Events
Below, the events of the
First World War
World War I (28 July 1914 11 November 1918), often abbreviated as WWI, was one of the deadliest global conflicts in history. Belligerents included much of Europe, the Russian Empire, the United States, and the Ottoman Empire, with fightin ...
have the "WWI" prefix.
January
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
– The
British
British may refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies.
** Britishness, the British identity and common culture
* British English, ...
Royal Army Medical Corps
The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace. The RAMC, the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, the Royal Army Dental Corps a ...
carries out the first successful
blood transfusion
Blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood products into a person's circulation intravenously. Transfusions are used for various medical conditions to replace lost components of the blood. Early transfusions used whole blood, but mo ...
, using blood that had been stored and cooled.
*
January 9
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
*1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– WWI:
Gallipoli Campaign: The last British troops are evacuated from
Gallipoli
The Gallipoli peninsula (; tr, Gelibolu Yarımadası; grc, Χερσόνησος της Καλλίπολης, ) is located in the southern part of East Thrace, the European part of Turkey, with the Aegean Sea to the west and the Dardanelles ...
, as the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
prevails over a joint British and French operation to capture
Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya (Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis (" ...
.
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
– WWI:
Erzurum Offensive: Russia defeats the Ottoman Empire.
*
January 12
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
*1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
– The
Gilbert and Ellice Islands
The Gilbert and Ellice Islands (GEIC as a colony) in the Pacific Ocean were part of the British Empire from 1892 to 1976. They were a protectorate from 1892 to 12 January 1916, and then a colony until 1 January 1976. The history of the colony w ...
Colony, part of the
British Empire
The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
, is established in present-day
Tuvalu
Tuvalu ( or ; formerly known as the Ellice Islands) is an island country and microstate in the Polynesian subregion of Oceania in the Pacific Ocean. Its islands are situated about midway between Hawaii and Australia. They lie east-northeast ...
and
Kiribati
Kiribati (), officially the Republic of Kiribati ( gil, ibaberikiKiribati),[Kiribati]
''The Wor ...
.
*
January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
– WWI:
Battle of Wadi: Ottoman Empire forces defeat the British, during the
Mesopotamian campaign
The Mesopotamian campaign was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the Allies represented by the British Empire, troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from British India, against the Central Powe ...
in modern-day
Iraq
Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...
.
*
January 29
Events
Pre-1600
* 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher.
* 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ruler o ...
– WWI: Paris is bombed by
German
German(s) may refer to:
* Germany (of or related to)
**Germania (historical use)
* Germans, citizens of Germany, people of German ancestry, or native speakers of the German language
** For citizens of Germany, see also German nationality law
**Ger ...
zeppelin
A Zeppelin is a type of rigid airship named after the German inventor Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin () who pioneered rigid airship development at the beginning of the 20th century. Zeppelin's notions were first formulated in 1874Eckener 1938, pp ...
s.
*
January 31
Events Pre-1600
* 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
* 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...
– WWI: An attack is planned on
Verdun
Verdun (, , , ; official name before 1970 ''Verdun-sur-Meuse'') is a large city in the Meuse department in Grand Est, northeastern France. It is an arrondissement of the department.
Verdun is the biggest city in Meuse, although the capital ...
, France.
February
*
February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
* 1539 – The first recorded race is hel ...
– 6.00 p.m. –
Tristan Tzara
Tristan Tzara (; ; born Samuel or Samy Rosenstock, also known as S. Samyro; – 25 December 1963) was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist. Also active as a journalist, playwright, literary and art critic, comp ...
"founds" the art movement
Dadaism
Dada () or Dadaism was an art movement of the European avant-garde in the early 20th century, with early centres in Zürich, Switzerland, at the Cabaret Voltaire (in 1916). New York Dada began c. 1915, and after 1920 Dada flourished in Paris ...
(according to
Hans Arp
Hans Peter Wilhelm Arp (16 September 1886 – 7 June 1966), better known as Jean Arp in English, was a German-French sculptor, painter, and poet. He was known as a Dadaist and an abstract artist.
Early life
Arp was born in Straßburg (now Stras ...
).
*
February 11
Events Pre-1600
*660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
* 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...
**
Emma Goldman
Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 – May 14, 1940) was a Russian-born anarchist political activist and writer. She played a pivotal role in the development of anarchist political philosophy in North America and Europe in the first half of the ...
is arrested, for lecturing on
birth control
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unwanted pregnancy. Birth control has been used since ancient times, but effective and safe methods of birth contr ...
in the United States.
** The
Baltimore Symphony Orchestra
The Baltimore Symphony Orchestra is an American symphony orchestra based in Baltimore, Maryland. The Baltimore SO has its principal residence at the Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, where it performs more than 130 concerts a year. In 2005, it bega ...
presents its first concert in the United States.
** The
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
n
football
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
club
Sportul Studențesc is founded in
Bucharest
Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
.
*
February 12
Events Pre-1600
*1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
*1429 – English forces under ...
– WWI –
Battle of Salaita Hill
The Battle of Salaita Hill (German: ''Battle of Oldoboro Hill'') was the first large-scale engagement of the East African Campaign of the First World War to involve British, Indian, Rhodesian, and South African troops. The battle took place on Fe ...
(
East African Campaign): South African and other British Empire troops fail to take a
German East Africa
German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...
n defensive position.
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
– WWI: The
Battle of Verdun
The Battle of Verdun (french: Bataille de Verdun ; german: Schlacht um Verdun ) was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the Western Front in France. The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north ...
begins in
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
.
March
*
March 8
Events Pre-1600
* 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''.
*1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León.
* 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bour ...
–
9 –
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
:
leads about 500 Mexican raiders in an
attack against Columbus, New Mexico, killing 12 U.S. soldiers. A garrison of the U.S.
13th Cavalry Regiment
The 13th Cavalry Regiment ("13th Horse") is a unit of the United States Army. The 2nd Squadron is currently stationed at Fort Bliss, Texas, as part of the 3rd Armored Brigade Combat Team, 1st Armored Division.
History
The 13th Cavalry Regimen ...
fights back and drives them away.
*
March 10
Events Pre-1600
* 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
* 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a t ...
– The
McMahon–Hussein Correspondence
The McMahon–Hussein Correspondence is a series of letters that were exchanged during World War I in which the Government of the United Kingdom agreed to recognize Arab independence in a large region after the war Quid pro quo, in exchange fo ...
concludes with an understanding that the United Kingdom would recognise Arab independence in return for
Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca
Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi ( ar, الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, al-Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after procla ...
, launching the
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية, ) or the Great Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية الكبرى, ) was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On t ...
against the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
.
*
March 15
Events Pre-1600
* 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
*44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odoa ...
– United States President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
sends 12,000 United States troops over the
U.S.–Mexico border to pursue
; the 13th Cavalry regiment enters Mexican territory.
*
March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
* 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
–
Mexican Revolution
The Mexican Revolution ( es, Revolución Mexicana) was an extended sequence of armed regional conflicts in Mexico from approximately 1910 to 1920. It has been called "the defining event of modern Mexican history". It resulted in the destruction ...
: The U.S.
7th
7 (seven) is the natural number following 6 and preceding 8. It is the only prime number preceding a cube (algebra), cube.
As an early prime number in the series of positive integers, the number seven has greatly symbolic associations in religion ...
and
10th Cavalry regiments under
John J. Pershing
General of the Armies John Joseph Pershing (September 13, 1860 – July 15, 1948), nicknamed "Black Jack", was a senior United States Army officer. He served most famously as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) on the Wes ...
cross the border, to join the hunt for Villa.
*
March 22
Events Pre-1600
* 106 – Start of the Bostran era, the calendar of the province of Arabia Petraea.
* 235 – Roman emperor Severus Alexander is murdered, marking the start of the Crisis of the Third Century.
* 871 – Æthelr ...
– The temporary
Emperor of China
''Huangdi'' (), translated into English as Emperor, was the superlative title held by monarchs of China who ruled various imperial regimes in Chinese history. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was considered the Son of Heave ...
,
Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
, abdicates the throne, and the
Republic of China
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...
is restored once again.
*
March 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6.
*1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off ...
– French ferry is
torpedo
A modern torpedo is an underwater ranged weapon launched above or below the water surface, self-propelled towards a target, and with an explosive warhead designed to detonate either on contact with or in proximity to the target. Historically, su ...
ed by in the
English Channel
The English Channel, "The Sleeve"; nrf, la Maunche, "The Sleeve" (Cotentinais) or ( Jèrriais), (Guernésiais), "The Channel"; br, Mor Breizh, "Sea of Brittany"; cy, Môr Udd, "Lord's Sea"; kw, Mor Bretannek, "British Sea"; nl, Het Kana ...
, with at least 50 killed (including the composer
Enrique Granados
Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados y Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enric Granados in Catalan or Enrique Granados in Spanish, was a composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Catalonia, Spain. ...
), resulting on
May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...
in the
''Sussex'' Pledge by Germany to the United States, suspending its
intensified submarine warfare Intensified submarine warfare, a form of submarine warfare practiced by Germany in the first months of 1916, represented a German political compromise between the internationally recognised Prize Rules (which made submarines virtually ineffective as ...
policy.
April
![Easter Proclamation of 1916](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Easter_Proclamation_of_1916.png)
*
April
April is the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendars. It is the first of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the second of five months to have a length of less than 31 days.
April is commonly associated with ...
** The toggle
light switch
In electrical wiring, a light switch is a switch most commonly used to operate electric lights, permanently connected equipment, or electrical outlets. Portable lamps such as table lamps may have a light switch mounted on the socket, base, or i ...
is invented, by William J. Newton and Morris Goldberg.
**
Korea Tungsten was founded in
Daegu
Daegu (, , literally 'large hill', 대구광역시), formerly spelled Taegu and officially known as the Daegu Metropolitan City, is a city in South Korea.
It is the third-largest urban agglomeration in South Korea after Seoul and Busan; it is ...
, as predecessor of leading
steel product in Asia,
POSCO
POSCO (formerly Pohang Iron and Steel Company) is a South Korean steel-making company headquartered in Pohang, South Korea. It had an output of of crude steel in 2015, making it the world's fourth-largest steelmaker by this measure. In 2010, i ...
(Pohang Steel Company).
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
* 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
* 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
– WWI: The
Egyptian Expeditionary Force
The Egyptian Expeditionary Force (EEF) was a British Empire military formation, formed on 10 March 1916 under the command of General Archibald Murray from the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force and the Force in Egypt (1914–15), at the beginning of ...
begins the
occupation of the
Sinai Peninsula
The Sinai Peninsula, or simply Sinai (now usually ) (, , cop, Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), is a peninsula in Egypt, and the only part of the country located in Asia. It is between the Mediterranean Sea to the north and the Red Sea to the south, and is a l ...
.
*
April 20
Events Pre-1600
* 1303 – The Sapienza University of Rome is instituted by a bull of Pope Boniface VIII.
1601–1900
* 1653 – Oliver Cromwell dissolves England's Rump Parliament.
* 1657 – English Admiral Robert Blake destroy ...
– The
Chicago Cubs
The Chicago Cubs are an American professional baseball team based in Chicago. The Cubs compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as part of the National League (NL) Central division. The club plays its home games at Wrigley Field, which is located ...
play their first game at Weeghman Park (modern-day
Wrigley Field
Wrigley Field is a Major League Baseball (MLB) stadium on the North Side of Chicago, Illinois. It is the home of the Chicago Cubs, one of the city's two MLB franchises. It first opened in 1914 as Weeghman Park for Charles Weeghman's Chicago Wh ...
