General George Washington at Trenton by John Trumbull

Events

January–March

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...

–

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...

– Battle of the Assunpink Creek: American general

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of th ...

's army repulses a British attack by Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, in a second battle at

Trenton, New Jersey Trenton is the capital city of the U.S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. It was the capital of the United States from November 1 to December 24, 1784.January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

–

Battle of Princeton The Battle of Princeton was a battle of the American Revolutionary War, fought near Princeton, New Jersey on January 3, 1777, and ending in a small victory for the Colonials. General Lord Cornwallis had left 1,400 British troops under the comman ...

: American general George Washington's army defeats British troops. *

January 13 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Octavian transfers the state to the free disposal of the Roman Senate and the people. He receives Spain, Gaul, and Syria as his province for ten years. * 532 – The Nika riots break out, during the racing ...

–

Mission Santa Clara de Asís Mission Santa Clara de Asís ( es, Misión Santa Clara de Asís) is a Spanish mission in the city of Santa Clara, California. The mission, which was the eighth in California, was founded on January 12, 1777, by the Franciscan order. Named for ...

is founded in what becomes

Santa Clara, California Santa Clara (; Spanish for " Saint Clare") is a city in Santa Clara County, California. The city's population was 127,647 at the 2020 census, making it the eighth-most populous city in the Bay Area. Located in the southern Bay Area, the cit ...

. *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...

–

Vermont Vermont () is a state in the northeast New England region of the United States. Vermont is bordered by the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, and New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to ...

declares its independence from New York, becoming the

Vermont Republic The Vermont Republic ( French: ''République du Vermont''), officially known at the time as the State of Vermont ( French: ''État du Vermont''), was an independent state in New England that existed from January 15, 1777, to March 4, 1791. The ...

, an independent country, a status it retains until it joins the United States as the 14th state in

1791 Events January–March * January 1 – Austrian composer Joseph Haydn arrives in England, to perform a series of concerts. * January 2 – Northwest Indian War: Big Bottom Massacre – The war begins in the Ohio Country ...

. *

January 21 Events Pre-1600 * 763 – Following the Battle of Bakhamra between Alids and Abbasids near Kufa, the Alid rebellion ends with the death of Ibrahim, brother of Isa ibn Musa. * 1525 – The Swiss Anabaptist Movement is founded when Co ...

– The Continental Congress approves a resolution "that an unauthentic copy, with names of the signers of the Declaration of independence, be sent to each of the United States. *

February 5 Events Pre-1600 * 62 – Earthquake in Pompeii, Italy. * 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion. * 1597 – A group of early Japanese Christians ar ...

– Under the 1st Constitution of Georgia, 8 counties are chartered:

Burke Burke is an Anglo-Norman Irish surname, deriving from the ancient Anglo-Norman and Hiberno-Norman noble dynasty, the House of Burgh. In Ireland, the descendants of William de Burgh (–1206) had the surname ''de Burgh'' which was gaelicised ...

Camden Camden may refer to: People * Camden (surname), a surname of English origin * Camden Joy (born 1964), American writer * Camden Toy (born 1957), American actor Places Australia * Camden, New South Wales * Camden, Rosehill, a heritage res ...

Chatham Chatham may refer to: Places and jurisdictions Canada * Chatham Islands (British Columbia) * Chatham Sound, British Columbia * Chatham, New Brunswick, a former town, now a neighbourhood of Miramichi * Chatham (electoral district), New Brunswic ...

, Effingham,

Glynn Glynn () is a small village and civil parish in the Mid and East Antrim Borough Council area of County Antrim, Northern Ireland. It lies a short distance south of Larne, on the shore of Larne Lough. Glynn had a population of 2,027 people in th ...

Liberty Liberty is the ability to do as one pleases, or a right or immunity enjoyed by prescription or by grant (i.e. privilege). It is a synonym for the word freedom. In modern politics, liberty is understood as the state of being free within society fr ...

Richmond Richmond most often refers to: * Richmond, Virginia, the capital of Virginia, United States * Richmond, London, a part of London * Richmond, North Yorkshire, a town in England * Richmond, British Columbia, a city in Canada * Richmond, California, ...

, and Wilkes. This dissolves the existing parishes of St. George, St. Mary's, St. Thomas, St. Phillip, Christ Church, St. David, St. Matthews, St. Andrew, St. James, St. Johns, and St. Paul. *

February 24 Events Pre-1600 * 484 – King Huneric of the Vandals replaces Nicene bishops with Arian ones, and banishes some to Corsica. * 1303 – The English are defeated at the Battle of Roslin, in the First War of Scottish Independence. * 13 ...

– King

Joseph I of Portugal Dom Joseph I ( pt, José Francisco António Inácio Norberto Agostinho, ; 6 June 1714 – 24 February 1777), known as the Reformer (Portuguese: ''o Reformador''), was King of Portugal from 31 July 1750 until his death in 1777. Among other activ ...

dies, and is succeeded by his daughter Maria I of Portugal, and his brother and son-in-law Peter III of Portugal. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...

