Events
January–March
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
– New York City annexes
The Bronx
The Bronx () is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Bronx County, in the state of New York. It is south of Westchester County; north and east of the New York City borough of Manhattan, across the Harlem River; and north of the New Y ...
.
*
January 2
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor.
* 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...
–
Ignacio María González
Ignacio is a male Spanish and Galician name originating either from the Roman family name Egnatius, meaning born from the fire, of Etruscan origin, or from the Latin name "Ignatius" from the word "Ignis" meaning "fire". This was the name of sev ...
becomes head of state of the
Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares wit ...
for the first time.
*
January 3
Events Pre-1600
*AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor.
* 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...
–
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...
–
Battle of Caspe
The Battle of Caspe took place during the Aragon Offensive of the Spanish Civil War in 16–17 March 1938.
Background
After the Battle of Teruel, the Republican Army in Aragon was exhausted and badly equipped. In March 1938 a huge Nationalis ...
: Campaigning on the Ebro in Aragon for the Spanish Republican Government, Colonel Eulogio Despujol surprises a Carlist force under Manuel Marco de Bello at Caspe, northeast of Alcañiz. In a brilliant action the Carlists are routed, losing 200 prisoners and 80 horses, while Despujol is promoted to Brigadier and becomes Conde de Caspe.
*
January 20
Events Pre-1600
* 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution.
* 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom.
* 1156 &ndas ...
– The
Pangkor Treaty
The Pangkor Treaty of 1874 was a treaty signed between Great Britain and the Sultan of Perak on 20 January 1874, on the Colonial Steamer Pluto, off the coast of Perak. The treaty is significant in the history of the Malay states as it legitimis ...
(also known as the Pangkor Engagement), by which the British extended their control over first the Sultanate of
Perak
Perak () is a state of Malaysia on the west coast of the Malay Peninsula. Perak has land borders with the Malaysian states of Kedah to the north, Penang to the northwest, Kelantan and Pahang to the east, and Selangor to the south. Thailand's ...
, and later the other independent Malay States, is signed.
*
January 23
Events Pre-1600
* 393 – Roman emperor Theodosius I proclaims his eight-year-old son Honorius co-emperor.
* 971 – Using crossbows, Song dynasty troops soundly defeat a war elephant corps of the Southern Han at Shao.
*1264 & ...
**
Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh
Alfred (Alfred Ernest Albert; 6 August 184430 July 1900) was the sovereign duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1893 to 1900. He was the second son and fourth child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. He was known as the Duke of Edinburgh from 1 ...
, second son of
Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until Death and state funeral of Queen Victoria, her death in 1901. Her reign of 63 years and 21 ...
, marries
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia (russian: Мария Александровна; – 24 October 1920) was the fifth child and only surviving daughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine; she wa ...
, only daughter of Tsar
Alexander III of Russia
Alexander III ( rus, Алекса́ндр III Алекса́ндрович, r=Aleksandr III Aleksandrovich; 10 March 18451 November 1894) was Emperor of Russia, King of Poland and Grand Duke of Finland from 13 March 1881 until his death in 18 ...
.
**
Camille Saint-Saëns
Charles-Camille Saint-Saëns (; 9 October 183516 December 1921) was a French composer, organist, conductor and pianist of the Romantic music, Romantic era. His best-known works include Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso (1863), the Piano C ...
' composition ''
Danse macabre
The ''Danse Macabre'' (; ) (from the French language), also called the Dance of Death, is an artistic genre of allegory of the Late Middle Ages on the universality of death.
The ''Danse Macabre'' consists of the dead, or a personification of ...
'' receives its première.
*
February 21
Events Pre-1600
* 452 or 453 – Severianus, Bishop of Scythopolis, is martyred in Palestine.
* 1245 – Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland, is granted resignation after confessing to torture and forgery.
* 1440 – The Prus ...
– The ''
Oakland Daily Tribune
The ''Oakland Tribune'' is a weekly newspaper published in Oakland, California, by the Bay Area News Group (BANG), a subsidiary of MediaNews Group.
Founded in 1874, the ''Tribune'' rose to become an influential daily newspaper. With the decline ...
'' publishes its first issue.
*
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
–
Walter Clopton Wingfield
Major Walter Clopton Wingfield (16 October 1833 – 18 April 1912) was a Welsh people, Welsh inventor and a British Army officer who was one of the pioneers of tennis, lawn tennis.Tyzack, AnnThe True Home of Tennis''Country Life'', 22 June 2005 ...
patents a game called "sphairistike", which is more commonly called
lawn tennis
Tennis is a racket sport that is played either individually against a single opponent (singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles). Each player uses a tennis racket that is strung with cord to strike a hollow rubber ball cove ...
.
*
February 24
Events Pre-1600
* 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
* 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
* 13 ...
–
25 –
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...
