Events

January–March

January January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the ...

** Serial publication of

Charles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens (; 7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English writer and social critic. He created some of the world's best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the greatest novelist of the Victorian e ...

's novel ''

Martin Chuzzlewit ''The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit'' (commonly known as ''Martin Chuzzlewit'') is a novel by Charles Dickens, considered the last of his picaresque novels. It was originally serialised between 1842 and 1844. While he was writing it ...

'' begins in

London London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...

; in the July chapters, he lands his hero in the United States. **

Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poe (; Edgar Poe; January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, editor, and literary critic. Poe is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre. He is wide ...

's short story "

The Tell-Tale Heart "The Tell-Tale Heart" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published in 1843. It is related by an unnamed narrator who endeavors to convince the reader of the narrator's sanity while simultaneously describing a murder the n ...

" is published in a

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

magazine. ** The

Quaker Quakers are people who belong to a historically Protestant Christian set of Christian denomination, denominations known formally as the Religious Society of Friends. Members of these movements ("theFriends") are generally united by a belie ...

magazine '' The Friend'' is first published in London. *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

– The ''

Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms The ''Illustrated Treatise on the Maritime Kingdoms'', or ''Haiguo Tuzhi'', is a 19th-century Chinese gazetteer compiled by scholar-official Wei Yuan and others, based on initial translations ordered by Special Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu. The ...

'' (海國圖志, ''Hǎiguó Túzhì'') compiled by

Wei Yuan Wei Yuan (; April23, 1794March26, 1857), born Wei Yuanda (), courtesy names Moshen () and Hanshi (), was a Chinese scholar from Shaoyang, Hunan. He moved to Yangzhou, Jiangsu in 1831, where he remained for the rest of his life. Wei obtained the ...

and others, the first significant Chinese work on the West, is published in China. *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...

–

Antarctic The Antarctic ( or , American English also or ; commonly ) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other ...

explorer

James Clark Ross Sir James Clark Ross (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862) was a British Royal Navy officer and polar explorer known for his explorations of the Arctic, participating in two expeditions led by his uncle John Ross, and four led by William Edwa ...

discovers

Snow Hill Island Snow Hill Island is an almost completely snowcapped island, long and wide, lying off the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula. It is separated from James Ross Island to the north-east by Admiralty Sound and from Seymour Island to the north b ...

. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 &ndas ...

–

Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná Honório Hermeto Carneiro Leão, Marquis of Paraná (11 January 1801 – 3 September 1856) was a politician, diplomat, judge and monarchist of the Empire of Brazil. Paraná was born to a family of humble means in Jacuí, São Carlos do Jacu ...

, becomes ''de facto'' first

prime minister A prime minister, premier or chief of cabinet is the head of the cabinet and the leader of the ministers in the executive branch of government, often in a parliamentary or semi-presidential system. Under those systems, a prime minister is not ...

of the

Empire of Brazil The Empire of Brazil was a 19th-century state that broadly comprised the territories which form modern Brazil and (until 1828) Uruguay. Its government was a representative parliamentary constitutional monarchy under the rule of Emperors Dom Pe ...

. *

February February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars. The month has 28 days in common years or 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the ''leap day''. It is the first of five months not to have 31 days (th ...

– Shaikh Ali bin Khalifa Al-Khalifa captures the fort and town of

Riffa Riffa ( ar, الرفاع, ) is the second largest city in the Kingdom of Bahrain by area size. Riffa is divided into three parts: , and . The city is completely located in the Southern Governorate. The city is growing fast: during the 2001 cen ...

after the rival branch of the family fails to gain control of the Riffa Fort and flees to Manama. Shaikh Mohamed bin Ahmed is killed at the battle, called the Battle of Hunayniya. *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states. *1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire. *1488 – ...

–

Uruguayan Civil War The Uruguayan Civil War, also known in Spanish as the ''Guerra Grande'' ("Great War"), was a series of armed conflicts between the leaders of Uruguayan independence. While officially the war lasted from 1839 until 1851, it was a part of armed co ...

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, th ...

supports Oribe of

Uruguay Uruguay (; ), officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay ( es, República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America. It shares borders with Argentina to its west and southwest and Brazil to its north and northeast; while bordering ...

, and begins a siege of Montevideo. *

February 6 Events Pre-1600 * 1579 – The Archdiocese of Manila is made a diocese by a papal bull with Domingo de Salazar being its first bishop. 1601–1900 * 1685 – James II of England and VII of Scotland is proclaimed King upon the death of ...

– The

Virginia Minstrels The Virginia Minstrels or Virginia Serenaders was a group of 19th-century American entertainers who helped invent the entertainment form known as the minstrel show. Led by Dan Emmett, the original lineup consisted of Emmett, Billy Whitlock, Dic ...

perform the first

minstrel show The minstrel show, also called minstrelsy, was an American form of racist theatrical entertainment developed in the early 19th century. Each show consisted of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music performances that depicted people spe ...

, at the

Bowery Amphitheatre The Bowery Amphitheatre was a building in the Bowery neighborhood of New York City. It was located at 37 and 39 Bowery, across the street from the Bowery Theatre. Under a number of different names and managers, the structure served as a circus, me ...

in New York City. *

February 8 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Constantius III becomes co-Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir. *1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al ...

– The 1843 Guadeloupe Earthquake hits the Caribbean island of

Guadeloupe Guadeloupe (; ; gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Gwadloup, ) is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the ...

, killing 1,500-5000 people. *

February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...

–

Giuseppe Verdi Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian composer best known for his operas. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, receiving a musical education with the h ...

's opera ''

I Lombardi alla prima crociata ''I Lombardi alla Prima Crociata'' (''The Lombards on the First Crusade'') is an operatic ''dramma lirico'' in four acts by Giuseppe Verdi to an Italian libretto by Temistocle Solera, based on an epic poem by Tommaso Grossi, which was "very much a ...

'' premieres at

La Scala La Scala (, , ; abbreviation in Italian of the official name ) is a famous opera house in Milan, Italy. The theatre was inaugurated on 3 August 1778 and was originally known as the ' (New Royal-Ducal Theatre alla Scala). The premiere performan ...

Milan Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city h ...

. *

February 14 Events Pre-1600 * 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. * 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis ...

– The event that will inspire The Beatles' song ''

Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! "Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!" is a song recorded by the English rock band the Beatles for their 1967 album ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''. It was written and composed primarily by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney. ...

'' is held in England. *

February 25 Events Pre-1600 * 138 – Roman emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius as his son, effectively making him his successor. * 628 – Khosrow II, the last great Shah of the Sasanian Empire (Iran), is overthrown by his son Kavadh II. ...

–

Paulet Affair The Paulet affair, also known as British Hawaii, was the unofficial five-month 1843 occupation of the Hawaiian Islands by British naval officer Captain Lord George Paulet, of . It was ended by the arrival of American warships sent to defend Ha ...