– The Fourth Continental Congress, with

John Hancock John Hancock ( – October 8, 1793) was an American Founding Father, merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the ...

as President begins a 199 day session in

Philadelphia Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...

, lasting until September 18. * March 29– 30 – Third voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain Cook discovers

Mangaia Mangaia (traditionally known as A'ua'u Enua, which means ''terraced'') is the most southerly of the Cook Islands and the second largest, after Rarotonga. It is a roughly circular island, with an area of , from Rarotonga. Originally heavily popula ...

and Atiu in the

Cook Islands ) , image_map = Cook Islands on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg , capital = Avarua , coordinates = , largest_city = Avarua , official_languages = , lan ...

April–June

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. *1081 – Alexios I Kom ...

– Friedrich Maximilian Klinger's play '' Sturm und Drang'' is premiered by the

Seyler Theatre Company The Seyler Theatre Company, also known as the Seyler Company (German: ''Seylersche Schauspiel-Gesellschaft'', sometimes ''Seylersche Truppe''), was a theatrical company founded in 1769 by Abel Seyler, a Hamburg businessman originally from Switzerl ...

Leipzig Leipzig ( , ; Upper Saxon: ) is the most populous city in the German state of Saxony. Leipzig's population of 605,407 inhabitants (1.1 million in the larger urban zone) as of 2021 places the city as Germany's eighth most populous, as wel ...

, giving its name to the whole '' Sturm und Drang'' movement in

German literature German literature () comprises those literature, literary texts written in the German language. This includes literature written in Germany, Austria, the German parts of Switzerland and Belgium, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, South Tyrol in Italy a ...

. *

April 13 Events Pre-1600 *1111 – Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. * 1204 – Constantinople falls to the Crusaders of the Fourth Crusade, temporarily ending the Byzantine Empire. 1601–1900 *1612 – In one of the epic samurai ...

–

Battle of Bound Brook The Battle of Bound Brook (April 13, 1777) was a surprise attack conducted by British and Hessian forces against a Continental Army outpost at Bound Brook, New Jersey during the American Revolutionary War. The British objective of capturing ...

: A British and

Hessian A Hessian is an inhabitant of the German state of Hesse. Hessian may also refer to: Named from the toponym *Hessian (soldier), eighteenth-century German regiments in service with the British Empire **Hessian (boot), a style of boot **Hessian f ...

force led by Charles Cornwallis surprises a

Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...

outpost in

New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...

, commanded by Major General Benjamin Lincoln. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...

–

– Battle of Ridgefield: The

British Army The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom, a part of the British Armed Forces along with the Royal Navy and the Royal Air Force. , the British Army comprises 79,380 regular full-time personnel, 4,090 Gurk ...

defeats Patriot militias, galvanizing resistance in the

Connecticut Colony The ''Connecticut Colony'' or ''Colony of Connecticut'', originally known as the Connecticut River Colony or simply the River Colony, was an English colony in New England which later became Connecticut. It was organized on March 3, 1636 as a settl ...

. *

May 8 Events Pre-1600 * 453 BC – Spring and Autumn period: The house of Zhao defeats the house of Zhi, ending the Battle of Jinyang, a military conflict between the elite families of the State of Jin. * 413 – Emperor Honorius signs a ...

–

Richard Brinsley Sheridan Richard Brinsley Butler Sheridan (30 October 17517 July 1816) was an Irish satirist, a politician, a playwright, poet, and long-term owner of the London Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. He is known for his plays such as ''The Rivals'', ''The Sc ...

's comedy of manners, ''

The School for Scandal ''The School for Scandal'' is a comedy of manners written by Richard Brinsley Sheridan. It was first performed in London at Drury Lane Theatre on 8 May 1777. Plot Act I Scene I: Lady Sneerwell, a wealthy young widow, and her hireling Sna ...

'', is first performed at the

Theatre Royal, Drury Lane The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, commonly known as Drury Lane, is a West End theatre and Grade I listed building in Covent Garden, London, England. The building faces Catherine Street (earlier named Bridges or Brydges Street) and backs onto Dr ...

in London. *

May 16 Events Pre-1600 * 946 – Emperor Suzaku abdicates the throne in favor of his brother Murakami who becomes the 62nd emperor of Japan. *1204 – Baldwin IX, Count of Flanders is crowned as the first Emperor of the Latin Empire. * 1364 ...

– Lachlan McIntosh and Button Gwinnett shoot each other during a

duel A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two people, with matched weapons, in accordance with agreed-upon Code duello, rules. During the 17th and 18th centuries (and earlier), duels were mostly single combats fought with swords (the r ...

near

Savannah, Georgia Savannah ( ) is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia (U.S. state), Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County, Georgia, Chatham County. Established in 1733 on the Savannah River, the city of Savannah became the Kingdom of Great Br ...

