Events
January–March
*
January 2
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.
* 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...
–
Webb C. Ball
Webster Clay Ball (October 6, 1848 – March 6, 1922) was a jeweler and watchmaker born in Fredericktown, Ohio who founded the Ball Watch Company. When Standard Time was adopted in 1883, he was the first jeweler to use time signals from the Unite ...
introduces
railroad chronometers, which become the general railroad timepiece standards in North America.
*
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher, and lecturer. He was praised as the "greatest humorist the United States has p ...
started writing
Puddn'head Wilson.
*
January 6
Events Pre-1600
*1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...
– The
Washington National Cathedral is chartered by Congress; the charter is signed by President
Benjamin Harrison.
*
January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
** The
Independent Labour Party of the United Kingdom has its first meeting.
** U.S. Marines from the ''USS Boston'' land in
Honolulu, Hawaii, to prevent the queen from abrogating the
Bayonet Constitution.
*
January 15
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months.
* 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...
– The ''
Telefon Hírmondó'' service starts with around 60 subscribers, in
Budapest.
*
January 17 –
Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii:
Lorrin A. Thurston and the
Citizen's Committee of Public Safety in
Hawaii, with the intervention of the
United States Marine Corps, overthrow the government of Queen
Liliuokalani.
*
January 21
** The
Cherry Sisters first perform in
Marion, Iowa.
** The
Tati Concessions Land, formerly part of
Matabeleland, is formally annexed to the
Bechuanaland Protectorate, now
Botswana.
*
February 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
* 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
–
Thomas Edison finishes construction of the first
motion picture
A film also called a movie, motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere ...
studio in
West Orange, New Jersey.
*
February 11
Events Pre-1600
*660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu.
* 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...
–
19 –
White Star Line sinks without a trace in heavy seas on the Liverpool–New York transatlantic passage.
*
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
–
Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the
diesel engine.
*
February 24
Events Pre-1600
* 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
* 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
* 13 ...
–
American University
The American University (AU or American) is a private federally chartered research university in Washington, D.C. Its main campus spans 90 acres (36 ha) on Ward Circle, mostly in the Spring Valley neighborhood of Northwest D.C. AU was charte ...
is established by an Act of Congress, in Washington, D.C.
*
February 28
Events Pre-1600
*202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.
* 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
*1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on ...
–
USS ''Indiana'', the first
battleship
A battleship is a large armored warship with a main battery consisting of large caliber guns. It dominated naval warfare in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
The term ''battleship'' came into use in the late 1880s to describe a type of ...
in the
United States Navy comparable to other nation's battleships of the time, is launched.
*
March 4 –
Grover Cleveland is
sworn in
Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon ', also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity. A common legal substitute for those who conscientiously object to making sacred oaths is to giv ...
as the 24th President of the United States.
*
March 6 – The
Liverpool Overhead Railway opened with 2-car
electric multiple unit
An electric multiple unit or EMU is a multiple-unit train consisting of self-propelled carriages using electricity as the motive power. An EMU requires no separate locomotive, as electric traction motors are incorporated within one or a numbe ...
s, the first to operate in the world.
*
March 10 –
Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is ...
becomes a French colony.
*
March 20 – In Belgium,
Adam Worth
Adam Worth (18448 January 1902) was a crime boss and fraudster. His career in crime, stretching from the United States to Europe and South Africa, included the infamous theft of Gainsborough's celebrated Portrait of Georgiana, Duchess of Devo ...
is sentenced to 7 years for robbery (he is released in
1897
Events
January–March
* January 2 – The International Alpha Omicron Pi sorority is founded, in New York City.
* January 4 – A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the ruler. This leads to a puniti ...
).
April–June
*
April 1 – The rank of
Chief Petty Officer is established in the
United States Navy.
*
April 6 – The iconic
Salt Lake Temple of
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is dedicated, after 40 years of construction.
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– The first recorded
college basketball game occurs in
Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania, between the
Geneva College Covenanters
Covenanters ( gd, Cùmhnantaich) were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland, and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. The name is derived from ''Covenan ...
and the
New Brighton New Brighton is the name of several places, sports teams etc.:
Australia
* New Brighton, New South Wales, a town near Ocean Shores
Canada
* New Brighton, Calgary, Alberta, a neighborhood
* New Brighton (Gambier Island), a settlement in British ...
YMCA.
*
April 17
**
Belgian general strike of 1893
The general strike of 1893 (french: grève générale de 1893, nl, algemene staking van 1893) was a major general strike in Belgium in April 1893 called by the Belgian Labour Party (POB–BWP) to pressure the government of Auguste Beernaert to int ...
: Riots erupt in
Mons
Mons (; German and nl, Bergen, ; Walloon and pcd, Mont) is a city and municipality of Wallonia, and the capital of the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Mons was made into a fortified city by Count Baldwin IV of Hainaut in the 12th century. T ...
; the day after, the Belgian Parliament approves
universal male suffrage.
** The
Alpha Xi Delta Sorority is founded at
Lombard College, in
Galesburg, Illinois.
*
May – The
Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland is formed.