), defeating the
Cincinnati Reds
The Cincinnati Reds are an American professional baseball team based in Cincinnati. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) National League Central, Central division and were a charter member of ...
7–6 in 11 innings.
*
April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
* 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
– The
Chinese
Chinese can refer to:
* Something related to China
* Chinese people, people of Chinese nationality, citizenship, and/or ethnicity
**''Zhonghua minzu'', the supra-ethnic concept of the Chinese nation
** List of ethnic groups in China, people of va ...
troop transport capsizes off the Chinese coast; at least 1,000 are killed.
*
April 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).
* 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy m ...
–
30 – The
Easter Rising
The Easter Rising ( ga, Éirí Amach na Cásca), also known as the Easter Rebellion, was an armed insurrection in Ireland during Easter Week in April 1916. The Rising was launched by Irish republicans against British rule in Ireland with the a ...
occurs in Ireland. Members of the
Irish Republican Brotherhood
The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; ) was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic republic" in Ireland between 1858 and 1924.McGee, p. 15. Its counterpart in the United States ...
proclaim an Irish Republic, and the
Irish Volunteers
The Irish Volunteers ( ga, Óglaigh na hÉireann), sometimes called the Irish Volunteer Force or Irish Volunteer Army, was a military organisation established in 1913 by Irish nationalists and republicans. It was ostensibly formed in respons ...
and
Irish Citizen Army
The Irish Citizen Army (), or ICA, was a small paramilitary group of trained trade union volunteers from the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU) established in Dublin for the defence of workers' demonstrations from the Dublin M ...
occupy the
General Post Office
The General Post Office (GPO) was the state postal system and telecommunications carrier of the United Kingdom until 1969. Before the Acts of Union 1707, it was the postal system of the Kingdom of England, established by Charles II in 1660. ...
and other buildings in
Dublin
Dublin (; , or ) is the capital and largest city of Republic of Ireland, Ireland. On a bay at the mouth of the River Liffey, it is in the Provinces of Ireland, province of Leinster, bordered on the south by the Dublin Mountains, a part of th ...
, before surrendering to the British Army.
*
April 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).
* 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy m ...
–
May 10
Events Pre-1600
* 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China.
*1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...
–
Voyage of the ''James Caird'': An open boat journey from
Elephant Island
Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, west-so ...
in the
South Shetland Islands
The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands with a total area of . They lie about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, and between southwest of the nearest point of the South Orkney Islands. By the Antarctic Treaty of 195 ...
to
South Georgia
South Georgia ( es, Isla San Pedro) is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is part of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It lies around east of the Falkland Islands. Stretching in the east ...
in the southern Atlantic Ocean () is undertaken by Sir
Ernest Shackleton
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic. He was one of the principal figures of the period known as the Heroic Age of ...
and five companions, to obtain rescue for the main body of the
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing ...
, following the loss of its ship
''Endurance''.
*
April 27
Events Pre-1600
* 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''.
* 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...
– WWI:
Gas attack at Hulluch
The Gas Attacks at Hulluch were two German cloud gas attacks on British troops during World War I, from 27 to 29 April 1916, near the village of Hulluch, north of Loos in northern France. The gas attacks were part of an engagement between di ...
in France: The 47th Brigade,
16th (Irish) Division
The 16th (Irish) Division was an infantry division of the British Army, raised for service during World War I. The division was a voluntary 'Service' formation of Lord Kitchener's New Armies, created in Ireland from the 'National Volunteers', i ...
is decimated, in one of the most heavily concentrated German gas attacks of the war.
*
April 29
Events Pre-1600
*1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
* 1386 – Battle of the Vikhra River: The Principality of Smolensk is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and beco ...
– WWI:
Mesopotamian campaign
The Mesopotamian campaign was a campaign in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I fought between the Allies represented by the British Empire, troops from Britain, Australia and the vast majority from British India, against the Central Powe ...
– The
Siege of Kut
The siege of Kut Al Amara (7 December 1915 – 29 April 1916), also known as the first battle of Kut, was the besieging of an 8,000 strong British Army garrison in the town of Kut, south of Baghdad, by the Ottoman Army. In 1915, its population ...
ends with the surrender of
British Indian Army
The British Indian Army, commonly referred to as the Indian Army, was the main military of the British Raj before its dissolution in 1947. It was responsible for the defence of the British Indian Empire, including the princely states, which co ...
forces to the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
at
Kut-al-Amara
Kūt ( ar, ٱلْكُوت, al-Kūt), officially Al-Kut, also spelled Kutulamare or Kut al-Imara, is a city in eastern Iraq, on the left bank of the Tigris River, about south east of Baghdad. the estimated population is about 389,400 people.
It ...
on the
Tigris
The Tigris () is the easternmost of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates. The river flows south from the mountains of the Armenian Highlands through the Syrian and Arabian Deserts, and empties into the ...
in
Basra Vilayet.
May
![Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland,_1916](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Map_of_the_Battle_of_Jutland%2C_1916.svg)
*
May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
* 1364 ...
**
United States Marines invade the Dominican Republic.
**
Britain
Britain most often refers to:
* The United Kingdom, a sovereign state in Europe comprising the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands
* Great Britain, the largest island in the United King ...
and
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
conclude the secret
Sykes–Picot Agreement
The Sykes–Picot Agreement () was a 1916 secret treaty between the United Kingdom and France, with assent from the Russian Empire and the Kingdom of Italy, to define their mutually agreed Sphere of influence, spheres of influence and control in a ...
, which is to divide Arab areas of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
, following the conclusion of WWI and the
partitioning of the Ottoman Empire
The partition of the Ottoman Empire (30 October 19181 November 1922) was a geopolitical event that occurred after World War I and the occupation of Constantinople by British, French and Italian troops in November 1918. The partitioning was ...
, into French and British
spheres of influence
In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence (SOI) is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military or political exclusivity.
While there may be a formal al ...
.
*
May 31
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
* 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
–
June 1
Events Pre-1600
*1215 – Zhongdu (now Beijing), then under the control of the Jurchen people, Jurchen ruler Emperor Xuanzong of Jin, is captured by the Mongols under Genghis Khan, ending the Battle of Zhongdu.
*1252 – Alfonso X is pr ...
– WWI:
Battle of Jutland
The Battle of Jutland (german: Skagerrakschlacht, the Battle of the Skagerrak) was a naval battle fought between Britain's Royal Navy Grand Fleet, under Admiral John Jellicoe, 1st Earl Jellicoe, Sir John Jellicoe, and the Imperial German Navy ...
, between the British
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...
's
Grand Fleet
The Grand Fleet was the main battlefleet of the Royal Navy during the First World War. It was established in August 1914 and disbanded in April 1919. Its main base was Scapa Flow in the Orkney Islands.
History
Formed in August 1914 from the ...
and the
Imperial German Navy
The Imperial German Navy or the Imperial Navy () was the navy of the German Empire, which existed between 1871 and 1919. It grew out of the small Prussian Navy (from 1867 the North German Federal Navy), which was mainly for coast defence. Wilhel ...
's
High Seas Fleet
The High Seas Fleet (''Hochseeflotte'') was the battle fleet of the German Imperial Navy and saw action during the First World War. The formation was created in February 1907, when the Home Fleet (''Heimatflotte'') was renamed as the High Seas ...
in the
North Sea
The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Norway, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium. An epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the Atlantic Ocean through the English Channel in the south and the Norwegian S ...
, the war's only large-scale clash of battleships. The result is tactically inconclusive, but British dominance of the North Sea is maintained.
June
*
June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– WWI: The
Brusilov Offensive, the height of Russian operations in the war, begins with their breaking through Austro-Hungarian lines.
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– WWI: sinks, having hit a
mine
Mine, mines, miners or mining may refer to:
Extraction or digging
* Miner, a person engaged in mining or digging
*Mining, extraction of mineral resources from the ground through a mine
Grammar
*Mine, a first-person English possessive pronoun
...
off the
Orkney Islands
Orkney (; sco, Orkney; on, Orkneyjar; nrn, Orknøjar), also known as the Orkney Islands, is an archipelago in the Northern Isles of Scotland, situated off the north coast of the island of Great Britain. Orkney is 10 miles (16 km) north ...
, Scotland, with
Lord Kitchener aboard.
*
June 10
Events Pre-1600
* 671 – Emperor Tenji of Japan introduces a water clock ( clepsydra) called ''Rokoku''. The instrument, which measures time and indicates hours, is placed in the capital of Ōtsu.
*1190 – Third Crusade: Frederick I ...
: The
Arab Revolt
The Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية, ) or the Great Arab Revolt ( ar, الثورة العربية الكبرى, ) was a military uprising of Arab forces against the Ottoman Empire in the Middle Eastern theatre of World War I. On t ...
against the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
, to create a single unified Arab state spanning from
Aleppo
)), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black".
, motto =
, image_map =
, mapsize =
, map_caption =
, image_map1 =
...
to
Aden
Aden ( ar, عدن ' Yemeni: ) is a city, and since 2015, the temporary capital of Yemen, near the eastern approach to the Red Sea (the Gulf of Aden), some east of the strait Bab-el-Mandeb. Its population is approximately 800,000 people. ...
, is formally declared by
Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca
Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi ( ar, الحسين بن علي الهاشمي, al-Ḥusayn bin ‘Alī al-Hāshimī; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after procla ...
.
*
June 15
Events Pre-1600
* 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.
* 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
* 923 – Battle of So ...
– U.S. President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
signs a bill incorporating the
Boy Scouts of America
The Boy Scouts of America (BSA, colloquially the Boy Scouts) is one of the largest scouting organizations and one of the largest youth organizations in the United States, with about 1.2 million youth participants. The BSA was founded i ...
.
*
June 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.
* 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome.
* ...
-
Mary Pickford
Gladys Marie Smith (April 8, 1892 – May 29, 1979), known professionally as Mary Pickford, was a Canadian-American stage and screen actress and producer with a career that spanned five decades. A pioneer in the US film industry, she co-founde ...
, becomes the first movie star to sign a million-dollar contract, making her one of the highest-paid people in the world.
July
![Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme,_1916](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Map_of_the_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_1916.svg)
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
–
November 18
Events Pre-1600
* 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I.
* 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy.
* 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...
– WWI:
Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme ( French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place bet ...
, opening with explosion of the British
Y Sap and
Lochnagar mine
The Lochnagar mine south of the village of La Boisselle in the Somme was an underground explosive charge, secretly planted by the British during the First World War, to be ready for 1 July 1916, the first day on the Somme. The mine was dug by ...
s and the
Battle of Albert: More than one million soldiers die, with 57,470
British Empire
The British Empire was composed of the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It began with the overseas possessions and trading posts esta ...
casualties on the
first day, 19,240 of them killed, the British Army's bloodiest day. The immediate result is tactically inconclusive.
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
–
12 –
Jersey Shore shark attacks of 1916: At least one shark attacks 5 swimmers along of
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...
coastline, resulting in 4 deaths and the survival of one youth, who requires limb amputation. This event is the inspiration for author
Peter Benchley
Peter Bradford Benchley (May 8, 1940 – February 11, 2006) was an American author, screenwriter, and ocean activist. He is known for his bestselling novel ''Jaws'' and co-wrote its film adaptation with Carl Gottlieb. Several more of his works w ...