. Gwinnett, a signer of the

United States Declaration of Independence The United States Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America, is the pronouncement and founding document adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Pennsylvania State House ...

, dies three days later. * June 13 –

American Revolution The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolut ...

: The Marquis de Lafayette lands near

Georgetown, South Carolina Georgetown is the third oldest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina and the county seat of Georgetown County, South Carolina, Georgetown County, in the South Carolina Lowcountry, Lowcountry. As of the 2010 United States Census, 2010 census ...

, to help the

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. ...

train its army. Flag of the United States (1777-1795)

* June 14 – The Stars and Stripes is adopted by the

as the

flag of the United States The national flag of the United States, United States of America, often referred to as the ''American flag'' or the ''U.S. flag'', consists of thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue rect ...

. *

June 21 Events Pre-1600 * 533 – A Byzantine expeditionary fleet under Belisarius sails from Constantinople to attack the Vandals in Africa, via Greece and Sicily (approximate date). * 1307 – Külüg Khan is enthroned as Khagan of the Mo ...

– ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' Second Edition begins publication in

Edinburgh Edinburgh ( ; gd, Dùn Èideann ) is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 Council areas of Scotland, council areas. Historically part of the county of Midlothian (interchangeably Edinburghshire before 1921), it is located in Lothian ...

July–December

* July 6 –

– Siege of Fort Ticonderoga: After a bombardment by British artillery under General John Burgoyne, American forces retreat from Fort Ticonderoga,

New York New York most commonly refers to: * New York City, the most populous city in the United States, located in the state of New York * New York (state), a state in the northeastern United States New York may also refer to: Film and television * '' ...

. * July 7 –

–

Battle of Hubbardton The Battle of Hubbardton was an engagement in the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War fought in the village of Hubbardton, Vermont. Vermont was then a disputed territory sometimes called the New Hampshire Grants, claimed by New Yo ...

: British forces capture over 200 of the American rearguard, from Fort Ticonderoga. *

July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese ...

– The 1777 Constitution of

is signed, officially abolishing slavery. *

August 6 Events Pre-1600 *1284 – The Republic of Pisa is defeated in the Battle of Meloria by the Republic of Genoa, thus losing its naval dominance in the Mediterranean. * 1538 – Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ...

–

Battle of Oriskany The Battle of Oriskany ( or ) was a significant engagement of the Saratoga campaign of the American Revolutionary War, and one of the bloodiest battles in the conflict between the Americans and Great Britain. On August 6, 1777, a party of Loy ...

Loyalist Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cro ...

s gain a tactical victory over Patriots;

Iroquois The Iroquois ( or ), officially the Haudenosaunee ( meaning "people of the longhouse"), are an Iroquoian-speaking confederacy of First Nations peoples in northeast North America/ Turtle Island. They were known during the colonial years to ...

fight on both sides. *

August 16 Events Pre-1600 * 1 BC – Wang Mang consolidates his power in China and is declared marshal of state. Emperor Ai of Han, who died the previous day, had no heirs. * 942 – Start of the four-day Battle of al-Mada'in, between the Hamdan ...

–

– Battle of Bennington: British and Brunswicker forces are decisively defeated by American troops at

Walloomsac, New York Walloomsac, New York is a location in New York State, on the Walloomsac River. It is to the east, and upstream, from North Hoosick, New York. It includes the Bennington Battlefield, which was fought on both sides of the river and listed on the ...

. * August 22 –

– The

Siege of Fort Stanwix The siege of Fort Stanwix (also known at the time as Fort Schuyler) in 1777 began on August 2 and ended August 22. Fort Stanwix, in the western part of the Mohawk River Valley, was then the primary defense point for the Continental Army against B ...

is ended by withdrawal of British forces, following a ruse by

Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold ( Brandt (1994), p. 4June 14, 1801) was an American military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defect ...

to persuade them that a much larger force is arriving. *

September 3 Events Pre-1600 *36 BC – In the Battle of Naulochus, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, admiral of Octavian, defeats Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey, thus ending Pompeian resistance to the Second Triumvirate. * 301 – San Marino, one of the s ...

–

Battle of Cooch's Bridge The Battle of Cooch's Bridge, also known as the Battle of Iron Hill, was a battle fought on September 3, 1777, between the Continental Army and militia (United States), American militia and primarily Hessian (soldiers), German soldiers serving a ...

: British and

forces defeat an American

militia A militia () is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a country, or subjects of a state, who may perform military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of r ...

in a minor skirmish in New Castle County, Delaware. * September 11 –

–

Battle of Brandywine The Battle of Brandywine, also known as the Battle of Brandywine Creek, was fought between the American Continental Army of General George Washington and the British Army of General Sir William Howe on September 11, 1777, as part of the Ame ...

: The British gain a major victory in

Chester County Chester County may refer to: * Chester County, Pennsylvania, United States * Chester County, South Carolina, United States * Chester County, Tennessee, United States * Cheshire or the County Palatine of Chester, a ceremonial county in the North Wes ...

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...

