017)
** Fyodor Khitruk, Russian animator (d. 2012)
*
May 3
Events Pre-1600
* 752 – Mayan king Bird Jaguar IV of Yaxchilan in modern-day Chiapas, Mexico, assumes the throne.
* 1481 – The largest of three earthquakes strikes the island of Rhodes and causes an estimated 30,000 casualties.
...
** José Del Vecchio, Venezuelan physician, youth baseball promoter (d. 1990)
** George Gaynes, Finland-born American actor (d. 2016)
** Kiro Gligorov, 1st President of the Republic of Macedonia (d. 2012)
* May 6 – Morihiro Higashikuni, Japanese prince (d. 1969)
* May 7 – David Tomlinson, English actor (d. 2000)
* May 12 – Frank Clair, Canadian football coach (d. 2005)
* May 14 – Lou Harrison, American composer (d. 2003)
*
May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– Jerzy Duszyński (actor), Jerzy Duszyński, Polish actor (d. 1978)
*
May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
* 1364 ...
– Juan Rulfo, Mexican writer, photographer (d. 1986)
* May 20 – Bergur Sigurbjörnsson, Icelandic politician (d. 2005)
*
May 21
Events Pre-1600
* 293 – Roman Emperors Diocletian and Maximian appoint Galerius as ''Caesar'' to Diocletian, beginning the period of four rulers known as the Tetrarchy.
* 878 – Syracuse, Sicily, is captured by the Muslim Aghlabi ...
– Raymond Burr, Canadian actor, best known for his role in ''Perry Mason (1957 TV series), Perry Mason'' (d. 1993)
*
May 22
Events Pre-1600
* 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu.
* 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet.
* 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt.
* 1 ...
– Georg Tintner, Austrian conductor (d. 1999)
* May 24 – Florence Knoll, American architect, furniture designer (d. 2019)
* May 28
** Papa John Creach, African-American fiddler (d. 1994)
** Marshall Reed, American film, television actor (d. 1980)
* May 29 – John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (d. 1963)
* May 31 – Zilka Salaberry, Brazilian actress (d. 2005)
June
![Susan Hayward - 1940s](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Susan_Hayward_-_1940s.jpg)
*
June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– William S. Knowles, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
*
June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– Robert Merrill, American baritone (d. 2004)
* June 6 – Kirk Kerkorian, Armenian-American businessman, billionaire (d. 2015)
*
June 7
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Istanbul, Constantinople (Byzantine Empire).
* 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir of Croatia, Branimir as an independent ...
** Gwendolyn Brooks, African-American writer (d. 2000)
** Dean Martin, American actor, singer (d. 1995)
*
June 8
Events Pre-1600
* 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus.
* 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern province ...
– Byron White, American American football, football player and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 2002)
* June 9 – Eric Hobsbawm, Egyptian-born British historian (d. 2012)
* June 10 – Ruari McLean, Scottish-born typographer (d. 2006)
*
June 13
Events Pre-1600
* 313 – The decisions of the Edict of Milan, signed by Constantine the Great and co-emperor Valerius Licinius, granting religious freedom throughout the Roman Empire, are published in Nicomedia.
* 1325 – Ibn Battuta ...
– Augusto Roa Bastos, Paraguayan writer (d. 2005)
* June 14
** Lise Nørgaard, Danish journalist, writer
** Atle Selberg, Norwegian mathematician (d. 2007)
*
June 15
Events Pre-1600
* 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.
* 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
* 923 – Battle of So ...
– John Fenn (chemist), John Fenn, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2010)
* June 16
** Phaedon Gizikis, President of Greece (d. 1999)
** Katharine Graham, American publisher (d. 2001)
** Irving Penn, American photographer (d. 2009)
* June 17 – Huang Feili, Chinese conductor, musical educator (d. 2017)
* June 18
** Richard Boone, American actor (d.
1981
Events January
* January 1
** Greece enters the European Economic Community, predecessor of the European Union.
** Palau becomes a self-governing territory.
* January 10 – Salvadoran Civil War: The FMLN launches its first major offensiv ...