, over half a century later, to write ''Jaws (novel), Jaws''.
* July 2 – WWI: Battle of Erzincan – Russian Empire, Russian forces defeat troops of the
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...
in Armenia.
* July 15 – In Seattle, William Boeing incorporates ''Pacific Aero Products'' (later renamed ''Boeing'').
* July 15–July 19, 19 – WWI: Battle of Delville Wood – 766 men from the South African Brigade are killed, in South Africa's biggest loss during the First World War.
* July 19–July 20, 20 – WWI: Battle of Fromelles – An attack by Australian and British troops is repulsed by the German army, with heavy casualties.
* July 22 – Preparedness Day Bombing: In San Francisco, a bomb explodes on Market Street during a Preparedness Day parade, killing 10 and injuring 40; Warren Billings and Thomas Mooney, Tom Mooney are later wrongly convicted of it.
* July 26 – WWI:
East African Campaign – The German armed ship MV Liemba, SMS ''Graf von Goetzen'' Scuttling, scuttles herself on Lake Tanganyika.
* July 29 – Matheson Fire: In Ontario, Canada, a lightning strike ignites a forest fire that destroys the towns of Cochrane, Ontario, Cochrane and Matheson, Ontario, Matheson, killing 233.
* July 30 – German agents cause the Black Tom explosion in Jersey City, New Jersey, an act of sabotage destroying an ammunition depot and killing at least 7 people.
August
* August – Robert Baden-Powell publishes ''The Wolf Cub's Handbook'' in the U.K., establishing the basis of the junior section of the Scouting movement, the Wolf Cubs (modern-day Cub Scouts).
* August 3–August 5, 5 – WWI: Sinai and Palestine Campaign – Battle of Romani: British Imperial troops secure victory over a joint Ottoman-German force.
* August 7 – WWI:
** First Portuguese Republic, Portugal joins the Allies.
** French and British forces make an unopposed entry into German-controlled Togoland; on December 27 the country is partitioned between the two allies.
* August 9 – Lassen Volcanic National Park is established in California.
* August 15 – Club Atlas is founded as an association football club in Guadalajara, Mexico, by English-educated players.
* August 16 – The Migratory Bird Treaty between Canada and the United States is signed.
* August 17 (August 4 Old Style and New Style dates, O.S.) – WWI: The Treaty of Bucharest (1916), Treaty of Bucharest is signed secretly between
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
and the Entente Powers, stipulating the conditions under which Romania agrees to join the war on their side, particularly territorial promises in Austria-Hungary.
* August 21 – WWI: Peru declares neutrality.
* August 25 – U.S. President Woodrow Wilson signs legislation, creating the National Park Service.
* August 27 – WWI: The Kingdom of Romania declares war on the Central Powers, entering the war on the side of the Allies of World War I, Allies.
* August 28 – WWI:
** Germany declares war on
Romania
Romania ( ; ro, România ) is a country located at the crossroads of Central Europe, Central, Eastern Europe, Eastern, and Southeast Europe, Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south, Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, S ...
.
** Italy declares war on Germany.
* August 29 – The United States passes the Jones Law (Philippines), Philippine Autonomy Act.
* August 30 – The crew of the
Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition of 1914–1917 is considered to be the last major expedition of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration. Conceived by Sir Ernest Shackleton, the expedition was an attempt to make the first land crossing ...
's is rescued from
Elephant Island
Elephant Island is an ice-covered, mountainous island off the coast of Antarctica in the outer reaches of the South Shetland Islands, in the Southern Ocean. The island is situated north-northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, west-so ...
.
September
![New Zealand trench Flers September 1916](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/New_Zealand_trench_Flers_September_1916.jpg)
* September 1 – Kingdom of Bulgaria, Bulgaria declares war on Kingdom of Romania, Romania, going on to take Dobruja.
* September 2 – WWI: British pilot Leefe Robinson becomes the first to shoot down a German airship over Britain.
* September 4 – WWI:
East African Campaign – Dar es Salaam surrenders to British Empire forces, securing them control of the Central Line (Tanzania), Central Line of railway through
German East Africa
German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...
.
* September 5 – D. W. Griffith's film ''Intolerance (film), Intolerance: Love's Struggle Through the Ages'' is released in the United States.
* September 6 – The first true self-service grocery store, Piggly Wiggly, is founded in Memphis, Tennessee, by Clarence Saunders (grocer), Clarence Saunders, opening 5 days later.
* September 11 – A mechanical failure causes the central span of the Quebec Bridge, a cantilever-type structure, to crash into the Saint Lawrence River for the second time, killing 13 workers.
* September 13 – Mary (elephant), Mary, a circus elephant, is hanged in the town of Erwin, Tennessee for killing her handler, Walter "Red" Eldridge.
* September 15–September 22, 22 – WWI – Battle of Flers–Courcelette, France: The battle is significant for the first use of the tank in warfare; also for the debut of the Canadian Corps, Canadian and New Zealand Division, New Zealand Divisions in the
Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme ( French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place bet ...
.
* September 19 – WWI:
East African Campaign – Belgian troops occupy Tabora in
German East Africa
German East Africa (GEA; german: Deutsch-Ostafrika) was a German colony in the African Great Lakes region, which included present-day Burundi, Rwanda, the Tanzania mainland, and the Kionga Triangle, a small region later incorporated into Mozam ...
.
* September 27 – Iyasu V of Ethiopia is deposed in a palace coup, in favour of his aunt Zewditu.
* September 29 – John D. Rockefeller becomes the first person ever to reach a nominal personal fortune of US$1 billion
October
* October 7 – the Georgia Tech and Cumberland University, Cumberland College football game ends in a score of 1916 Cumberland vs. Georgia Tech football game, 222-0.
* October 12 – Hipólito Yrigoyen is elected President of Argentina.
* October 14 – Perm State University is founded in Russian Empire, Russia.
* October 16 – Margaret Sanger opens the first U.S. birth control clinic, a forerunner of Planned Parenthood.
* October 20 – Black Friday (1916): A violent and deadly storm hits Lake Erie in the United States.
* October 21 – Friedrich Adler (politician), Friedrich Adler shoots Count Karl von Stürgkh, Minister-President of Austria.
* October 27 – Battle of Segale: Negus Mikael of Wollo, marching on the Ethiopian capital in support of his son Emperor Iyasu V, is defeated by Fitawrari Habte Giyorgis, securing the throne for Empress Zewditu.
* October 28 – 1916 Pioneer Exhibition Game: game of Australian rules football contested at Queen's Club, West Kensington, London, by two teams of elite footballers selected from men serving in the First Australian Imperial Force, First AIF at the time.
November
![The Battle of the Somme, July-november 1916 Q1608](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/The_Battle_of_the_Somme%2C_July-november_1916_Q1608.jpg)
* November 1
** Pavel Milyukov delivers his "stupidity or treason" speech in the Russian State Duma, precipitating the downfall of the Boris Stürmer government.
** The first 40-hour work week officially begins, in the Endicott-Johnson factories of Western New York.
* November 5
** The Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) is proclaimed by a joint act of the emperors of Germany and Austria.
** Everett massacre: An armed confrontation in Everett, Washington, between local authorities and members of the Industrial Workers of the World results in seven deaths.
** Honan Chapel, Cork (city), Cork, Ireland, a product of the Irish Arts and Crafts movement (1894–1925), is dedicated.
* November 7
** 1916 United States presidential election: Democratic President
Woodrow Wilson
Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856February 3, 1924) was an American politician and academic who served as the 28th president of the United States from 1913 to 1921. A member of the Democratic Party, Wilson served as the president of ...
narrowly defeats Republican Charles Evans Hughes, when California is called a week after Election Day.
** Republican Party (United States), Republican Jeannette Rankin of Montana becomes the first woman elected to the United States House of Representatives.
** Radio station Radio 2XG#1916 election night broadcast, 2XG, located in the Highbridge section of New York City, makes the first audio broadcast of presidential election returns.
* November 13 – Prime Minister of Australia Billy Hughes is expelled from the Australian Labor Party, Labor Party, over his support for conscription.
*
November 18
Events Pre-1600
* 326 – The old St. Peter's Basilica is consecrated by Pope Sylvester I.
* 401 – The Visigoths, led by king Alaric I, cross the Alps and invade northern Italy.
* 1095 – The Council of Clermont begins: called ...
– WWI –
Battle of the Somme
The Battle of the Somme ( French: Bataille de la Somme), also known as the Somme offensive, was a battle of the First World War fought by the armies of the British Empire and French Third Republic against the German Empire. It took place bet ...
: In
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
, British Expeditionary Force commander Douglas Haig calls off the battle, which started on
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
.
* November 21
** Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria dies of pneumonia at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna, aged 86, after a reign of 68 years and is succeeded by his grandnephew Charles I of Austria, Charles I.
** WWI: Hospital ship HMHS Britannic, HMHS ''Britannic'', designed as the third for White Star Line, sinks in the Kea Channel of the Aegean Sea after hitting a mine; 30 lives are lost. At 48,158 gross register tons, she is the largest ship lost during the war.
* November 23 – WWI: Eastern Front (World War I), Eastern Front –
Bucharest
Bucharest ( , ; ro, București ) is the capital and largest city of Romania, as well as its cultural, industrial, and financial centre. It is located in the southeast of the country, on the banks of the Dâmbovița River, less than north of ...
, the capital of Kingdom of Romania, Romania, is occupied by troops of the Central Powers.
December
* December 12 – "White Friday (1916), White Friday": In the Dolomites, 100 avalanches bury 18,000 Austrian and Italian soldiers.
* December 16 – Robert Baden-Powell gives the first public display of the new Cub Scout, Wolf Cub section of Scouting at Caxton Hall, Westminster.
* December 18 – WWI: The
Battle of Verdun
The Battle of Verdun (french: Bataille de Verdun ; german: Schlacht um Verdun ) was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the Western Front in France. The battle was the longest of the First World War and took place on the hills north ...
ends in
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
with German troops defeated.
* December 21 – WWI: Battle of Magdhaba#Advance to El Arish, El Arish occupied by the British Empire Desert Column during advance across the Sinai Peninsula.
* December 22 – The British Sopwith Camel aircraft makes its maiden flight. It is designed to counter the German Fokker aircraft.
* December 23 – WWI: The Desert Column captures the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman garrison during the Battle of Magdhaba.
* December 30
** Humberto Gómez and his mercenaries seize Arauca Department, Arauca in Colombia and declare the ''Republic of Arauca''. He proceeds to pillage the region before fleeing to Venezuela.
** (December 17 Old Style and New Style dates, Old Style) – The mystic Grigori Rasputin is murdered in Saint Petersburg.
* December 31 – The Hampton Terrace Hotel in North Augusta, South Carolina, one of the largest and most luxurious hotels in the United States at the time, burns to the ground.
Date unknown
* The 1916 Summer Olympics are cancelled in Berlin, Germany.
* Food is rationed in German Empire, Germany.
* Ferdinand de Saussure's ''Course in General Linguistics, Cours de linguistique générale'' is collected posthumously and published.
* Oxycodone, a narcotic painkiller closely related to codeine, is first synthesized in Germany.
* Ernst Rüdin publishes his initial results on the genetics of schizophrenia.
* Louis Enricht claims he has a substitute for gasoline.
* Rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute is designed and made by the Bascom brothers (Raymond, Mel, and Earl Bascom, Earl) and their father, John W. Bascom, at Welling, Alberta, Welling, Alberta, Canada.