Lord George Paulet George Paulet CB (12 August 1803 – 22 November 1879) was an officer of the Royal Navy. He entered the navy shortly after the end of the Napoleonic Wars and after some years obtained his own command. He served off the Iberian Peninsula durin ...

occupies the

Kingdom of Hawaii The Hawaiian Kingdom, or Kingdom of Hawaiʻi ( Hawaiian: ''Ko Hawaiʻi Pae ʻĀina''), was a sovereign state located in the Hawaiian Islands. The country was formed in 1795, when the warrior chief Kamehameha the Great, of the independent island ...

in the name of Great Britain. *

March 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1010 – Ferdowsi completes his epic poem ''Shahnameh''. *1126 – Following the death of his mother, queen Urraca of León, Alfonso VII is proclaimed king of León. * 1262 – Battle of Hausbergen between bour ...

– The Danish government re-establishes the

Althing The Alþingi (''general meeting'' in Icelandic, , anglicised as ' or ') is the supreme national parliament of Iceland. It is one of the oldest surviving parliaments in the world. The Althing was founded in 930 at ("thing fields" or "assembly ...

Iceland Iceland ( is, Ísland; ) is a Nordic island country in the North Atlantic Ocean and in the Arctic Ocean. Iceland is the most sparsely populated country in Europe. Iceland's capital and largest city is Reykjavík, which (along with its s ...

as an advisory body, by royal decree. *

March 11 Events Pre-1600 * 222 – Roman emperor Elagabalus is murdered alongside his mother, Julia Soaemias. He is replaced by his 14-year old cousin, Severus Alexander. * 843 – Triumph of Orthodoxy: Empress Theodora II restores the venerati ...

– 14 – ''

Eta Carinae Eta Carinae (η Carinae, abbreviated to η Car), formerly known as Eta Argus, is a stellar system containing at least two stars with a combined luminosity greater than five million times that of the Sun, located around distant in t ...

'' flares, to become the second-brightest star. *

March 13 Events Pre-1600 *624 – The Battle of Badr, the first major battle between the Muslims and Quraysh. *1567 – The Battle of Oosterweel, traditionally regarded as the start of the Eighty Years' War. *1591 – At the Battle of Tond ...

–

Catawba County, North Carolina Catawba County is a county in the U.S. state of North Carolina. As of the 2020 census, the population was 160,610. Its county seat is Newton, and its largest city is Hickory. The county is part of the Hickory–Lenoir– Morganton, NC Metropo ...

is created, and its first court is held in Mathias Barringer Jr.'s house. *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 * 474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. *44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – Odoa ...

–

Victoria, British Columbia Victoria is the capital city of the Canadian province of British Columbia, on the southern tip of Vancouver Island off Canada's Pacific coast. The city has a population of 91,867, and the Greater Victoria area has a population of 397,237. Th ...

, is founded by the Hudson's Bay Company as a trading post and fort. *

March 16 Events Pre-1600 * 934 – Meng Zhixiang declares himself emperor and establishes Later Shu as a new state independent of Later Tang. *1190 – Massacre of Jews at Clifford's Tower, York. * 1244 – Over 200 Cathars who refuse ...

– The city of

Petrópolis Petrópolis (; ), also known as The Imperial City, is a Municipalities of Brazil, municipality in the Southeast Region, Brazil, Southeast Region of Brazil. It is located in the state of Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro, northeast of the ci ...

is founded by the government of

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

. *

March 21 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: King Vitiges attempts to assault the northern and eastern city walls, but is repulsed at the Praenestine Gate, known as the ''Vivarium'', by the defenders under the Byzantine generals Bessas an ...

– The world does not end, contrary to the first prediction by American preacher William Miller. *

March 24 Events Pre-1600 * 1199 – King Richard I of England is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting in France, leading to his death on April 6. *1387 – English victory over a Franco- Castilian-Flemish fleet in the Battle of Margate off ...

–

Battle of Hyderabad The Battle of Hyderabad (), sometimes called as the Battle of Dubbo was one of the major campaigns of the British against then Sindh led by the Talpurs which was fought on 24 March 1843 between the forces of the British East India Company and the ...

: The

Bombay Army The Bombay Army was the army of the Bombay Presidency, one of the three presidencies of Presidencies and provinces of British India, British India. It was established in 1662 and governed by the East India Company until the Government of India A ...

, led by Major General Sir Charles Napier, defeats the Talpur Mirs, securing

Sindh Sindh (; ; ur, , ; historically romanized as Sind) is one of the four provinces of Pakistan. Located in the southeastern region of the country, Sindh is the third-largest province of Pakistan by land area and the second-largest province ...

as a province of British India. *

March 25 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Italian city Venice is founded with the dedication of the first church, that of San Giacomo di Rialto on the islet of Rialto. * 708 – Pope Constantine becomes the 88th pope. He would be the last pope to vi ...

–

Marc Isambard Brunel Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (, ; 25 April 1769 – 12 December 1849) was a French-British engineer who is most famous for the work he did in Britain. He constructed the Thames Tunnel and was the father of Isambard Kingdom Brunel. Born in Franc ...

Thames Tunnel The Thames Tunnel is a tunnel beneath the River Thames in London, connecting Rotherhithe and Wapping. It measures 35 feet (11 m) wide by 20 feet (6 m) high and is 1,300 feet (396 m) long, running at a depth of 7 ...

, the first tunnel under the

River Thames The River Thames ( ), known alternatively in parts as the The Isis, River Isis, is a river that flows through southern England including London. At , it is the longest river entirely in England and the Longest rivers of the United Kingdom, se ...

and the world's first bored underwater tunnel, is opened in London for pedestrians.

April–June

April 7 Events Pre-1600 * 451 – Attila the Hun captures Metz in France, killing most of its inhabitants and burning the town. * 529 – First ''Corpus Juris Civilis'', a fundamental work in jurisprudence, is issued by Eastern Roman Empe ...

– The

Indian Slavery Act, 1843 The Indian Slavery Act, 1843, also known as Act V of 1843, was an act passed in British India under East India Company rule, which outlawed many economic transactions associated with slavery. The act states how the sale of any person as a slave ...

removes legal support for slavery within the territories of the East India Company *

April 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1457 BC – Battle of Megido - the first battle to have been recorded in what is accepted as relatively reliable detail. * 69 – Defeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum, Otho commits suicide. * 73 – Masad ...

or 17 - A group of 24

West Indian A West Indian is a native or inhabitant of the West Indies (the Antilles and the Lucayan Archipelago). For more than 100 years the words ''West Indian'' specifically described natives of the West Indies, but by 1661 Europeans had begun to use it ...

Moravians from

Jamaica Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...

and

Antigua Antigua ( ), also known as Waladli or Wadadli by the native population, is an island in the Lesser Antilles. It is one of the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region and the main island of the country of Antigua and Barbuda. Antigua and Bar ...

, recruited by the

Danish Danish may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to the country of Denmark People * A national or citizen of Denmark, also called a "Dane," see Demographics of Denmark * Culture of Denmark * Danish people or Danes, people with a Danish a ...

minister and Basel missionary,

Andreas Riis Andreas Riis (12 January 1804 – 13 January 1854) was a Danish minister and pioneer missionary who is widely regarded by historians as the founder of the Gold Coast branch of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society. A resident of the Gold Coa ...

, arrive in Christiansborg ( Osu),

Gold Coast Gold Coast may refer to: Places Africa * Gold Coast (region), in West Africa, which was made up of the following colonies, before being established as the independent nation of Ghana: ** Portuguese Gold Coast (Portuguese, 1482–1642) ** Dutch G ...

, now

Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...