)
** Erik Ortvad, Danish artist (d. 2008)
* June 24 – Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer, political activist and politician (d. 2013)
* June 25
** Nils Karlsson, Swedish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2012)
** Claude Seignolle, French author (d. 2018)
* June 26 – Idriz Ajeti, Albanian albanologist (d. 2019)
* June 29 – Ling Yun (politician), Ling Yun, Chinese politician (d. 2018)
* June 30
** Susan Hayward, American actress (d. 1975)
** Lena Horne, American singer, actress (d. 2010)
July
![Phyllis Diller Allan Warren](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Phyllis_Diller_Allan_Warren.jpg)
*
July 1
** Shyam Saran Negi, Indian schoolteacher (d. 2022)
** Virginia Dale, American actress, dancer (d. 1994)
** Álvaro Domecq y Díez, Spanish aristocrat (d. 2005)
*
July 2
Events Pre-1600
* 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
* 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
– André Lafargue, French journalist, resistance fighter (d. 2017)
* July 4 – Manolete, Spanish bullfighter (d. 1947)
*
July 6
Events Pre-1600
* 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility.
* 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt ...
** Heribert Barrera, Spanish chemist, politician (d. 2011)
** Arthur Lydiard, New Zealand runner, athletics coach (d. 2004)
*
July 7
Events Pre-1600
* 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
* 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistad ...
** Larry O'Brien, American politician, former NBA commissioner (d. 1990)
** Fidel Sánchez Hernández, President of El Salvador (d. 2003)
* July 9
** Krystyna Dańko, Polish orphan, survivor of the Holocaust (d. 2019)
** Peter Moyes, Australian educator (d. 2007)
* July 10
** Şeref Alemdar, Turkish basketball player (d. unknown)
** Dayton S. Mak, U.S. diplomat (d. 2018)
** Reg Smythe, English cartoonist (d. 1998)
* July 11 – Per Carleson, Swedish épée fencer (d. 2004)
*
July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II o ...
** Luigi Gorrini, Italian soldier, pilot (d. 2014)
** Andrew Wyeth, American painter (d. 2009)
** Satyendra Narayan Sinha, Indian statesman (d. 2006)
* July 15
** Robert Conquest, British historian (d. 2015)
** Reidar Liaklev, Norwegian speed skater (d. 2006)
** Joan Roberts, American actress (d. 2012)
*
July 17
Events Pre-1600
* 180 – Twelve inhabitants of Scillium (near Kasserine, modern-day Tunisia) in North Africa are executed for being Christians. This is the earliest record of Christianity in that part of the world.
* 1048 – Damas ...
** Gus Arriola, Mexican-American comic strip cartoonist, animator (d. 2008)
** Phyllis Diller, American actress, comedian (d. 2012)
** Kenan Evren, 7th President of Turkey (d. 2015)
** Generoso Jiménez, Cuban trombone player (d. 2007)
** Nur Muhammad Taraki, Afghan revolutionary communist politician, journalist and writer (d. 1979)
*
July 18
Events Pre-1600
* 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
* 387 BC – Roman- Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, l ...
** Henri Salvador, French singer (d. 2008)
** Paul Streeten, Austrian-born British economics professor (d. 2019)
* July 19 – William Scranton, American politician (d. 2013)
*
July 20
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
* 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defea ...
– Paul Hubschmid, Swiss actor (d. 2001)
* July 21
** Alan B. Gold, Canadian lawyer, jurist (d. 2005)
** Sidney Leviss, American Democratic politician (d. 2007)
* July 22
** Larry Hooper, American singer, musician (d. 1983)
** Adam Malik, 3rd Vice President of Indonesia (d. 1984)
* July 23 – Omar Yoke Lin Ong, Malaysian politician, diplomat and businessman (d. 2010)
* July 24 – Henri Betti, French composer, pianist (d. 2005)
*
July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
– Fritz Honegger, 79th president of Switzerland (d. 1999)
* July 26 – Lorna Gray, American actress (d. 2017)
* July 27 – Wu Zhonghua, Chinese physicist, pioneered three-dimensional flow theory (d. 1992)
*
July 30
Events Pre-1600
* 762 – Baghdad is founded.
*1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council.
* 1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islan ...
