Events
January–June
* January 9
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
*1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin ...
– British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger
William Pitt the Younger (28 May 175923 January 1806) was a British statesman, the youngest and last prime minister of Great Britain (before the Acts of Union 1800) and then first prime minister of the United Kingdom (of Great Britain and Ir ...
introduces an income tax
An income tax is a tax imposed on individuals or entities (taxpayers) in respect of the income or profits earned by them (commonly called taxable income). Income tax generally is computed as the product of a tax rate times the taxable income. Ta ...
of two shilling
The shilling is a historical coin, and the name of a unit of modern currencies formerly used in the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, other British Commonwealth countries and Ireland, where they were generally equivalent to 12 pence ...
s to the pound, to raise funds for Great Britain's war effort in the French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Pruss ...
.
* January 17
Events Pre-1600
* 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey.
* 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people ...
– Maltese patriot Dun Mikiel Xerri, along with a number of other patriots, is executed.
* January 21
Events Pre-1600
* 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa.
* 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when ...
– The Parthenopean Republic
The Parthenopean Republic ( it, Repubblica Partenopea, french: République Parthénopéenne) or Neapolitan Republic (''Repubblica Napoletana'') was a short-lived, semi-autonomous republic located within the Kingdom of Naples and supported by the ...
is established in Naples by French General Jean Étienne Championnet
Jean may refer to:
People
* Jean (female given name)
* Jean (male given name)
* Jean (surname)
Fictional characters
* Jean Grey, a Marvel Comics character
* Jean Valjean, fictional character in novel ''Les Misérables'' and its adaptations
* Je ...
; King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand I (12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825) was the King of the Two Sicilies from 1816, after his restoration following victory in the Napoleonic Wars. Before that he had been, since 1759, Ferdinand IV of the Kingdom of Naples and Ferdinand I ...
flees.
* February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
*1539 – The first recorded race is held ...
– Quasi-War
The Quasi-War (french: Quasi-guerre) was an undeclared naval war fought from 1798 to 1800 between the United States and the French First Republic, primarily in the Caribbean and off the East Coast of the United States. The ability of Congress ...
: In the single-ship action of USS ''Constellation'' vs ''L'Insurgente'' in the Caribbean, the American ship is the victor.
* February 28
Events Pre-1600
* 202 BC – Liu Bang is enthroned as the Emperor of China, beginning four centuries of rule by the Han dynasty.
* 870 – The Fourth Council of Constantinople closes.
* 1525 – Aztec king Cuauhtémoc is execut ...
– French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Pruss ...
: Action of 28 February 1799 – British Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against Fr ...
frigate HMS ''Sybille'' defeats the French frigate ''Forte'', off the mouth of the Hooghly River
The Bhagirathi Hooghly River (Anglicized alternatively spelled ''Hoogli'' or ''Hugli'') or the 'Bhāgirathi-Hooghly', called the Ganga or the Kati-Ganga in mythological texts, is the eastern distributary of the Ganges River in West Bengal, In ...
in the Bay of Bengal
The Bay of Bengal is the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, bounded on the west and northwest by India, on the north by Bangladesh, and on the east by Myanmar and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Its southern limit is a line bet ...
, but both captains are killed.
* March 1
Events Pre-1600
* 509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia.
* 293 – Emperor Dioclet ...
– Federalist
The term ''federalist'' describes several political beliefs around the world. It may also refer to the concept of parties, whose members or supporters called themselves ''Federalists''.
History Europe federation
In Europe, proponents of de ...
James Ross becomes President pro tempore of the United States Senate
The president pro tempore of the United States Senate (often shortened to president pro tem) is the second-highest-ranking official of the United States Senate, after the vice president. According to Article One, Section Three of the United S ...
.
* March 4
Events Pre-1600
* AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth).
* 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia.
* 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a ...
– The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu ends with the surrender of the French garrison, bringing an end to the first period of French rule in the Ionian Islands.
* March 7
Events Pre-1600
* 161 – Marcus Aurelius and L. Commodus (who changes his name to Lucius Verus) become joint emperors of Rome on the death of Antoninus Pius.
* 1138 – Konrad III von Hohenstaufen was elected king of Germany at Co ...
– Siege of Jaffa: Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...
captures Jaffa
Jaffa, in Hebrew Yafo ( he, יָפוֹ, ) and in Arabic Yafa ( ar, يَافَا) and also called Japho or Joppa, the southern and oldest part of Tel Aviv-Yafo, is an ancient port city in Israel. Jaffa is known for its association with the b ...