*
May 1 – The
1893 World's Fair
The World's Columbian Exposition (also known as the Chicago World's Fair) was a world's fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492. The centerpiece of the Fair, hel ...
, also known as the World's Columbian Exposition, opens to the public in Chicago, Illinois. The first United States commemorative
postage stamps are issued for the Exposition.
*
May 5 –
Panic of 1893
The Panic of 1893 was an economic depression in the United States that began in 1893 and ended in 1897. It deeply affected every sector of the economy, and produced political upheaval that led to the political realignment of 1896 and the pres ...
: A crash on the
New York Stock Exchange starts a
depression.
*
May 9 – Edison's 1½ inch system of
Kinetoscope is first demonstrated in public, at the Brooklyn Institute.
*
May 10
Events Pre-1600
* 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China.
*1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...
– ''
Nix v. Hedden'': the
United States Supreme Court legally declares the
tomato to be a
vegetable.
*
May 23 –
Mahatma Gandhi arrives in South Africa, where he will live until
1914
This year saw the beginning of what became known as World War I, after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the Austrian throne was Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, assassinated by Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip. It als ...
, lead non-violent protests on behalf of Indian immigrants in the
South African Republic (Transvaal), and generally have a deeper experience of such activities during these years.
*
June 4 – The
Anti-Saloon League is incorporated, originally as a state organization, in
Oberlin, Ohio. On
December 18,
1895
Events
January–March
* January 5 – Dreyfus affair: French officer Alfred Dreyfus is stripped of his army rank, and sentenced to life imprisonment on Devil's Island.
* January 12 – The National Trust for Places of Histor ...
, it becomes a nationwide organization. The same year, the
American Council on Alcohol Problems is established, along with the
Committee of Fifty for the Study of the Liquor Problem :''for others with the same name, see Committee of Fifty (disambiguation)''
The Committee of Fifty was formed in 1893 by a group of American businessmen and scholars to investigate problems associated with the use and abuse of alcoholic beverages. ...
.
*
June 6
Events Pre-1600
* 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed b ...
–
: the future King
George V of the United Kingdom marries at
St James's Palace
St James's Palace is the most senior royal palace in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. The palace gives its name to the Court of St James's, which is the monarch's royal court, and is located in the City of Westminster in London. Altho ...
in London.
*
June 15 –
1893 German federal election
Federal elections were held in Germany on 15 June 1893.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', p762 Despite the Social Democratic Party (SPD) receiving a plurality of votes, the Centre Party remained the ...
: Small
anti-Semitic
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against Jews. A person who holds such positions is called an antisemite. Antisemitism is considered to be a form of racism.
Antis ...
parties secure 2.9% of the vote.
*
June 17 – Gold is found in
Kalgoorlie
Kalgoorlie is a city in the Goldfields–Esperance region of Western Australia, located east-northeast of Perth at the end of the Great Eastern Highway. It is sometimes referred to as Kalgoorlie–Boulder, as the surrounding urban area includ ...
, Western Australia.
*
June 20
Events Pre-1600
* 451 – Battle of Chalons: Flavius Aetius' battles Attila the Hun. After the battle, which was inconclusive, Attila retreats, causing the Romans to interpret it as a victory.
* 1180 – First Battle of Uji, starting ...
** The
Wengernalpbahn railway in
Wengen, Switzerland (
Canton of Bern
The canton of Bern or Berne (german: Kanton Bern; rm, Chantun Berna; french: canton de Berne; it, Canton Berna) is one of the 26 cantons forming the Swiss Confederation. Its capital city, Bern, is also the ''de facto'' capital of Switzerland. ...
) is opened.
**
Lizzie Borden is acquitted of murdering her parents in
Fall River, Massachusetts in
1892
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States.
* February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado.
* February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
.
*
June 22 – The
flagship
A flagship is a vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships, characteristically a flag officer entitled by custom to fly a distinguishing flag. Used more loosely, it is the lead ship in a fleet of vessels, typically the fi ...
of the British
Mediterranean Fleet
The British Mediterranean Fleet, also known as the Mediterranean Station, was a formation of the Royal Navy. The Fleet was one of the most prestigious commands in the navy for the majority of its history, defending the vital sea link between t ...
collides with and sinks in 10 minutes; Vice-admiral Sir
George Tryon goes down with his ship.
*
June 29 – Unveiling of the
Shaftesbury Memorial Fountain at
Piccadilly Circus in London with its statue of
Anteros
In Greek mythology, Anteros (; Ancient Greek: Ἀντέρως ''Antérōs'') was the god of requited love (literally "love returned" or "counter-love") and also the punisher of those who scorn love and the advances of others, or the avenger of u ...
.
July–September
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– U.S. President
Grover Cleveland is operated on in secret.
*
July 6 – The small town of
Pomeroy, Iowa
Pomeroy is a city in Calhoun County, Iowa, United States. The population was 526 at the time of the 2020 census.
History
Pomeroy was platted in 1870 in anticipation of the railroad being built through the settlement. It was named for Charles P ...
, is nearly destroyed by a tornado; 71 people are killed and 200 injured.
*
July 11
** Liberal general and politician
José Santos Zelaya leads a successful revolt in
Nicaragua.