, to set up schools and Presbyterian churches in the country *

May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...

–

Natal NATAL or Natal may refer to: Places * Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, a city in Brazil * Natal, South Africa (disambiguation), a region in South Africa ** Natalia Republic, a former country (1839–1843) ** Colony of Natal, a former British colony ( ...

is proclaimed a British colony. *

May 18 Events Pre-1600 * 332 – Emperor Constantine the Great announces free distributions of food to the citizens in Constantinople. * 872 – Louis II of Italy is crowned for the second time as Holy Roman Emperor at Rome, at the age of 4 ...

– In Edinburgh, the Free Church of Scotland is disrupted from the

Church of Scotland The Church of Scotland ( sco, The Kirk o Scotland; gd, Eaglais na h-Alba) is the national church in Scotland. The Church of Scotland was principally shaped by John Knox, in the Scottish Reformation, Reformation of 1560, when it split from t ...

. *

May 22 Events Pre-1600 * 192 – Dong Zhuo is assassinated by his adopted son Lü Bu. * 760 – Fourteenth recorded perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. * 853 – A Byzantine fleet sacks and destroys undefended Damietta in Egypt. * 11 ...

– The first major

wagon train ''Wagon Train'' is an American Western series that aired 8 seasons: first on the NBC television network (1957–1962), and then on ABC (1962–1965). ''Wagon Train'' debuted on September 18, 1957, and became number one in the Nielsen ratings. It ...

headed for the American Northwest sets out with 1,000 pioneers from Elm Grove, Missouri, on the

Oregon Trail The Oregon Trail was a east–west, large-wheeled wagon route and Westward Expansion Trails, emigrant trail in the United States that connected the Missouri River to valleys in Oregon. The eastern part of the Oregon Trail spanned part of what ...

. *

May 23 Events Pre-1600 * 1430 – Joan of Arc is captured at the Siege of Compiègne by troops from the Burgundian faction. * 1498 – Girolamo Savonarola is burned at the stake in Florence, Italy. *1533 – The marriage of King Henry VI ...

–

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east a ...

takes possession of the

Strait of Magellan The Strait of Magellan (), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural pass ...

. *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed b ...

– In

Barbados Barbados is an island country in the Lesser Antilles of the West Indies, in the Caribbean region of the Americas, and the most easterly of the Caribbean Islands. It occupies an area of and has a population of about 287,000 (2019 estimate). ...

Samuel Jackman Prescod Samuel Jackman Prescod (1806 – 26 September 1871) became the first person of African descent to be elected to the Parliament of Barbados, in 1843. He also helped found the Liberal Party, whose following included small landowners, businessme ...

is the first non-white person elected to the House of Assembly. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. * 1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...

– In

New Zealand New Zealand ( mi, Aotearoa ) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island () and the South Island ()—and over 700 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island count ...

, a posse of British settlers sent to arrest

Māori Māori or Maori can refer to: Relating to the Māori people * Māori people of New Zealand, or members of that group * Māori language, the language of the Māori people of New Zealand * Māori culture * Cook Islanders, the Māori people of the C ...

chief

Te Rauparaha Te Rauparaha (c.1768 – 27 November 1849) was a Māori rangatira (chief) and war leader of the Ngāti Toa tribe who took a leading part in the Musket Wars, receiving the nickname "the Napoleon of the South". He was influential in the original ...

clash with members of his

Ngāti Toa Ngāti Toa, Ngāti Toarangatira or Ngāti Toa Rangatira, is a Māori ''iwi'' (tribe) based in the southern North Island and in the northern South Island of New Zealand. Its ''rohe'' (tribal area) extends from Whanganui in the north, Palmerston N ...

tribe, resulting in 26 deaths. *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date). * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mo ...

–

's short story "

The Gold-Bug "The Gold-Bug" is a short story by American writer Edgar Allan Poe published in 1843. The plot follows William Legrand, who was bitten by a gold-colored bug. His servant Jupiter fears that Legrand is going insane and goes to Legrand's friend, an ...

" begins serialization in American newspapers.

July–September

July July is the seventh month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the fourth of seven months to have a length of 31 days. It was named by the Roman Senate in honour of Roman general Julius Caesar in 44 B.C., it being the mont ...

–

Margaret Fuller Sarah Margaret Fuller (May 23, 1810 – July 19, 1850), sometimes referred to as Margaret Fuller Ossoli, was an American journalist, editor, critic, translator, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movemen ...

's "The Great Lawsuit. Man versus Men. Woman versus Women" appears in ''The Dial'' magazine in the United States. *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...

– Origin of Latter Day Saint polygamy:

Joseph Smith Joseph Smith Jr. (December 23, 1805June 27, 1844) was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was 24, Smith published the Book of Mormon. By the time of his death, 14 years later, he ...

, founder of the

Latter Day Saint movement The Latter Day Saint movement (also called the LDS movement, LDS restorationist movement, or Smith–Rigdon movement) is the collection of independent church groups that trace their origins to a Christian Restorationist movement founded by Jo ...

in the United States, receives a revelation recommending

polygamy Crimes Polygamy (from Late Greek (') "state of marriage to many spouses") is the practice of marrying multiple spouses. When a man is married to more than one wife at the same time, sociologists call this polygyny. When a woman is married ...

. *

July 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 64 – The Great Fire of Rome causes widespread devastation and rages on for six days, destroying half of the city. * 484 – Leontius, Roman usurper, is crowned Eastern emperor at Tarsus (modern Turkey). He is re ...

–

Isambard Kingdom Brunel Isambard Kingdom Brunel (; 9 April 1806 – 15 September 1859) was a British civil engineer who is considered "one of the most ingenious and prolific figures in engineering history," "one of the 19th-century engineering giants," and "one ...

's is launched from

Bristol Bristol () is a city, ceremonial county and unitary authority in England. Situated on the River Avon, it is bordered by the ceremonial counties of Gloucestershire to the north and Somerset to the south. Bristol is the most populous city in ...

; it will be the first iron-hulled, propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic Ocean. *

July 25 Events Pre-1600 * 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops. * 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...

– Père Antoine Désiré Mégret, a Capuchin missionary, purchases the land that will become

Abbeville, Louisiana Abbeville is a city in, and the parish seat of, Vermilion Parish, Louisiana, United States, west of New Orleans and southwest of Baton Rouge. The population was 12,257 at the 2010 census. At the 2020 population estimates program, the populati ...

for $900, a town founded by descendants of

Acadians The Acadians (french: Acadiens , ) are an ethnic group descended from the French who settled in the New France colony of Acadia during the 17th and 18th centuries. Most Acadians live in the region of Acadia, as it is the region where the des ...

from

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...

. *

August 1 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – Octavian (later known as Augustus) enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Republic. *AD 69 – Batavian rebellion: The Batavians in Germania Inferior (Netherlands) revolt under ...

–

becomes the second country, after Great Britain, to issue nationally valid

postage stamp A postage stamp is a small piece of paper issued by a post office, postal administration, or other authorized vendors to customers who pay postage (the cost involved in moving, insuring, or registering mail), who then affix the stamp to the fa ...

s, with the release of its '' Bull's Eye'' series. *

August 19 Events Pre-1600 *295 BC – The first temple to Venus, the Roman goddess of love, beauty and fertility, is dedicated by Quintus Fabius Maximus Gurges during the Third Samnite War. *43 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus, later know ...