, Palestine, and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian captives.
* March 14
Events Pre-1600
* 1074 – Battle of Mogyoród: Dukes Géza and Ladislaus defeat their cousin Solomon, King of Hungary, forcing him to flee to Hungary's western borderland.
*1590 – Battle of Ivry: Henry of Navarre and the Hugu ...
— The public premiere of Haydn’s oratorio The Creation takes place at the Burgtheater
The Burgtheater (literally:"Castle Theater" but alternatively translated as "(Imperial) Court Theater"), originally known as '' K.K. Theater an der Burg'', then until 1918 as the ''K.K. Hofburgtheater'', is the national theater of Austria in V ...
in Vienna.
* March 29
Events Pre-1600
* 845 – Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.
* 1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of ...
– New York passes a law aimed at gradually abolishing slavery
Slavery and enslavement are both the state and the condition of being a slave—someone forbidden to quit one's service for an enslaver, and who is treated by the enslaver as property. Slavery typically involves slaves being made to perf ...
in the state.
* April 16 – French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Pruss ...
: At the Battle of Mount Tabor severely outnumbered French forces repulse an Ottoman attack.
* April 27
Events Pre-1600
* 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''.
* 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...
– French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Pruss ...
: The Battle of Cassano takes place outside of Milan
Milan ( , , Lombard: ; it, Milano ) is a city in northern Italy, capital of Lombardy, and the second-most populous city proper in Italy after Rome. The city proper has a population of about 1.4 million, while its metropolitan city ...
, as Russian and Austrian troops commanded by General Alexander Suvorov
Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (russian: Алекса́ндр Васи́льевич Суво́ров, Aleksándr Vasíl'yevich Suvórov; or 1730) was a Russian general in service of the Russian Empire. He was Count of Râmnicu Sărat, Rymnik, C ...
rout the French Army under the command of General Jean Moreau
Adrien Édouard Jean Moreau (31 July 1888 – 5 June 1972) was a French politician.
Moreau was born in Paris. He belonged first to the Republican Party of Liberty (1945–1946), then to the Independent Republicans (1946–1955) and then to th ...
.
* May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus ar ...
– Battle of Seringapatam: Tipu Sultan
Tipu Sultan (born Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu, 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799), also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India. He was a pioneer of rocket artillery.Dalrymple, p. 243 He i ...
is defeated and killed by the British; the captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam
The Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam (1784–1799) was a 15-year imprisonment of Mangalorean Catholics and other Christians at Seringapatam, in the Carnataca region of India by Tippu Sultan, the ''de facto'' ruler of the Kingdom ...
ends.
* May 21 – The Siege of Acre ends after two months; Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...
's attempt to widen his Middle Eastern campaign into Syria is frustrated by Ottoman forces, and he withdraws to Egypt.
* May 27
Events Pre-1600
*1096 – Count Emicho enters Mainz, where his followers massacre Jewish citizens. At least 600 Jews are killed.
* 1120 – Richard III of Capua is anointed as Prince two weeks before his untimely death.
* 1153 &ndash ...
– Battle of Winterthur
The Battle of Winterthur (27 May 1799) was an important action between elements of the Army of the Danube and elements of the House of Habsburg, Habsburg army, commanded by Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze, during the War of the Second Coalition, p ...
: Habsburg
The House of Habsburg (), alternatively spelled Hapsburg in Englishgerman: Haus Habsburg, ; es, Casa de Habsburgo; hu, Habsburg család, it, Casa di Asburgo, nl, Huis van Habsburg, pl, dom Habsburgów, pt, Casa de Habsburgo, la, Domus Hab ...
forces secure control of north-east Switzerland, from the French Army of the Danube
The Army of the Danube (french: Armée du Danube, links=no) was a field army of the French Directory in the 1799 southwestern campaign in the Upper Danube valley. It was formed on 2 March 1799 by the simple expedient of renaming the Army o ...
.
* June 13 – Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies
Ferdinand I (12 January 1751 – 4 January 1825) was the King of the Two Sicilies from 1816, after his restoration following victory in the Napoleonic Wars. Before that he had been, since 1759, Ferdinand IV of the Kingdom of Naples and Ferdinand I ...
is restored to his kingdom following the collapse of the Parthenopean Republic
The Parthenopean Republic ( it, Repubblica Partenopea, french: République Parthénopéenne) or Neapolitan Republic (''Repubblica Napoletana'') was a short-lived, semi-autonomous republic located within the Kingdom of Naples and supported by the ...