**
Kōkichi Mikimoto, in Japan, develops the method to seed and grow cultured
pearls.
*
July 13
**
Paknam Incident
The Paknam Incident was a military engagement fought during the Franco-Siamese War in July 1893. While sailing off Paknam on Siam's Chao Phraya River, three French ships violated Siamese territory and a Siamese fort and a force of gunboats f ...
: Two French Navy ships are fired upon by Siamese cannons stationed at the Paknam Fort, that guards the
Chao Phraya River
The Chao Phraya ( or ; th, แม่น้ำเจ้าพระยา, , or ) is the major river in Thailand, with its low alluvial plain forming the centre of the country. It flows through Bangkok and then into the Gulf of Thailand.
Et ...
. Three months later, Siam is forced to cede modern day
Laos
Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...
to France.
**
Frederick Jackson Turner gives a lecture titled "
The Significance of the Frontier in American History" before the
American Historical Association in Chicago.
** Scottish
Association football club
Dundee F.C. is formed.
*
July 25 – The
Corinth Canal is completed in Greece.
*
August 15 – The
Ibadan area becomes a British
protectorate, after a treaty signed by Fijabi, the
Baale of Ibadan with the British acting Governor of
Lagos, George C. Denton.
*
August 27 – The
Sea Islands hurricane
The 1893 Sea Islands hurricane was a deadly major hurricane that struck the Sea Islands which was near Savannah, Georgia on August 27, 1893. hits
Savannah, Georgia,
Charleston, South Carolina
Charleston is the largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston metropolitan area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint o ...
, and the
Sea Islands, killing 1,000–2,000.
*
September 1 –
William Ewart Gladstone's
Government of Ireland Bill 1893, intended to give Ireland self-government, is rejected by the U.K. Parliament.
*
September 7
** Under pressure of a general strike, the
Belgian Federal Parliament enacts general multiple suffrage.
**
Russian monitor ''Rusalka'' sinks in a storm in the
Gulf of Finland
The Gulf of Finland ( fi, Suomenlahti; et, Soome laht; rus, Фи́нский зали́в, r=Finskiy zaliv, p=ˈfʲinskʲɪj zɐˈlʲif; sv, Finska viken) is the easternmost arm of the Baltic Sea. It extends between Finland to the north and E ...
, with the loss of all 177 crew; her hulk is eventually discovered in
2003
File:2003 Events Collage.png, From top left, clockwise: The crew of STS-107 perished when the Space Shuttle Columbia disintegrated during reentry into Earth's atmosphere; SARS became an epidemic in China, and was a precursor to SARS-CoV-2; A des ...
off Helsinki.
**
Genoa Cricket & Athletic Club, the oldest Italian
football
Football is a family of team sports that involve, to varying degrees, kicking a ball to score a goal. Unqualified, the word ''football'' normally means the form of football that is the most popular where the word is used. Sports commonly c ...
club, is formed.
*
September 11 – The
World Parliament of Religions opens as an adjunct to the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago; Bengali Hindu monk
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda (; ; 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta (), was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of the Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the intro ...
receives a standing ovation for his address in response to his welcoming.
*
September 12 –
American Temperance University begins classes in
Harriman, Tennessee (it closes after 15 years, in May
1908
Events
January
* January 1 – The British ''Nimrod'' Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton sets sail from New Zealand on the ''Nimrod'' for Antarctica.
* January 3 – A total solar eclipse is visible in the Pacific Ocean, and is the 46 ...
).
*
September 16 – Settlers make a land run for prime land in the Cherokee Strip in Oklahoma.
*
September 19
**
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda (; ; 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta (), was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of the Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He was a key figure in the intro ...
delivers an inspiring speech on his paper at the
World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.
** New Zealand becomes the first country in the world to grant
women the right to vote.
*
September 21 – Brothers
Charles
Charles is a masculine given name predominantly found in English language, English and French language, French speaking countries. It is from the French form ''Charles'' of the Proto-Germanic, Proto-Germanic name (in runic alphabet) or ''*k ...
and
Frank Duryea drive the first gasoline-powered
motorcar in America, on public roads in
Springfield, Massachusetts
Springfield is a city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, United States, and the seat of Hampden County. Springfield sits on the eastern bank of the Connecticut River near its confluence with three rivers: the western Westfield River, the ...
.
*
September 23
Events Pre-1600
* 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified.
* 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...
– The
Baháʼí Faith is first publicly mentioned in the United States, at the
World Parliament of Religions in Chicago.
*
September 27 – The
World Parliament of Religions holds its closing meeting in Chicago.
*
September 28
Events Pre-1600
*48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.
* 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus ...
– The Portuguese
sports club Futebol Clube do Porto is founded.
October–December
*
October 10 – The first car number plates appear in
Paris,
France.
*
October 13
** The first students enter
St Hilda's College, Oxford
St Hilda's College is one of the Colleges of the University of Oxford, constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college is named after the Anglo-Saxon Saint, Hilda of Whitby and was founded in 1893 as a hall for women; it ...
, England, founded for women by
Dorothea Beale.
** The Franco-Siamese Treaty of 1893 is signed, as the Kingdom of Siam cedes all of its territories east of the
Mekong River to
France, creating the territory of
Laos
Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...