. * September 19 –

– First Battle of Saratoga (

Battle of Freeman's Farm The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led an invasion ...

): Patriot forces withstand a British attack at Saratoga, New York. * September 26 –

– British troops occupy

; members of the

flee to

Lancaster, Pennsylvania Lancaster, ( ; pdc, Lengeschder) is a city in and the county seat of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. It is one of the oldest inland cities in the United States. With a population at the 2020 census of 58,039, it ranks 11th in population amon ...

where they meet and hold a one day session as the Fifth Congress before fleeing again. *

September 30 Events Pre-1600 * 489 – The Ostrogoths under Theoderic the Great defeat the forces of Odoacer for the second time. * 737 – The Turgesh drive back an Umayyad invasion of Khuttal, follow them south of the Oxus, and capture their b ...

–

– The Sixth

opens its session at

York, Pennsylvania York ( Pennsylvania Dutch: ''Yarrick''), known as the White Rose City (after the symbol of the House of York), is the county seat of York County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is located in the south-central region of the state. The populati ...

, and continues for 272 days until June 27, 1778. * October 4 –

–

Battle of Germantown The Battle of Germantown was a major engagement in the Philadelphia campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was fought on October 4, 1777, at Germantown, Pennsylvania, between the British Army led by Sir William Howe, and the American Con ...

: Troops under

are repelled by British troops under Sir William Howe. * October 6 –

– Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery: British troops capture Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery (Hudson River), and are able to dismantle the Hudson River Chain. * October 7 –

– Second Battle of Saratoga (

Battle of Bemis Heights The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led an invasion ...

): British General John Burgoyne is defeated by American troops. * October 17 –

–

Battle of Saratoga The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led an invasion ...

: British General John Burgoyne surrenders to the American troops. *

November 15 Events Pre-1600 * 655 – Battle of the Winwaed: Penda of Mercia is defeated by Oswiu of Northumbria. *1315 – Growth of the Old Swiss Confederacy: The Schweizer Eidgenossenschaft ambushes the army of Leopold I in the Battle of Morg ...

–

: After 16 months of debate, the

approves the

Articles of Confederation The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union was an agreement among the 13 Colonies of the United States of America that served as its first frame of government. It was approved after much debate (between July 1776 and November 1777) by ...

, in the temporary American capital at

. *

November 17 Events Pre-1600 * 887 – Emperor Charles the Fat is deposed by the Frankish magnates in an assembly at Frankfurt, leading his nephew, Arnulf of Carinthia, to declare himself king of the East Frankish Kingdom in late November. *1183 &n ...

–

: The

are submitted to the states for ratification. *

November 29 Events Pre-1600 * 561 – Following the death of King Chlothar I at Compiègne, his four sons, Charibert I, Guntram, Sigebert I and Chilperic I, divide the Frankish Kingdom. * 618 – The Tang dynasty scores a decisive victory over t ...

–

San Jose, California San Jose, officially San José (; ; ), is a major city in the U.S. state of California that is the cultural, financial, and political center of Silicon Valley and largest city in Northern California by both population and area. With a 2020 popul ...

is founded. It is the first '' pueblo'' in Spanish

Alta California Alta California ('Upper California'), also known as ('New California') among other names, was a province of New Spain, formally established in 1804. Along with the Baja California peninsula, it had previously comprised the province of , but ...

. * December 18 – The United States celebrates its first

Thanksgiving Thanksgiving is a national holiday celebrated on various dates in the United States, Canada, Grenada, Saint Lucia, Liberia, and unofficially in countries like Brazil and Philippines. It is also observed in the Netherlander town of Leiden and ...

, marking October's victory by the American rebels over British General John Burgoyne at Saratoga. * December 19 –

–

goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. *

December 24 Events Pre-1600 * 502 – Chinese emperor Xiao Yan names Xiao Tong his heir designate. * 640 – Pope John IV is elected, several months after his predecessor's death. * 759 – Tang dynasty poet Du Fu departs for Chengdu, whe ...

– Third voyage of James Cook: English explorer Captain Cook locates

Kiritimati Kiritimati (also known as Christmas Island) is a Pacific Ocean atoll in the northern Line Islands. It is part of the Republic of Kiribati. The name is derived from the English word "Christmas" written in Gilbertese according to its phonology, ...

(Christmas Island). *

December 30 Events Pre-1600 *534 – The second and final edition of the Code of Justinian comes into effect in the Byzantine Empire. *999 – Battle of Glenmama: The combined forces of Munster and Meath under king Brian Boru inflict a crushi ...

–

Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria Maximilian III Joseph, "the much beloved", (28 March 1727 – 30 December 1777) was a Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Bavaria from 1745 to 1777. Biography Born in Munich, Maximilian was the eldest son of Holy Roman Empero ...

dies and is succeeded by his distant cousin

Charles Theodore, Elector of Bavaria Charles Theodore (german: link=no, Karl Theodor; 11 December 1724 – 16 February 1799) reigned as Prince-elector and Count Palatine from 1742, as Duke of Jülich and Berg from 1742 and also as prince-elector and Duke of Bavaria from 1777 to his ...