.
* June 18 – French Revolutionary Wars
The French Revolutionary Wars (french: Guerres de la Révolution française) were a series of sweeping military conflicts lasting from 1792 until 1802 and resulting from the French Revolution. They pitted France against Britain, Austria, Pruss ...
: Action of 18 June 1799
The action of 18 June 1799 was a naval engagement of the French Revolutionary Wars fought off Toulon in the wake of the Mediterranean campaign of 1798. A frigate squadron under Rear-admiral Jean-Baptiste Perrée, Perrée, returning to Toulon fro ...
– A French frigate squadron, under Rear-admiral Perrée, is captured by the British fleet under Lord Keith, off Toulon
Toulon (, , ; oc, label= Provençal, Tolon , , ) is a city on the French Riviera and a large port on the Mediterranean coast, with a major naval base. Located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, and the Provence province, Toulon is th ...
.
July–December
* July 7
Events Pre-1600
* 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
* 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistado ...
– Ranjit Singh
Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839), popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab or "Lion of Punjab", was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. He s ...
's men take their positions outside Lahore
Lahore ( ; pnb, ; ur, ) is the second most populous city in Pakistan after Karachi and 26th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 13 million. It is the capital of the province of Punjab where it is the largest city. ...
.
* July 12
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple.
* 927 – King Constantine II of ...
– Ranjit Singh
Ranjit Singh (13 November 1780 – 27 June 1839), popularly known as Sher-e-Punjab or "Lion of Punjab", was the first Maharaja of the Sikh Empire, which ruled the northwest Indian subcontinent in the early half of the 19th century. He s ...
captures Lahore
Lahore ( ; pnb, ; ur, ) is the second most populous city in Pakistan after Karachi and 26th most populous city in the world, with a population of over 13 million. It is the capital of the province of Punjab where it is the largest city. ...
from the Bhangi Misl
The Bhangi Misl ( Punjabi pronunciation: ə̃˨ŋɡiː mɪsəl was a large and most powerful Sikh Misl headquartered was in Amritsar. It was founded in the early 18th century by Sardar Chhajja Singh Dhillon,Sikh History (2004)"The Bhangi ...
, a key step in establishing the Sikh Empire
The Sikh Empire was a state originating in the Indian subcontinent, formed under the leadership of Maharaja Ranjit Singh, who established an empire based in the Punjab. The empire existed from 1799, when Maharaja Ranjit Singh captured Lahor ...
, and becoming Maharaja
Mahārāja (; also spelled Maharajah, Maharaj) is a Sanskrit title for a "great ruler", "great king" or " high king".
A few ruled states informally called empires, including ruler raja Sri Gupta, founder of the ancient Indian Gupta Empire, an ...
of the Punjab
Punjab (; Punjabi: پنجاب ; ਪੰਜਾਬ ; ; also romanised as ''Panjāb'' or ''Panj-Āb'') is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising ...
.
* July 15
Events Pre-1600
*484 BC – Dedication of the Temple of Castor and Pollux in ancient Rome
* 70 – First Jewish–Roman War: Titus and his armies breach the walls of Jerusalem. ( 17th of Tammuz in the Hebrew calendar).
* 756 – ...
– In the Egyptian port city of Rosetta
Rosetta or Rashid (; ar, رشيد ' ; french: Rosette ; cop, ϯⲣⲁϣⲓⲧ ''ti-Rashit'', Ancient Greek: Βολβιτίνη ''Bolbitinē'') is a port city of the Nile Delta, east of Alexandria, in Egypt's Beheira governorate. The Ro ...
, French Captain Pierre Bouchard finds the Rosetta Stone
The Rosetta Stone is a stele composed of granodiorite inscribed with three versions of a Rosetta Stone decree, decree issued in Memphis, Egypt, in 196 BC during the Ptolemaic dynasty on behalf of King Ptolemy V Epiphanes. The top and middle te ...
.
* July 25
Events Pre-1600
* 306 – Constantine I is proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
* 315 – The Arch of Constantine is completed near the Colosseum in Rome to commemorate Constantine I's victory over Maxentius at the Milvian Bridge. ...