– Keith Rae (footballer), Keith Rae, Australian rules footballer (d. 2021)
August
![Denis Healey](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Denis_Healey.jpg)
* August 6 – Robert Mitchum, American actor (d. 1997)
* August 7 – Raja Perempuan Zainab, Queen of Malaysia (d. 1993)
* August 8 – Earl Cameron (actor), Earl Cameron, Bermudian actor (d. 2020)
* August 9 – Jao Tsung-I, Chinese-born Hong Kong scholar, poet, calligrapher and painter (d. 2018)
* August 11 – Vasiľ Biľak, Slovak Communist leader (d. 2014)
* August 12 – Marjorie Reynolds, American actress (d. 1997)
* August 15
** Jack Lynch, 5th Taoiseach, Prime Minister of Ireland (d. 1999)
** Óscar Romero, El Salvador, Salvadoran Roman Catholic Archbishop (d. 1980)
*
August 17
Events Pre-1600
*309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike.
* 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
* 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...
– Zvi Keren, American-born Israeli pianist, musicologist and composer (d. 2008)
*
August 18
Events Pre-1600
* 684 – Battle of Marj Rahit: Umayyad partisans defeat the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr and cement Umayyad control of Syria.
* 707 – Princess Abe accedes to the imperial Japanese throne as Empress Genmei.
*1304 & ...
– Caspar Weinberger, United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2006)
* August 21 – Esther Cooper Jackson, African-American civil rights activist (d. 2022)
* August 22 – John Lee Hooker, African-American musician (d. 2001)
* August 23
** Hu Chengzhi, Chinese palaeontologist, palaeoanthropologist (d. 2018)
** Miguel Alvarez del Toro, Mexican biologist (d. 1996)
* August 25
** Mel Ferrer, Cuban-American actor, film director, producer (d. 2008)
** Lisbeth Movin, Danish actress (d. 2011)
** Lou van Burg, Dutch television personality, game show host (d. 1986)
* August 26 – William French Smith, 74th United States Attorney General (d. 1990)
* August 28 – Jack Kirby, American comic book artist (d. 1994)
*
August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine M ...
– Isabel Sanford, African-American actress, best known for her role in ''The Jeffersons'' (d. 2004)
* August 30 – Denis Healey, English politician, author (d. 2015)
September
![100 años del natalicio del Santo -i---i- (36184746106) (cropped)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/100_a%C3%B1os_del_natalicio_del_Santo_-i---i-_%2836184746106%29_%28cropped%29.jpg)
* September 5 – Pedro E. Guerrero, American photographer (d. 2012)
* September 6 – Philipp von Boeselager, German Wehrmacht officer, failed assassin of Adolf Hitler (d. 2008)
* September 7
** Xerardo Fernández Albor, Spanish politician and physician (d. 2018)
** Leonard Cheshire, British war hero (d. 1992)
** John Cornforth, Australian chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2013)
** Tetsuo Hamuro, Japanese swimmer (d. 2005)
* September 10 – Miguel Serrano, Chilean diplomat, explorer and journalist (d. 2009)
* September 11
** Donald Blakeslee, American aviator (d. 2008)
** Herbert Lom, Czech-born British actor (d. 2012)
** Ferdinand Marcos, 10th President of the Philippines (d. 1989)
** Jessica Mitford, Anglo-American writer (d. 1996)
** Daniel Wildenstein, French art dealer, racehorse owner (d. 2001)
* September 17 – Henry Pearce (politician), Henry Pearce, Australian politician (d. 1992)
* September 18 – June Foray, American voice actress (d. 2017)
* September 20
** Red Auerbach, American basketball coach, official (d. 2006)
** Fernando Rey, Spanish actor (d. 1994)
* September 22 – Anna Campori, Italian actress (d. 2018)
*
September 23
**Asima Chatterjee, Indian chemist (d. 2006)
**El Santo, Mexican professional wrestler and actor (d. 1984)
* September 24 – Otto Günsche, German general (d. 2003)
* September 26 – Tran Duc Thao, Vietnamese phenomenologist and Marxist philosopher (d. 1993)
* September 28 – Wee Chong Jin, Singaporean judge (d. 2005)
October
![Joan Fontaine in The Women trailer](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Joan_Fontaine_in_The_Women_trailer.jpg)
* October 2
** Christian de Duve, English-born biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2013)
** Charles Drake (actor), Charles Drake, American actor (d. 1994)
* October 6 – Fannie Lou Hamer, African-American civil rights activist (d. 1977)
* October 7 – June Allyson, American actress (d. 2006)