– First Battle of Somorrostro: Determined to raise the siege of Bilbao by the Pretender Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano sends General Domingo Moriones with a relief force of 14,000 men. Carlists, under General Nicolás Ollo, entrenched at Somorrostro outside Bilbao, drive back a courageous assault by General Fernando Primo de Rivera and then the entire Republican army. The republicans lose 1,200 men, and Moriones loses his nerve, demanding reinforcements and a replacement for himself. Moriones's men entrench and wait.
*
March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
* 1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Huguen ...
–
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...
– Battle of Castellfollit de la Roca: Appointed to command the Spanish Republican army in the north, General Ramón Nouvilas attempts to relieve the Carlist siege of Olot in Girona. But at Castellfollit de la Roca, in one of the Government's worst defeats, Nouvilas is routed by Carlist General
Francesc Savalls
Francisco Savalls Massot (1817–1885) also known as Francesc Savalls i Massot, was a Spanish Catalan carlist. He was born in the Province of Girona. He fought in all three of the Carlist Wars on the side of the Carlists. After the defeat of Carl ...
, and captured along with about 2,000 of his men. Olot capitulates two days later.
*
March 15
Events Pre-1600
* 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce.
*44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place.
* 493 – Odoa ...
–
France
France (), officially the French Republic ( ), is a country primarily located in Western Europe. It also comprises of Overseas France, overseas regions and territories in the Americas and the Atlantic Ocean, Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Pac ...
and
Viet Nam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making it ...
sign the
Second Treaty of Saigon
The Treaty of Saigon was signed on 15 March 1874 by the Third French Republic and the Nguyễn dynasty of Vietnam. Vietnam made economic and territorial concessions to France, while France waived a previous war indemnity and promised military prote ...
, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over
Cochinchina
Cochinchina or Cochin-China (, ; vi, Đàng Trong (17th century - 18th century, Việt Nam (1802-1831), Đại Nam (1831-1862), Nam Kỳ (1862-1945); km, កូសាំងស៊ីន, Kosăngsin; french: Cochinchine; ) is a historical exony ...
.
*
March 18
Events Pre-1600
* 37 – Roman Senate annuls Tiberius' will and proclaims Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus ''(aka Caligula = Little Boots)'' emperor.Tacitus, ''Annals'' V.10.
* 1068 – An earthquake in the Levant and the Ara ...
**Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States, granting exclusive trading rights.
**The
Dresden English Football Club
The Dresden English Football Club was a football club founded in 1874 in Dresden, the first in Germany and likely the first outside Great Britain.
History Initial foundation
The Dresden English Football Club was founded in 1874 and was the fir ...
is founded, the first soccer club on the European mainland.
*
March 25
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto.
* 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...
: The Republic of
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ''Eku ...
is consecrated to the
Sacred Heart of Jesus
The Most Sacred Heart of Jesus ( la, Cor Jesu Sacratissimum) is one of the most widely practised and well-known Catholic devotions, wherein the heart of Jesus is viewed as a symbol of "God's boundless and passionate love for mankind". This dev ...
, carried out by the then-president
Gabriel García Moreno
Gabriel Gregorio Fernando José María García Moreno y Morán de Butrón (24 December 1821 – 6 August 1875), was an Ecuadorian politician and aristocrat who twice served as President of Ecuador (1861–65 and 1869–75) and was assassinated d ...
and supported, blessed and specified by Pope
Pius IX
Pope Pius IX ( it, Pio IX, ''Pio Nono''; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878, the longest verified papal reign. He was notable for convoking the First Vatican ...
.
*
March 25
Events Pre-1600
* 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto.
* 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...
–
27 –
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...
– Second Battle of Somorrostro: In a renewed attempt to raise the siege of Bilbao by Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano himself arrives with 27,000 men and 70 cannons. However, in three days of fierce fighting, the Carlist General Joaquín Elío, with just 17,000 men, once again drives off the attack at nearby Somorrostro, and it is another six weeks before Serrano manages to relieve Bilbao.
*
March
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of Marc ...
– The Young Men's Hebrew Association in
Manhattan
Manhattan (), known regionally as the City, is the most densely populated and geographically smallest of the five boroughs of New York City. The borough is also coextensive with New York County, one of the original counties of the U.S. state ...
(which still operates today as the
92nd Street Y
92nd Street Y, New York (92NY) is a cultural and community center located on the Upper East Side of Manhattan in New York City, at the corner of East 92nd Street and Lexington Avenue. Founded in 1874 as the Young Men's Hebrew Association, the ...
) is founded.
April–June
*
April 15
Events Pre-1600
* 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings.
* 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscar ...
–
May 15
Events Pre-1600
* 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty.
* 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...
– A group of young painters, ''Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes, Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs'', gives their first exhibition, at the studio of the photographer
Nadar
Gaspard-Félix Tournachon (5 April 1820 – 20 March 1910), known by the pseudonym Nadar, was a French photographer, caricaturist, journalist, novelist, balloon (aircraft), balloonist, and proponent of Aircraft#Heavier-than-air – aerodynes, h ...
in Paris.