– At Aboukir
Abu Qir ( ar, ابو قير, ''Abu Qīr'', or , ), formerly also spelled Abukir or Aboukir, is a town on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, near the ruins of ancient Canopus and northeast of Alexandria by rail. It is located on Abu Qir Penins ...
, Egypt, Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...
defeats 10,000 Ottoman Mamluk
Mamluk ( ar, مملوك, mamlūk (singular), , ''mamālīk'' (plural), translated as "one who is owned", meaning " slave", also transliterated as ''Mameluke'', ''mamluq'', ''mamluke'', ''mameluk'', ''mameluke'', ''mamaluke'', or ''marmeluke'') ...
troops under Mustafa Pasha.
* August 27
Events Pre-1600
* 410 – The sacking of Rome by the Visigoths ends after three days.
* 1172 – Henry the Young King and Margaret of France are crowned junior king and queen of England.
*1232 – Shikken Hojo Yasutoki of the K ...
– War of the Second Coalition
The War of the Second Coalition (1798/9 – 1801/2, depending on periodisation) was the second war on revolutionary France by most of the European monarchies, led by Britain, Austria and Russia, and including the Ottoman Empire, Portugal, N ...
– Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland
The Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland (or Anglo-Russian expedition to Holland, or Helder Expedition) was a military campaign from 27 August to 19 November 1799 during the War of the Second Coalition, in which an expeditionary force of British and ...
: Britain and Russia send an expedition to the Batavian Republic
The Batavian Republic ( nl, Bataafse Republiek; french: République Batave) was the successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis Bona ...
.
* August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...
– Pope Pius VI
Pope Pius VI ( it, Pio VI; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799.
Pius VI condemned the French Revoluti ...
, at the time the longest reigning Pontiff of the Roman Catholic Church, dies as a prisoner of war
A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict. The earliest recorded usage of the phrase "prisoner of war" dates back to 1610.
Belligerents hold prisoners of wa ...
in the citadel of the French city of Valence, after 24½ years of rule.
* August 30
Events Pre-1600
* 70 – Titus ends the siege of Jerusalem after destroying Herod's Temple.
* 1282 – Peter III of Aragon lands at Trapani to intervene in the War of the Sicilian Vespers.
* 1363 – The five-week Battle of Lake ...
– Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland – Vlieter Incident: A squadron of the Batavian Republic
The Batavian Republic ( nl, Bataafse Republiek; french: République Batave) was the successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis Bona ...
's navy, commanded by Rear-Admiral Samuel Story
Samuel Story (2 October 1752 – 8 January 1811) was a vice admiral of the Batavian Republic Navy. He commanded the squadron that surrendered without a fight to the Royal Navy at the Vlieter incident in 1799.
Early life
Story was born in Maas ...
, surrenders to the British Royal Navy, under Sir Ralph Abercromby
Lieutenant-general (United Kingdom), Lieutenant General Sir Ralph Abercromby (7 October 173428 March 1801) was a British people, British soldier and politician. He rose to the rank of lieutenant-general in the British Army, was appointed Gov ...
and Admiral Sir Charles Mitchell, near Wieringen
Wieringen () is part of the municipality of Hollands Kroon, established in 2012 in the province of North Holland in the Netherlands. It is a former municipality in this province, with its name appearing in records of the late 9th and early 10th ...
, without joining action.
* September 10
Events Pre-1600
* 506 – The bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
*1419 – John the Fearless, Duke of Burgundy is assassinated by adherents of the Dauphin, the future Charles VII of France.
* 1509 – An eart ...
– Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland - Battle of Krabbendam: the Russo-British expedition force defends its initial gains from attacks by Franco-Dutch forces.
* September 19
Events Pre-1600
* 85 – Nerva, suspected of complicity of the death of Domitian, is declared emperor by Senate. The Senate then annuls laws passed by Domitian and orders his statues to be destroyed.
* 634 – Siege of Damascus: Th ...
– Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland - Battle of Bergen: Franco-Dutch forces hold their ground against the Russo-British expedition force.
* September 23 – Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford
Frederick North, 5th Earl of Guilford, (7 February 1766 – 14 October 1827), styled The Honourable Frederick North until 1817, was a British politician and colonial administrator.
Early life and education
North was a younger son of Prime Mini ...
, the Governor of British Ceylon
The governor of Ceylon was the representative in Ceylon of the British Crown from 1795 to 1948. In this capacity, the governor was president of the Executive Council and Commander-in-Chief of the British Forces in Ceylon. The governor was the ...