* October 8 – Rodney Robert Porter, English biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985)
* October 10 – Thelonious Monk, African-American jazz pianist (d. 1982)
* October 15 – Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., American historian, political commentator (d. 2007)
* October 17
** Martin Donnelly (cricketer), Martin Donnelly, New Zealand cricketer (d. 1999)
** Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1917), Marsha Hunt, American actress (d. 2022)
* October 19 – Walter Munk, Austrian-born American oceanographer (d. 2019)
* October 20
** Jean-Pierre Melville, French film director, film producer, and screenwriter (d. 1973)
** Stéphane Hessel, French diplomat and writer (d. 2013)
** X. M. Sellathambu, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 1984)
* October 21 – Dizzy Gillespie, African-American musician (d. 1993)
* October 22 – Joan Fontaine, British-born actress (d. 2013)
* October 24 – Fang Huai, Chinese military officer and major general of PLA (d. 2019)
* October 27 – Oliver Tambo, South African activist, revolutionary (d. 1993)
* October 28
** Shams Pahlavi, Iranian royal (d. 1996)
** Jack Soo, Japanese-American actor (d. 1979)
* October 30
** Paul Eberhard, Swiss bobsledder (d. 1983)
** Maurice Trintignant, French racing driver (d. 2005)
* October 31 – Gordon Steege, Australian military officer (d. 2013)
November
![Indira Gandhi in 1967](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Indira_Gandhi_in_1967.jpg)
* November 1 – Erich Rudorffer, German fighter ace (d. 2016)
* November 2
** Durward Knowles, Bahamian sailor, Olympic champion (d. 2018)
** Ann Rutherford, Canadian actress (d. 2012)
* November 3 – Chung Sze-yuen, Hong Kong politician (d. 2018)
* November 4 – Virginia Field, British-born actress (d. 1992)
* November 5 – Jacqueline Auriol, French aviator (d. 2000)
* November 10 – Koun Wick, Cambodian statesman and diplomat (d. 1999)
* November 11 – Madeleine Damerment, French WWII heroine (d. 1944)
* November 12
** Hedley Jones, Jamaican musician (d. 2017)
** Mohamed Suffian Mohamed Hashim, Malaysian judge (d. 2000)
** Jo Stafford, American traditional pop singer (d. 2008)
* November 13 – Infanta Alicia, Duchess of Calabria, Austrian-born Spanish and Italian princess (d. 2017)
* November 14 – Park Chung-hee, 3rd president of South Korea (d. 1979)
* November 18 – Pedro Infante, Mexican actor, singer (d. 1957)
* November 19 – Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India (d. 1984)
* November 22 – Andrew Huxley, English scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2012)
* November 24 – Shabtai Rosenne, British-born Israeli diplomat, jurist (d. 2010)
* November 28
** Orville Rogers, American pilot, competitive runner (d. 2019)
** Xiang Shouzhi, Chinese general (d. 2017)
* November 29 – Pierre Gaspard-Huit, French film director, screenwriter (d. 2017)
December
![Sir Ellis Clarke (cropped 2)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Sir_Ellis_Clarke_%28cropped_2%29.jpg)
* December 5 – Wenche Foss, Norwegian actress (d. 2011)
* December 6 – Kamal Jumblatt, leader of the Lebanese Druze (d. 1977)
* December 7 – Hurd Hatfield, American actor (d. 1998)
* December 8 – Ian Johnson (cricketer), Ian Johnson, Australian cricketer (d. 1998)
* December 9 – James Rainwater, American physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
* December 10 – Sultan Yahya Petra of Kelantan, King of Malaysia (d. 1979)
* December 15 – Shan-ul-Haq Haqqee, Pakistani poet, author and lexicographer (d. 2005)
* December 16
** Sir Arthur C. Clarke, English science-fiction author, best known for co-writing the screenplay of ''2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 2001: A Space Odyssey'' (d. 2008)
** Beatrice Wright (psychologist), Beatrice Wright, American psychologist (d. 2018)
* December 18 – Ossie Davis, African-American actor, film director and activist (d. 2005)
* December 19 – Paul Brinegar, American actor (d. 1995)
* December 20
** David Bohm, American-born physicist, philosopher and neuropsychologist (d. 1992)
** Petrus Hugo, South African Second World War, WWII fighter pilot (d. 1986)
** Audrey Totter, American actress (d. 2013)
* December 21 – Heinrich Böll, German writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1985)
* December 22 – Marthe Gosteli, Swiss women's suffrage campaigner (d. 2017)
* December 25