* Gustav Holst composes ''The Planets, Opus 32''.
* Bray Studios begins the ''Farmer Al Falfa'' series, the first of the ''Terrytoons''.
* The Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers is founded in the United States as the Society of Motion Picture Engineers.
* Ishikawajima Automobile Manufacturing, as predecessor of Isuzu, a Truck, truck brand in Japan, was founded.
Sport
* March 30 - National Hockey Association's Montreal Canadiens win their First Stanley Cup by defeating the Pacific Coast Hockey Association's Portland Rosebuds (hockey), Portland Rosebuds 3 games to 2. All Games were played at Montreal's Montreal Arena.
* Due to the outbreak of World War I, the 1916 Summer Olympics in Berlin, German Empire, Germany, is cancelled.
In fiction
* In the 1941 film ''Citizen Kane'', Charles Foster Kane runs for New York governor and loses. Also in 1916, Emily Monroe Norton divorces him and, in either this year or in 1917, he marries Susan Alexander.
Births
January
![PW Botha 1962](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/PW_Botha_1962.jpg)
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
** Giuseppe Aquari, Italian film cinematographer (d. 1982)
** Italo Viglianesi, Italian trade unionist politician and syndicalist (d. 1995)
* January 2 – Joseph W. Schmitt, American aircraft mechanic and spacesuit technician (d. 2017)
* January 3
** Maxene Andrews, American singer (The Andrews Sisters) (d. 1995)
** Betty Furness, American actress and consumer activist (d. 1994)
** Bernard Greenhouse, American cellist (d. 2011)
** Erik Ågren (boxer), Erik Ågren, Swedish boxer (d. 1985)
** Warren King (cartoonist), Warren King, American cartoonist (d. 1978)
* January 4
** Princess Niloufer (d. 1989)
** Sidney Siegel, American psychologist (d. 1961)
* January 5
** Alfred Ryder, American film, radio and television actor (d. 1995)
** Wilhelm Szewczyk, Polish writer, poet, literary critic and translator (d. 1991)
* January 7
** Elena Ceaușescu, Romanian politician, First Lady of Romania and Deputy Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1989)
** Paul Keres, Estonian chess player (d. 1975)
*
January 9
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
*1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– Peter Twinn, English mathematician and WWII code-breaker (d. 2004)
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
** Sune Bergström, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
** Bernard Binlin Dadié, Ivorian novelist, playwright, poet, and Minister of Culture (d. 2019)
** Richard Münch (actor), Richard Münch, German actor (d. 1987)
*
January 12
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
*1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
** Ruth R. Benerito, American chemist (d. 2013)
** P. W. Botha, 9th President of South Africa (d. 2006)
** Mary Wilson, Baroness Wilson of Rievaulx, Mary Wilson, Lady Wilson of Rievaulx, English poet (d. 2018)
* January 15 – Hugh Gibb, English drummer and bandleader (d. 1992)
* January 17
** Peter Frelinghuysen Jr., American politician (d. 2011)
** Tatyana Karpova, Soviet and Russian actress (d. 2018)
* January 18 – Silviu Brucan, Romanian author and politician (d. 2006)
* January 19 – Harry Huskey, American computer designer (d. 2017)
* January 22 – Henri Dutilleux, French composer (d. 2013)
* January 23 – David Douglas Duncan, American photojournalist (d. 2018)
* January 24
** Rafael Caldera, 39th President of Venezuela (d. 2009)
** Marvin Creamer, American sailor (d. 2020)
** Arnoldo Foà, Italian actor (d. 2014)
** Daphne Lorraine Gum, Australian educator (d. 2017)
* January 27 – Stjepan Filipović, a People's Hero of Yugoslavia (d. 1942)
* January 28 – Dottie Hunter, Canadian baseball player (d. 2005)
*
January 31
Events Pre-1600
* 314 – Pope Sylvester I is consecrated, as successor to the late Pope Miltiades.
* 1208 – The Battle of Lena takes place between King Sverker II of Sweden and his rival, Prince Eric, whose victory puts him on the t ...
– Sangoulé Lamizana, 2nd President and Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (d. 2005)
February
![Jackie Gleason - 1966](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Jackie_Gleason_-_1966.jpg)
* February 10 – Louis Guttman, American-born Israeli university professor (d. 1987)
*
February 11
Events Pre-1600
*660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
* 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...
– Ivan Hristov Bashev, Bulgarian Foreign Minister (d. 1971)
*
February 12
Events Pre-1600
*1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
*1429 – English forces under ...
– Damián Iguacén Borau, Spanish Roman Catholic prelate (d. 2020)
* February 13 – John Reed (actor), John Reed, British actor and opera singer (d. 2010)
* February 14
** Marcel Bigeard, French military officer (d. 2010)
** Sally Gray, English actress (d. 2006)
** Denham Harman, American gerontologist (d. 2014)
** Edward Platt, American actor (d. 1974)
** Charles Wycliffe Joiner, American judge (d. 2017)
** Masaki Kobayashi, Japanese film director (d. 1996)
* February 15
** Ernest Millington, English politician (d. 2009)
** Mary Jane Croft, American actress (d. 1999)
** Dingiri Banda Wijetunga, 4th President and 9th Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (d. 2008)
* February 16 – Karel Dufek, Czechoslovak diplomat (d. 2009)
* February 18 – Maria Altmann, Austrian Holocaust survivor and heiress (d. 2011)
* February 20 – Jean Erdman, American dancer (d. 2020)
* February 23 – Retta Scott, first woman to receive screen credit as an animator at the Walt Disney Animation Studios (d. 1990)
* February 26
**Jackie Gleason, American comedian, actor and musician (d. 1987)
** Preacher Roe, American baseball player (d. 2008)
* February 28
** Svend Asmussen, Danish jazz violinist (d. 2017)
** Cesar Climaco, Filipino politician, Mayor of Zamboanga (d. 1984)
** Frank Crean, Australian politician (d. 2008)
March
![Harold Wilson](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Harold_Wilson.jpg)
* March 1 – Emelyn Whiton, American Olympic sailor (d. 1962)
* March 2 – George E. Bria, Italian-American journalist (d. 2017)
* March 3 – Paul Halmos, Hungarian-born mathematician (d. 2006)
* March 4
** William Alland, American actor, producer, writer and director (d. 1997)
** Giorgio Bassani, Italian writer (d. 2000)
** Hans Eysenck, German-born psychologist (d. 1997)
* March 5 – Jack Hamm, American cartoonist (d. 1996)
* March 6 – Rochelle Hudson, American actress (d. 1972)
* March 7 – Marie-Thérèse Bourquin, Belgian lawyer (d. 2018)
*
March 10
Events Pre-1600
* 241 BC – First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates: The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing the First Punic War to an end.
* 298 – Roman Emperor Maximian concludes his campaign in North Africa and makes a t ...
– Ethel Bush, British police officer (d. 2016)
* March 11 – Harold Wilson, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1995)
* March 13
** Lindy Boggs, American politician (d. 2013)
** Jacque Fresco, American futurist and designer (d. 2017)
** John Aspinwall Roosevelt, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1981)
** Robert O. Peterson, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 1994)
* March 14 – Horton Foote, American writer (d. 2009)
*
March 15
Events Pre-1600
* 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
*44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odoa ...
** Frank Coghlan Jr., American actor (d. 2009)
** Harry James, American musician and band leader (d. 1983)
*
March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
* 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
** Mercedes McCambridge, American actress (d. 2004)
** Tsutomu Yamaguchi, Japanese survivor of Hiroshima and Nagasaki atomic bombings (d. 2010)
* March 17
** Lyle Smith, American football coach (d. 2017)
** Volodia Teitelboim, Chilean author and politician (d. 2008)
* March 19 – Irving Wallace, American novelist (d. 1990)
* March 20 – Pierre Messmer, French politician (d. 2007)
*
March 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6.
*1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off ...
** Donald Hamilton, Swedish writer (d. 2006)
** Anna Maria Bottini, Italian actress (d. 2020)
* March 26
** Christian B. Anfinsen, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1995)
** Dai Zijin, Chinese aviator (d. 2017)
** Harry Rabinowitz, British film composer and conductor (d. 2016)
* March 29
** Sam Beazley, British actor (d. 2017)
** Peter Geach, British philosopher (d. 2013)
** Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, 6th President of Bangladesh (d. 1997)
** Eugene McCarthy, U.S. Senator from Minnesota and Presidential candidate (d. 2005)
* March 31 – Lucille Bliss, American voice actor (d. 2012)
April
![Ferruccio Lamborghini](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/13/Ferruccio_Lamborghini.jpg)
* April 1
** John Holter, American toolmaker and inventor (d. 2003)
** Balilla Lombardi, Italian football player (d. 1987)
* April 2 – Menachem Porush, member of Israeli Knesset for Agudat Yisrael (d. 2010)
* April 3
** Herb Caen, American journalist (d. 1997)
** Peter Gowland, American photographer (d. 2010)
** Louiguy, Spanish-French musician of Italian extraction (d. 1991)
* April 4
** David White (actor), David White, American actor (d. 1990)
** Nikola Ljubičić, 10th President of Serbia (d. 2005)
* April 5
** Albert Henry Ottenweller, American bishop (d. 2012)
** Gregory Peck, American actor (d. 2003)
** Carmen Silva, Brazilian actress (d. 2008)
* April 10 – Lee Jung-seob, Korean oil painter (d. 1956)
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
* 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
* 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
** Alberto Ginastera, Argentine composer (d. 1983)
** Armando León Bejarano, Mexican politician (d. 2016)
* April 12
** Beverly Cleary, American children's book author (d. 2021)
** Benjamin Libet, American pioneering scientist in the field of human consciousness (d. 2007)
** Movita Castaneda, American actress (d. 2015)
* April 14 – Pehr Victor Edman, Swedish chemist (d.1977)
* April 15
** Alfred S. Bloomingdale, American department store heir (d. 1982)
** Helene Hanff, American writer and critic (d. 1997)
** Mikiel Fsadni, Maltese friar and historian (d. 2013)
* April 16 – Hon Sui Sen, Malaysian-Singaporean politician (d. 1983)
* April 17
** Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Sri Lankan politician (d. 2000)
** A. Thiagarajah, Sri Lankan Tamil teacher and politician (d. 1981)
** Win Maung, 3rd President of Myanmar (d. 1989)
* April 18
** Carl Burgos, American comic book artist (d. 1984)
** José Joaquín Trejos Fernández, President of Costa Rica (d. 2010)
* April 19
** Bruno Chizzo, Italian association footballer (d. 1969)
** Delio Rodríguez, Spanish road racing cyclist and sprinter (d. 1994)
* April 21
** Walter Berg (footballer), Walter Berg, German footballer (d. 1949)
*
April 22
Events Pre-1600
* 1500 – Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral lands in Brazil.
* 1519 – Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés establishes a settlement at Veracruz, Mexico.
* 1529 – Treaty of Zaragoza divides the eastern ...
** Yehudi Menuhin, American-born violinist (d. 1999)
** Yvette Lundy, French resistance fighter (d. 2019)
*
April 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1479 BC – Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th dynasty).
* 1183 BC – Traditional reckoning of the Fall of Troy m ...