Louis Leroy
Louis Leroy (1812 - 1885) was a French 19th-century printmaker, painter, and playwright.
Biography
He is remembered as the journalist and art critic for the French satirical newspaper ''Le Charivari'', who coined the term "impressionists" to ...
's critical review of it published on
25 April
Events Pre-1600
* 404 BC – Admiral Lysander and King Pausanias of Sparta blockade Athens and bring the Peloponnesian War to a successful conclusion.
* 775 – The Battle of Bagrevand puts an end to an Armenian rebellion against th ...
gives rise to the term
Impressionism
Impressionism was a 19th-century art movement characterized by relatively small, thin, yet visible brush strokes, open Composition (visual arts), composition, emphasis on accurate depiction of light in its changing qualities (often accentuating ...
for the movement, with reference to
Claude Monet
Oscar-Claude Monet (, , ; 14 November 1840 – 5 December 1926) was a French painter and founder of impressionist painting who is seen as a key precursor to modernism, especially in his attempts to paint nature as he perceived it. During ...
's ''
Impression, Sunrise
''Impression, Sunrise'' ( French: ''Impression, soleil levant'') is an 1872 painting by Claude Monet first shown at what would become known as the "Exhibition of the Impressionists" in Paris in April, 1874. The painting is credited with inspiring ...
''.
*
May 2
Events Pre-1600
* 1194 – King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
* 1230 – William de Braose is hanged by Prince Llywelyn the Great.
* 1536 – Anne Boleyn, Queen of England, is arrested and impris ...
–
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...
– Siege of Bilbao: The siege is lifted.
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– The first commercial horse-drawn carriage debuts in the city of
Bombay
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second- ...
, plying two routes.
*
May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
*1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
* 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
– First admission charge at a football game.
Harvard
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636 as Harvard College and named for its first benefactor, the Puritan clergyman John Harvard, it is the oldest institution of higher le ...
beats
University of McGill
McGill University (french: link=no, Université McGill) is an English-language public research university located in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1821 by royal charter granted by King George IV,Frost, Stanley Brice. ''McGill University ...
(Montreal) 3-0
*
May 20
Events Pre-1600
* 325 – The First Council of Nicaea is formally opened, starting the first ecumenical council of the Christian Church.
* 491 – Empress Ariadne marries Anastasius I. The widowed '' Augusta'' is able to choose her ...
–
Levi Strauss
Levi Strauss (; born Löb Strauß ; February 26, 1829 – September 26, 1902) was a German-born American businessman who founded the first company to manufacture blue jeans. His firm of Levi Strauss & Co. (Levi's) began in 1853 in San Francisco ...
and
Jacob Davis receive a U.S.
patent
A patent is a type of intellectual property that gives its owner the legal right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention for a limited period of time in exchange for publishing an enabling disclosure of the invention."A p ...
for blue
jeans
Jeans are a type of pants or trousers made from denim or dungaree cloth. Often the term "jeans" refers to a particular style of trousers, called "blue jeans", with copper-riveted pockets which were invented by Jacob W. Davis in 1871 and paten ...
, with copper rivets. The price is $13.50 per dozen.
*
May 23
Events Pre-1600
* 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction.
* 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy.
*1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...
– Passenger ship ''British Admiral'', on a voyage from
Liverpool
Liverpool is a city and metropolitan borough in Merseyside, England. With a population of in 2019, it is the 10th largest English district by population and its metropolitan area is the fifth largest in the United Kingdom, with a popul ...
(England) to
Melbourne
Melbourne ( ; Boonwurrung/Woiwurrung: ''Narrm'' or ''Naarm'') is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in both Australia and Oceania. Its name generally refers to a met ...
(Australia), sinks after hitting rocks off
King Island (Tasmania)
King Island is an island in the Bass Strait, belonging to the Australian state of Tasmania. It is the largest of three islands known as the New Year Group, and the second-largest island in Bass Strait (after Flinders Island). The island's popu ...
; only nine of the 88 passengers and crew are rescued.
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– The first group of
''Dorsland Trekkers'', a series of expeditions by ''
Trekboer
The Trekboers ( af, Trekboere) were nomadic pastoralists descended from European settlers on the frontiers of the Dutch Cape Colony in Southern Africa. The Trekboers began migrating into the interior from the areas surrounding what is now Cape ...
e'' in search of political independence and better farming conditions, departs South Africa to settle in
Angola
, national_anthem = " Angola Avante"()
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, capital = Luanda
, religion =
, religion_year = 2020
, religion_ref =
, coordina ...
, led by
Gert Alberts
Gert Andries Jacobus Alberts (born 3 January 1836 in Swellendam – died 29 March 1927 in Humpata) was the leader of the First Dorsland Trek. He was a member of the Gereformeerde Kerk (or 'Dopper' church) and served as a church elder (‘kerkra ...