– Edgar Allan Poe's short story " The Black Cat" is first published in ''The Saturday Evening Post''. Kopenhaga tivoli jan2004 ubt

August 15 Events Pre-1600 * 636 – Arab–Byzantine wars: The Battle of Yarmouk between the Byzantine Empire and the Rashidun Caliphate begins. * 717 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik begins the Second Arab Siege of Constant ...

–

Tivoli Gardens Tivoli Gardens, also known simply as Tivoli, is an amusement park and pleasure garden in Copenhagen, Denmark. The park opened on 15 August 1843 and is the third-oldest operating amusement park in the world, after Dyrehavsbakken in nearby Klampe ...

, one of the oldest

amusement park An amusement park is a park that features various attractions, such as rides and games, as well as other events for entertainment purposes. A theme park is a type of amusement park that bases its structures and attractions around a central ...

s in the world still intact, opens in

Copenhagen Copenhagen ( or .; da, København ) is the capital and most populous city of Denmark, with a proper population of around 815.000 in the last quarter of 2022; and some 1.370,000 in the urban area; and the wider Copenhagen metropolitan ar ...

, Denmark. *

September September is the ninth month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars, the third of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the fourth of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. September in the Northern H ...

–

Ada Lovelace Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (''née'' Byron; 10 December 1815 – 27 November 1852) was an English mathematician and writer, chiefly known for her work on Charles Babbage's proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, the A ...

translates and expands Menabrea's notes on

Charles Babbage Charles Babbage (; 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath. A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated the concept of a digital programmable computer. Babbage is considered ...

Analytical Engine The Analytical Engine was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer designed by English mathematician and computer pioneer Charles Babbage. It was first described in 1837 as the successor to Babbage's difference engine, which was a des ...

, including an

algorithm In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm () is a finite sequence of rigorous instructions, typically used to solve a class of specific Computational problem, problems or to perform a computation. Algorithms are used as specificat ...

for calculating a sequence of

Bernoulli numbers In mathematics, the Bernoulli numbers are a sequence of rational numbers which occur frequently in analysis. The Bernoulli numbers appear in (and can be defined by) the Taylor series expansions of the tangent and hyperbolic tangent functions, ...

, regarded as the world's first

computer program A computer program is a sequence or set of instructions in a programming language for a computer to execute. Computer programs are one component of software, which also includes documentation and other intangible components. A computer program ...

. *

September 2 Events Pre-1600 *44 BC – Pharaoh Cleopatra VII of Egypt declares her son co-ruler as Ptolemy XV Caesarion. * 44 BC – Cicero launches the first of his ''Philippicae'' (oratorical attacks) on Mark Antony. He will make 14 of them ...

– ''

The Economist ''The Economist'' is a British weekly newspaper printed in demitab format and published digitally. It focuses on current affairs, international business, politics, technology, and culture. Based in London, the newspaper is owned by The Econo ...

'' newspaper is first published in London (preliminary issue dated ''August''). *

September 4 Events Pre-1600 * 476 – Romulus Augustulus is deposed when Odoacer proclaims himself "King of Italy", thus ending the Western Roman Empire. * 626 – Li Shimin, posthumously known as Emperor Taizong of Tang, assumes the throne ove ...

– Emperor Dom

Pedro II of Brazil Don (honorific), Dom PedroII (2 December 1825 – 5 December 1891), nicknamed "the Magnanimity, Magnanimous" ( pt, O Magnânimo), was the List of monarchs of Brazil, second and last monarch of the Empire of Brazil, reigning for over 58 years. ...

marries Dona

Teresa Cristina of the Two Sicilies Dona Teresa Cristina (14 March 182228 December 1889), nicknamed "the Mother of the Brazilians", was the Empress consort of Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil, who reigned from 1831 to 1889. Born a Princess of the Kingdom of the Two Sici ...

, in a state ceremony in

Rio de Janeiro Cathedral The Metropolitan Cathedral of Saint Sebastian ( pt, Catedral Metropolitana de São Sebastião), better known as the ''Metropolitan Cathedral of Rio de Janeiro'' () or as the Cathedral of St. Sebastian of Rio de Janeiro (), is the seat of the Ro ...

. *

September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...

(Sept. 3, O.S.) – A

Popular uprising Rebellion, uprising, or insurrection is a refusal of obedience or order. It refers to the open resistance against the orders of an established authority. A rebellion originates from a sentiment of indignation and disapproval of a situation and ...

Athens Athens ( ; el, Αθήνα, Athína ; grc, Ἀθῆναι, Athênai (pl.) ) is both the capital and largest city of Greece. With a population close to four million, it is also the seventh largest city in the European Union. Athens dominates ...

, Greece, including citizens and military captains, demands from King Otto a liberal

Constitution A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of Legal entity, entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When ...

from the state, which has been governed since independence (

1830 It is known in European history as a rather tumultuous year with the Revolutions of 1830 in France, Belgium, Poland, Switzerland and Italy. Events January–March * January 11 – LaGrange College (later the University of North Alabama) b ...

) by various domestic and foreign business interests. *

September 21 Events Pre-1600 * 455 – Emperor Avitus enters Rome with a Gallic army and consolidates his power. * 1170 – The Kingdom of Dublin falls to Norman invaders. * 1217 – Livonian Crusade: The Estonian leader Lembitu and Livonian ...

– The crew of schooner ''Ancud'', including

John Williams Wilson John Williams Wilson (1798–1857), also known as Juan Guillermos, was an English- Chilean sailor and politician. Born in Bristol, he entered the newly founded Chilean navy in 1824 and rose to the rank of commander. He was appointed governor of ...

, takes possession of the

on behalf of the Chilean government.

October–December

October 3 Events Pre-1600 * 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea's National Foundation Day. * 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Juliu ...

–

Elling Eielsen Elling Eielsen (September 19, 1804 – January 10, 1883) was a Norwegian-American minister and Lutheran Church leader. He was the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States. Background Eielsen was born and raised on the farm of Sundve ...

is ordained as the first Norwegian Lutheran minister in the United States. *

October 16 Events Pre-1600 * 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. * 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. * ...

Søren Kierkegaard Søren Aabye Kierkegaard ( , , ; 5 May 1813 – 11 November 1855) was a Danish theologian, philosopher, poet, social critic, and religious author who is widely considered to be the first existentialist philosopher. He wrote critical texts on ...

's philosophical book ''

Fear and Trembling ''Fear and Trembling'' (original Danish title: ''Frygt og Bæven'') is a philosophical work by Søren Kierkegaard, published in 1843 under the pseudonym ''Johannes de silentio'' (Latin for ''John of the Silence''). The title is a reference to a ...

'' is first published, in Denmark. ** Irish mathematician

William Rowan Hamilton Sir William Rowan Hamilton Doctor of Law, LL.D, Doctor of Civil Law, DCL, Royal Irish Academy, MRIA, Royal Astronomical Society#Fellow, FRAS (3/4 August 1805 – 2 September 1865) was an Irish mathematician, astronomer, and physicist. He was the ...

discovers the calculus of

quaternion In mathematics, the quaternion number system extends the complex numbers. Quaternions were first described by the Irish mathematician William Rowan Hamilton in 1843 and applied to mechanics in three-dimensional space. Hamilton defined a quatern ...

s and deduces that they are

non-commutative In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Most familiar as the name of ...