** Stanley Kauffmann, American film critic (d. 2013)
** Lou Thesz, American professional wrestler (d. 2002)
* April 25 – R. J. Rushdoony, American founder of Christian Reconstructionism (d. 2001)
* April 26
** Dorothy Salisbury Davis, American writer (d. 2014)
** Vic Perrin, American voice actor (d. 1989)
** Paulette Coquatrix, French costume designer (d. 2018)
** Ken Wallis, British aviator, engineer, and inventor (d. 2013)
** Werner Bischof, Swiss photographer and photojournalist (d. 1954)
** George Tuska, American comic strip artist (d. 2009)
*
April 27
Events Pre-1600
* 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''.
* 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...
– Enos Slaughter, American baseball player (d. 2002)
* April 28 – Ferruccio Lamborghini, Italian automobile manufacturer (d. 1993)
*
April 29
Events Pre-1600
*1091 – Battle of Levounion: The Pechenegs are defeated by Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos.
* 1386 – Battle of the Vikhra River: The Principality of Smolensk is defeated by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and beco ...
– Ramón Amaya Amador, Honduran author (d. 1966)
* April 30
** Claude Elwood Shannon, American information theorist (d. 2001)
** Robert Shaw (conductor), Robert Shaw, American conductor (d. 1999)
May
* May 1 – Glenn Ford, Canadian actor (d. 2006)
*
May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...
– Jane Jacobs, née Butzner, American-born urban activist (d. 2006)
* May 5 – Zail Singh, Indian politician and 7th President of India (d. 1994)
* May 6
** Adriana Caselotti, American actress (d. 1997)
** Robert H. Dicke, American experimental physicist (d. 1997)
** Sif Ruud, Swedish actress (d. 2011)
* May 8
** Chinmayananda, Indian spiritual leader (d. 1993)
** Jens Risom, Danish American furniture designer (d. 2016)
** João Havelange, Brazilian industrialist and football league president (d. 2016)
*
May 10
Events Pre-1600
* 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China.
*1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...
– Milton Babbitt, American composer (d. 2011)
* May 11 – Camilo José Cela, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2002)
* May 14 – Sammy Luftspring, Canadian boxer (d. 2000)
** Del Moore, American actor, comedian and radio announcer (d. 1970)
* May 15
** Vera Gebuhr, Danish actress (d. 2014)
** Abbott Pattison, American sculptor and abstract artist (d. 1999)
*
May 16
Events Pre-1600
* 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan.
*1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire.
* 1364 ...
** Adriana Caselotti, American Actress, Voice Actress and Singer (d. 1997)
** Ephraim Katzir, 4th President of Israel (d. 2009)
** Carlos Aldunate Lyon, Colombian lawyer, educator and activist (d. 2018)
* May 17
** Jenő Fock, 49th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 2001)
** Lenka Reinerová, Czech writer (d. 2008)
* May 18 – Miriam Goldberg, American newspaper publisher (d. 2017)
* May 20
** Owen Chadwick, British author and historian (d. 2015)
** Trebisonda Valla, Italian athlete (d. 2006)
* May 21
** Louis Crump, American politician (d. 2019)
** Dennis Day, American singer and actor (d. 1988)
** Leonard Manasseh, British architect (d. 2017)
** Lydia Mendoza, American musician (d. 2007)
** Tinus Osendarp, Dutch runner (d. 2002)
** Harold Robbins, American novelist (d. 1997)
** Tan Siew Sin, Malaysian minister of Commerce and Industry (d. 1988)
* May 26
** Halil İnalcık, Turkish historian (d. 2016)
** Henriette Roosenburg, Dutch journalist (d. 1972)
*
May 31
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
* 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
** Bert Haanstra, Dutch filmmaker (d. 1997)
** Bernard Lewis, British-American historian (d. 2018)
June
* June 3 – Jack Manning (actor), Jack Manning, American film, stage and television actor (d. 2009)
*
June 4
Events Pre-1600
*1411 – King Charles VI granted a monopoly for the ripening of Roquefort cheese to the people of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon as they had been doing for centuries.
* 1561 – The steeple of St Paul's, the medieval cathedr ...
– Robert F. Furchgott, American chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009)
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– Eddie Joost, baseball player and manager (d. 2011)
* June 6 – Hamani Diori, 1st President of Niger (d. 1989)
* June 8 – Francis Crick, English molecular biologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
* June 9
** Jurij Brězan, Sorbian writer (d. 2006)
** Robert McNamara, 8th United States Secretary of Defense (d. 2009)
* June 11 – Bob Berry (dendrologist), Bob Berry, New Zealand dendrologist (d. 2018)
* June 12 – Raúl Héctor Castro, American politician (d. 2015)
* June 13 – Ronald Atkins, Welsh politician (d. 2020)
* June 14 – Dorothy McGuire, American actress (d. 2001)
*
June 15
Events Pre-1600
* 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history.
* 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II.
* 923 – Battle of So ...
** Olga Erteszek, American undergarment designer and lingerie company owner (d. 1989)
** Horacio Salgán, Argentine tango musician (d. 2016)
** Herbert A. Simon, American economist, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2001)
* June 16 – Phil Chambers, American actor (d. 1993)
* June 17 – Einar Englund, Finnish composer (d. 1999)
* June 18
** Julio César Turbay Ayala, 25th President of Colombia (d. 2005)
** Roman Toi, Estonian composer, choir conductor, and organist (d. 2018)
* June 21
** Tchan Fou-li, Chinese photographer (d. 2018)
** Herbert Friedman, American physicist (d. 2000)
* June 22
** Anne Olivier Bell, English literary editor and art scholar (d. 2018)
** Richard Eastham, American actor (d. 2005)
** Emil Fackenheim, noted Jewish philosopher and Reform rabbi (d. 2003)
* June 23
** Len Hutton, English cricketer (d. 1990)
** Irene Worth, American actress (d. 2002)
** Al G. Wright, American bandleader and conductor (d. 2020)
*
June 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.
* 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome.
* ...
** Saloua Raouda Choucair, Lebanese painter and sculptor (d. 2017)
** Lidia Wysocka, American actress (d. 2006)
** William B. Saxbe, American politician (d. 2010)
* June 25 – Thomas Reddin, American police (d. 2004)
* June 26
** Dennis Filmer, Malaysian sports shooter (d. 1981)
** Alvin Wistert, American football player (d. 2005)
* June 27
** Max Müller (cross-country skier), Max Müller, Swiss cross-country skier (d. unknown)
** Ivy Cooke, Jamaican educator (d. 2017)
* June 28
** Richard Best (film editor), Richard Best, British film editor (d. 2004)
** John Evelyn Anderson, British Army officer (d. 2007)
* June 29 – Ruth Warrick, American actress (d. 2005)
July
![Gough Whitlam headshot](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/Gough_Whitlam_headshot.jpg)
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
** Olivia de Havilland, Japanese-born British-American film actress (d. 2020)
** Lawrence Halprin, American architect (d. 2009)
** Thomas Hamilton-Brown, South African boxer
* July 2
** Reino Kangasmäki, Finnish wrestler (d. 2010)
** Alec Hill, Australian military historian (d. 2008)
** Zélia Gattai, Brazilian author and photographer (d. 2008)
** Hans-Ulrich Rudel, German pilot (d. 1982)
** Ken Curtis, American screen actor and singer (d. 1991)
* July 3 – John Kundla, American basketball coach (d. 2017)
* July 4
** Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose"), American propaganda broadcaster (d. 2006)
** Adam Curle, British academic and peace activist (d. 2006)
** Naseem Banu, Indian actress (d. 2002)
** Fernand Leduc, Canadian painter (d. 2014)
* July 5
** Lívia Rév, Hungarian classical pianist (d. 2018)
** Ivor Powell, Welsh footballer (d. 2012)
* July 6
** Harold Norse, American writer (d. 2009)
** Hugh Gibbons, Irish Fianna Fáil politician (d. 2007)
** Don R. Christensen, American animator, cartoonist, illustrator, writer and inventor (d. 2006)
* July 7 – Werner G. Scharff, American arts patron and fashion designer (d. 2006)
* July 8
** Marion Hartzog Smoak, American lawyer and politician (d. 2020)
** Ronald R. Van Stockum, American writer (d. 2022)
** Jean Rouverol, American actress, screenwriter and author (d. 2017)
** Otto Luedeke, American cyclist (d. 2005)
* July 9 – Edward Heath, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 2005)
* July 10 – Nicholas D'Antonio Salza, American bishop (d. 2009)
* July 11
** Mortimer Caplin, American lawyer and educator (d. 2019)
** Hans Maier, Dutch water polo player (d. 2018)
** Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2002)
** Reg Varney, British actor (d. 2008)
** Gough Whitlam, 21st Prime Minister of Australia (d. 2014)
* July 14
** André Franco Montoro, Franco Montoro, Brazilian politician and lawyer (d. 1999)
** Natalia Ginzburg, Italian author (d. 1991)
* July 15
** Sumner Gerard, American politician and diplomat (d. 2005)
** Les Dye, American football player (d. 2000)
* July 16
** Victor Fontana, Brazilian engineer, businessman and politician (d. 2017)
** Sudono Salim, Indonesian-Chinese businessman (d. 2012)
* July 17
** Eleanor Hadley, American economist and policymaker (d. 2007)
** Henning Brandis, German physician and microbiologist (d. 2004)
* July 18
** Charles Kittel, American physicist (d. 2019)
** L. Patrick Gray III, American Federal Bureau of Investigation director (d. 2005)
** Ed Cifers, American football end (d. 2005)
** Sid Kiel, South African doctor and cricketer (d. 2007)
* July 19 – Phil Cavarretta, baseball player (d. 2010)
* July 20
** Ersilio Tonini, Italian Cardinal of the Catholic Church (d. 2013)
** Hans von Blixen-Finecke Jr., Swedish officer and horse rider (d. 2005)
* July 21
** Douglas Freeman, English cricketer (d. 2013)
** Sergeant Stubby, World War I American hero war dog (d. 1926)
* July 22
** Irene Galitzine, Russian-Georgian fashion designer (d. 2006)
** William A. Culpepper, American judge (d. 2015)
** William Harper (Rhodesian politician), William Harper, Rhodesian politician (d. 2006)
** Marcel Cerdan, French boxer (d. 1949)
* July 23 – Sandra Gould, American actress (d. 1999)
* July 25 – Fred Lasswell, American cartoonist (d. 2001)
* July 27
** Elizabeth Hardwick (writer), Elizabeth Hardwick, American literary critic and novelist (d. 2007)
** Keenan Wynn, American actor (d. 1986)
* July 28 – David Brown (producer), David Brown, American producer (d. 2010)
* July 29 – Rupert Hamer, Australian politician and Premier of Victoria (d. 2004)
* July 30 – Dick Wilson, American actor (d. 2007)
* July 31
** Bill Todman, American game show producer (d. 1979)
** Ignacio Trelles, Mexican football player and coach (d. 2020)
August
* August 1
** Fiorenzo Angelini, Italian Cardinal (d. 2014)
** Olimpio Bizzi, Italian racing cyclist (d. 1976)
** Edna Hughes, English competition swimmer (d. 1990)
* August 2 – Zein Al-Sharaf Talal, Queen of Jordan (d. 1994)
* August 3 – Hertha Feiler, Austrian actress (d. 1970)
* August 5 – Kermit Love, American puppeteer (d. 2008)