.
*
June 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar.
*1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soo ...
–
Michel Domingue
Michel Domingue served as the President of Haiti from 14 June 1874 to 15 April 1876.
Biography
Michel Domingue was born in Les Cayes in 1813. He graduated from military training and became commander of army units in Sud.
From 8 May 1868 to ...
becomes head of state of
Haiti
Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...
.
*
June 22
Events Pre-1600
* 217 BC – Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV Philopator of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom.
* 168 BC – Battle of Pydna: Romans under Lucius Aemilius Paullus defeat Macedonian King Perseus ...
–
Andrew Taylor Still
Andrew Taylor Still, DO (August 6, 1828 – December 12, 1917) was the founder of osteopathic medicine. He was also a physician and surgeon, author, inventor and Kansas territorial and state legislator. He was one of the founders of Baker Univers ...
starts the movement for
osteopathic medicine in the United States
Osteopathic medicine is a branch of the medical profession in the United States that promotes the practice of allopathic medicine with a set of philosophy and principles set by its earlier form, osteopathy. Osteopathic physicians (DOs) are licen ...
at
Kirksville, Missouri
Kirksville is the county seat and most populous city in Adair County, Missouri. Located in Benton Township, its population was 17,530 at the 2020 census. Kirksville is home to two colleges: Truman State University and A.T. Still University.
...
.
*
June 25
Events Pre-1600
* 524 – The Franks are defeated by the Burgundians in the Battle of Vézeronce.
* 841 – In the Battle of Fontenay-en-Puisaye, forces led by Charles the Bald and Louis the German defeat the armies of Lothair I of ...
–
27 –
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...
– Battle of Monte Muro:
Carlist
Carlism ( eu, Karlismo; ca, Carlisme; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimists (disambiguation), Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the House of Bourbon, Bourbon dynasty ...
forces entrenched around
Abárzuza
Abárzuza ( eu, Abartzuza) is a town and municipality located in the province and autonomous community of Navarre, northern Spain
, image_flag = Bandera de España.svg
, image_coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg
, ...
, on the approach to
Estella
Estella may refer to:
People
* Diego de Estella (1524–1578)
* Estella Sneider (born 1950)
*Estella Warren (born 1978), Canadian actress
*Estella, the ''nom de guerre'' of Italian labor leader Teresa Noce
Fictional
*Estella Havisham, a charact ...
in
Navarre
Navarre (; es, Navarra ; eu, Nafarroa ), officially the Chartered Community of Navarre ( es, Comunidad Foral de Navarra, links=no ; eu, Nafarroako Foru Komunitatea, links=no ), is a foral autonomous community and province in northern Spain, ...
, repel an attack by Isabelino/Liberal (supporters of Queen Isabella II) troops led by General
Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha
Manuel may refer to:
People
* Manuel (name)
* Manuel (Fawlty Towers), a fictional character from the sitcom ''Fawlty Towers''
* Charlie Manuel, manager of the Philadelphia Phillies
* Manuel I Komnenos, emperor of the Byzantine Empire
* M ...
, Marqués del Duero, who is killed on the third day of fighting.
July–September
*
July 1
Events Pre-1600
* 69 – Tiberius Julius Alexander orders his Roman legions in Alexandria to swear allegiance to Vespasian as Emperor.
* 552 – Battle of Taginae: Byzantine forces under Narses defeat the Ostrogoths in Italy, and the ...
** The
Universal Postal Union
The Universal Postal Union (UPU, french: link=no, Union postale universelle), established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874, is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to t ...
is established.
** The
Philadelphia Zoo
The Philadelphia Zoo, located in the Centennial District of Philadelphia on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, is the first true zoo in the United States. It was chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on March 21, 1859, but its openin ...
opens, the first public zoo in the
United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territorie ...
.
** The
Sholes and Glidden typewriter
The Sholes and Glidden typewriter (also known as the Remington No. 1) was the first commercially successful typewriter. Principally designed by the American inventor Christopher Latham Sholes, it was developed with the assistance of fellow ...
, with cylindrical platen and
QWERTY
QWERTY () is a keyboard layout for Latin-script alphabets. The name comes from the order of the first six Computer keyboard keys#Types, keys on the top left letter row of the keyboard ( ). The QWERTY design is based on a layout created f ...
keyboard, is first marketed in the United States.
** The
Bank of Spain
The Bank of Spain ( es, link=no, Banco de España) is the central bank of Spain. Established in Madrid in 1782 by Charles III of Spain, Charles III, today the bank is a member of the European System of Central Banks and is also Spain's national ...
emits the first
peseta banknotes.
*
July 14
Events Pre-1600
* 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy.
* 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II.
* 1420 ...
– The
Chicago Fire of 1874 burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago's city council.
*
July 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
* 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
* 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Sti ...