Date unknown

* The

code duello A code duello is a set of rules for a one-on-one combat, or duel. Codes duello regulate dueling and thus help prevent Feud, vendettas between families and other social factions. They ensure that non-violent means of reaching agreement be exhauste ...

is adopted at the

Clonmel Clonmel () is the county town and largest settlement of County Tipperary, Republic of Ireland, Ireland. The town is noted in Irish history for its resistance to the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland, Cromwellian army which sacked the towns of Dro ...

Summer

Assizes The courts of assize, or assizes (), were periodic courts held around England and Wales until 1972, when together with the quarter sessions they were abolished by the Courts Act 1971 and replaced by a single permanent Crown Court. The assizes e ...

as the form for pistol

s by gentlemen in Ireland. It is quickly denounced, but nevertheless widely adopted throughout the English-speaking world. *

Kunsthochschule Kassel Kunsthochschule Kassel (German; "Kassel College of Art") is a college of fine arts in Kassel, Germany. Founded in 1777, it is a semi-autonomous department of the University of Kassel . Notable people * Daniel Stieglitz * Peter Angermann * Si ...

is founded in Germany as a fine arts academy. *

Det Dramatiske Selskab Det Dramatiske Selskab is the name for several Norwegian amateur theatre drama troupes. These troupes were the first permanent theatre troupes in the cities of Norway. The period between 1780–1830 is described by many as ''the age of the dramatic ...

is founded in Copenhagen (Denmark) as an acting academy. *

George II Frederic George II also referred to as Young George, was a king of the Miskito Kingdom, born 1758, and ruled from 1777–1800. Youth and education As a young man, his father George I sent him to England to be educated. On his return voyage, in 1776, he ...

is crowned as king of the

Miskito Kingdom The Mosquito Coast, also known as the Mosquitia or Mosquito Shore, historically included the area along the eastern coast of present-day Nicaragua and Honduras. It formed part of the Western Caribbean Zone. It was named after the local Miski ...

Births

January–March

January January is the first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is also the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the ...

– William Barton, English cricketer (d.

1825 Events January–March * January 4 – King Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies dies in Naples and is succeeded by his son, Francis. * February 3 – Vendsyssel-Thy, once part of the Jutland peninsula forming westernmost Denmark, becomes a ...

) *

–

Christian Daniel Rauch Christian Daniel Rauch (2 January 1777 – 3 December 1857) was a German sculptor. He founded the Berlin school of sculpture, and was the foremost German sculptor of the 19th century. Life Rauch was born at Arolsen in the Principality of ...

, German sculptor (d.

1857 Events January–March * January 1 – The biggest Estonian newspaper, ''Postimees'', is established by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. * January 7 – The partly French-owned London General Omnibus Company begins operating. * Janua ...

) *

January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will be declared a public enemy unless he disbands his army. This prompts the tribunes who support him to flee to Ravenna, where Caesar is waiting. * 1325 – Alfonso IV ...

– Lorenzo Bartolini, Italian sculptor (d.

1850 Events January–June * April ** Pope Pius IX returns from exile to Rome. ** Stephen Foster's parlor ballad "Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway" is published in the United States. * April 4 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a cit ...

) *

January 11 Events Pre-1600 * 532 – Nika riots in Constantinople: A quarrel between supporters of different chariot teams—the Blues and the Greens—in the Hippodrome escalates into violence. * 630 – Conquest of Mecca: The prophet Muhamma ...

– Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant, rebel leader (d.

1837 Events January–March * January 1 – The destructive Galilee earthquake causes 6,000–7,000 casualties in Ottoman Syria. * January 26 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States. * February – Charles Dickens's ...

) *

– Elisa Bonaparte, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, sister of Napoleon Bonaparte (d.

1820 Events January–March *January 1 – Nominal beginning of the Trienio Liberal in Spain: A constitutionalist military insurrection at Cádiz leads to the summoning of the Spanish Parliament (March 7). *January 8 – General Maritime T ...

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...

–

Karoline Jagemann Baroness Karoline Jagemann von Heygendorff (25 January 1777, in Weimar – 10 July 1848, in Dresden) was a major German tragedienne and singer. Her great roles included Elizabeth in '' Mary Stuart'' (1800) and Beatrice in ''The Bride of Messina ...

, German actor (d.1848) *

February 3 Events Pre-1600 * 1112 – Ramon Berenguer III, Count of Barcelona, and Douce I, Countess of Provence, marry, uniting the fortunes of those two states. *1451 – Sultan Mehmed II inherits the throne of the Ottoman Empire. *1488 – ...

– John Cheyne, British physician, surgeon and author (d.

1836 Events January–March * January 1 – Queen Maria II of Portugal marries Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. * January 5 – Davy Crockett arrives in Texas. * January 12 ** , with Charles Darwin on board, r ...