. *

October 30 Events Pre-1600 * 637 – Arab–Byzantine wars: Antioch surrenders to the Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of the Iron Bridge. * 758 – Guangzhou is sacked by Arab and Persian pirates. *1137 – Ranulf of Apulia defeats Roger ...

–

Fuerte Bulnes Fuerte Bulnes is a Chilean fort located by the Strait of Magellan, 62 km south of Punta Arenas. It was founded in 1843 on a rocky hill at Punta Santa Ana, and named after President Manuel Bulnes Prieto. The fort was built to further the ...

, the first Chilean settlement in the

strait of Magellan The Strait of Magellan (), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural pass ...

, is founded. *

November 17 Events Pre-1600 * 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November. *1183 &n ...

– The city of

Shanghai Shanghai (; , , Standard Mandarin pronunciation: ) is one of the four direct-administered municipalities of the People's Republic of China (PRC). The city is located on the southern estuary of the Yangtze River, with the Huangpu River flow ...

opens for trade with foreigners for the first time, welcoming a party of traders from the United Kingdom. *

November 25 Events Pre-1600 *571 BC – Servius Tullius, king of Rome, celebrates the first of his three triumphs for his victory over the Etruscans. *1034 – Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots, dies. His grandson, Donnchad, son of Bethó ...

–

Mount Etna Mount Etna, or simply Etna ( it, Etna or ; scn, Muncibbeḍḍu or ; la, Aetna; grc, Αἴτνα and ), is an active stratovolcano on the east coast of Sicily, Italy, in the Metropolitan City of Catania, between the cities of Messina a ...

erupts in

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical re ...

, and kills 69 people in the village of Bronte. *

November 28 Events Pre-1600 * 587 – Treaty of Andelot: King Guntram of Burgundy recognizes Childebert II as his heir. * 936 – Shi Jingtang is enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt again ...

- Hawaii is recognized as an independent nation by the United Kingdom and France. The holiday is celebrated annually as La Ku'oko'a (Independence Day) *

December 9 Events Pre-1600 * 536 – Gothic War: The Byzantine general Belisarius enters Rome unopposed; the Gothic garrison flees the capital. * 730 – Battle of Marj Ardabil: The Khazars annihilate an Umayyad army and kill its commander, al- ...

–

Bishop's University Bishop's University (french: Université Bishop's) is a small English-language Liberal arts college, liberal arts university in Lennoxville, a borough of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. The founder of the institution was the Anglican Diocese of Quebe ...

is founded as Bishop's College by Bishop

George Jehoshaphat Mountain George Jehoshaphat Mountain (27 July 1789 – 6 January 1863) was a British-Canadian Anglican bishop (3rd Anglican Bishop of Quebec), the first Principal of McGill College from 1824 to 1835, and one of the founders of Bishop's University and Bis ...

Lennoxville, Quebec Lennoxville is an ''arrondissement'', or borough, of the city of Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada. Lennoxville is located at the confluence of the St. Francis and Massawippi Rivers approximately five kilometres south of downtown Sherbrooke. Lennoxvi ...

, for the education of members of the

Church of England The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It traces its history to the Christian church recorded as existing in the Roman province of Britain ...

. *

December 13 Events Pre-1600 *1294 – Saint Celestine V resigns the papacy after only five months to return to his previous life as an ascetic hermit. * 1545 – The Council of Trent begins as the embodiment of the Counter-Reformation. * 1577 & ...

–

Basutoland Basutoland was a British Crown colony that existed from 1884 to 1966 in present-day Lesotho. Though the Basotho (then known as Basuto) and their territory had been under British control starting in 1868 (and ruled by Cape Colony from 1871), th ...

becomes a British protectorate. *

December 17 Events Pre-1600 * 497 BC – The first Saturnalia festival was celebrated in ancient Rome. * 546 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoths under king Totila plunder the city, by bribing the Byzantine garrison. * 920 – Romanos I Lekap ...

–

's novella ''

A Christmas Carol ''A Christmas Carol. In Prose. Being a Ghost Story of Christmas'', commonly known as ''A Christmas Carol'', is a novella by Charles Dickens, first published in London by Chapman & Hall in 1843 and illustrated by John Leech. ''A Christmas C ...

'' is first published in London, England. Released on

December 19 Events Pre-1600 *1154 – Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey. * 1187 – Pope Clement III is elected. * 1490 – Anne, Duchess of Brittany, is married to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy. * 1562 – ...

, it sells out by Christmas Eve. *

December 21 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69 – The Roman Senate declares Vespasian emperor of Rome, the last in the Year of the Four Emperors. * 1124 – Pope Honorius II is consecrated, having been elected after the controversial dethroning of Pope Cele ...

– The first total solar eclipse of Saros 139 occurs over southern Asia. *

December December is the twelfth and final month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the last of seven months to have a length of 31 days. December got its name from the Latin word ''decem'' (meaning ten) because it was or ...

– The world's first

Christmas card A Christmas card is a greeting card sent as part of the traditional celebration of Christmas in order to convey between people a range of sentiments related to Christmastide and the holiday season. Christmas cards are usually exchanged during t ...

s, commissioned by Sir

Henry Cole Sir Henry Cole FRSA (15 July 1808 – 18 April 1882) was a British civil servant and inventor who facilitated many innovations in commerce and education in the 19th century in the United Kingdom. Cole is credited with devising the concept of ...

in London from the artist

John Callcott Horsley John Callcott Horsley RA (29 January 1817 – 18 October 1903) was an English academic painter of genre and historical scenes, illustrator, and designer of the first Christmas card. He was a member of the artist's colony in Cranbrook. Child ...

, are sent.

Date unknown

* In Asia, the House of Jamalullail is established in the state of Perlis Darul Sunnah (formally as Perlis Indera Kayangan) after separation from the state of

Kedah Kedah (), also known by its honorific Darul Aman (Islam), Aman and historically as Queda, is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia, located in the northwestern part of Peninsular Malaysia. The state covers a total area ...

. *

James Joule James Prescott Joule (; 24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire. Joule studied the nature of heat, and discovered its relationship to mechanical work (see energy). T ...

experimentally finds the

mechanical equivalent of heat In the history of science, the mechanical equivalent of heat states that motion and heat are mutually interchangeable and that in every case, a given amount of work would generate the same amount of heat, provided the work done is totally converte ...

. * The steam powered

rotary printing press A rotary printing press is a printing press in which the images to be printed are curved around a cylinder. Printing can be done on various substrates, including paper, cardboard, and plastic. Substrates can be sheet feed or unwound on a continuo ...

is invented, by Richard March Hoe in the United States. *

Saint Louis University School of Law Saint Louis University School of Law, also known as SLU LAW, is a private American law school located in St. Louis, Missouri. It is one of the professional graduate schools of Saint Louis University. The University hosted a law school briefly fro ...

becomes the first law school west of the

Mississippi River The Mississippi River is the second-longest river and chief river of the second-largest drainage system in North America, second only to the Hudson Bay drainage system. From its traditional source of Lake Itasca in northern Minnesota, it f ...