(now Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...
, issues a proclamation declaring that the laws of the Netherlands for the conquered Dutch Ceylon
Dutch Ceylon ( Sinhala: Tamil: ) was a governorate established in present-day Sri Lanka by the Dutch East India Company. Although the Dutch managed to capture most of the coastal areas in Sri Lanka, they were never able to control the Kandyan ...
shall be enforced until superseded by new laws.
* September 29
Events Pre-1600
*61 BC – Pompey the Great celebrates his third triumph for victories over the pirates and the end of the Mithridatic Wars on his 45th birthday.
* 1011 – Danes capture Canterbury after a siege, taking Ælfheah, ...
– the Roman Republic (18th century), Second Roman Republic, a puppet state formed by the French Army after their dissolution of the Papal States and the occupation of Rome, is dissolved 19 months after its creation on February 15, 1798.
* October 2 - Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland – Battle of Alkmaar (1799), Battle of Alkmaar: the Russo-British expedition force wins a small tactical victory over the Franco-Dutch forces.
* October 6 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland – Battle of Castricum: Franco-Dutch forces defeat the Russo-British expedition force.
* October 9 – (a famous treasure wreck) is sunk in the West Frisian Islands.
* October 12 – Jeanne Geneviève Labrosse becomes the first woman to jump from a balloon with a parachute, from an altitude of .
* October 16 – Action of 16 October 1799: A Spanish treasure convoy worth more than £54,000,000 is captured by the British Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against Fr ...
off Vigo.
* October 18 – Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland: Anglo-Russian expedition forces surrender in North Holland.
* November 5 – HMS Sceptre (1781), HMS ''Sceptre'' is driven ashore and wrecked in a storm in Table Bay, South Africa, with the loss of 349 and 41 survivors.
* November 9 (Coup of 18 Brumaire) – Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader wh ...
overthrows the French Directory in a ''coup d'état'', which ends the French Revolution.
* November 10 (19 Brumaire) – A remnant of the Council of Ancients in France abolishes the Constitution of the Year III, and ordains the French Consulate with Napoleon as First Consul, with the Constitution of the Year VIII.
* November 30 – 1799–1800 Papal conclave opens in Venice at San Giorgio Monastery.
* December 3 – War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Wiesloch (1799), Battle of Wiesloch: Austrian Lieutenant Field Marshal Anton Sztáray defeats the French at Wiesloch.
* December 10 – France adopts the metre as its official unit of length.
* December 14 – George Washington, first President of the United States, dies at Mount Vernon, Virginia, aged 67.
* December 31 – The Dutch East India Company's charter is allowed to expire by the Batavian Republic
The Batavian Republic ( nl, Bataafse Republiek; french: République Batave) was the successor state to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. It was proclaimed on 19 January 1795 and ended on 5 June 1806, with the accession of Louis Bona ...
.
Date unknown
* The Place Royale in Paris is renamed ''Place des Vosges'', when the Department of Vosges becomes the first to pay new Revolutionary taxes.
* Eli Whitney, holding a 1798 United States government contract for the manufacture of muskets, is introduced by Oliver Wolcott, Jr. to the concept of interchangeable parts, an origin of the American system of manufacturing.
* Conrad John Reed, 12, finds what he describes as a "heavy yellow rock" along Little Meadow Creek in Cabarrus County, North Carolina, and makes it a doorstop in his home. Conrad's father John Reed learns that the rock is actually gold in 1802, initiating the first gold rush in the United States.
* The assassination of the 14th Tu'i Kanokupolu, Tukuʻaho, plunges Tonga into half a century of civil war.
* The Nawab (provincial governor) of Oudh in northern India sends to George III of Great Britain the ''Padshah Nama'', an official history of the reign of Shah Jahan.
* William Cockerill begins building cotton-spinning machinery, cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium.
* The small town of Tignish, Prince Edward Island, Canada is founded.