.
*
October 14 – According to a
Japanese government
The Government of Japan consists of legislative, executive and judiciary branches and is based on popular sovereignty. The Government runs under the framework established by the Constitution of Japan, adopted in 1947. It is a unitary state, c ...
official confirmed report, a devastating
levee collapse,
flash flood
A flash flood is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas: washes, rivers, dry lakes and depressions. It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, or tropical storm, or by meltwater from ice or snow flowing o ...
and
landslide
Landslides, also known as landslips, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, deep-seated grade (slope), slope failures, mudflows, and debris flows. Landslides occur in a variety of ...
hit and damaged around
Kyushu Island,
Shikoku Island and western
Honshū
, historically called , is the largest and most populous island of Japan. It is located south of Hokkaidō across the Tsugaru Strait, north of Shikoku across the Inland Sea, and northeast of Kyūshū across the Kanmon Straits. The island separa ...
, due to a strong
typhoon wind in
Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north ...
, an official document reports 2,044 people perished.
*
October 16 – American sisters
Patty Hill and
Mildred J. Hill
Mildred Jane Hill (June 27, 1859 – June 5, 1916) was an American songwriter and musicologist, who composed the melody for "Good Morning to All", later used as the melody for "Happy Birthday to You".
Biography
Mildred Jane Hill, born in Louisvil ...
copyright their book ''Song Stories for the Kindergarten'' including "Good Morning to All". The melody, by Mildred Hill, is later adapted, without authorization, by Robert H. Coleman as "Good Morning to You!", with the second stanza containing the words to "
Happy Birthday to You", leading to a successful copyright lawsuit by the Hill sisters in
1934
Events
January–February
* January 1 – The International Telecommunication Union, a specialist agency of the League of Nations, is established.
* January 15 – The 8.0 1934 Nepal–Bihar earthquake, Nepal–Bihar earthquake strik ...
.
*
October 23 – The
Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) is founded by
Bulgarians, in the town of
Thessaloniki. Its aim is to liberate the region of Macedonia from the
Ottoman Turks
The Ottoman Turks ( tr, Osmanlı Türkleri), were the Turkic founding and sociopolitically the most dominant ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire ( 1299/1302–1922).
Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks remains scarce, ...
.
*
October 28 (October 16
O.S.) – In
Saint Petersburg (Russia),
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky conducts the first performance of his
Symphony No. 6 in B minor, ''Pathétique'', nine days before his death.
*
October 30 – The 1893 World's Fair, also known as the
World's Columbian Exposition, closes.
*
November 7 –
Colorado women are granted the right to vote.
*
November 12 – The Durand Line is established as the boundary between
British India and
Afghanistan, by a
memorandum of understanding signed by Sir
Mortimer Durand, Foreign Secretary of British India, and
Abdur Rahman Khan,
Amir of Afghanistan
This article lists the Head of state, heads of state of Afghanistan since the foundation of the first modern Afghan (ethnonym), Afghan state, the Hotak dynasty, Hotak Empire, in 1709.
History
The Hotak Empire was formed after a successful upr ...
.
*
November 15 –
FC Basel Association football club is founded in Switzerland.
*
November 16 – Athletic club Královské Vinohrady, later
Sparta Prague, is founded.
*
November 26 –
Arthur Conan Doyle
Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician. He created the character Sherlock Holmes in 1887 for ''A Study in Scarlet'', the first of four novels and fifty-six short stories about Ho ...
's story "
The Adventure of the Final Problem", published in the
December dated issue of ''
The Strand Magazine'' and serialized in Sunday newspapers worldwide, surprises the reading public by revealing that his popular character
Sherlock Holmes
Sherlock Holmes () is a fictional detective created by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Referring to himself as a " consulting detective" in the stories, Holmes is known for his proficiency with observation, deduction, forensic science and ...
had apparently died at the
Reichenbach Falls on
May 4,
1891
Events
January–March
* January 1
** Paying of old age pensions begins in Germany.
** A strike of 500 Hungarian steel workers occurs; 3,000 men are out of work as a consequence.
**Germany takes formal possession of its new Africa ...
.
*
December –
Carl Anton Larsen becomes the first man to
ski in Antarctica.
*
December 4 –
First Matabele War: The Shangani Patrol of British South Africa Company soldiers is ambushed and annihilated, by more than 3,000 Northern Ndebele people, Matabele warriors.
* December 5 – Plural voting is abolished in New South Wales.
* December 8 – In the United States, the National Education Association releases the final report from the Committee of Ten at a conference at Columbia University, recommending standardization of the high school curriculum.
* December 16 – Antonín Dvořák's Symphony No. 9 (Dvořák), Symphony No. 9 (''From the New World'') receives its premiere at Carnegie Hall, New York City.
* December 20 – Evergreen Park, Illinois, is incorporated.
Date unknown
* The first recumbent bicycle, the Fautenil Vélociped, is made in France.
* Greater Sudbury, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, is incorporated as a town.
* German physicist Wilhelm Wien formulates Wien's displacement law.
