The ''18-point agreement'', or the ''18-point memorandum'', was a hypothetical list of 18 points drawn up by

Sarawak Sarawak (; ) is a States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Malaysia. The largest among the 13 states, with an area almost equal to that of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak is located in northwest Borneo Island, and is bordered by the M ...

, proposing terms to form

Malaysia Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...

, during negotiations prior to the creation of the new federation in 1963. Unlike the properly documented 20-points of Sabah which was prepared & submitted by the local Sabahan political parties, no record of this purported 18-points exists. A Commission of Enquiry, headed by Lord Cameron Cobbold, and The Lansdowne Committee, an inter-governmental committee, were appointed to aid in the drafting of the

Malaysia Agreement The Malaysia Agreement or the Agreement relating to Malaysia between United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Federation of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore (MA63) was the agreement which combined North Borneo, Sarawak, ...

. Lord Lansdowne served for Britain and

Tun Abdul Razak Tun Haji Abdul Razak bin Dato' Hussein ( ms, عبد الرزاق بن حسين, label= Jawi, script=arab, italic=unset; 11 March 1922 – 14 January 1976) was a Malaysian lawyer and politician who served as the 2nd Prime Minister of Malaysia f ...

, Deputy Prime Minister of the Federation of Malaya, served for Malaya. The 18 points were based on the

Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah The Nine Cardinal Principles of the rule of the English Rajah is the Preamble of the Sarawak Constitution 1941. The document setting forth the Sarawak Constitution 1941 opened by enunciating the Cardinal Principle edict by Charles Vyner Brooke, ...

.Sarawak Constitution
/ref> A similar memorandum, known as the

20-point agreement The 20-point agreement, or the 20-point memorandum, is a list of 20 points drawn up by North Borneo, proposing terms for its incorporation into the new federation as the State of Sabah, during negotiations prior to the formation of Malaysia. In t ...

, was prepared and submitted by

North Borneo North Borneo (usually known as British North Borneo, also known as the State of North Borneo) was a British Protectorate, British protectorate in the northern part of the island of Borneo, which is present day Sabah. The territory of North Borneo ...

. The 18-point agreement often serves as a focal point amongst those who argue that Sarawak's rights within the Federation have been eroded over time like Sabah.

See also

References

Further reading