The 1917 ''Code of Canon Law'' (abbreviated 1917 CIC, from its Latin title ), also referred to as the Pio-Benedictine Code,Dr. Edward Peters

accessed June-9-2013 was the first official comprehensive codification of Latin canon law. Ordered by

Pope Pius X Pope Pius X ( it, Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of C ...

in 1904 and carried out by the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law, led by Pietro Cardinal Gasparri, the work to produce the code was completed and

promulgated Promulgation is the formal proclamation or the declaration that a new statutory or administrative law is enacted after its final approval. In some jurisdictions, this additional step is necessary before the law can take effect. After a new law ...

under

Pope Benedict XV Pope Benedict XV (Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. His ...

on 27 May 1917, coming into effect on 19 May 1918.Metz, "What is Canon Law?", pg. 59 The 1917 ''Code of Canon Law'' has been described as "the greatest revolution in canon law since the time of

Gratian Gratian (; la, Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383. The eldest son of Valentinian I, Gratian accompanied his father on several campaigns along the Rhine and Danube frontiers and w ...

" (1150s AD). The 1917 ''Code of Canon Law'' remained in force until the 1983 ''Code of Canon Law'' took legal effect and abrogated it on 27 November 1983.NYTimes.com,
New Canon Law Code in Effect for Catholics
, 27-Nov-1983, accessed June-25-2013

History

Background

Papal attempts at codification of the scattered mass of canon law spanned the eight centuries since

produced his '' Decretum'' c. 1150.Peters, ''Life of Benedict XV'', pg. 204. The five books of the ''

Decretales Gregorii IX The Decretals of Gregory IX ( la, Decretales Gregorii IX), also collectively called the , are a source of medieval Catholic canon law. In 1230, Pope Gregory IX ordered his chaplain and confessor, St. Raymond of Penyafort, a Dominican, to form ...

'' and the ''

Liber Sextus The ''Corpus Juris Canonici'' ( lit. 'Body of Canon Law') is a collection of significant sources of the canon law of the Catholic Church that was applicable to the Latin Church. It was replaced by the 1917 Code of Canon Law which went into eff ...

'' of

Boniface VIII Pope Boniface VIII ( la, Bonifatius PP. VIII; born Benedetto Caetani, c. 1230 – 11 October 1303) was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 December 1294 to his death in 1303. The Caetani family was of baronial ...

were later published.

Reasons for codification

Since the close of the ''

Corpus Juris The legal term ''Corpus Juris'' means "body of law". It was originally used by the Romans for several of their collections of all the laws in a certain field—see ''Corpus Juris Civilis''—and was later adopted by medieval jurists in assembling ...

'', numerous new laws and decrees had been issued by popes, councils, and

Roman Congregations In the Roman Curia, a congregation ( lat, Sacræ Cardinalium Congregationes) is a type of department of the Curia. They are second-highest-ranking departments, ranking below the two Secretariats, and above the pontifical councils, pontifical co ...

. No complete collection of them had ever been published and they remained scattered through the ponderous volumes of the Bullaria, the ''

Acta Sanctae Sedis ''Acta Apostolicae Sedis'' (Latin for "Acts of the Apostolic See"), often cited as ''AAS'', is the official gazette of the Holy See, appearing about twelve times a year.Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church (Oxford University Press 2005 ), ...

'', and other such compilations, which were accessible to only a few and for professional canonists themselves and formed an unwieldy mass of legal material. Moreover, not a few ordinances, whether included in the "Corpus Juris" or of more recent date, appeared to be contradictory; some had been formally abrogated, others had become obsolete by long disuse; others, again, had ceased to be useful or applicable in the present condition of society. Great confusion was thus engendered and correct knowledge of the law rendered very difficult even for those who had to enforce it.Ayrinhac, ''General Legislation'' §55. Already in the

Council of Trent The Council of Trent ( la, Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trento, Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italian Peninsula, Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church. Prompted by the Protestant Reformation ...

the wish had been expressed in the name of the

King of Portugal This is a list of Portuguese monarchs who ruled from the establishment of the Kingdom of Portugal, in 1139, to the deposition of the Portuguese monarchy and creation of the Portuguese Republic with the 5 October 1910 revolution. Through the n ...

that a commission of learned theologians be appointed to make a thorough study of the canonical constitutions binding under pain of

mortal sin A mortal sin ( la, peccatum mortale), in Catholic theology, is a gravely sinful act which can lead to damnation if a person does not repent of the sin before death. A sin is considered to be "mortal" when its quality is such that it leads t ...

, define their exact meaning, see whether their obligation should not be restricted in certain cases, and clearly determine how far they were to be maintained and observed. In response to the request of the bishops at the First Vatican Council, on 14 May 1904, with the ''

motu proprio In law, ''motu proprio'' (Latin for "on his own impulse") describes an official act taken without a formal request from another party. Some jurisdictions use the term ''sua sponte'' for the same concept. In Catholic canon law, it refers to a ...