* TMI Episcopal is founded in San Antonio as "The West Texas School for Boys", quickly changed to "West Texas Military Academy", by Bishop James S. Johnston.
* Booker T. Washington High School (Houston) is founded as "Colored High", the first African-American high school in Houston, Texas.
* The National Sculpture Society (NSS) is founded in the United States.
* A 16th century Ardabil Carpet from Persia enters the collection of the South Kensington Museum in London.
* The University of Exeter Debating Society is founded in England as the Exeter Debating Society at the Royal Albert Memorial College.
* Dulwich Hamlet F.C. is founded in London.
* Americans, American pharmacist Caleb Bradham invents the recipe for what later becomes Pepsi. He originally sells it as 'Brad's Drink' at his pharmacy in New Bern, North Carolina.
* 71.2% of the working population of São Paulo is foreign-born.
* By 1893 – 8,000 Han Chinese, Chinese arrive in Cuba.
* The Girls' Brigade was founded in Dublin, Ireland
Births
January–March
* January 1 – Minoru Sasaki, Japanese general (d. 1961)
* January 5 – Paramahansa Yogananda, Indian guru (d. 1952)
* January 10 – Vicente Huidobro, Chilean poet (d. 1948)
* January 11 – Anthony M. Rud, American writer (d. 1942)
* January 12
** Edward Selzer, American film producer (d. 1970)
** Hermann Göring, German Nazi official (d. 1946)
** Alfred Rosenberg, German Nazi official (d. 1946)
*
January 13
Events Pre-1600
* 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years.
* 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...
– Roy Cazaly, Australian rules footballer (d. 1963)
* VMAni, (born Bibi Watson), American actress (d. 2010)
*
January 15
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months.
* 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...
– Ivor Novello, Welsh actor, musician (d. 1951)
* January 22
**Arthur Smith (public servant), Arthur Smith, Australian public servant (d. 1971)
**Conrad Veidt, German actor (d. 1943)
**Frankie Yale, American gangster (d. 1928)
* January 27 – Soong Ching-ling, one of the Soong sisters, wife of Chinese president Sun Yat-sen (d. 1981)
* January 28 – Catherine Caradja, Romanian aristocrat, philanthropist (d. 1993)
* February 3 – Gaston Julia, French mathematician (d. 1978)
* February 9 – Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 1987)
* February 10 – Jimmy Durante, American actor, singer, and comedian (d. 1980)
* February 12 – Omar Bradley, American general (d. 1981)
* February 13
**Ana Pauker, Romanian communist politician (d. 1960)
**Zénon Bernard, Luxembourgish communist politician (d. 1942)
* February 16
**Katharine Cornell, American actress (d. 1974)
**Mikhail Tukhachevsky, Soviet Army officer (d. 1937)
* February 19 – Sir Cedric Hardwicke, English actor (d. 1964)
* February 21 – Andrés Segovia, Spanish guitarist (d. 1987)
*
February 24
Events Pre-1600
* 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
* 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
* 13 ...
– Tokushichi Mishima, Japanese inventor, engineer (d. 1975)
*
February 28
Events Pre-1600
*202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.
* 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
*1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is executed on ...
– Ivan Vasilyov, Bulgarian architect (d. 1979)
* March 1 – Mercedes de Acosta, American poet, playwright, costume designer, and socialite (d. 1968)
* March 3
** Beatrice Wood, American artist, ceramicist (d. 1998)
** Ivon Hitchens, English painter (d. 1979)
* March 5 – Kōtoku Satō, Japanese general (d. 1959)
* March 7 – Elsa Ratassepp, Estonian actress (d. 1972)
* March 8 – Mississippi John Hurt, American country blues singer, guitarist (d. 1966) (some sources give his year of birth as
1892
Events
January–March
* January 1 – Ellis Island begins accommodating immigrants to the United States.
* February 1 - The historic Enterprise Bar and Grill was established in Rico, Colorado.
* February 27 – Rudolf Diesel applies for ...