Births

January

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

– Nikolai Lodyzhensky, Russian composer (d.

1916 Events Below, the events of the First World War have the "WWI" prefix. January * January 1 – The British Royal Army Medical Corps carries out the first successful blood transfusion, using blood that had been stored and cooled. * ...

) *

–

Elzéar Abeille de Perrin Elzéar Emmanuel Arène Abeille de Perrin (3 January 1843, Marseille – 9 October 1910, Marseille) was a French entomologist. Abeille de Perrin was a lawyer in Marseille. He gave all his free time to entomology and was a member of the Soci� ...

, French entomologist (d.

1910 Events January * January 13 – The first public radio broadcast takes place; live performances of the operas '' Cavalleria rusticana'' and ''Pagliacci'' are sent out over the airwaves, from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York C ...

) *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...

–

Victor Brooke Sir Victor Alexander Brooke, 3rd Baronet (5 January 1843 – 23 November 1891), was an Anglo-Irish sportsman- naturalist and baronet. He was the father of Field Marshal The 1st Viscount Alanbrooke, and grandfather of The 1st Viscount Brookeboro ...

Anglo-Irish Anglo-Irish people () denotes an ethnic, social and religious grouping who are mostly the descendants and successors of the English Protestant Ascendancy in Ireland. They mostly belong to the Anglican Church of Ireland, which was the establis ...

naturalist and baronet (d. 1891) * January 8 ** Frederick Abberline, Chief Inspector of the

Metropolitan Police, investigator in the Jack the Ripper murders (d. 1929) ** John H. Moffitt, American politician (d. 1926) ** Karl Eduard Heusner, Vice-Admiral of the German Imperial Navy (d. 1891) * January 9 – Darius D. Hare, U.S. representative from Ohio (d. 1897) * January 10 ** Frank James, American outlaw (d. 1915) ** Carroll S. Page, American lawyer, businessman and politician (d. 1925) * January 11 – Adolf Eberle, German painter (d. 1914) * January 13 – David Ferrier, Scottish neurologist (d. 1928) * January 17 – Anton Thraen, German astronomer (d. 1902) * January 18 – Fernand Pelez, French painter (d. 1913) *

– Paul Cambon, French diplomat (d. 1924) * January 21 – Émile Levassor, French engineer (d. 1897) * January 22 – Friedrich Blass, German scholar (d. 1907) * January 25 – Hermann Schwarz, German mathematician (d. 1921) * January 26 – Erdmann Encke, German sculptor (d. 1896) * January 28 – Mihkel Veske, Estonian poet (d. 1891) * January 29 ** William McKinley, 25th President of the United States (d. 1901) ** Henry Carrington Bolton, American chemist and bibliographer (d. 1903)

February

* February 1 – John Isaac Thornycroft, English shipbuilder (d. 1928) *

– William Cornelius Van Horne, American entrepreneur (d. 1915) * February 9 ** William Taylor Thornton, governor of New Mexico (d.

) ** Nathan Goff Jr., U.S. representative from West Virginia (d. 1920) * February 10 – Philippe Alexandre Jules Künckel d'Herculais, French entomologist and zoologist (d. 1918) * February 13 – Georg von Rosen, Swedish painter (d. 1923) *

– Louis Diémer, French pianist (d. 1919) * February 16 – Henry M. Leland, American machinist, inventor, engineer and automotive entrepreneur (d. 1932) * February 17 – Aaron Montgomery Ward, American department store founder (d. 1913) * February 19 – Adelina Patti, Spanish opera singer (d. 1919) * February 20 – Theodor Höijer, Finnish architect (d.

) * February 22 – Rudolf Montecuccoli, Austro-Hungarian admiral (d. 1922) * February 24 – Teófilo Braga, Portuguese writer, playwright and politician (d. 1924) *

– Karl Gussow, German painter (d. 1907) * February 28 – Đorđe Simić, Serbian politician (d. 1921)

March

* March 2 – Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy daughter of Victor Emmanuel II of Italy, (d. 1911) * March 3 ** Aleksander Sochaczewski, Polish painter (d. 1923) ** William Chandler Roberts-Austen, English metallurgist (d. 1902) * March 4 – John Barr (Canadian politician), John Barr, Canadian physician and politician (d. 1909 * March 6 – Arthur Napoleão dos Santos, Portuguese composer (d. 1925) * March 7 ** Joseph James Cheeseman, Liberian politician, 12th President of Liberia (d.1896) ** Tsuboi Kōzō, Japanese admiral (d. 1898) ** Edwin H. Conger, American lawyer, banker and diplomat (d. 1907) *

– Arthur Brown (U.S. senator), Arthur Brown, U.S. senator from Utah (d. 1906) * March 9 – Abraham Abraham, American businessman (d. 1911) * March 10 – James D. Richardson, American politician (d. 1914) *

– Harald Høffding, Danish philosopher and theologian (d. 1931) * March 12 – Ludwig Dahn, German actor (d. 1898) * March 14 – Léon Dehon, French Roman Catholic priest, founder of Priests of the Sacred Heart (d. 1925) *

– Arichi Shinanojō, Japanese admiral (d. 1919) *

– Louis Gregh, French composer (d. 1915) * March 17 – Henry Ware Lawton, American general (d. 1899) * March 18 – Jules Vandenpeereboom, Belgian politician (d. 1917) * March 22 – Hiram Y. Smith, American politician (d. 1894) * March 23 – Joseph F. Johnston, American politician (d. 1913) *

– James A. Mount, 24th governor of Indiana (d. 1901) * March 26 – Johann Sioly, Austrian composer (d. 1911) * March 27 – George Frederick Leycester Marshall, English naturalist (d. 1934) * March 28 – Hippolyte Berteaux, French painter (d. 1926) * March 31 – Bernhard Förster, German teacher (d. 1889)

April

* April 1 ** Étienne Blanchard, Canadian politician (d. 1918) ** Venancio Antonio Morin, Venezuelan military officer and politician (d. 1919). * April 2 – Karl Koester, German pathologist (d. 1904) * April 3 – Knut Ekwall, Swedish painter (d. 1912) * April 4 – William Henry Jackson, American explorer and photographer (d. 1942) *

** Ernest Munier-Chalmas, French geologist (d. 1903) ** John Mount Batten, British soldier and landowner (d.

) * April 8 – Asger Hamerik, Danish composer (d. 1923) * April 9 – Samuel W. Pennypacker, American politician and 23rd governor of Pennsylvania (d.

) * April 11 – Johannes Minckwitz, German chess player (d. 1901) * April 13 – Thomas Pennington Lucas, Scottish-born Australians, Australian medical practitioner, naturalist, author, philosopher and utopianist (d. 1917) * April 14 – Gustave Huberti, Flemish composer (d.

) * April 15 – Henry James, American novelist (d.