* August 6 – Dom Mintoff, 8th Prime Minister of Malta (d. 2012)
* August 7
** Lawrence Picachy, Indian Jesuit priest (d. 1992)
** Rose Wolfe, Canadian social worker and philanthropist (d. 2016)
* August 8 – Shigeo Arai, Japanese freestyle swimmer (d. 1944)
* August 9 – Manea Mănescu, 50th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2009)
* August 10 – Lorna McDonald (historian), Lorna McDonald, Australian historian and author (d. 2017)
* August 11
** Johnny Claes, English racing driver (d. 1956)
** William Coors, American executive (d. 2018)
* August 12 – Ralph Nelson, American film and television director, producer, writer, and actor (d. 1987)
* August 13 – Sybren Valkema, Dutch glass artist and teacher, and founder of the European Studio Glass Movement, also known as VRIJ GLAS. (d. 1996)
* August 14
** Heinrich Prinz zu Sayn-Wittgenstein, German night fighter pilot and flying ace (d. 1944)
** Ralph de Toledano, American conservationist and author (d. 2007)
* August 16
** Edythe Wright, American singer (d. 1965)
** Iggy Katona, American race car driver (d. 2003)
* August 18 – Neagu Djuvara, Romanian historian, essayist, and diplomat (d. 2018)
* August 19 – Dennis Poore, British entrepreneur, financier and racing driver (d. 1987)
* August 20
** George Rosenkranz, Mexican co-inventor of oral contraceptive pill (d. 2019)
** Paul Felix Schmidt, Estonian chess player (d. 1984)
* August 21
** Frank O. Braynard, American maritime writer and historian (d. 2007)
** Geoffrey Keen, English actor (d. 2005)
** Bill Lee (singer), Bill Lee, American playback singer (d. 1980)
** Consuelo Velázquez, Mexican songwriter (d. 2005)
* August 22
** Robert H. Krieble, American chemist (d. 1997)
** Joe Martinelli, American soccer forward (d. 1991)
* August 24
** Hal Smith (actor), Hal Smith, American actor (d. 1994)
** Léo Ferré, French-born Monégasque poet and composer (d. 1993)
* August 25
** Van Johnson, American actor (d. 2008)
** Frederick Chapman Robbins, American pediatrician and virologist (d. 2003)
** Saburō Sakai, Japanese fighter ace (d. 2000)
* August 27
** Martha Raye, American actress (d. 1994)
** Larry Thor, Canadian actor (d. 1976)
** Robert Van Eenaeme, Belgian cyclist (d. 1959)
* August 28
** C. Wright Mills, American sociologist (d. 1962)
** Jack Vance, American writer (d. 2013)
* August 29 – Luther Davis, American screenwriter (d. 2008)
* August 30
** Shag Crawford, American baseball umpire (d. 2007)
** Kenneth Keith, Baron Keith of Castleacre, British life peer (d. 2004)
* August 31
** Daniel Schorr, American journalist (d. 2010)
** John S. Wold, American politician (d. 2017)
September
![Roald Dahl](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Roald_Dahl.jpg)
* September 1
** Dorothy Cheney, American tennis player (d. 2014)
** Joseph Minish, American politician (d. 2007)
* September 3 – Tommy J. Smith, Australian trainer (d. 1998)
* September 5
** Allan Louisy, 2nd Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (d. 2011)
** Frank Yerby, American writer (d. 1991)
* September 7 – Shen Panwen, Chinese chemist (d. 2017)
* September 12
** Leoncio Afonso, Spanish scientist (d. 2017)
** Edward Binns, American stage, film, and television actor (d. 1990)
* September 13 – Roald Dahl, Welsh-born author (d. 1990)
* September 14
** Eric Bentley, English-born American critic and playwright (d. 2020)
** John Heyer, Australian documentary filmmaker (d. 2001)
* September 15
** Margaret Lockwood, Indian-born English actress (d. 1990)
** Frederick C. Weyand, U.S. Army General (d. 2010)
* September 16 – Frank Leslie Walcott, Barbadian labour leader (d. 1999)
* September 17 – Mary Stewart (novelist), Mary Stewart, born Mary Rainbow, English-born fantasy and mystery writer (d. 2014)
* September 18 – John Jacob Rhodes, American politician and lawyer (d. 2003)
* September 21 – Zinovy Gerdt, Russian actor (d. 1996)
* September 23 – Aldo Moro, 38th Prime Minister of Italy (d. 1978)
* September 24 – Ruth Leach Amonette, American businesswoman (d. 2004)
* September 27
** Frank Handlen, American artist
** Trento Longaretti, Italian painter (d. 2017)
** S. Yizhar (aka Yizhar Smilansky), Israeli author (d. 2006)
* September 28 – Peter Finch, English-born Australian actor (d. 1977)
October
* October 2 – Jim L. Gillis Jr., American politician (d. 2018)
* October 3
** Frank Pantridge, Irish physician and inventor (d. 2004)
** James Herriot, English veterinarian and author (d. 1995)
** Shelby Storck, American television producer (d. 1969)
* October 4 – Vitaly Ginzburg, Russian physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel laureate (d. 2009)
* October 7 – Sir Hereward Wake, 14th Baronet, British army officer (d. 2017)
* October 9 – Robert Brubaker, American actor (d. 2010)
* October 10
** Bernard Heuvelmans, Belgian-French cryptozoologist (d. 2001)
** Sumiko Mizukubo, Japanese actress
* October 11 – Maurice Gaffney, Irish barrister (d. 2016)
* October 12 – Alice Childress, American actress, playwright, and novelist (d. 1994)
* October 14 – C. Everett Koop, United States Surgeon General (d. 2013)
* October 15 – Hassan Gouled Aptidon, President of Djibouti (d. 2006)
* October 19
** Jean Dausset, French immunologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2009)
** Emil Gilels, Ukrainian pianist (d. 1985)
* October 21 – Eddie Carnett, American baseball player (d. 2016)
* October 25 – Thérèse Kleindienst, French librarian (d. 2018)
* October 26 – François Mitterrand, President of France (d. 1996)
* October 30 – Leon Day, American baseball player (d. 1995)
* October 31
** Phil Monroe, American animator and director (d. 1988)
** Carl Johan Bernadotte, Prince of Sweden (d. 2012)
November
![Ramón J](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Ram%C3%B3n_J._Vel%C3%A1squez%2C_2009.jpg)
* November 4 – Walter Cronkite, American television journalist (d. 2009)
* November 5 – Jim Tabor, American baseball player (d. 1953)
* November 6 – Harry Blamires, British Anglican theologian, literary critic and novelist (d. 2017)
* November 8 – Lady Ursula d'Abo, English socialite (d. 2017)
* November 10 – Louis le Brocquy, Irish painter (d. 2012)
* November 11 – Robert Carr, English politician (d. 2012)
* November 12 – Rogelio de la Rosa, Filipino actor and politician (d. 1986)
* November 14 – Sherwood Schwartz, American television writer and producer (d. 2011)
* November 15 – Bill Melendez, American animator (d. 2008)
* November 16 – Daws Butler, American voice actor (d. 1988)
* November 17 – Shelby Foote, American historian and novelist, author of ''The Civil War: A Narrative'' (d. 2005)
* November 20
** Hamida Habibullah, Indian politician (d. 2018)
** Evelyn Keyes, American actress (d. 2008)
* November 23
** Michael Gough, Malayan-born English actor (d. 2011)
** P. K. Page, Canadian poet (d. 2010)
* November 24
** Forrest J Ackerman, American writer (d. 2008)
** Frankie Muse Freeman, American civil rights attorney (d. 2018)
* November 25 – Cosmo Haskard, Irish-born British colonial administrator and British Army officer (d. 2017)
* November 26 – Gerhard Unger, German tenor (d. 2011)
* November 27 – Chick Hearn, American basketball announcer (d. 2002)
* November 28
** Lilian, Princess of Réthy, born Mary Lilian Baels, English-born Belgian queen consort of Leopold III of Belgium, Leopold III (d. 2002)
** Ramón José Velásquez, 44th President of Venezuela (d. 2014)
* November 29
** Fran Ryan, American actress (d. 2000)
** Helen Clare (singer), Helen Clare, British singer (d. 2018)
* November 30 – John C. Harkness, American architect (d. 2016)
December
![Betty Grable - 1951](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Betty_Grable_-_1951.JPG)
* December 1 – Wan Li, Chinese government official (d. 2015)
* December 2 – Nancye Wynne Bolton, Australian tennis player (d. 2001)
* December 5 – Hilary Koprowski, Polish virologist and immunologist (d. 2013)
* December 6
** Kristján Eldjárn, 3rd President of Iceland (d. 1982)
** Pratap Chandra Lal, Indian military advisor (d. 1982)
** Hugo Peretti, American songwriter and record producer (d. 1986)
* December 7
** George Russell Weller, American salesman known for the Santa Monica Farmer's Market incident (d. 2010)
** John G. Morris, American picture editor (d. 2017)
* December 8
** Richard Fleischer, American film director (d. 2006)
** T. K. Whitaker, Irish economist and public servant (d. 2017)
* December 9
** Jerome Beatty, Jr., American author of children's literature (d. 2002)
** Kirk Douglas, American film actor (d. 2020)
** Esther Wilkins, American dentist (d. 2016)
* December 11 – Dámaso Pérez Prado, Cuban musician (d. 1989)
* December 12 – Charan Singh (Sant), Maharaj Charan Singh, Fourth Satguru of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (d. 1990)
* December 12 – Anne Vermeer, Dutch politician (d. 2018)
* December 14 – Shirley Jackson, American writer (d. 1965)
* December 15 – Maurice Wilkins, New Zealand-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2004)
* December 16 – Birgitta Valberg, Swedish actress (d. 2014)
* December 18
** Douglas Fraser, Scottish-born union leader (d. 2008)
** Betty Grable, American actress (d. 1973)
** Franciszek Kornicki, Polish fighter pilot (d. 2017)
* December 19
** Roy Ward Baker, Roy Baker, English film director (d. 2010)
** Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German political scientist (d. 2010)
** John Crutcher, American politician (d. 2017)
* December 20 – Morrie Schwartz, American professor (d. 1995)
* December 21 – Arsène Tchakarian, Armenian-French resistance fighter (d. 2018)
* December 24
** Ron G. Mason, English oceanographer (d. 2009)
** Cecília Schelingová, Czechoslovakian Roman Catholic religious professed, martyr and blessed (d. 1955)
* December 25
** Ahmed Ben Bella, Algerian politician, 1st President of Algeria (d. 2012)
** Graciela Naranjo, Venezuelan singer and actress (d. 2001)
* December 27 – Cathy Lewis, American actress (d. 1968)
Date unknown
* Saad Jumaa, 17th Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 1979)
Deaths
January
![LorenzoLatorre1875](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/LorenzoLatorre1875.jpg)
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
** Max Bastelberger, German doctor and entomologist (b. 1851)
** Adán Cárdenas, Nicaraguan doctor and politician, 16th President of Nicaragua (b. 1836)
* January 2
** Joseph Rucker Lamar, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1857)
** Félix Sardà y Salvany, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and writer (b. 1844)
* January 5 – Ulpiano Checa, Spanish painter, sculptor and illustrator (b. 1860)
* January 7 – Andrés Baquero, Spanish teacher and writer (b. 1853)
* January 8
** Rembrandt Bugatti, Italian sculptor (b. 1884)
** Eugene W. Hilgard, German-born American soil scientist (b. 1833)
*
January 9
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
*1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...
– Ada Rehan, Irish-born American Shakespearean actress (b. 1859)
*
January 10
Events Pre-1600
*49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war.
* 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...