)
* March 11 – Wanda Gág, American children's author and artist (d. 1946)
* March 14 – Arthur C. Davis, American admiral (d. 1965)
* March 18 – Wilfred Owen, English soldier, poet (d. 1918)
* March 19 – José María Velasco Ibarra, former President of Ecuador (d. 1979)
* March 22 – Kleber Claux, French-born Australian anarchist, nudist (d. 1971)
* March 24
** Walter Baade, German astronomer (d. 1960)
** Emmy Göring, Emmy Sonnemann, German actress, second wife of Hermann Göring (d. 1973)
* March 26 – Palmiro Togliatti, Italian communist leader (d. 1964)
* March 27 – Karl Mannheim, German sociologist (d. 1947)
* March 30
**Theodor Krancke, German admiral (d. 1973)
**Ethel Owen, American actress (d. 1997)
* March 31 – Herbert Meinhard Mühlpfordt, German historian (d. 1982)
April–June
*
April 1 – Cicely Courtneidge, British actress (d. 1980)
* April 3 – Leslie Howard (actor), Leslie Howard, English actor (d. 1943)
*
April 6 – Alfred Gerstenberg, German ''Luftwaffe'' general (d. 1959)
* April 7 – José de Almada Negreiros, Portuguese artist (d. 1970)
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– Paul Alexiu, Romanian general (d. 1963)
* April 9
** Victor Gollancz, British publisher (d. 1967)
** Rahul Sankrityayan, Indian historian, writer, scholar (d. 1963)
* April 11 – Dean Acheson, 51st United States Secretary of State (d. 1971)
* April 12 – Robert Harron, American actor (d. 1920)
* April 15 – Maximilian Ritter von Pohl, German army, air force officer (d. 1951)
* April 18 – Georges Boulanger (violinist), Georges Boulanger, Romanian violinist (d. 1958)
* April 20
** Harold Lloyd, American actor (d. 1971)
** Joan Miró, Spanish painter, sculptor (d. 1983)
** Edna Parker, American supercentenarian (d. 2008)
* April 21 – Matsuji Ijuin, Japanese admiral (d. 1944)
* April 23 – Allen Dulles, American Central Intelligence Agency director (d. 1969)
* April 29 – Harold Urey, American chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981)
* April 30 – Harold Breen, Australian public servant (d. 1966)
* May 3 – Konstantine Gamsakhurdia, Georgian writer, public benefactor (d. 1975)
* May 8
** Teddy Wakelam, English sports broadcaster, rugby union player (d. 1963)
** Francis Ouimet, American golfer, businessman (d. 1967)
*
May 9 – Regina Quintanilha, first Portuguese female lawyer (d. 1967)
* May 16 – Clement Martyn Doke, South African linguist (d. 1980)
* May 21 – Giles Chippindall, Australian public servant (d. 1969)
*
May 23 – Ulysses S. Grant IV, American geologist, paleontologist (d. 1977)
* May 25 – Ernest "Pop" Stoneman, American country music artist (d. 1968)
*
June 4 – Armand Călinescu, 39th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1939)
* June 7 – Gillis Grafström, Swedish figure skater (d. 1938)
* June 12 – John R. Hodge, United States Army general (d. 1963)
* June 13 – Dorothy L. Sayers, British crime writer, poet, playwright and essayist (d. 1957)
* June 14 – Siggie Nordstrom, American model, actress, entertainer, socialite and singer (d. 1980)
* June 23 – Herman H. Hanneken, United States Marine Corps officer (d. 1986)
* June 24
** Roy O. Disney, brother, business partner of Walter Elias Disney (d. 1971)
** Suzanne La Follette, American libertarian feminism, libertarian feminist (d. 1983)
* June 26 – Big Bill Broonzy, American blues singer, composer (d. 1958) (some sources give his year of birth as 1903)
*
June 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer (d. 1958)
* June 30
**Harold Laski, British political theorist, economist (d. 1950)
**Walter Ulbricht, German communist politician (d. 1973)
July–September
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
– Mario de Bernardi, Italian aviator (d. 1959)
* July 3 – Mississippi John Hurt, American musician (d. 1966)
* July 4 – Norman Manley, Jamaican statesman (d. 1969)
* July 5 – Giuseppe Caselli, Italian painter (d. 1976)
* July 9 – George Geary, English cricketer (d. 1981)
*
July 11 – Edward Stinson, Edward "Eddie" Stinson, American aviator, aircraft manufacturer (d. 1932)
* July 12
** Ernest Cadine, French weightlifter (d. 1978)
** John Gould Moyer, American naval officer, 31st Governor of American Samoa (d. 1976)
* July 18 – Richard Dix, American actor (d. 1949)
* July 20
** Arno von Lenski, German military officer, general (d. 1986)
** George Llewelyn Davies, British inspiration for ''Peter Pan'' (d. 1915)
* July 22 – Karl Menninger, American psychiatrist (d. 1990)
*
July 25 – Dorothy Dickson, American-born actress, socialite (d. 1995)
* July 28 – Rued Langgaard, Danish composer, organist (d. 1952)
* July 30 – Fatima Jinnah, Pakistani Mother of the Nation (d. 1967)
* August 4
** Amy Hannah Adamson, Australian principal (d. 1963)
** Fritz Gause, German historian (d. 1973)
* August 6 – Wright Patman, American politician (d. 1976)
* August 14
** Francis Dvornik, Czech historian (d. 1975)
** Carl Benton Reid, American actor (d. 1973)
*
August 15 – Leslie Comrie, New Zealand astronomer, computing pioneer (d. 1950)
* August 17 – Mae West, American actress, playwright, screenwriter, and sex symbol (d. 1980)
* August 18 – Frank Linke-Crawford, Austro-Hungarian fighter pilot (d. 1918)
* August 22
** Dorothy Parker, American writer (d. 1967)
** Wilfred Kitching, the 7th General of The Salvation Army (d. 1977)
* August 23 – Aleksandr Loktionov, Soviet general (d. 1941)
* August 24 – Haim Ernst Wertheimer German-born Israeli biochemist, recipient of the Israel Prize (d. 1978)
* August 25 – Henry Trendley Dean, American dental researcher (d. 1962)
* August 30 – Huey Long, Louisiana governor and senator (d. 1935)
* September 6 – Claire Lee Chennault, American aviator, general, and leader of the Flying Tigers (d. 1958)
* September 10
**Juana Bormann, German Nazi war criminal (d. 1945)
*
September 12 – Frederick William Franz, American President of Jehovah's Witnesses (d. 1992)
* September 13 – Larry Shields, American musician (d. 1953)
*
September 16 – Albert Szent-Györgyi, Hungarian physiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1986)
* September 18 – Arthur Benjamin, Australian composer (d. 1960)
*
September 23
Events Pre-1600
* 38 – Drusilla, Caligula's sister who died in June, with whom the emperor is said to have an incestuous relationship, is deified.