Births
January–June
* January 6 – Jedediah Smith, American fur trapper, explorer (d. 1831)
* January 12 – Priscilla Susan Bury, British botanist (d. 1872)
* January 23 – Alois Negrelli, Tyrolean engineer, railroad pioneer active in the Austrian Empire (1858)
* January 31 – Rodolphe Töpffer, Swiss teacher, author, and artist (d. 1846)
* February 4 – Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer (d. 1854)
* February 11 – Basil Moreau, founder of the Congregation of Holy Cross (d. 1873)
* February 14 – Walenty Wańkowicz, Polish painter (d. 1842)
* February 17 – Carl Julian (von) Graba, German lawyer and ornithologist who visited the Faroe Islands (d. 1874)
* February 27 – Edward Belcher, British admiral (d. 1877)
* March 8 – Simon Cameron, American politician (d. 1889)
* March 16 – Anna Atkins, British botanist (d. 1871)
* March 22 – Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander, German astronomer (d. 1875)
* March 28 – Karl Adolph von Basedow, German physician, noted for reporting the symptoms of Graves–Basedow disease (d. 1854)
*
March 29
Events Pre-1600
* 845 – Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.
* 1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of ...
– Edward Smith-Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1869)
* April 12 – Henri Druey, Swiss Federal Councilor (d. 1855)
* April 17 – Eliza Acton, English poet and cookery writer (d. 1859)
* May 9 – Philipp von Stadion und Thannhausen, Austrian field marshal (d. 1868)
* May 20 – Honoré de Balzac, French author (d. 1850)
*
May 21 – Mary Anning, British paleontologist (d. 1847)
* May 25 – Alexei Lvov, Russian composer (d. 1870)
* June 3 – Elisabetta Fiorini Mazzanti, Italian botanist (d. 1879)
* June 6 – Alexander Pushkin, Russian author (d. 1837)
*
June 18 – Prosper Ménière, French physician (d. 1862)
* June 25 – David Douglas (botanist), David Douglas, Scottish-born botanist (d. 1834)
July–December
* July 4 – King Oscar I of Sweden and Norway (d. 1859)
* July 6 – Michael Thomas Bass, English brewer (d. 1884)
* August 12
** Francis Abbott, Australian astronomer (d. 1883)
** Patrick MacDowell, Irish sculptor (d. 1870)
* September 1 – Ferenc Gyulay, Hungarian nobleman, general, and governor (d. 1868)
* September 8 – James Bowman Lindsay, Scottish inventor (d. 1862)* September 10 – George Willison Adams, American abolitionist (d. 1879)
* October 1 – John Brown Russwurm, Americo-Liberian people, Americo-Liberian journalist and governor of the African Republic of Maryland (d. 1851)
* October 18 – Christian Friedrich Schönbein, German chemist (d. 1868)
* October 26 – Margaret Agnes Bunn, British actress (d. 1883)
* November 1 – Thomas Baldwin Marsh, American religious leader (d. 1866)
* November 7 – James Syme, Scottish medical reformer (d. 1870)
* November 29 – Amos Bronson Alcott, American philosopher, educator and writer, father of novelist Louisa May Alcott (d. 1888)
* December 3 – Peggy Eaton, born Margaret O'Neill, wife of United States Secretary of State John Eaton (politician), John Eaton and central character in the Petticoat affair (d. 1879)
* December 25 – Manuel Bulnes, Chilean general and politician, President of Chile (d. 1866)
Date unknown
* James Townsend Saward, English barrister, forger
* Domnița Rallou Caragea, Greek princess, independence activist (d. 1870)
Deaths
January–June
*
January 9
Events Pre-1600
* 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain.
*1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin ...
– Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician (b. 1718)
* January 18 – Heinrich Johann Nepomuk von Crantz, Luxembourgian botanist (b. 1722)
* January 22 – Horace-Bénédict de Saussure, Swiss aristocrat, alpinist (b. 1740)
* January 26 – Gabriel Christie (British Army officer), British Army general (b. 1722)
* February 6 – Étienne-Louis Boullée, French architect (b. 1728)
* February 7 – Qianlong Emperor of China (b. 1711)
*
February 9
Events Pre-1600
* 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire.
* 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland.
*1539 – The first recorded race is held ...
– Johann Baptist Babel, Swiss sculptor (b. 1716)
* February 12
** František Xaver Dušek, Czech composer (b. 1731)
** Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian biologist, physiologist (b. 1729)
* February 16 – Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria (b. 1724)
* February 19 – Jean-Charles de Borda, French mathematician, physicist, political scientist, and sailor (b. 1733)
* February 22 – Heshen, Manchu official under Qianlong (b. 1750)
* February 24 – Georg Christoph Lichtenberg, German scientist, satirist, and Anglophile (b. 1742)
* March 13 – Richard Hotham, English property developer and politician (b. 1722)
* March 17 – Sir Charles Thompson, 1st Baronet, British admiral, politician (b. c. 1740)
* March 18
** Charles Guillaume Le Normant d'Étiolles, French official, husband of Madame de Pompadour (b. 1717)
** Adam Friedrich Oeser, German etcher (b. 1717)
* March 28 – Etta Palm d'Aelders, Dutch-French feminist (b. 1743)
*
March 29
Events Pre-1600
* 845 – Paris is sacked by Viking raiders, probably under Ragnar Lodbrok, who collects a huge ransom in exchange for leaving.