'' ''Arduum sane munus'' ("A Truly Arduous Task"),

set up a commission to begin reducing these diverse documents into a single code, presenting the normative portion in the form of systematic short canons shorn of the preliminary considerations. Pietro Gasparri

Codification process

In addition to the canon law experts brought to Rome to serve on the codification commission, all the

Latin Church , native_name_lang = la , image = San Giovanni in Laterano - Rome.jpg , imagewidth = 250px , alt = Façade of the Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran , caption = Archbasilica of Saint Joh ...

's bishops and superiors general of religious orders were periodically consulted via letter. Every

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

bishop had the right to permanently keep a representative in Rome to give him voice at the meetings of the codification commission.Peters, ''Life of Benedict XV'', pg. 205. By the winter of 1912, the "whole span of the code" had been completed, so that a provisional text was printed. The 1912 text was sent out to all Latin bishops and superiors general for their comment, and their notations which they sent back to the codification commission were subsequently printed and distributed to all members of the commission, in order that the members might carefully consider the suggestions. Under the aegis of Cardinal

Pietro Gasparri Pietro Gasparri, GCTE (5 May 1852 – 18 November 1934) was a Roman Catholic cardinal, diplomat and politician in the Roman Curia and the signatory of the Lateran Pacts. He served also as Cardinal Secretary of State under Popes Benedict XV and ...

, with the help of

Eugenio Pacelli Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his e ...

(who later became Pope Pius XII), the Commission for the Codification of Canon Law completed its work under

Benedict XV Pope Benedict XV (Ecclesiastical Latin, Latin: ''Benedictus XV''; it, Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa, name=, group= (; 21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his deat ...

, who promulgated the ''Code'' which became effective in 1918. The work having been begun by

Pius X Pope Pius X ( it, Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. Pius X is known for vigorously opposing modernist interpretations of C ...

and being promulgated by

, it is sometimes called the "Pio-Benedictine Code."

Period of enforcement

The new code was completed in 1916. The code was promulgated on 27 May 1917,La Due, William J., J.C.D.: ''The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy'' (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999), pg. 256.

Pentecost Pentecost (also called Whit Sunday, Whitsunday or Whitsun) is a Christianity, Christian holiday which takes place on the 50th day (the seventh Sunday) after Easter Sunday. It commemorates the descent of the Holy Spirit upon the Apostles in the Ne ...

Sunday, as the ''Code of Canon Law'' ( la, Codex Iuris Canonici) by Pius X's successor,

, who set 19 May 1918 as the date on which it

came into force In law, coming into force or entry into force (also called commencement) is the process by which legislation, regulations, treaties and other legal instruments come to have legal force and effect. The term is closely related to the date of this t ...

. For the most part, it applied only to the

except when "it treats of things that, by their nature, apply to the

Oriental The Orient is a term for the East in relation to Europe, traditionally comprising anything belonging to the Eastern world. It is the antonym of ''Occident'', the Western World. In English, it is largely a metonym for, and coterminous with, the ...

", such as the effects of baptism (

canon Canon or Canons may refer to: Arts and entertainment * Canon (fiction), the conceptual material accepted as official in a fictional universe by its fan base * Literary canon, an accepted body of works considered as high culture ** Western ca ...

87). It contained 2,414 canons. On 15 September 1917, by the ''

'' ''Cum Iuris Canonici'',

made provision for a Pontifical Commission charged with interpreting the code and making any necessary modifications as later legislation was issued. New laws would be appended to existing canons in new paragraphs or inserted between canons, repeating the number of the previous canon and adding ''bis'', ''ter'', etc. (e.g. "canon 1567''bis''" in the style of the civil law) so as not to subvert the ordering of the code, or the existing text of a canon would be completely supplanted. The numbering of the canons was not to be altered. The Latin text of the 1917 Code remained unchanged for the first 30 years of its enactment, when

Pope Pius XII Pope Pius XII ( it, Pio XII), born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli (; 2 March 18769 October 1958), was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. Before his e ...

issued a ''

'' of 1 August 1948 that amended canon 1099 of the code, a revision that took effect on 1 January 1949. The 1917 Code was in force until Canon 6 §1 1° of the 1983 ''Code of Canon Law'' took legal effect—thereby abrogating it—on 27 November 1983.

Decrees

On 15 September 1917, shortly after promulgating the 1917 code,

promulgated the ''

'' ''Cum Iuris Canonici'', which forbade the

from issuing new general decrees unless it was necessary to do so, and then only after consulting the Pontifical Commission charged with amending the code. The congregations were instead to issue Instructions on the canons of the code, and to make it clear that they were elucidating particular canons of the code. This was done so as not to make the code obsolete soon after it was promulgated. The 1917 ''Code'' was very rarely amended, and then only slightly.

Structure

Cover of a copy of the 1917 Codex Iuris Canonici (Code of Canon Law)

The 1917 ''Code'' presents canon law in five groupings: #the general principles of law #the law of

persons A person ( : people) is a being that has certain capacities or attributes such as reason, morality, consciousness or self-consciousness, and being a part of a culturally established form of social relations such as kinship, ownership of property, ...