**
Mathew Evans
Matthew Evans is one of two Canadians who developed and patented an incandescent light bulb, on July 24, 1874, five years before Thomas Alva Edison's U.S. patent on the device.
Evans, from Toronto, Ontario
Ontario ( ; ) is one of the thirte ...
and
Henry Woodward patent the first
incandescent lamp
An incandescent light bulb, incandescent lamp or incandescent light globe is an electric light with a wire filament heated until it glows. The filament is enclosed in a glass bulb with a vacuum or inert gas to protect the filament from oxid ...
, with an electric light bulb.
**
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...
– Sack of Cuenca: After Carlist forces successfully defend Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, leads 14,000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca (136 km from Madrid), held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano. After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulates, but Don Alfonso permits a terrible slaughter. The city is sacked. Subsequently, another republican force defeats the disorderly Catalans, who flee back to the Ebro.
*
July 31
Events Pre-1600
*30 BC – Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian's forces, but most of his army subsequently deserts, leading to his suicide.
* 781 – The oldest recorded eruption of Mount Fuji (Tr ...
–
Patrick Francis Healy
Patrick Francis Healy (February 27, 1834January 10, 1910) was an American Catholic priest and Jesuit who was an influential president of Georgetown University, becoming known as its "second founder". The university's flagship building, Healy H ...
, S.J., the first Black man to receive a PhD, is inaugurated as president of
Georgetown University
Georgetown University is a private university, private research university in the Georgetown (Washington, D.C.), Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Founded by Bishop John Carroll (archbishop of Baltimore), John Carroll in 1789 as Georg ...
, the oldest Catholic University in America, and becomes the first Black person to head a predominantly White university.
*
August 11
Events Pre-1600
* 3114 BC – The Mesoamerican Long Count calendar, used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican civilizations, notably the Maya, begins.
* 2492 BC – Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founde ...
–
Third Carlist War
The Third Carlist War ( es, Tercera Guerra Carlista) (1872–1876) was the last Carlist War in Spain. It is sometimes referred to as the "Second Carlist War", as the earlier "Second" War (1847–1849) was smaller in scale and relatively trivial ...
– Battle of Oteiza: Two months after Government forces were repulsed from Carlist-held Estella, in Navarre, Republican General Domingo Moriones makes a fresh diversionary attack a few miles to the southeast at Oteiza. In heavy fighting Moriones secures a costly tactical victory over Carlist General Torcuato Mendíri, but the war continues another 18 months, before Estella finally falls.
*
Heart of Midlothian was founded.
*
September 9
Events Pre-1600
* 337 – Constantine II, Constantius II, and Constans succeed their father Constantine I as co-emperors. The Roman Empire is divided between the three Augusti.
*1000 – Battle of Svolder, Viking Age.
* 1141 – ...
– Captain Lyman's wagon train besieged by Indians in
Hemphill County, Texas
Hemphill County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 3,382. The county seat and only incorporated community in the county is the city of Canadian. The county was created in 1876 and org ...
.
* September 14 – Battle of Liberty Place: In New Orleans, former Confederate Army members of the White League temporarily drive Republican Governor William P. Kellogg from office, replacing him with former Democratic Governor John McEnery (Louisiana politician), John McEnery. U.S. Army troops restore Kellogg to office five days later.
* September 28 – Texas–Indian wars: U.S. Army Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie leads his force of 600 men on the successful raid of the last sanctuary of the Kiowa people, Kiowa, Comanche people, Comanche and Cheyenne people, Cheyenne Indian tribes, a village inside the Palo Duro Canyon in Texas, and carries out their removal to the designated Indian reservations in Oklahoma.
October–December
* October 9 – The Treaty of Bern establishes the General Postal Union, to coordinate the exchange of international mail.
* October 19 – The modern University of Zagreb is founded.
* October 31 – The Quebra–Quilos revolt, Quebra-Quilos Revolt starts in Paraíba, Empire of Brazil.
* November 2 – The first issue of Japanese-language newspaper ''Yomiuri Shinbun'' is published in Tokyo, Japan.
* November 4 – Democratic Party (United States), Democrats gain control of the United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1860.
*November 6 – The University of Adelaide is founded.
* November 7 – ''Harper's Weekly'' publishes a cartoon by Thomas Nast which is the first use of an elephant as a symbol for the Republican Party (United States), Republican Party in the United States.
* November 9 – The New York Zoo hoax, a supposed breakout of animals from the Central Park Zoo, is perpetrated on the public.
* November 10 – John Ernst Worrell Keely demonstrates his "induction resonance motion motor", a perpetual motion machine, which eventually turns out to be a fraud.
* November 11 – The Gamma Phi Beta sorority is founded at Syracuse University. This is the first women's Greek letter organization to be called a sorority.
* November 16 – Premiere of Alfred Cellier's comic opera ''The Sultan of Mocha'' at the Prince's Theatre, Manchester.
