Events from the year 1860 in
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
.
Incumbents
*
Xianfeng Emperor
The Xianfeng Emperor (17 July 1831 – 22 August 1861), or by temple name Emperor Wenzong of Qing (), given name Yizhu (), was the eighth Emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1850 t ...
(10th year)
Events
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Nian Rebellion
The Nian Rebellion () was an armed uprising that took place in northern China from 1851 to 1868, contemporaneously with Taiping Rebellion (1851–1864) in South China. The rebellion failed to topple the Qing dynasty, but caused immense economic ...
*
Second Opium War
The Second Opium War (), also known as the Second Anglo-Sino War, the Second China War, the Arrow War, or the Anglo-French expedition to China, was a colonial war lasting from 1856 to 1860, which pitted the British Empire and the French Emp ...
**
Battle of Palikao
The Battle of Palikao (french: La bataille de Palikao; ) was fought at the bridge of Palikao by Anglo-French forces against the Qing Empire during the Second Opium War on the morning of 21 September 1860. It allowed Western forces to take the c ...
**
Battle of Zhangjiawan
Battle of Zhangjiawan () or Battle of Chang-kia-wan was fought by British and French forces against China at the town of Zhangjiawan (to the east of Tongzhou) during the Second Opium War on the morning of 18 September 1860.
Battle
The combin ...
** August 1 — Allied fleet lands at Beitang.
** August 22 —
Battle of Taku Forts (1860)
The Third Battle of Taku Forts () was an engagement of the Second Opium War, part of the British and French 1860 expedition to China. It took place at the Taku Forts (also called Peiho Forts) near Tanggu District ( Wade-Giles: Pei Tang-Ho), ap ...
, British and French forces capture Taku forts in north China.
** September 22 — The Xianfeng emperor abandons the capital.
** October 13 — British and French troops occupy Beijing.
** October 18 Destruction of the
Old Summer Palace
The Old Summer Palace, also known as Yuanmingyuan () or Yuanmingyuan Park, originally called the Imperial Gardens (), and sometimes called the Winter Palace, was a complex of palaces and gardens in present-day Haidian District, Beijing, China. I ...
[Collecting and Displaying China's “Summer Palace” in the West]
** October 24 Sino-British Treaty of Beijing signed.
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Taiping Rebellion
The Taiping Rebellion, also known as the Taiping Civil War or the Taiping Revolution, was a massive rebellion and civil war that was waged in China between the Manchu-led Qing dynasty and the Han, Hakka-led Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. It lasted fr ...
**
Battle of Jiangnan (1860)
The Battle of Jiangnan (1860), also known as the Second rout of the Jiangnan Battalion () was a battle between the Qing government's Green Standard Army and the army of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion. The Green Standa ...
*** June 2 — Taiping forces under the
Loyal King capture Suzhou
** Taiping forces defeat a Qing army surrounding Tianjing, breaking the siege
** June–September —
Battle of Anqing
The Battle of Anqing (安慶之戰) was a prolonged siege of the prefecture-level city of Anqing in Anhui, China, initiated by Hunan Army forces loyal to the Qing Dynasty against the armies of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The siege began in Sep ...
, Qing forces capture Anqing
** May — Taiping armies rout imperial siege troops at Nanjing.
** Issachar Roberts arrives in Nanjing.
** Frederick Townsend Ward enlists foreigners for rifle corps in Shanghai.
** Zeng Guofan appointed acting
Viceroy of Liangjiang
The Viceroy of Liangjiang or Viceroy of the Two Jiangs, fully referred to in Chinese as the Governor-General of the Two Yangtze Provinces and Surrounding Areas Overseeing Military Affairs, Provisions and Funds, Manager of Waterways, Director of ...
, Jiangxi, Anhui, and Jiangsu; receives full appointment on August 10.
** July 15 — The Loyal King sends letter stating that the Taiping won't harm foreigners at Shanghai.
** July 16 — Frederick Townsend Ward's militia captures
Songjiang Songjiang, from the Chinese for "Pine River" and formerly romanized as Sungkiang, usually refers to one of the following areas within the municipal limits of Shanghai:
* Songjiang Town (), the former principal town of the Shanghai area
* Songjiang ...