– Guido Baccelli, Italian physician (b. 1830)
* January 11
** Cyril VIII Geha, Greek Catholic patriarch (b. 1840)
** Takashima Tomonosuke, Japanese general (b. 1844)
*
January 12
Events Pre-1600
* 475 – Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople, and his general, Basiliscus gains control of the empire.
*1528 – Gustav I of Sweden is crowned King of Sweden, having already reigned s ...
** Léon Autonne, French engineer and mathematician (b. 1859)
** Georgios Theotokis, Greek politician, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1844)
*
January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
** George Bengescu-Dabija, Wallachian-born Romanian poet, playwright, and general (b. 1844)
** Vasile Hossu (bishop of Gherla), Vasile Hossu, Romanian Orthodox priest and bishop (b. 1866)
** Victoriano Huerta, Mexican general and statesman, 35th President of Mexico (b. 1850)
* January 14 – Otto Ammon, German anthropologist (b. 1842)
* January 15 – Vojtech Alexander, Slovakian radiologist (b. 1857)
* January 16
** Arnold Aletrino, Dutch physician (b. 1858)
** William Montrose Graham Jr., American general (b. 1834)
** Juana María Condesa Lluch, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862)
* January 17 – Arthur V. Johnson, American actor and director (b. 1876)
* January 18 – Lorenzo Latorre, Uruguayan officer and politician, 11th President of Uruguay (b. 1844)
* January 19
** Dora Knowlton Ranous, American actress, author and translator (b. 1859)
** Antoine Simon (composer), Antoine Simon, French composer (b. 1850)
* January 20 – Ephraim Francis Baldwin, American architect (b. 1837)
* January 30 – Clements Markham, Sir Clements Markham, British explorer and geographer (b. 1830)
February
![Ernst Mach 01](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Ernst_Mach_01.jpg)
* February 3 – Metropolitan Ioan Mețianu, Romanian cleric (b. 1828)
* February 6
** Rubén Darío, Nicaraguan writer (b. 1867)
** Isala Van Diest, Belgian physician (b. 1842)
* February 7
** Franklin E. Brooks, U.S. House of Representatives from Colorado (b. 1847)
** Ludwika Szczęsna, Polish Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1863)
*
February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
* 1539 – The first recorded race is hel ...
– Anton Yegorovich von Saltza, Russian general (b. 1843)
*
February 12
Events Pre-1600
*1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna.
*1429 – English forces under ...
– Richard Dedekind, German mathematician (b. 1831)
* February 13
** Vilhelm Hammershøi, Danish painter (b. 1864)
** Carlos Antonio Mendoza, Panamanian politician, acting President of Panama (b. 1856)
* February 18 – Hans Schmidt (priest), Hans Schmidt, German Roman Catholic priest (executed) (b. 1881)
* February 19 – Ernst Mach, Austrian physicist and philosopher (b. 1838)
* February 20 – Klas Pontus Arnoldson, Swedish writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (b. 1844)
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
– Karl Begas, German sculptor (b. 1845)
* February 23
** Jabez Balfour, English businessman (b. 1843)
** Domenico Lovisato, Italian geologist (b. 1842)
** Hugo von Pohl, German admiral (b. 1855)
* February 25 – David Bowman (politician), David Bowman, Australian politician (b. 1860)
* February 26 – Tomasa Ortiz Real, Spanish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1842)
* February 27 – Ugo Balzani, Italian historian (b. 1847)
* February 28 – Henry James, American writer (b. 1843)
March
![Herman Gesellius](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Herman_Gesellius.jpg)
* March 2 – Elisabeth of Wied, Queen consort of Romania (b. 1843)
* March 4
** Franz Marc, German Expressionist painter (killed in action) (b. 1880)
** William Sooy Smith, American Union general and engineer (b. 1830)
* March 7 – Fred Donovan, American baseball player (b. 1844)
*March 9 - Arnold Spencer-Smith, British explorer, clergyman, and amateur photographer (b. 1883)
* March 11
** Florence Baker, Hungarian-born British explorer (b. 1841)
** Henry G. Davis, American politician (b. 1823)
* March 12 – William M. O. Dawson, 12th Governor of West Virginia (b. 1853)
*
March 15
Events Pre-1600
* 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
*44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odoa ...
– John Beveridge (mayor), John Beveridge, Australian businessman, Municipality of Redfern, Mayor of Redfern (b. 1848)
*
March 16
Events Pre-1600
* 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang.
*1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York.
* 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...
– Thomas King (astronomer), Thomas King, New Zealander astronomer (b. 1858)
* March 19
** John J. Davis (congressman), John J. Davis, American politician, U.S. Representatives from West Virginia (b. 1835)
** Girolamo Maria Gotti, Italian Discalced Carmelite friar and Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1834)
** Vasily Surikov, Russian painter (b. 1848)
* March 20 – Ota Benga, Belgian Congo, Congolese pygmy brought to America as part of an exhibition at the Bronx zoo (b. 1883)
*
March 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6.
*1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off ...
** Herman Gesellius, French architect (b. 1874)
**
Enrique Granados
Pantaleón Enrique Joaquín Granados y Campiña (27 July 1867 – 24 March 1916), commonly known as Enric Granados in Catalan or Enrique Granados in Spanish, was a composer of classical music, and concert pianist from Catalonia, Spain. ...
, Spanish composer (ship sinking) (b. 1867)
* March 25 – Ishi, last known member of the Yana people (b. 1860)
* March 28 – Paul von Plehwe, Russian general (b. 1850)
* March 30 – Nakamuta Kuranosuke, Japanese admiral (b. 1837)
April
![Leopold Clement](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Leopold_Clement.JPG)
* April 4
** Alfred Cogniaux, Belgian botanist (b. 1841)
** Max Lewandowsky, German neurologist (b. 1876)
* April 7 – Shigeyoshi Matsuo, Japanese businessman (b. 1843)
*
April 11
Events Pre-1600
* 491 – Flavius Anastasius becomes Byzantine emperor, with the name of Anastasius I.
* 1241 – Batu Khan defeats Béla IV of Hungary at the Battle of Mohi.
* 1512 – War of the League of Cambrai: Franco-Ferra ...
– Richard Harding Davis, American journalist and author (b. 1864)
*April 14 – Gina Krog, Norwegian suffragist, activist and editor (b. 1847)
* April 16 – Alexander Meyrick Broadley, British barrister (b. 1846)
* April 19 – Ephraim Shay, American inventor (b. 1839)
* April 21
** Ubaldo Pacchierotti, Italian composer (b. 1876)
** John Surratt, suspected of involvement in the Abraham Lincoln assassination, son of Mary Surratt (b. 1844)
*
April 27
Events Pre-1600
* 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''.
* 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...
– Prince Leopold Clement of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1878)
* April 28 – Edward Felix Baxter, English recipient of the Victorian Cross (b. 1885)
May
![Іван Франко](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/%D0%86%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE.jpg)
* May 1 – Lydia Zvereva, first Russian woman to earn a pilot's license (b. 1890)
* May 2 – Jules Blanchard, French sculptor (b. 1832)
* May 3
** Patrick Pearse, Irish teacher, barrister, poet, writer, political activist, and nationalist (executed) (b. 1879)
** Thomas MacDonagh, Irish poet, playwright, educationalist and revolutionary leader (executed) (b. 1878)
** Tom Clarke (Irish republican), Tom Clarke, Irish republican, leader of the
Irish Republican Brotherhood
The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; ) was a secret oath-bound fraternal organisation dedicated to the establishment of an "independent democratic republic" in Ireland between 1858 and 1924.McGee, p. 15. Its counterpart in the United States ...
(executed) (b. 1858)
*
May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...
** Lord John Hay (Royal Navy officer, born 1827), Lord John Hay, British admiral and politician (b. 1827)
** Joseph Plunkett, Irish nationalist, republican, poet, journalist, revolutionary (executed) (b. 1887)
** Hector Sévin, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1852)
* May 6 – Hans Chiari, Austrian pathologist (b. 1851)
* May 8
** Mabel Beardsley, English actress (b. 1871)
** William Burnyeat, British politician (b. 1837)
** Éamonn Ceannt, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1881)
**Aeneas Mackintosh, British Merchant Navy officer and Antarctic explorer (b. 1879)
**Victor Hayward, British explorer (b. 1887)
* May 11
** Max Reger, German Modernism (music), modernist composer (b. 1873)
** Karl Schwarzschild, German physicist (b. 1873)
** Tirésias Simon Sam, 16th President of Haiti (b. 1835)
* May 12
** James Connolly, Irish socialist and political activist (executed) (b. 1868)
** Seán Mac Diarmada, Irish republican (executed) (b. 1883)
* May 13
** Sholem Aleichem, Ukrainian Yiddish writer (b. 1859)
** Ján Bahýľ, Slovak engineer and inventor (b. 1856)
** Margaret Benson, English author (b. 1865)
** Émile Petitot, French Roman Catholic missionary (b. 1838)
*May 18 - Chen Qimei, Chen Qiemi, Chinese politician (b. 1878)
* May 19 – Georges Boillot, French Grand Prix driver (killed in action) (b. 1884)
* May 21 – Artúr Görgei, Hungarian military general and politician (b. 1818)
* May 23 – Vladimír Jindřich Bufka, Czechoslovak photographer (b. 1887)
* May 27 – Joseph Gallieni, French general (b. 1849)
* May 28 – Ivan Franko, Ukrainian writer and political activist (b. 1856)
*
May 31
Events Pre-1600
* 455 – Emperor Petronius Maximus is stoned to death by an angry mob while fleeing Rome.
* 1223 – Mongol invasion of the Cumans: Battle of the Kalka River: Mongol armies of Genghis Khan led by Subutai defeat K ...
– Horace Hood, Sir Horace Hood, British admiral (killed in action) (b. 1870)
June
![Alberto Elmore](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/20/Alberto_Elmore.jpg)
* June 2 – Paul von Bruns, German surgeon (b. 1846)
*
June 5
Events Pre-1600
*1257 – Kraków, in Poland, receives city rights.
*1283 – Battle of the Gulf of Naples: Roger of Lauria, admiral to King Peter III of Aragon, destroys the Neapolitan fleet and captures Charles II of Naples, Charles ...
– Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener, British field marshal and statesman (drowned) (b. 1850)
* June 6 –
Yuan Shikai
Yuan Shikai (; 16 September 1859 – 6 June 1916) was a Chinese military and government official who rose to power during the late Qing dynasty and eventually ended the Qing dynasty rule of China in 1912, later becoming the Emperor of China. H ...
, Chinese military official and politician,
Emperor of China
''Huangdi'' (), translated into English as Emperor, was the superlative title held by monarchs of China who ruled various imperial regimes in Chinese history. In traditional Chinese political theory, the emperor was considered the Son of Heave ...
and 1st President of the Republic of China (b. 1859)
* June 7
** Alberto Elmore Fernández de Córdoba, Peruvian diplomat and politician, 52nd Prime Minister of Peru (b. 1844)
** Émile Faguet, French writer and critic (b. 1847)
* June 12 – Silvanus P. Thompson, English professor of physics, electrical engineer, member of the Royal Society and author (b. 1851)
* June 17 – Edwin Monroe Bacon, English writer (b. 1844)
* June 18
** Max Immelmann, German fighter ace (killed in action) (b. 1890)
** Helmuth von Moltke the Younger, German general (b. 1848)
* June 22 – Tanaka Yoshio, Japanese naturalist (b. 1838)
*
June 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1312 BC – Mursili II launches a campaign against the Kingdom of Azzi-Hayasa.