* November 18 – Sailing ship ''Cospatrick (ship), Cospatrick'' carrying emigrants from England bound for New Zealand, catches fire and sinks in the South Atlantic with the loss of all but three of the 472 persons on board.
* November 25 – The United States Greenback Party is established as a political party, made primarily of farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873.
* December 1 – Iceland is granted a constitution and limited home rule from Denmark.
* December 29 – General Martínez and Brigadier General Luís Daban stage a ''pronunciamento'' at Sagunto, and proclaim Isabel's son Alfonso XII, Alfonso as King of Spain. Subsequently, the Madrid garrison follows suit, and the First Spanish Republic comes to an end.
Date unknown
* The Agra Canal opens in India.
* St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg, designed by English architect George Gilbert Scott, is completed. Its -tall spire makes it (briefly, and by 5m) the List of tallest buildings and structures in the world, world's tallest building (a title held since 1647 by Strasbourg Cathedral).
* The House of Keys, lower house of the Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man, moves from Castletown, Isle of Man, Castletown to Douglas, Isle of Man, Douglas.
* Charles Taze Russell and the Bible Student movement claim this year marks the invisible return of Jesus Christ to earth.
* Gold is discovered in the Black Hills.
* DDT is first synthesized.
* The San Diego Natural History Museum is founded.
* The following Association football clubs are founded in Great Britain:
** Aston Villa F.C., Aston Villa.
** Bolton Wanderers F.C., Bolton Wanderers (as Christ Church F.C.)
** Greenock Morton F.C., Greenock Morton.
* English chemist C. R. Alder Wright synthecizes heroin for the first time.
* The Supreme Council 33° Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of Canada is founded.
* The medieval Frankish Tower (Acropolis of Athens), Frankish Tower on the Acropolis of Athens is demolished.
* Schindler Group, known for escalators and elevators, is founded in Switzerland.
Births
January
![Louhenryhoover](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3e/Louhenryhoover.jpg)
*
January 1
January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...
** Alexandros Hatzikyriakos, Greek admiral, politician (d. 1958)
** Gustave Whitehead, Gustav Albin Weißkopf, German-born aviation pioneer (d. 1927)
* January 4 – Josef Suk (composer), Josef Suk, Czech composer, violinist (d. 1935)
* January 5 – Joseph Erlanger, American physiologist, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
* January 12 – Marta Anna Wiecka, Polish Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (d. 1904)
* January 16 – Robert W. Service, American poet (d. 1958)
*
January 20
Events Pre-1600
* 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution.
* 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom.
* 1156 &ndas ...
– Steve Bloomer, English footballer, cricketer and baseball player (d. 1938)
* January 21 – Frederick M. Smith, American religious leader, author (d. 1946)
* January 25 – W. Somerset Maugham, William Somerset Maugham, English author (d. 1965)
* January 28
** Vsevolod Meyerhold, Russian theatre practitioner (d. 1940)
** Gheorghe Mironescu, two-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1949)
* January 29 – John D. Rockefeller Jr., American entrepreneur (d. 1960)
February
* February 1 – Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Austrian writer (d. 1929)
* February 3 – Gertrude Stein, American writer, patron of the arts (d. 1946)
* February 6 – Henry C. Mustin (1874–1923), Henry C. Mustin, American naval aviation pioneer (d. 1923)
* February 9 – Amy Lowell, American poet (d. 1925)
* February 11
** Elsa Beskow, Swedish writer (d. 1953)
** Fritz Hart, English-born composer (d. 1949)
* February 15 – Sir Ernest Shackleton, Irish explorer (d. 1922)
* February 17 – Thomas J. Watson, American computer pioneer (d. 1956)
* February 19 – Carl Stockdale, American actor (d. 1953)
* February 20 – Mary Garden, American opera soprano of Scots descent (some sources state her birth year as 1877) (d. 1967)
*
February 23
Events Pre-1600
* 303 – Roman emperor Diocletian orders the destruction of the Christian church in Nicomedia, beginning eight years of Diocletianic Persecution.
* 532 – Byzantine emperor Justinian I lays the foundation stone of a ...
– Konstantin Päts, 1st President of Estonia (d. 1956)
*
February 24
Events Pre-1600
* 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
* 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
* 13 ...
– Honus Wagner, American baseball player (d. 1955)
* February 26 – Nikolai Korotkov, Russian surgeon (d. 1920)
March
* March 5 – Henry Travers, English actor (d. 1965)
* March 16 – Frédéric François-Marsal, Prime Minister of France (d. 1958)
* March 24
** Luigi Einaudi, 2nd president of Italy (d. 1961)
** Harry Houdini, Hungarian-born magician (d. 1926)
* March 26 – Robert Frost, American poet (d. 1963)
* March 29 – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States (d. 1944)
* March 30
** Charles Herbert Lightoller, 2nd Officer of the RMS Titanic (d. 1952)
** Nicolae Rădescu, 45th prime minister of Romania (d. 1953)
April
* April 8 – Stanisław Taczak, Polish general, commander-in-chief of the Greater Poland Uprising (d. 1960)
*
April 15
Events Pre-1600
* 769 – The Lateran Council ends by condemning the Council of Hieria and anathematizing its iconoclastic rulings.