* 1122 – Pope Callixtus II and Holy Roman Emperor Henry V agree to the Concordat ...
– Wiljo Tuompo, Finnish general (d. 1957)
* September 25 – Ryūnosuke Kusaka, Japanese admiral (d. 1971)
* September 30 – Lansdale Sasscer, U.S. Congressman (d. 1964)
October–December
* October 1 – Marianne Brandt, German industrial designer (d. 1983)
* October 8 – Clarence Williams (musician), Clarence Williams, American jazz pianist and composer (d. 1965) (some sources give his year of birth as 1898)
* October 9 – Mário de Andrade, Brazilian writer, photographer (d. 1945)
*
October 14 – Lillian Gish, American actress (d. 1993)
* October 15 – King Carol II of Romania (d. 1953)
* October 18
** Sidney Holland, 25th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1961)
** George Ohsawa, Japanese founder of Macrobiotics (d. 1966)
* October 20 – Noboru Ishizaki, Japanese admiral (d. 1959)
*
October 23 – Gummo Marx, American comedian, actor (d. 1977)
* October 26 – Oliver P. Smith, American general (d. 1977)
* November 2 – Victor Crutchley, British admiral (d. 1986)
* November 5 – Raymond Loewy, French-born American industrial designer (d. 1986)
* November 8 – Prajadhipok, Rama VII, King of Siam (d. 1941)
* November 10 – John P. Marquand, American novelist (d. 1960)
*
November 12 – Leonard F. Wing, American general, politician (d. 1945)
* November 13 – Edward Adelbert Doisy, American biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1986)
* November 20 – Grace Darmond, Canadian-born American actress (d. 1963)
* November 22
** Lazar Kaganovich, Soviet politician, Great Purge perpetrator (d. 1991)
** Raymond Collishaw, Canadian World War I fighter ace (d. 1976)
* November 24 – Fern Andra, American actress (d. 1974)
* November 27 – Carlos Alberto Arroyo del Río, 26th President of Ecuador (d. 1969)
* November 28 – Talbot Baines Reed, English author (b. 1852)
* December 1 – Henry J. Cadbury, American biblical scholar, Quaker (d. 1974)
* December 2 – Leo Ornstein, Russian-born composer, pianist (d. 2002)
* December 3
** Walter Stuart Diehl, American naval officer, aeronautical engineer (d. 1976)
** Wilhelm Pelikan, Austrian chemist (d. 1981)
* December 7
**Fay Bainter, American actress (d. 1968)
**Hermann Balck, German general (d. 1982)
* December 8 – Pierre Etchebaster, French real tennis player (d. 1980)
* December 12 – Edward G. Robinson, Romanian-American actor (d. 1973)
* December 23 – Ann Pennington (actress), Ann Pennington, American actress, dancer (d. 1971)
* December 26 – Mao Zedong, Chinese communist leader (d. 1976)
* December 29 – Berthold Bartosch, Bohemian animator (d. 1968)
Deaths
January–June
*
January 2
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.
* 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...
– John Obadiah Westwood, British entomologist (b. 1805)
* January 7 – Joseph Stefan, Jožef Stefan, Slovenian physicist, mathematician, and poet (b. 1835)
* January 11 – Benjamin Butler (politician), Benjamin Butler, American lawyer, politician, and general (b. 1818)
*
January 17 – Rutherford B. Hayes, 70, 19th President of the United States (b. 1822)
* January 23 – Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar II, Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar, U.S. Supreme Court justice (b. 1825)
* January 27 – James G. Blaine, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, United States Senate, U.S. Senator, and United States Secretary of State, U.S. Secretary of State (b. 1830)
*
February 1
Events Pre-1600
* 1327 – The teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Isabella and her lover Roger Mortimer.
* 1411 – The First Peace of Thorn is signed in Thorn (Toruń), Mon ...