(clergy, religious, and laity) #''de rebus'' (including such "things" as the sacraments, holy places and times, divine worship, the magisterium,

benefice A benefice () or living is a reward received in exchange for services rendered and as a retainer for future services. The Roman Empire used the Latin term as a benefit to an individual from the Empire for services rendered. Its use was adopted by ...

s, and temporal goods) #procedures #crimes and punishment The organization of the 1917 Code followed the divisions (''Personae'', ''Res'', ''Actiones'') of the ancient Roman jurists

Gaius Gaius, sometimes spelled ''Gajus'', Kaius, Cajus, Caius, was a common Latin praenomen; see Gaius (praenomen). People *Gaius (jurist) (), Roman jurist *Gaius Acilius *Gaius Antonius *Gaius Antonius Hybrida *Gaius Asinius Gallus *Gaius Asinius Pol ...

and

Justinian Justinian I (; la, Iustinianus, ; grc-gre, Ἰουστινιανός ; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Byzantine emperor from 527 to 565. His reign is marked by the ambitious but only partly realized ''renovat ...

. The code did not follow the classical canonical divisions (''Iudex'', ''Iudicium'', ''Clerus'', ''Sponsalia'', ''Crimen'').

Scholarship and criticism

During the 65 years of its enforcement, a complete translation of the 1917 Code from its original Latin was never published. Translations were forbidden, partly to ensure that interpretive disputes among scholars and

canonists Canon law (from grc, κανών, , a 'straight measuring rod, ruler') is a set of ordinances and regulations made by ecclesiastical authority (church leadership) for the government of a Christian organization or church and its members. It is th ...

concerning such a new type of code would be resolved in Latin itself and not in one of the many languages used in scholarship. More English-language research material exists relating to the 1917 Code than in any other language except Latin. The book ''De rebus'' ('On things') was subject to much criticism due to its inclusion of supernatural subjects such as sacraments and divine worship under the category "things" and due to its amalgamation of disparate subject matter.Metz, ''What is Canon Law?'' pg. 60 It was argued by some that this was a legalistic reduction of sacramental mystery.Concilium: "The Future of Canon Law" René Metz defended the codifiers' decision on the layout and scope of ''De rebus'' as being the "least bad solution" to structural problems which the codifiers themselves fully understood. This was also the canon law that for the first time in Roman Catholic Church history, legalized

interest In finance and economics, interest is payment from a borrower or deposit-taking financial institution to a lender or depositor of an amount above repayment of the principal sum (that is, the amount borrowed), at a particular rate. It is distinct ...

outright. The Code of Canon Law of 1917 allowed those responsible for the church's financial affairs at the parish and diocesan levels to invest in interest-bearing

securities A security is a tradable financial asset. The term commonly refers to any form of financial instrument, but its legal definition varies by jurisdiction. In some countries and languages people commonly use the term "security" to refer to any for ...

"for the legal rate of interest (unless it is evident that the legal rate is exorbitant), or even for a higher rate, provided that there be a just and proportionate reason."

References

Sources

*Ayrinhac, Very Rev. H. A., S.S., D.D., D.C.L., ''General Legislation in the New Code of Canon Law: General Norms. (Can. 1-86.) Ecclesiastical Persons in General. (Can. 87-214.)'' (New York: Blase Benziger & Co., Inc., 1923). *Caparros, Ernest, ''et al.'', ''1983 Code of Canon Law Annotated'' "Gratianus Series", 2nd edition (Woodridge: Midwest Theological Forum, 2004). *Della Rocca, Fernando. ''Manual of Canon Law'' (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1959). Rev. Anselm Thatcher, O.S.B. (translator). *La Due, William J., J.C.D.: ''The Chair of Saint Peter: A History of the Papacy'' (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1999). *Metz, René. ''What is Canon Law?'' (New York: Hawthorn Books/Publishers, 1960). Michael Derrick (translator of the French original). * Peters, Edward N. (translator), ''The 1917 or Pio-Benedictine Code of Canon Law: in English Translation with Extensive Scholarly Apparatus'' (Ignatius Press, 2001). *Peters, Walter H. ''The Life of Benedict XV'' (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1959). *''The Future of Canon Law'' Concilium vol. 48 (Paulist, 1st Edition, 1969). *

External links

''Codex Iuris Canonici'' (1917)
original text in Latin
''The 1917 Pio-Benedictine Code of Canon Law'', English translation (partial preview)''Codex Iuris Canonici'' (1917) in French translation
CanonLaw.info (website of

Dr. Edward N. Peters Edward Neal Peters (born 1957) is an American Roman Catholic canonist and serves as a referendary of the Apostolic Signatura (an advisor/consultant to the Holy See's top tribunal). He is professor of canon law at the Sacred Heart Major Seminary ...

, J.C.D) {{Authority control Canon law codifications 1917 in law 1917 in Christianity