) *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end. * 1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparkin ...

–

Amable Berthelot Amable Berthelot (February 10, 1777 – November 24, 1847) was a ''Canadien'' lawyer, author and political figure. He was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada and later to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada. ...

, Quebec lawyer, author and political figure (d.

1847 Events January–March * January 4 – Samuel Colt sells his first revolver pistol to the U.S. government. * January 13 – The Treaty of Cahuenga ends fighting in the Mexican–American War in California. * January 16 – John C. Frémont ...

) *

February 12 Events Pre-1600 *1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. *1429 – English forces under ...

Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué Friedrich Heinrich Karl de la Motte, Baron Fouqué (); (12 February 1777 – 23 January 1843) was a German writer of the Romantic style. Biography He was born at Brandenburg an der Havel, of a family of French Huguenot origin, as evidenced in ...

, French poet (d.

1843 Events January–March * January ** Serial publication of Charles Dickens's novel ''Martin Chuzzlewit'' begins in London; in the July chapters, he lands his hero in the United States. ** Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" ...

) ** Bernard Courtois, French chemist (d.

1838 Events January–March * January 10 – A fire destroys Lloyd's Coffee House and the Royal Exchange in London. * January 11 – At Morristown, New Jersey, Samuel Morse, Alfred Vail and Leonard Gale give the first public demonstration o ...

) *

February 18 Events Pre-1600 * 1229 – The Sixth Crusade: Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, signs a ten-year truce with al-Kamil, regaining Jerusalem, Nazareth, and Bethlehem with neither military engagements nor support from the papacy. * 1268 &ndas ...

– Andreas Arntzen, Norwegian politician (d.

) * February 20 – Zacheus Burnham, Canadian farmer, judge and public figure (d.

) * February 26 – Matija Nenadović, Prime Minister of Serbia (d. 1854) * March 3 – Adolphe Dureau de la Malle, French geographer, naturalist, historian and artist (d.

) * March 10 – Robert Allison (Pennsylvania politician), United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative (d. 1840) * March 13 – Charles Lot Church, Nova Scotia politician (d. 1864) Roger B

* March 17 ** Patrick Brontë, Irish Anglican curate and writer; father of writers Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë (d. 1861) ** Roger B. Taney, Chief Justice of the United States (d. 1864) * March 19 – José María Bustamante, Mexican composer (d. 1861) * March 28 – Antoine Germain Labarraque, French chemist (d.

)

April–June

* April 11 – William Addams, United States Congressman (d. 1858) * April 12 – Henry Clay, American politician (d. 1852) * April 16 – John Alexander (Ohio politician), United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative (d. 1848)

* April 30 – Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, astronomer and physicist (d. 1855) * May 4 – Richard Bourke, Australian governor (d. 1855) *

– Mateli Magdalena Kuivalatar, Finnish-Karelian folksinger (d. 1846) * May 11 – Samuel Bridger, English cricketer * May 12 – Mary Reibey, Australian businessperson (d. 1855) * May 18 – John George Children, British chemist, mineralogist and zoologist (d. 1852) * June 1 – Fernando Errázuriz Aldunate, president of Chile (d. 1841) * June 12 – Robert Clark (U.S. politician), Robert Clark, American politician (d.

) * June 14 – Heman Allen (of Milton), United States House of Representatives, U.S. Representative (d. 1844) * June 15 – David Daniel Davis, British physician (d. 1841) * June 22 ** Andrzej Alojzy Ankwicz, Polish-born Catholic archbishop of Prague (d.

) ** William Brown (admiral), Irish-born first admiral of Argentina (d.

) * June 23 – Frederick Bates (politician), Frederick Bates, American politician (d.

)

July–September

* July – Thomas Clayton, American lawyer, politician (d. 1854) * July 9 ** Henry Hallam, English historian (d. 1859) ** Paavo Ruotsalainen, Finnish farmer and lay preacher (d. 1852) * July 23 – Philipp Otto Runge, German painter (d. 1810) * July 26 – Robert Hamilton Bishop, Scottish-American educator, minister (d. 1855) * July 27 ** Heinrich Wilhelm Brandes, German physicist (d. 1834) ** Thomas Campbell (poet), Thomas Campbell, Scottish poet (d. 1844) ** Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre, British peer, soldier (d. 1853) * July 31 – Pedro Ignacio de Castro Barros, Argentine statesman, priest (d. 1849) * August 11 – Giuseppe Bossi, Italian painter (d. 1815) * August 12 – George Wolf, American politician (d. 1840) Hans Christian Ørsted daguerreotype

* August 14 – Hans Christian Ørsted, Danish physicist and chemist (d. 1851) * August 23 – Princess Adélaïde of Orléans, French princess (d.

) * August 29 – Hyacinth (Bichurin), Nikita Bichurin (Hyacinth), Russian monk (d. 1853) * August 31 – Alexander Bashilov, Russian general (d.