* 109 – Roman emperor Trajan inaugurates the Aqua Traiana, an aqueduct that channels water from Lake Bracciano, northwest of Rome.
* ...
– Victor Chapman, French-born American fighter pilot (killed in action) (b. 1890)
* June 25 – Thomas Eakins, American realist painter (b. 1844)
* June 30
** Russell Barton, British-born Australian politician (b. 1830)
** Eunice Eloisae Gibbs Allyn, American correspondent, author, and songwriter (b. 1847)
July
![William Ramsay](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/William_Ramsay.jpg)
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– First Day on the Somme (killed in action)
** Eugene Bourdon (architect), Eugene Bourdon, French architect (b. 1870)
** Gilbert Waterhouse, English architect and war poet (b. 1883)
* July 2 – Mikhail Pomortsev, Russian meteorologist (b. 1851)
* July 3
** Hetty Green, American businesswoman (b. 1834)
** Alfred Kleiner, Swiss physicist (b. 1849)
** Jeremiah Lomnytskyj, Ukrainian Order of Saint Basil the Great, Basilian priest, missionary and servant of God (b. 1860)
* July 6 – Odilon Redon, French painter (b. 1840)
* July 7 – Margarethe Hormuth-Kallmorgen, German painter (b. 1835)
* July 12 – Cesare Battisti (politician), Cesare Battisti, Italian patriot, geographer and politician (b. 1875)
* July 15 – Élie Metchnikoff, Russian microbiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1845)
* July 16
** Regino Garcia, Filipino artist (b. 1840)
** Victor Horsley, Sir Victor Horsley, English physician and surgeon (b. 1857)
* July 20 – Reinhard Sorge, German dramatist and poet (killed in action) (b. 1892)
* July 22 – James Whitcomb Riley, American poet (b. 1849)
* July 23 – Sir William Ramsay, British chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1852)
* July 26
** Gustave Maria Blanche, French Roman Catholic priest and bishop (b. 1849)
** Johannes Ranke, German physiologist (b. 1836)
* July 27
** Arthur Winton Brown, New Zealander politician, Mayor of Wellington (b. 1856)
** Charles Fryatt, British mariner (executed) (b. 1872)
* July 29 – Claude Castleton, Australian VC recipient (killed in action) (b. 1893)
August
![Umberto Boccioni, portrait photograph](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Umberto_Boccioni%2C_portrait_photograph.jpg)
* August 3 – Roger Casement, Irish nationalist (executed) (b. 1864)
* August 5 – George Butterworth, English composer (b. 1885)
* August 7 – Kittredge Haskins, American lawyer and politician, U.S. House of Representatives from Vermont (b. 1836)
* August 8
** Lily Braun, German writer (b. 1865)
** Kamimura Hikonojō, Japanese admiral (b. 1849)
** Oscar Linkson, English football player (b. 1888)
* August 9 – Guido Gozzano, Italian poet and writer (b. 1883)
* August 10 – S. Isadore Miner, American columnist writing as "Pauline Periwinkle" (b. 1863)
* August 13 – Pierre de Ségur, French historian (b. 1853)
* August 17 – Umberto Boccioni, Italian painter and sculptor (b. 1882)
* August 18 – Marcel Brindejonc des Moulinais, French aviator (b. 1892)
* August 30 – Alexander Boarman, American judge, U.S. House of Representatives of Louisiana (b. 1839)
* August 31
** Martha McClellan Brown, American activist (b. 1838)
** John St. John (American politician), John St. John, American temperance leader and Governor of Kansas (b. 1833)
September
* September 2
** Gennady Ladyzhensky, Russian painter (b. 1852)
** Felipe Trigo, Spanish writer (b. 1864)
* September 4 – José Echegaray, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1832)
* September 7 – Annie Le Porte Diggs, Canadian-born American activist and librarian (b. 1853)
* September 8
** Friedrich Baumfelder, German composer, conductor, and pianist (b. 1836)
** James Gray (mayor), James Gray, American journalist, 19th Mayor of Minneapolis (b. 1862)
* September 12 – Zygmunt Balicki, Polish sociologist (b. 1858)
* September 14 – Pierre Duhem, French physicist (b. 1861)
* September 15
** Raymond Asquith, English barrister (b. 1878)
** Josiah Royce, American philosopher (b. 1855)
* September 17 – Seth Low, American politician and educator, Mayor of New York City (b. 1850)
* September 25 – Gerald Arbuthnot, British soldier and politician (b. 1872)
* September 29 – Albert John Cook, American entomologist and zoologist (b. 1842)
October
![OttoIBeieren](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/OttoIBeieren.jpg)
* October 3
** James Burgess (archaeologist), James Burgess, British archaeologist (b. 1832)
** Dmytro Yaremko, Ukrainian Eastern Catholic hierarch and bishop (b. 1879)
* October 6 – Isidore De Loor, Belgian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1881)
* October 10 – Antonio Sant'Elia, Italian architect (killed in action) (b. 1888)
* October 11 – King Otto, King of Bavaria, Otto of Bavaria (b. 1848)
* October 12 – Tony Jannus, American aviator and aircraft designer (b. 1889)
* October 18 – Ignacio Pinazo Camarlench, Spanish painter (b. 1849)
* October 21
** Olindo Guerrini, Italian poet (b. 1845)
** Karl von Stürgkh, Prime Minister of Austria (b. 1859)
* October 25 – Gérard Encausse, Gérard Encausse, ''Papus'', French occultist (b. 1865)
* October 28
** Oswald Boelcke, German World War I fighter ace, (b. 1891)
** Cleveland Abbe, American meteorologist (b. 1838)
* October 29 – John Sebastian Little, American politician and congressman (b. 1851)
* October 31
**Tina Blau, Austrian painter (b. 1845)
** Charles Taze Russell, Protestant evangelist, forerunner of Jehovah's Witnesses (b. 1852)
**Huang Xing, Chinese revolutionary leader and politician, and the first commander-in-chief of the Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of China (b. 1874)
November
![Jack London young](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Jack_London_young.jpg)
* November 1 – Franz, Prince of Thun and Hohenstein, Austrian noble and statesman, Prime Minister (b. 1847)
* November 2 – Prince Mircea of Romania (b. 1913)
* November 3 – August Lindberg (actor), August Lindberg, Swedish actor, director and manager (b. 1846)
* November 4
** John Bingham, 5th Baron Clanmorris, Irish peer (b. 1838)
** Ella Loraine Dorsey, American author, journalist, and translator (d. 1935)
* November 5 – Francesco Salesio Della Volpe, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1844)
* November 6 – Sultan Ali Dinar (b. 1856)
* November 8 – Prince Heinrich of Bavaria (b. 1884)
* November 9
** Ludwig Bruns, German neurologist (b. 1856)
** Ion Dragalina, Romanian general (died of wounds) (b. 1860)
* November 10 – Walter Sutton, American geneticist and physician (b. 1877)
* November 11
** Frank Chesterton (architect), Frank Chesterton, British architect (b. 1877)
** Francisco da Veiga Beirão, Portuguese politician, 53rd Prime Minister of Portugal (b. 1841)
* November 12 – Percival Lowell, American astronomer (b. 1855)
* November 14
** Franklin Ware Mann, American inventor (b. 1856)
** Saki, British writer (b. 1870)
* November 15 – Henryk Sienkiewicz, Polish writer, Nobel Prize in Literature, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1846)
* November 21 –
** Chester Adgate Congdon, American mining magnate (b. 1853)
** Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria (b. 1830)
* November 22 – Jack London, American author (b. 1876)
* November 23 – Lanoe Hawker Victoria Cross, VC, British World War I fighter ace, killed in action by Manfred von Richthofen (b. 1890)
* November 24
** Princess Adelheid-Marie of Anhalt-Dessau (b. 1833)
** John Francis Barnett, English teacher (b. 1851)
** Hiram Stevens Maxim, Sir Hiram Maxim, American firearms inventor (b. 1840)
* November 27 – Émile Verhaeren, Belgian poet (b. 1855)
* November 28 – Martinus Theunis Steyn, Boer lawyer, politician, and statesman, sixth and last President of the Orange Free State (1896-1902) (b. 1857)
* November 30 – Demetrio Alonso Castrillo, Spanish politician (b. 1841)
December
![Rasputin PA](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Rasputin_PA.jpg)
* December 1 – Charles de Foucauld, French Roman Catholic religious professed, priest and blessed (b. 1858)
* December 2
** William Brownell (politician), William Brownell, Australian politician (b. 1862)
** Hughie Hughes, British racecar driver (b. 1885)
** José Veríssimo, Brazilian writer (b. 1857)
* December 4 – Paul Allard, French archaeologist and historian (b. 1841)
* December 5
** Princess Augusta of Cambridge (b. 1822)
** Hans Richter (conductor), Hans Richter, Austrian–Hungarian conductor (b. 1843)
* December 6 – Signe Hornborg, Finnish architect (b. 1856)
* December 8 – John Porter Merrell, American admiral (b. 1846)
* December 9
** Pierre Paul Leroy-Beaulieu, French economist (b. 1843)
** Natsume Sōseki, Japanese writer (b. 1867)
** Clara Ward, Princesse de Caraman-Chimay (b. 1873)
* December 10 – Ōyama Iwao, Japanese field marshal and a founder of the Imperial Japanese Army (b. 1842)
* December 11
** Valentín Díaz, Filipino patriot, during the Philippine Revolution (b. 1845)
** Zoilo H. Garcia, Dominican engineer and aviator (b. 1881)
* December 12 – Edwin Atlee Barber, American archaeologist (b. 1851)
* December 14 – Nicolai Soloviev, Russian composer (b. 1846)
* December 15 – José Maria de Alpoim, Portuguese journalist (b. 1857)
* December 16
** Friedrich Ernst Dorn, German physicist (b. 1848)
** Honorat da Biała, Polish Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1829)
** Hugo Münsterberg, German-born American psychologist (b. 1856)
** Ognjeslav Kostović Stepanović, Ognjeslav Stepanović, Serbian inventor (b. 1851)
* December 18
** George W. Cook, U.S. Representative from Colorado (b. 1851)
** Giulia Valle, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1847)
* December 19
** Doug Allison, American baseball player (b. 1846)
** Thibaw Min, King of Burma (b. 1859)
* December 22 – George A. Woodward, American general (b. 1835)
* December 25
** Albert Chmielowski, Polish Roman Catholic religious professed and saint (b. 1845)
** John Dunne (bishop of Wilcannia), John Dunne, Australian Roman Catholic bishop and reverend (b. 1846)
* December 28 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (b. 1835)
* December 30
** Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic (assassinated) (b. 1869)
** Leopold Sulerzhitsky, Russian painter (b. 1872)
Nobel Prizes
* Nobel Prize in Physics, Physics – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Chemistry – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Medicine – not awarded
* Nobel Prize in Literature, Literature – Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam
* Nobel Peace Prize, Peace – not awarded
References
Further reading
* Williams, John. ''The Other Battleground The Home Fronts: Britain, France and Germany 1914-1918'' (1972) pp 109–74.
Primary sources and year books
''New International Year Book 1916'' (1917) Comprehensive coverage of world and national affairs, 938pp
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Early Advertising, "Fishing for Suckers"at Duke University
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1916,
Leap years in the Gregorian calendar