* 1071 – Bari, the last Byzantine possession in southern Italy, is surrendered to Robert Guiscar ...
– Johannes Stark, German physicist, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
* April 19 – Ernst Rüdin, Swiss psychiatrist, geneticist (d. 1952)
* April 25 – Guglielmo Marconi, Italian inventor, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 1937)
* April 28 – Sidney Toler, American actor, playwright and theatre director (d. 1947)
May
* May 3 – François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (d. 1934)
*
May 9
Events Pre-1600
* 328 – Athanasius is elected Patriarch of Alexandria.
*1009 – Lombard Revolt: Lombard forces led by Melus revolt in Bari against the Byzantine Catepanate of Italy.
*1386 – England and Portugal formally rati ...
– Howard Carter, British archaeologist (d. 1939)
*
May 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1027 – Robert II of France names his son Henry I as junior King of the Franks.
*1097 – The Siege of Nicaea begins during the First Crusade.
* 1264 – Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured and forc ...
– Polaire, French actress, singer (d. 1939)
* May 17 – Mikhail Diterikhs, Russian general (d. 1937)
* May 19 – Gilbert Jessop, English cricketer (d. 1955)
* May 22 – D. F. Malan, 4th prime minister of South Africa (d. 1959)
* May 26 – Henri Farman, French pilot and aircraft designer (d. 1958)
*
May 27
Events Pre-1600
* 1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– Dustin Farnum, American actor (d. 1929)
* May 29 – G. K. Chesterton, English author (d. 1936)
June
* June 11 – Lyman Gilmore, American aviation pioneer (d. 1951)
* June 16 – Arthur Meighen, 9th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1960)
* June 17 – Grant Mitchell (actor), Grant Mitchell, American actor (d. 1957)
* June 18 – King George Tupou II of Tonga (d. 1918)
July
![Carl Bosch](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Carl_Bosch.jpg)
* July 3 – R. B. Bennett, 11th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1947)
* July 5 – Eugen Fischer, German professor of medicine, anthropology, and eugenics (d. 1967)
* July 6 – Isaías de Noronha, 13th President of Brazil (d. 1963)
*
July 14
Events Pre-1600
* 982 – King Otto II and his Frankish army are defeated by the Muslim army of al-Qasim at Cape Colonna, Southern Italy.
* 1223 – Louis VIII becomes King of France upon the death of his father, Philip II.
* 1420 ...
– Abbas II of Egypt, Abbas II, last khedive of Egypt (d. 1944)
* July 25 – Alfred Walton Hinds, 17th Naval Governor of Guam (d. 1957)
* July 26 – Serge Koussevitzky, Russian conductor (d. 1951)
* July 27 – Frank Shannon, Irish-born American actor (d. 1959)
* July 29 – J. S. Woodsworth, Canadian politician (d. 1942)
August
* August 1 – Constantin Levaditi, Romanian physician and microbiologist (d. 1953)
* August 6 – Charles Fort, Dutch-American writer, researcher into anomalous phenomena (d. 1932)
* August 8 – Albert Stanley, 1st Baron Ashfield, British-American businessman (d. 1948)
* August 10
**Herbert Hoover, 31st President of the United States (d. 1964)
**Jirō Minami, Japanese general, Governor-General of Korea (1936-1942) (d. 1955)
**Tod Sloan (jockey), Tod Sloan, American jockey (d. 1933)
* August 14 – Bertha M. Wilson, American dramatist, critic, and actress (d. 1936)
* August 27 – Carl Bosch, German chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1940)
September
* September 12 – Redcliffe N. Salaman, British botanist (d. 1955)
* September 13
** Henry F. Ashurst, American politician (d. 1962)
** Arnold Schoenberg, Austrian composer (d. 1951)
* September 21 – Gustav Holst, English composer (d. 1934)
* September 23 – Ernst Streeruwitz, 6th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1952)
October
![WLMackenzieKing](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/99/WLMackenzieKing.jpg)
* October 3 – Charles Middleton (actor), Charles Middleton, American actor (d. 1949)
* October 8
** István Bethlen, 28th prime minister of Hungary (d. 1946)
** Nance O'Neil, American stage and film actress (d. 1965)
* October 9 – Nicholas Roerich, Russian painter (d. 1947)
* October 13 – József Klekl (politician), József Klekl, Slovenes, Slovene politician in Hungary (d. 1948)
* October 15 – Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (d. 1899)
* October 17 – Lumsden Hare, Irish-born actor, theatre director and producer (d. 1964)
* October 20 – Charles Ives, American composer (d. 1954)
* October 26 – Martin Lowry, English chemist (d. 1936)
November
* November 1 – Salima Machamba, List of sultans on the Comoros, Sultan of Mohéli (d. 1964)
* November 13 – Henry Kolker, American stage, screen actor (d. 1947)