) * April 17 – Camillo Sitte, Austrian architect (d. 1903) * April 18 – Josiah Wood, Canadian lawyer, entrepreneur, mayor, parliamentarian, and the 13th Lieutenant Governor of the province of New Brunswick (d. 1927) * April 21 – Walther Flemming, German biologist (d. 1905) * April 22 – George I. Alden, American mechanical engineer and academic innovator (d. 1926) * April 25 – Princess Alice of the United Kingdom, third child of Queen Victoria (d. 1878) * April 29 – Pedro Américo, Brazilian novelist, poet, scientist, art theorist, essayist, philosopher, politician and professor (d. 1905) * April 30 – Edward Colborne Baber, English orientalist (d. 1890)

May

* May 2 – Karl Michael Ziehrer, Austrian composer (d. 1922) * May 3 – William Lyne Wilson, American politician (d. 1900) *

– Eugène Revillout, French Egyptologist (d. 1913) * May 5 – William George Beers, Canadian dentist (d. 1900) * May 6 – Grove Karl Gilbert, American geologist (d. 1918) * May 7 – Léon Melchissédec, French baritone (d. 1925) * May 8 – Rudolf Mosse, German publisher (d. 1920) * May 9 – Anton von Werner, German painter (d. 1915) * May 10 – Benito Pérez Galdós, Spanish novelist (d. 1920) * May 13 – Paul de Smet de Naeyer, Belgian politician (d. 1913) * May 15 – Georges Hartmann, French music publisher and dramatist (d. 1900) * May 16 – Charles Robert Wynn-Carington, 1st Marquess of Lincolnshire, English politician (d. 1928) * May 19 – Axel Gudbrand Blytt, Norwegian botanist and geologist (d. 1898) * May 20 – Itō Sukeyuki, Japanese admiral (d. 1914) * May 21 ** Charles Albert Gobat, Swiss politician, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914) ** Louis Renault (jurist), Louis Renault, French jurist, educator, and Nobel Peace Prize, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1918) *

– Adolf Aron Baginsky, German professor of diseases (d. 1918) *

– Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev, Russian admiral and politician (d. 1917) * May 25 – Paul Scheffer-Boichorst, German historian (d. 1902) * May 27 – Prince Paul of Thurn and Taxis, son of Maximilian Karl, 6th Prince of Thurn and Taxis (d. 1879) * May 28 – Joyce Emmerson Preston Muddock, British journalist (d. 1934) * May 29 ** Émile Pessard, French composer (d. 1917) ** Patrick Craigie, British agricultural statistician (d. 1930) * May 30 – Louis Boehmer, German-American agronomist (d. 1896) * May 31 – Fredrikke Marie Qvam, Norwegian humanitarian leader, feminist and liberal politician (d. 1938)

June

* June 1 ** Henry Faulds, Scottish physician, missionary and fingerprinting pioneer (d. 1930) ** Saigō Jūdō, Japanese general, admiral, and politician (d. 1902) * June 3 – King Frederick VIII of Denmark (d. 1912) * June 4 – Charles Conrad Abbott, German archaeologist (d. 1919) * June 5 – Samuel Garman, American zoologist (d. 1927) * June 7 – Susan Blow, American educator (d.

) * June 8 – Kálmán Széll, 13th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1915) * June 9 ** Bertha von Suttner, Austrian writer and pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1914) ** Wilhelm Dames, German paleontologist (d. 1898) * June 10 – Heinrich von Herzogenberg, Austrian composer (d. 1900) * June 11 – Francisco Joaquim Ferreira do Amaral, Portuguese naval commander and politician (d. 1923) * June 12 – David Gill (astronomer), David Gill, Scottish astronomer (d. 1914) * June 13 – Adolf Neuendorff, German American composer (d. 1897) * June 14 – Richard Otto Zöpffel, Baltic German church historian and theologian (d. 1891) * June 15 – Edvard Grieg, Norwegian composer (d. 1907) * June 16 – David Popper, Bohemian cellist and composer (d. 1913) * June 18 – René Pénicaud, French politician (d. 1899) * June 19 – Charles-Édouard Lefebvre, French composer (d. 1917) * June 23 – Otto Kuntze, German botanist (d. 1907) * June 24 – Andreas Ascharin, Baltic-German chessmaster (d. 1896) * June 25 – Prince Frederick of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Member of the Hohenzollern Sigmaringen family (d. 1904) * June 28 – Julius Runge, German landscape artist (d. 1922) * June 30 – Sir Ernest Satow, British diplomat, scholar (d. 1928)

July

* July 7 – Camillo Golgi, Italian physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1926) * July 17 – Penn Symons, Sir Penn Symons, British general (d. 1899) *

– Francis J. Higginson, United States Navy admiral (d. 1931) * July 26 – J. B. C. Drew, American lawyer and politician (d. 1924) * July 29 – Johannes Schmidt (linguist), Johannes Schmidt, German linguist (d. 1901)

August

* August – Joseph Abbott (New South Wales politician), Joseph Abbott, Australian wool-broker and politician (d. 1903) *

– Robert Todd Lincoln, American politician, businessman, first son of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln (d. 1926) * August 4 – Florimond Van Duyse, Belgian lawyer, composer and musicologist (d.

) * August 5 – James Scott Skinner, Scottish violinist and composer (d. 1927) * August 7 – Charles Warren Stoddard, American author (d. 1909) * August 8 – Alfred Duclos DeCelles, Canadian journalist (d. 1925) * August 9 – Adolf Mayer, Germany, German Agricultural chemistry, agricultural chemist (d. 1942) * August 10 – Joseph McKenna, American politician, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1926) * August 11 – Louis Gathmann, German American inventor (d. 1917) * August 12 – Colmar Freiherr von der Goltz, Prussian field marshal (d.

) *

– Charles Immanuel Forsyth Major, Scottish-born Swiss physician (d. 1923) * August 17 – Mariano Rampolla, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1913) * August 18 – Moritz Brasch, German philosopher (d. 1895) *

– C. I. Scofield, American theologian (d. 1921) * August 20 – Christina Nilsson, Swedish operatic soprano (d. 1921) * August 21 – Marion McCarrell Scott, American educator (d. 1922) * August 22 – John M. Thome, American astronomer (d. 1908) * August 23 – William Southam, Canadian newspaper publisher (d. 1932) * August 24 – Ernst Wülcker, German archivist and lexicographer (d. 1895) * August 26 – Victor Gardthausen, German ancient historian (d. 1925) * August 27 – Wilhelm Wisser, German dialectologist (d. 1935) * August 28 – August Sedláček, Czech historian (d. 1926) * August 29 – Alfred Agache (painter), Alfred Agache, French painter (d. 1915) * August 30 – Carl Theodor Albrecht, German astronomer (d. 1915) * August 31 – Georg von Hertling, Chancellor of Germany (German Reich), Chancellor of Germany (d. 1919)

September

* September 1 – William Ziegler (industrialist), William Ziegler, American industrialist (d. 1905) *

– Richard Alsop Wise, American educator (d. 1900) *

** Charles Dilke, British statesman (d. 1911) ** Jabez Balfour, English businessman and fraudster (d.

) * September 5 – Friedrich Reusch, German sculptor (d. 1906) * September 6 – Alexander Fok, Russian general (d. 1926) * September 7 – Otto von Diederichs, German admiral (d. 1918) * September 9 – Oscar Montelius, Swedish archaeologist (d. 1921) * September 10 – William Gill (explorer), William Gill, English explorer (d. 1882) * September 11 – Adolf Wach, German jurist (d. 1926) * September 12 – Daniel F. Davis, American politician and 37th governor of Maine (d. 1897) * September 14 – Lola Rodríguez de Tió, Puerto Rican poet, abolitionist, and women's rights activist (d. 1924) * September 16 – George Brettingham Sowerby III, British conchologist, publisher, illustrator (d. 1921) * September 17 – William Elliot Griffis, American Congregationalist minister (d. 1928) * September 18 – Charles Valentine Riley, British-born American entomologist and artist (d. 1895) * September 19 ** Homer D. Call, American politician (d. 1929) ** François-Xavier-Ovide Méthot, Quebec political figure (d. 1908) * September 20 – Julius Lessing, German art historian (d. 1908) *