** Lincoln Verduga Loor, Ecuadorian journalist, politician (d. 2009)
** Arseny Mironov, Russian scientist, engineer and pilot (d. 2019)
* December 28 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2010)
* December 29 – Ramanand Sagar, Indian film director (d. 2005)
* December 30 – Seymour Melman, American industrial engineer (d. 2004)
* December 31 – Suzy Delair, French actress, singer (d. 2020)
Date unknown
* Hazza' al-Majali, 22nd & 32nd Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1960)
Deaths
January–March
![Emil von Behring sitzend](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Emil_von_Behring_sitzend.jpg)
* January 2 – Edward Burnett Tylor, Sir Edward Tylor, English anthropologist (b. 1832)
* January 4 – Frederick Selous, British explorer (b. 1851)
* January 6
** Frederick William Borden, Sir Frederick Borden, Canadian politician (b. 1847)
**Hendrick Peter Godfried Quack, Dutch economist, historian (b. 1834)
* January 8 – Mary Arthur McElroy, ''de facto'' First Lady of the United States (b. 1841)
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
– Buffalo Bill, American frontiersman (b. 1846)
*
January 16
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
* 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...
– George Dewey, U.S. admiral (b. 1837)
* January 18 – Andrew Murray (minister), Andrew Murray, South African author, educationist and pastor (b. 1828)
*
January 28
Events Pre-1600
* 98 – On the death of Nerva, Trajan is declared Roman emperor in Cologne, the seat of his government in lower Germany.
* 814 – The death of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, brings about the accession o ...
– Yikuang, Prince Qing of the First Rank (b. 1838)
* January 29 – Evelyn Baring, 1st Earl of Cromer, British diplomat and colonial administrator (b. 1841)
*
February 3
Events Pre-1600
* 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states.
*1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire.
*1488 – ...
– Alexey Abaza, Russian admiral and politician (b. 1853)
*
February 5
Events Pre-1600
* 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy.
* 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
* 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...
– Jaber II Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (b. 1860)
* February 8 – Anton Haus, Austro-Hungarian admiral (b. 1851)
* February 10 – John William Waterhouse, Italian-born English artist (b. 1849)
* February 16 – Octave Mirbeau, French art critic and novelist (b. 1848)
* February 17 – Carolus-Duran, French painter (b. 1837)
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
** Joaquín Dicenta, Spanish writer (b. 1862)
** Fred Mace, American actor (b. 1878)
* March 5 – Manuel de Arriaga, 1st President of Portugal (b. 1840)
* March 6 – Jules Vandenpeereboom, 17th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1843)
*
March 8
Events Pre-1600
* 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''.
*1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León.
* 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bour ...
– Ferdinand von Zeppelin, German general and inventor (b. 1838)
*
March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
* 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...
- Robert Viren, Imperial Russian Navy admiral (b. 1857)
* March 17 – Franz Brentano, German philosopher, psychologist (b. 1838)
* March 29 – Maximilian von Prittwitz, German general (b. 1848)
*
March 31
Events Pre-1600
* 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine the Great, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian.
*1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at V ...
– Emil von Behring, German winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1854)
April–June
![Frans Schollaert](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Frans_Schollaert.jpg)
* April 1 – Scott Joplin, African-American ragtime composer, pianist (b. c.1868)
*
April 3
Events Pre-1600
* 686 – Maya king Yuknoom Yich'aak K'ahk' assumes the crown of Calakmul.
*1043 – Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.
*1077 – The Patriarchate of Friûl, the first Friulian state, is created.
* ...
– Milton Wright (bishop), Milton Wright, American bishop, father of the Wright brothers (b. 1828)
*
April 6
Events Pre–1600
*46 BC – Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato (Cato the Younger) at the Battle of Thapsus.
* 402 – Stilicho defeats the Visigoths under Alaric in the Battle of Pollentia.
*13 ...
– Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (1893–1917), Prince Friedrich Karl of Prussia (b. 1893)
* April 7 – George Brown (missionary), George Brown, British missionary (b. 1835)
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– Richard Olney, American politician (b. 1835)
* April 13 – Diamond Jim Brady, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1856)
* April 14 – L. L. Zamenhof, Polish creator of Esperanto (b. 1859)
* April 18 – F. C. Burnand, British playwright and comic writer (b. 1836)
* April 29 – Tehaapapa III, Tahitian queen (b. 1879)
* May 7 – Albert Ball, British World War I fighter ace, posthumous Victoria Cross recipient (killed in action) (b. 1896)
* May 17
**Charles Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak (b. 1829)
**Radomir Putnik, Serbian field marshal (b. 1847)
*
May 18
Events Pre-1600
* 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople.
* 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of ...
– John Nevil Maskelyne, English magician and inventor (b. 1839)
* May 20 – Philipp von Ferrary, Italian stamp collector (b. 1850)
*
May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
*1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
* 1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
– Queen Ranavalona III of Madagascar (b. 1855)
* May 24 – Les Darcy, Australian boxer (b. 1895)
* May 25
** Maksim Bahdanovič, Belarusian poet (b. 1891)
** René Dorme, French World War I fighter ace (b. 1894)
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Imperial Russian Navy admiral and politician (b. 1843)
* May 29 – Kate Harrington (poet), Kate Harrington, American teacher, writer and poet (b. 1831)
* June 3 – Matilda Carse, Irish-born American businesswoman, social reformer (b. 1835)
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– Karl Emil Schäfer, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1891)
* June 12 – Teresa Carreño, Venezuelan pianist, singer, composer and conductor (b. 1853)
* June 14 – Thomas W. Benoist, American aviator, aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the worlds first scheduled airline (b. 1874)
*
June 15
Events Pre-1600
* 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.
* 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
* 923 – Battle of So ...
– Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist (b. 1867)
* June 17 – José Manuel Pando, 25th President of Bolivia (b. 1849)
* June 18 – Titu Maiorescu, Romanian politician, 23rd Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1840)
* June 26 – Ella Giles Ruddy, American author and essayist (b. 1851)
* June 27
** Karl Allmenröder, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1896)
** Gustav von Schmoller, German economist (b. 1838)
* June 29 – Frans Schollaert, 19th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1851)
* June 30
** Antonio de La Gándara, French painter (b. 1861)
** Dadabhai Naoroji, Indian politician (b. 1825)
July–September
![Mata-Hari 1910](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Mata-Hari_1910.jpg)
*
July 2
Events Pre-1600
* 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome.
* 626 – Li Shimin, th ...
** William Henry Moody, 35th United States Secretary of the Navy, 45th United States Attorney General, and Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1853)
** Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm Tree, British actor (b. 1852)
*
July 8 – Tom Thomson, Canadian painter (b. 1877)
*
July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II o ...
** Donald Cunnell, British World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1893)
** Hugo Simberg, Finnish symbolist painter and graphic artist (b. 1873)
* July 15 – Andrey Selivanov, Russian general and politician (b. 1847)
*
July 16
Events Pre-1600
* 622 – The beginning of the Islamic calendar.
* 997 – Battle of Spercheios: Bulgarian forces of Tsar Samuel are defeated by a Byzantine army under general Nikephoros Ouranos at the Spercheios River in Greece.
* 1 ...
– Philipp Scharwenka, Polish-German composer (b. 1847)
*
July 20
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount. The Roman army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots.
* 792 – Kardam of Bulgaria defea ...
– Ignaz Sowinski, Polish architect (b. 1858)
* July 27 – Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss medical researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1841)
*
July 28
Events Pre-1600
* 1364 – Troops of the Republic of Pisa and the Republic of Florence clash in the Battle of Cascina.
* 1540 – Henry VIII of England marries his fifth wife, Catherine Howard, on the same day his former Chancellor, T ...
– Ririkumutima, Queen regent of Burundi
*
July 31
** Francis Ledwidge, Irish poet (killed in action) (b. 1887)
** Hedd Wyn, Welsh poet (killed in action) (b. 1887)
*
August 3
Events Pre-1600
* 8 – Roman Empire general Tiberius defeats the Dalmatae on the river Bosna.
* 435 – Deposed Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople Nestorius, considered the originator of Nestorianism, is exiled by Roman Emper ...