* 1430 – The Ottoman Empire under Murad II captures Thessalonica from the Republic of ...
– Helena Dorothea von Schönberg, German industrialist (b. 1729)
* April 3 – Pierre Charles Le Monnier, French astronomer (b. 1715)
* April 6 – Alexander Bezborodko, Grand Chancellor of Russia, architect of Catherine the Great's foreign policy (b. 1747)
* April 28 – Matthew Griswold (governor), 17th Governor of Connecticut (1784–1786) (b. 1714)
* May 2 – Juan Vicente de Güemes, 2nd Count of Revillagigedo, Guemes Padilla Horcasitas, the Viceroy of New Spain (b. 1740)
*
May 4
Events Pre-1600
* 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''.
* 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus ar ...
–
Tipu Sultan
Tipu Sultan (born Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu, 1 December 1751 – 4 May 1799), also known as the Tiger of Mysore, was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore based in South India. He was a pioneer of rocket artillery.Dalrymple, p. 243 He i ...
, Sultan of Kingdom of Mysore, Mysore (b. 1750)
* May 18 – Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer (b. 1732)
* May 22 – Toypurina, Medicine woman of the Tongva nation and rebel leader (b. 1750)
* May 26 – James Burnett, Lord Monboddo, Scottish jurist (b. 1714)
* May 30 – Robert McQueen, Lord Braxfield, Scottish advocate and judge (b. 1722)
* June 6 – Patrick Henry, American revolutionary politician, Governor of Virginia (b. 1736)
* June 10 – Chevalier de Saint-Georges, Guadeloupe-born French musician (b. 1745)
* June 24 – Dunbar Douglas, 4th Earl of Selkirk, Scottish peer (b. 1722)
* June 30 – Francesco Caracciolo, Neapolitan admiral, revolutionist (b. 1752)
July–December
*
July 7
Events Pre-1600
* 1124 – The city of Tyre falls to the Venetian Crusade after a siege of nineteen weeks.
* 1456 – A retrial verdict acquits Joan of Arc of heresy 25 years after her execution.
* 1520 – Spanish ''conquistado ...
– William Curtis, English botanist, entomologist (b. 1746)
* August 2 – Montgolfier brothers, Jacques Étienne Montgolfier, French inventor of the hot-air balloon, balloonist (b. 1744)
* August 4 – John Bacon (sculptor, born 1740), John Bacon, British sculptor (b. 1740)
* August 5 – Richard Howe, British admiral (b. 1726)
* August 15 – Barthélemy Catherine Joubert, French general (b. 1769)
*
August 29
Events Pre-1600
* 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708).
* 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...
–
Pope Pius VI
Pope Pius VI ( it, Pio VI; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799.
Pius VI condemned the French Revoluti ...
(b. 1717)
* August 31 – Nicolas-Henri Jardin, French architect (b. 1720)
* September 7
** Jan Ingenhousz, Dutch physician, physiologist, biologist, and chemist (b. 1730)
** Louis Guillaume Lemonnier, French botanist (b. 1717)
* October 6 – William Withering, British physician (b. 1741)
* October 9 – Pierre Pigneau de Behaine, French priest who helped to establish the Nguyễn dynasty (b. 1741)
* October 20 – James Iredell, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1751)
* October 24 – Carl Ditters von Dittersdorf, Austrian composer (b. 1739)
* November 22 – Judith van Dorth, Dutch orangist (b. 1747)
* November 23 – Mark Robinson (Royal Navy officer), Royal Navy admiral (b. 1722)
* December 6 – Joseph Black, Scottish physician, physicist, and chemist (b. 1728)
* December 14 – George Washington, military leader of the American Revolution, president of the Constitutional Convention (1787), and the 1st President of the United States (b. 1732)
* December 18 – Jean-Étienne Montucla, French mathematician (b. 1725)
* December 31 – Jean-François Marmontel, French historian, writer (b. 1723)
References
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1799,