– Gabriel Paul Othenin de Cléron, comte d'Haussonville, French politician (d. 1924) * September 22 – Pietro Respighi, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1913) * September 23 – Emily Warren Roebling, American engineer (d. 1903) * September 24 – Carl Constantin Platen, German physician (d. 1899) * September 25 ** Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, American geologist (d. 1928) ** Melville Reuben Bissell, American entrepreneur (d. 1889) * September 26 – Joseph Furphy, Australian novelist (d. 1912) * September 27 – Gaston Tarry, French mathematician (d. 1913) * September 29 – Mikhail Skobelev, Russian general (d. 1882) * September 30 – Hector Clare Cameron, Scottish surgeon (d. 1928)

October

* October 2 – James Whitney (politician), James Whitney, Canadian politician (d. 1914) * October 4 – Marie-Alphonsine Danil Ghattas, Palestinian Catholic nun, canonized (d. 1927) * October 9 – Christian Christiansen (physicist), Christian Christiansen, Danish physicist (d. 1917) * October 10 – François C. Antoine Simon, 18th president of Haiti (d. 1923) * October 12 – Émile Louis Ragonot, French entomologist (d. 1895) * October 13 – René de Lespinasse, French historian (d. 1922) * October 14 – Marcus Beck, early proponent of the germ theory of disease (d. 1893) * October 15 – Herbert W. Ladd, American politician and governor of Rhode Island (d. 1913) *

– Johann Friedrich Ahlfeld, German obstetrician and gynecologist (d. 1929) * October 17 – Lot Thomas, American state court judge (d. 1905) * October 19 – Albert Viger, French politician (d. 1926) * October 20 – Victor de Stuers, Dutch artist (d.

) * October 22 – Anton Yegorovich von Saltza, Russian general (d.

) * October 23 – René de Lespinasse, French historian (d. 1922) * October 24 – Caroline Brown Buell, American activist (d. 1927) * October 25 – Pierre Lallement, French inventor of the bicycle (d. 1891) * October 26 – Henry Trimen, British botanist (d. 1896) * October 28 ** Dezső Bánffy, 12th Prime Minister of Hungary (d. 1911) ** Herman Bendell, Physician and last Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the Arizona Territory (d. 1932) * October 29 – John Miller (North Dakota politician), John Miller 1st governor of North Dakota (d. 1908) * October 31 – Henri Regnault, French painter (d. 1871)

November

* November 3 – Isaac S. Struble, American politician (d. 1913) * November 4 – Theodor Gartner, Austrian linguist (d. 1925) * November 5 – Harry Rawson, English explorer and 21st governor of New South Wales (d. 1919) * November 6 – Job Adams Cooper, American politician (d. 1899) * November 7 – Heinrich Friedrich Weber, German physicist (d. 1912) * November 8 – Moritz Pasch, German mathematician (d. 1930) * November 11 – Cornelius Vanderbilt II, American railway magnate (d. 1899) * November 13 – Friedrich Albin Hoffmann, German internist (d. 1924) * November 14 – Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann, German botanist (d. 1909) * November 15 – Joseph König (chemist), German chemist (d. 1930) * November 16 – Louise Jopling, English painter (d. 1933) * November 19 – C. X. Larrabee, American businessman (d. 1914) * November 21 – Gaston Tissandier, French chemist, meteorologist, aviator and editor (d. 1899) * November 22 – Albert Huntington Chester, American geologist (d. 1903) * November 24 – Ekaterina Junge, Russian painter (d. 1913) *

– Henry Ware Eliot, American industrialist (d. 1919) * November 27 – Edwin C. Burleigh, American politician, 42nd governor of Maine (d.

) *

– Émile Bernard (composer), French composer (d. 1902) * November 29 ** Gertrude Jekyll, English garden designer, writer and artist (d. 1932) ** Peter Birch-Reichenwald, Norwegian politician (d. 1898) * November 30 – Martha Ripley, American physician (d. 1912)

December

* December 3 – William Forbes Gatacre, Sir William Gatacre, British general (d. 1906) * December 11 – Robert Koch, German physician, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d.

) * December 24 – Lydia Koidula, Estonian poet (d. 1886) * December 28 – Prentiss Ingraham, American author of dime fiction (d. 1904) * December 29 – Elisabeth of Wied, Queen consort of Romania (d.

) * ''Date unknown'' – Adelaida Lukanina, Russian chemist (d. 1908)

Deaths

January–June

* January 11 ** Antoine Bournonville, French ballet dancer, choreographer (b. 1760) ** Francis Scott Key, American songwriter of The Star-Spangled Banner (b. 1779) * February 13 – Nathaniel Chipman, United States federal judge (b. 1752) * February 26 – John Thomas Jones, Sir John Thomas Jones, British army general (b. 1783) * March 3 – David Porter (naval officer), David Porter, American naval officer (b. 1780) *

** Guadalupe Victoria, 1st President of Mexico (b. 1786) ** Robert Southey, English poet (b. 1774) *

– Robert Murray M'Cheyne, Scottish clergyman (b. 1813) * March 27 – Karl Salomo Zachariae von Lingenthal, German jurist (b. 1769) * April 17 – Samuel Morey, American inventor (b. 1762) *

– Pierre Lorillard II, American businessman (b. 1764) * May 28 – Noah Webster, American lexicographer (b. 1758) * June 1 – William Abbot, English actor (b. 1798) * June 7 – Friedrich Hölderlin, German writer (b. 1770)

July–December

* July 2 – Samuel Hahnemann, German physician (b. 1755) * July 7 – John Holmes (Maine), John Holmes, American politician (b. 1773) * July 14 – Miguel de Álava, Spanish soldier, statesman (b. 1770) * August – Sequoyah, Native American silversmith, creator of the Cherokee syllabary (b. c. 1767) * July 22 – Marie-Madeleine Lachenais, Haitian de facto politician (b. 1778) *

– Charles Macintosh, Scottish chemist and inventor of a waterproof fabric (b. 1766) *

– Howqua, Chinese merchant, "richest man in the world" (b. 1769) * September 11 – Joseph Nicollet, French geographer (b. 1786) * September 16 – Ezekiel Hart, Canadian entrepreneur, politician (b. 1767 or 1770) * October 6 – Sir Archibald Campbell, 1st Baronet, British army general (b. 1769) * October 18 – Ebenezer Elmer, American politician (b. 1752) * November – Esther Leach, English-Indian actress and director (b. 1809) * November 10 – John Trumbull, American painter (b. 1756) * December 12 – King William I of the Netherlands (b. 1772) * December 18 – Thomas Graham, 1st Baron Lynedoch, British Governor-General of India (b. 1748)

Date unknown

* Emma Jane Greenland, English painter (b. 1760)

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1843 1843,