– Ferdinand Georg Frobenius, German mathematician (b. 1849)
* August 7 – Edwin Harris Dunning, British aviator (b. 1892)
* August 13 – Eduard Buchner, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1860)
*
August 17
Events Pre-1600
*309/310 – Pope Eusebius is banished by the Emperor Maxentius to Sicily, where he dies, possibly from a hunger strike.
* 682 – Pope Leo II begins his pontificate.
* 986 – Byzantine–Bulgarian wars: Battle ...
– John W. Kern, American Democratic politician (b. 1849)
* August 20 – Adolf von Baeyer, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1835)
* August 30 – Alan Leo, British astrologer (b. 1860)
* September 9
** Boris Stürmer, Russian statesman, former prime minister (b. 1848)
** Madge Syers, British figure skater (b. 1881)
* September 11 – Georges Guynemer, French World War I fighter ace (missing in action) (b. 1894)
* September 15 – Kurt Wolff (aviator), Kurt Wolff, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895)
*
September 23 – Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897)
* September 26 – Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (b. 1837)
* September 27 – Edgar Degas, French painter (b. 1834)
* September 30 – Patricio Montojo y Pasarón, Spanish admiral (b. 1839)
October–December
![Francesca Cabrini](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Francesca_Cabrini.JPG)
* October 3 – Eduardo di Capua, Neapolitan composer and songwriter (b. 1865)
* October 4 – Dave Gallaher, New Zealand rugby union football player (killed in action) (b. 1873)
* October 9 – Sultan Hussein Kamel of Egypt, (b. 1853)
* October 11 – Duke Philipp of Württemberg (b. 1838)
*
October 13
Events Pre-1600
* 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina.
* 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the P ...
– Florence La Badie, American actress (accident) (b. 1888)
* October 15 –
Mata Hari
Margaretha Geertruida MacLeod (née Zelle; 7 August 187615 October 1917), better known by the stage name Mata Hari (), was a Dutch exotic dancer and courtesan who was convicted of being a spy for Germany during World War I. She was executed ...
, Dutch dancer, spy (executed) (b. 1876)
* October 17 – Bobby Atherton, Welsh footballer (b. 1876)
* October 22 – Bob Fitzsimmons, British boxer, World Heavyweight Champion (b. 1863)
* October 23 – Eugène Grasset, Swiss artist (b. 1845)
* October 27 – Arthur Rhys-Davids, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1897)
* October 28 – Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein (b. 1831)
* October 30 – Heinrich Gontermann, German fighter ace (flying accident) (b. 1896)
* November 2 – Tringe Smajli, Albanian guerrilla fighter and sworn virgin (b. 1880)
* November 3 – Frederick Rodgers, American admiral (b. 1842)
* November 7 – Margaret Cleaves, American physician and writer (b. 1848)
* November 8 – Colin Blythe, English cricketer (b. 1879)
* November 11 – Liliʻuokalani, last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii (b. 1838)
* November 15 – Émile Durkheim, French sociologist (b. 1858)
* November 16 – Adolf Reinach, German philosopher (killed in action) (b. 1883)
* November 17
** Neil Primrose (politician), Neil Primrose, British Liberal MP (killed in action) (b. 1882)
** Auguste Rodin, French sculptor (b. 1840)
* December 8 – Mendele Mocher Sforim, Russian Yiddish, Hebrew writer (b. 1836)
* December 10 – Mackenzie Bowell, Sir Mackenzie Bowell, 5th Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1823)
* December 12 – Andrew Taylor Still, American father of osteopathy (b. 1828)
* December 17 – Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, English physician and suffragette (b. 1836)
* December 19 – Richard Maybery, British fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1895)
* December 20 – Eric Campbell (actor), Eric Campbell, Scottish actor (accident) (b. 1879)
* December 22
** Frances Xavier Cabrini, first American canonized as a saint (b. 1850)
** Stanisław Tondos, Polish painter (b. 1854)
* December 24 – Ivan Goremykin, Russian statesman, former prime minister (b. 1839)
* December 28 – Alfred Edwin McKay, Canadian fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1892)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – Charles Glover Barkla
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Henrik Pontoppidan
* Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – International Committee of the Red Cross
References
Further reading
* Williams, John. ''The Other Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914-1918'' (1972) pp 175–242.
Primary sources and year books
''New International Year Book 1917'' (1918) Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 904 pp
* ''American Year Book: 1917'' (1918), large compendium of facts about the U.S
online complete edition
{{Authority control
1917,