) * September 9 – James Carr (Massachusetts politician), U.S. Congressman (d. 1818) * September 12 – Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville, French zoologist, anatomist (d.

) * September 25 – Joseph Badeaux, Canadian politician (d. 1835)

October–December

* October 1 – Zaro Aga, Turkish-Kurdish possible supercentenarian (claimed to have been born this year or 1774; d. 1934) * October 5 – Guillaume Dupuytren, French anatomist, military surgeon (d. 1835) * October 16 ** Levi Barber, American surveyor, court administrator, banker and legislator (d. 1833) ** Lorenzo Dow, American Methodist preacher (d. 1834) * October 18 ** Auguste François-Marie de Colbert-Chabanais, French general (d. 1809) Kleist, Heinrich von

** Heinrich von Kleist, German poet, dramatist, novelist and short story writer (d. 1811) * November 7 – Richard Bassett (clergyman), Welsh cleric (d. 1852) * November 13 – Kunwar Singh, Leader during the Indian Rebellion of 1857 (d. 1858) * November 14 – Nathaniel Claiborne, American politician (d. 1859) * November 24 – Samuel Butts, American militia officer (d. 1814) * December 1 – Thomas Bradford, British Army officer (d. 1853) * December 4 – Juliette Récamier, French writer (d. 1849) * December 10 – William Conner, American trader, politician (d. 1855) * December 14 – Du Pré Alexander, 2nd Earl of Caledon, Irish peer, landlord and colonial administrator (d. 1839) * December 15 – Agostino Aglio, Italian painter, decorator and engraver (d.

) * December 16 – Madame Clicquot Ponsardin, French champagne producer (d. 1866) * December 21 – John Campbell, 7th Duke of Argyll, Scottish peer, Whig politician (d.

)

* December 23 – Emperor Alexander I of Russia, Russian officer (d.

) *

– Barbara Spooner Wilberforce, wife of English abolitionist William Wilberforce (d.

)

Date unknown

* Suleiman al-Halabi, Syrian student, assassin (d. 1800) * Carlos Anaya, Uruguayan politician (d. 1862) * Charles James Apperley, English sportsman, sporting writer (d.

) * Carlo Armellini, Italian politician, activist and jurist (d. 1863) * Mevlana Halid-i Bagdadi, Ottoman mystic (d. 1826) * Connell James Baldwin, Irish soldier, civil servant (d. 1861) * Karl Friedrich Becker, German educator, historian (d. 1806) * Vicente Benavides, Chilean soldier (d. 1822) * John Bennett (Hampshire cricketer) (d.

) * William Bellinger Bulloch, U.S. Senator (d. 1852) * Sophia Campbell, Australian artist (d. 1833) * Abiel Chandler, U.S. philanthropist (d. 1851) * John Claiborne, U.S. politician (d. 1808) * Charles Othon Frédéric Jean-Baptiste de Clarac, French artist, scholar and archaeologist (d.

) * Thomas Cochran (judge), Canadian judge (d. 1804) * Anselmo de la Cruz, Chilean political figure (d. 1833) * Thomas Day (Connecticut judge), Thomas Day, American judge (d. 1855) * Benjamin D'Urban, British general, colonial administrator (d. 1849) * Tu'i Malila, Malagasy-born tortoise, longest living animal on record (d. 1965)

Deaths

January–March

* January 10 – Spranger Barry, Irish actor (b. 1719) * January 12 – Hugh Mercer,

officer, mortally wounded in battle (b. 1726) *

– James Rait, Anglican clergyman, Scottish Episcopal Church Bishop of Brechin 1742–1777 (b. 1689) * January 27 – Hubert de Brienne, French naval commander (b. 1690) * January 30 – Enrichetta d'Este, Duchess of Parma (b. 1702) * February 9 ** Captain Abraham Godwin, American marine on USS Washington (1776 row galley), USS ''Washington'' (1776 row galley) (b. 1724) ** Seth Pomeroy, American gunsmith and soldier (b. 1706) * February 11 – Sir Gilbert Elliot, 3rd Baronet, of Minto, Scottish statesman, philosopher and poet (b. 1722) *

– King

(b. 1714) * February 28 – Joab Hoisington, American major (b. 1736) * March 1 ** Józef Aleksander Jabłonowski, Polish nobleman (szlachcic) (b. 1711) ** Georg Christoph Wagenseil, Austrian composer (b. 1715) * March 2 – Empress Xiaoshengxian, mother of the Chinese Qianlong Emperor of China (b. 1692) *

– Pierre-Herman Dosquet, 4th bishop of Quebec (b. 1691) * March 6 – Jeremias Friedrich Reuß, German theologian (b. 1700) * March 10 – John the Painter, British criminal (b. 1752) * March 20 – Jean-François-Joseph de Rochechouart, French Roman Catholic Cardinal (b. 1708) * March 23 – Sir Hugh Paterson, 2nd Baronet, Scottish Jacobite and Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (b. 1685) * March 31 – Richard Terrick, Church of England clergyman, Bishop of Peterborough 1757–1764 and Bishop of London 1764–1777 (b. 1710)