** July 28 — Zeng Guofan sets up headquarters in
Qimen
Qimen County (; alternately romanized as Keemun) is a county in the southeast of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China, bordering Jiangxi Province to the southwest. It is the westernmost county-level division of the prefecture-level city of ...
.
** July 30 — Taiping forces defeat Frederick Townsend Ward at Qingpu.
** August 2 — Joseph Edkins and Griffith John arrive in Suzhou to meet Hong Rengan.
** August 19 — British and French forces attack Taiping rebels at Shanghai.
*
Miao Rebellion (1854–73) There have been several Miao rebellions in Chinese history:
*Miao rebellions in the Ming dynasty (14th–15th centuries)
*Bozhou rebellion (1589–1600)
*Miao Rebellion (1735–36)
*Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)
*Miao Rebellion (1854–73) There hav ...
*
Convention of Peking
The Convention of Peking or First Convention of Peking is an agreement comprising three distinct treaties concluded between the Qing dynasty of China and Great Britain, France, and the Russian Empire in 1860. In China, they are regarded as amon ...
**
Amur Annexation
The Amur Annexation was the annexation of the southeast corner of Siberia by the Russian Empire in 1858–1860 through a series of unequal treaties forced upon the Qing dynasty of China. The two areas involved are Priamurye between the Amur River ...
, the annexation of the current southeast corner of Siberia into Russia in 1858–1860
*
Panthay Rebellion
The Panthay Rebellion (1856–1873), also known as the Du Wenxiu Rebellion (Tu Wen-hsiu Rebellion), was a rebellion of the Muslim Hui people and other (Muslim as well as non-Muslim) ethnic groups against the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in southwe ...
* Approximate beginning of the
Tongzhi Restoration
The Tongzhi Restoration (; c. 1860–1874) was an attempt to arrest the dynastic decline of the Qing dynasty by restoring the traditional order. The harsh realities of the Opium War, the unequal treaties, and the mid-century mass uprisings of the T ...
Births
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Zhu Jiabao
Zhu Jiabao (; 1860 – September 5, 1923) was a Chinese monarchist politician who supported the creation of the Empire of China and the 1917 Manchu Restoration of Zhang Xun. He was born in Ningzhou Town, Huaning County, Yunnan. In 1907, he wa ...
*
Gu Zhongchen
Gu Zhongchen (; Hepburn: Ko Chōchin; 1860 – July 31, 1945) was a military leader and politician at the end of Qing dynasty and in the early Republic of China. His courtesy name was Yangwu ().
Biography
Gu Zhongchen was born in Wuxi, Jiangs ...
*
Zheng Xiaoxu
Zheng Xiaoxu (Cheng Hsiao-hsu; ; Hepburn: ''Tei Kōsho'') (2 April 1860 – 28 March 1938) was a Chinese statesman, diplomat and calligrapher. He served as the first Prime Minister of Manchukuo.
Early life and diplomatic career
Although Zhe ...
Deaths
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Lam Qua
Lam Qua (; 1801–1860), or Kwan Kiu Cheong (), was a Chinese painter from the Canton province in Qing Dynasty China, who specialized in Western-style portraits intended largely for Western clients. Lam Qua was the first Chinese portrait painte ...
, painter who specialized in Western-style portraits intended largely for Western clients
*
Luo Zundian
Luo Zundian (; died March 19, 1860) was a Chinese provincial governor who ended several rebellions, but was forced to commit suicide in the second rout of the Jiangnan Battalion in Hangzhou when the Taiping forces conquered the city.
Life
Luo wa ...
, Qing commander who was forced to commit suicide after losing
*
Zhang Guoliang
Zhang Guoliang (; 1810 – April 1860), born in Guangdong, was a Field Marshal for the Qing dynasty. He was born in Gaoyao, Zhaoqing, Guangdong, China, although Qing state that he is from Meixian, Guangdong.
He was originally a bandit in Guangxi b ...
, Qing commander drowned trying to escape in the Jiangnan campaign
References
{{Year in Asia, 1860