* November 14 – Johann Schober, 3rd Chancellor of Austria (d. 1932)
* November 15 – August Krogh, Danish zoophysiologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1949)
* November 27 – Chaim Weizmann, 1st president of Israel (d. 1952)
* November 29 – António Egas Moniz, Portuguese physician and neurologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1955)
* November 30
** Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature (d. 1965)
** Lucy Maud Montgomery, Canadian author (d. 1942)
** Friedrich Hasenöhrl, Austrian physicist (d. 1915)
December
* December 11
** James L. Kraft, Canadian-American entrepreneur, inventor (d. 1953)
** Paul Wegener, German actor, film director, and screenwriter; one of the pioneers of German Expressionism (d. 1948)
* December 13 – Josef Lhévinne, Russian pianist (d. 1944)
* December 17 – William Lyon Mackenzie King, 10th Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1950)
* December 22 – Franz Schmidt (composer), Franz Schmidt, Austrian composer (d. 1939)
* December 26 – Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah, Indian educationist, philosopher, philanthropist, social reformer, Sufi thinker, scientist and spiritual person (d. 1965)
* December 29 – Thomas W. Benoist, American aviator, aircraft designer and manufacturer, founder of the world's first scheduled airline (d. 1917)
Deaths
January–June
![Anders Jonas Ångström - 001](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m_-_001.png)
* January 8 – Abbé Charles Étienne Brasseur de Bourbourg, French writer, historian (b. 1814)
* January 14 – Johann Philipp Reis, German scientist, inventor (b. 1834)
* January 17 – Chang and Eng Bunker, Siamese twins, sideshow performers (b. 1811)
* January 19 – August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben, German poet (b. 1798)
* January 28 – Ludwig von Gablenz, Austrian general (b. 1814)
* February 3 – William Charles Lunalilo, last monarch of the House of Kamehameha (b. 1835)
* February 8 – David Friedrich Strauss, German theologian (b. 1808)
*
February 24
Events Pre-1600
* 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica.
* 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence.
* 13 ...
– John Bachman, American Lutheran minister, social activist and naturalist (b. 1790)
* February 27 – Carlos Manuel de Céspedes, Cuban revolutionary hero (b. 1819)
* March 8 – Millard Fillmore, 74, 13th President of the United States (b. 1800)
* March 10 – Moritz von Jacobi, German engineer, physicist (b. 1801)
* March 11 – Charles Sumner, American senator, civil rights activist (b. 1811)
* March 20 – Hans Christian Lumbye, Danish composer (b. 1810)
* March 30 – Carl Julian (von) Graba, German lawyer and ornithologist who visited the Faroe Islands (b. 1799)
* April 13 – Etō Shimpei, Japanese statesman (executed) (b. 1834)
* April 20 – Alexander H. Bailey, American politician (b. 1807)
* June 17 – Sir Stephen Glynne, 9th Baronet, Sir Stephen Glynne, British antiquary and politician (b. 1817)
* June 20 – John Ruggles, American politician (b. 1789)
* June 21 – Anders Jonas Ångström, Swedish physicist (b. 1814)
July–December
* July 8 – Agnes Strickland, English popular historian (b. 1796)
* July 12 – Fritz Reuter, German novelist (b. 1810)
*
July 24
Events Pre-1600
* 1132 – Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily.
* 1148 – Louis VII of France lays siege to Damascus during the Second Crusade.
* 1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Sti ...
– Gijsbert Haan, Dutch-American religious leader (b. 1801)
* August 14 – Jonathan Clarkson Gibbs, African-American minister, politician (b. 1821)
* August 26 – Julie-Victoire Daubié, French journalist (b. 1824)
* August 27 – Ștefan Golescu, 8th prime minister of Romania (b. 1809)
* September 12 – François Guizot, Prime Minister of France (b. 1787)
* October 5 – Charles-Mathias Simons, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (b. 1802)
* October 6 – Samuel M. Kier, American oil magnate (b. 1813)
* October 23 – Abraham Geiger, German rabbi, a founder of European Reform Judaism (b. 1810)
* October 28 – William Henry Rinehart, American sculptor (b. 1825)
* November 17 – Francisco de Lersundi y Hormaechea, Spanish noble and politician, Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1817)
* November 18 – Henry Prescott, Sir Henry Prescott, British admiral and colonial administrator (b. 1783)
* November 29 – Ioan Manu, Russian politician (b. 1803)
* December 7 – Constantin von Tischendorf, German Biblical scholar (b. 1815)
* December 22 – Johann Peter Pixis, German pianist, composer (b. 1788)
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1874
1874,