– George Henry Sanderson, Mayor of San Francisco (b. 1824)
* February 4 – Concepción Arenal, Spanish feminist writer, activist (b. 1820)
* February 8 – Jennie Casseday, American philanthropist (b. 1840)
* February 10 – Henry Churchill de Mille, American playwright, (b.1853)
* February 13 – Ignacio Manuel Altamirano, first modern Mexican novelist (''Clemencia'') and (''El Zarco'') (b. 1834)
* February 17 – Arthur Cumming (Royal Navy officer), Sir Arthur Cumming, British admiral (b. 1817)
* February 18
** Serranus Clinton Hastings, American politician (b. 1814)
** King George Tupou I of Tonga (b. 1797)
* February 20 – P. G. T. Beauregard, American Confederate general (b. 1818)
* March 7 – Francisco Robles, 6th President of Ecuador (b. 1811)
* March 16 – William H. Illingworth, English photographer (b. 1844)
* March 17
** Lucy Isabella Buckstone, English actress (b. 1857)
** Jules Ferry, French premier (b. 1832)
* March 18
** George Alexander Baird, (''Squire Abington''), wealthy English horse breeder (b. 1861)
** Bandō Kakitsu I, Japanese kabuki actor (b. 1847)
* March 21 – Mary Foot Seymour, American school founder (b. 1846)
* March 30 – Jane Sym, Jane Sym-Mackenzie, second wife of Canada's second prime minister (b. 1825)
*
April 8
Events Pre-1600
* 217 – Roman emperor Caracalla is assassinated and is succeeded by his Praetorian Guard prefect, Marcus Opellius Macrinus.
* 876 – The Battle of Dayr al-'Aqul saves Baghdad from the Saffarids.
*1139 – Ro ...
– August Czartoryski, Polish prince (b. 1858)
*
April 17 – Lucy Larcom, American teacher and author (b. 1824)
* April 19 – John Addington Symonds, English poet, literary critic (b. 1840)
* April 22 – Edward Fitzgerald Beale, American adventurer, businessman (b. 1822)
* April 26 – Harriette Newell Woods Baker, Harriette Baker, American children's books author (b. 1815)
* April 27 – John Ballance, 14th Premier of New Zealand (b. 1839)
* May 8 – Manuel González Flores, 31st Manuel González Flores, President of Mexico (b. 1833)
*
May 10
Events Pre-1600
* 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China.
*1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...
– Ion Emanuel Florescu, Romanian general and politician, two-time Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1819)
* June 1 – António Carvalho de Silva Porto, Silva Porto, Portuguese painter (b. 1850)
* June 7 – Edwin Booth, American actor (b. 1833)
* June 14 – Jakob Frohschammer, German theologian, philosopher (b. 1821)
* June 19 – Margaret Manton Merrill, English-born American journalist and translator (b. 1859)
* June 21 – Leland Stanford, Governor of California (b. 1824)
*
June 22 – George Tryon, Sir George Tryon, British admiral (b. 1832)
* June 23
**William Fox (politician), Sir William Fox, 2nd Premier of New Zealand (b. 1812)
**Sir Theophilus Shepstone, South African statesman (b. 1817)
July–December
* July 2 – Georgiana Drew, American actress, comedian (b. 1856)
*
July 6 – Guy de Maupassant, French writer (b. 1850)
* July 16 – Antonio Ghislanzoni, Italian politician, journalist (b. 1833)
* August 6 – Jean-Jacques Challet-Venel, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1811)
* August 7 – Alfredo Catalani, Italian composer (b. 1854)
* August 16 – Jean-Martin Charcot, French neurologist (b. 1825)
* August 20 – Baron Alexander Wassilko von Serecki, Governor of the Duchy of Bucovina, member of the Herrenhaus (b. 1827)
* August 31 – Lucy Hamilton Hooper, American writer and editor (b. 1835)
* September 9 – Friedrich Traugott Kützing, German pharmacist, botanist and phycologist (b. 1807)
*
September 28
Events Pre-1600
*48 BC – Pompey disembarks at Pelusium upon arriving in Egypt, whereupon he is assassinated by order of King Ptolemy XIII.
* 235 – Pope Pontian resigns. He is exiled to the mines of Sardinia, along with Hippolytus ...
– Bella French Swisher, American writer, editor, and publisher (b. 1837)
* October 6 – Ford Madox Brown, English painter (b. 1821)
* October 8 – John Willis Menard, African-American politician (b. 1838)
*
October 10 – Lip Pike, American baseball player (b. 1845)
* October 17 – Patrice de MacMahon, Duke of Magenta, French general, politician, and 1st president of the Third Republic (1875-1879) (b. 1808)
* October 18 – Charles Gounod, French composer (b. 1818)
* October 22 – Duleep Singh, ruler of Punjab (b. 1838)
*
October 30 – John Abbott, Sir John Abbott, 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (b. 1821)
* November 6 –
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Russian composer (b. 1840)
* November 8 – Annie Pixley, American actress (b. 1848)
* November 11 – Charles H. Bell (politician), Charles H. Bell, American politician (b. 1823)
* November 17 – Alexander of Battenberg, first prince of Bulgaria (b. 1857)
* November 22 – James Calder (academic administrator), James Calder, 5th President of Pennsylvania State University (b. 1826)
* November 24 – Belle Hunt Shortridge, American author (b. 1858)
* November 28 – Alexander Cunningham, Sir Alexander Cunningham, British engineer and archaeologist (b. 1814)
* December 8 – Alexandru Cernat, Moldavian-born Romanian general and politician (b. 1828)
* December 11 – William Milligan, Scottish theologian (b. 1821)
* December 25 – Marie Durocher, Brazilian obstetrician, physician (b. 1809)
Date unknown
* Margaret Fox, American spiritualist medium (b. 1833)
References
Further reading
* ''The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire'' (2nd. ed. 1893) 880pp;
online edition
{{DEFAULTSORT:1893
1893,