April–June

* April 7 – Anna Chamber, British noblewoman and poet (b. 1709) * April 29 – Antonio Joli, Italian painter of ''vedute'' and ''capricci'' (b. 1700) * May 5 – Raphael Hayyim Isaac Carregal, Palestinian rabbi preaching in the Americas (b. 1733) * May 7 – Jean-Baptiste Nicolas Roch de Ramezay, marine captain and colonial administrator in New France (b. 1708) * May 9 – Heneage Finch, 3rd Earl of Aylesford, Member of the Parliament of Great Britain (b. 1715) * May 11 – George Pigot, 1st Baron Pigot, British governor of Madras (b. 1719) * May 19 – Button Gwinnett, a signatory of the American Declaration of Independence (b. 1735) * May 22 – David Wooster, American general in the French and Indian War and in the American Revolutionary War (b. 1711) * May 28 – William Douglas (colonel), William Douglas, American military officer, leading regiments from Connecticut in the American Revolutionary War (b. 1742) * May 31 – Henry Fane of Wormsley, English politician (b. 1703) * June 8 – Cornelia Schlosser, sister and only sibling of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe to survive to adulthood (b. 1750) *

– Georg Friedrich Meier, German philosopher and aesthetician (b. 1718)

July–September

* July 4 – Consort Shu (Qianlong), Consort Shu, consort of the Chinese Qianlong Emperor (b. 1728) * July 13 – Guillaume Coustou the Younger, French artist (b. 1716) * August 14 ** Karl Wilhelm von Dieskau, Prussian lieutenant general and general inspector of the artillery (b. 1701) ** Otto Magnus von Schwerin, Prussian general in the army of Frederick the Great (b. 1701) * August 23 – Celia Grillo Borromeo, Italian people, Italian scientist, mathematician (b. 1684) * August 30 – John Clavering (British Army officer), John Clavering, British Army officer (b. 1722) * September 7 – Tekle Haymanot II, emperor of Ethiopia (b. 1754) * September 16 – Simon Harcourt, 1st Earl Harcourt, English landowner, diplomat, general and Viceroy of India (b. 1714) * September 18 – Princess Amalia of Nassau-Dietz, wife of Frederick (b. 1710) * September 19 – Infante Philip, Duke of Calabria (b. 1747) * September 20 – Edward Howard, 9th Duke of Norfolk, British peer (b. 1686) * September 22 – John Bartram, American botanist (b. 1699) * September 25 – Johann Heinrich Lambert, Swiss mathematician, physicist and astronomer (b. 1728)

October–December

* October 3 – Jeremias van Riemsdijk, Dutch colonial governor (b. 1712) * October 4 – Francis Nash, American brigadier general, killed at the

(b. c. 1742) * October 6 – Marie Thérèse Rodet Geoffrin, French salon holder (b. 1699) * October 7 – Simon Fraser of Balnain, Scottish general during the American Revolutionary War, killed in battle (b. 1729) * October 21 – Samuel Foote, English dramatist and actor (b. 1720) * October 25 – Carl von Donop, Hessian colonel fighting in the American Revolutionary War (b. 1732) * October 27 – Charles Antoine de La Roche-Aymon, French cardinal-archbishop and Grand Almoner (b. 1697) * October 30 – John Hart (soldier), John Hart, American militia officer during King George's War and the French and Indian War (b. 1706) * November 1 – Jonathan Hampton, American colonial surveyor (b. 1712) * November 6 – Bernard de Jussieu, French naturalist (b. 1699) * November 10 – Cornstalk, Shawnee chief (b. c. 1720) * November 13 – William Bowyer (printer), William Bowyer, English printer (b. 1699) *

– Pratap Singh Shah, 2nd king of Nepal (b. 1751) * November 18 – Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley (1716–1777), Thomas Foley, 1st Baron Foley, English landowner and politician (b. 1716) * November 27 – Henry Stauffer, German settler in Bucks County, Pennsylvania (b. 1724) * December 9 – Sir Charles Knowles, 1st Baronet, British Royal Navy officer (b. c. 1704) * December 12 – Albrecht von Haller, Swiss anatomist and physiologist (b. 1708) * December 25 – Charles Chauncey (physician), Charles Chauncey, English physician (b. 1706) * December 26 ** Dolly Pentreath, last-known fluent native Last speaker of the Cornish language, speaker of the Cornish language (b. 1692) ** Ricardo Wall, Spanish-Irish cavalry officer (b. 1694) * December 27 – Frederick Keppel, Church of England clergyman (b. 1728) *

–

, Prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire and Duke of Bavaria 1745–1777 (b. 1727) * October 22 – Friedrich Baum, German dragoon Lieutenant Colonel of Brunswick in British service during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1748)

Events

January–March

April–June

July–December

Date unknown

Births

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Deaths

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

References

Further reading