Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull

Events

January–February

* January 1 – American Revolutionary War –

Burning of Norfolk The Burning of Norfolk was an incident that occurred on January 1, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. British Royal Navy ships in the harbor of Norfolk, Virginia, began shelling the town, and landing parties came ashore to burn speci ...

: The town of

Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk ( ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Incorporated in 1705, it had a population of 238,005 at the 2020 census, making it the third-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Be ...

is destroyed, by the combined actions of the British Royal Navy and occupying Patriot forces. *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...

– American Revolution – Thomas Paine publishes his pamphlet '' Common Sense'', arguing for independence from British rule in the Thirteen Colonies. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 &ndas ...

– American Revolution – South Carolina

Loyalist Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cro ...

s led by Robert Cunningham sign a petition from prison, agreeing to all demands for peace by the formed state government of South Carolina. * January 24 – American Revolution – Henry Knox arrives at Cambridge, Massachusetts, with the artillery that he has transported from Fort Ticonderoga. *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of ...

– Edward Gibbon publishes the first volume of '' The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire''. *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantinople ...

– American Revolution – Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge: Scottish North Carolina Loyalists charge across Moore's Creek Bridge near Wilmington, to attack what they mistakenly believe to be a small force of rebels. Several bad leaders are killed in the ensuing battle. The patriot victory virtually ends all British authority in the province.

March–April

* March – Restrictions on the cereal trade in

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

are lifted. * March 2– 3 – American Revolutionary War: ** Battle of Nassau: The American

Continental Navy The Continental Navy was the navy of the United States during the American Revolutionary War and was founded October 13, 1775. The fleet cumulatively became relatively substantial through the efforts of the Continental Navy's patron John Adams ...

and Marines make a successful assault on

Nassau, Bahamas Nassau ( ) is the capital and largest city of the Bahamas. With a population of 274,400 as of 2016, or just over 70% of the entire population of the Bahamas, Nassau is commonly defined as a primate city, dwarfing all other towns in the country. ...

. **

Battle of the Rice Boats The Battle of the Rice Boats, also called the Battle of Yamacraw Bluff, was a land and naval battle of the American Revolutionary War that took place in and around the Savannah River on the border between the Province of Georgia and the Province ...

: American Patriots resist the Royal Navy on the

Savannah River The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United States, forming most of the border between the states of South Carolina and Georgia. Two tributaries of the Savannah, the Tugaloo River and the Chattooga River, form the norther ...

; British control over the Province of Georgia is lost. * March 4 – American Revolutionary War – American Patriots

capture Capture may refer to: *Asteroid capture, a phenomenon in which an asteroid enters a stable orbit around another body *Capture, a software for lighting design, documentation and visualisation *"Capture" a song by Simon Townshend *Capture (band), an ...

Dorchester Heights, dominating the port of Boston. * March 9 –

Scottish Scottish usually refers to something of, from, or related to Scotland, including: *Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family native to Scotland *Scottish English *Scottish national identity, the Scottish ide ...

economist

Adam Smith Adam Smith (baptized 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Seen by some as "The Father of Economics"——— ...

publishes '' The Wealth of Nations'' in London. * March 17 – American Revolutionary War – Threatened by Patriot cannons on Dorchester Heights, the British evacuate Boston, ending the 11‑month

Siege of Boston The siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army, which was garrisoned in what was then the peninsular town ...

. * March 28 ** Juan Bautista de Anza finds the site for the

Presidio of San Francisco The Presidio of San Francisco (originally, El Presidio Real de San Francisco or The Royal Fortress of Saint Francis) is a park and former U.S. Army post on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Francisco, California, and is part o ...

. ** The

Bolshoi Ballet The Bolshoi Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest ballet companies. In the early 20th century, it came to internatio ...

, a worldwide known ballet group, founded in Teatralnaxa, Moscow, Russia. * April 12 – American Revolution – The Royal Colony of North Carolina produces the Halifax Resolves, making it the first British colony to officially authorize its

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. ...

delegates, to vote for independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...

–

Jeongjo Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800), personal name Yi San (Korean language, Korean: 이산; Hanja: 李祘), sometimes called Jeongjo the Great (Korean language, Korean: 정조대왕; Hanja: 正祖大王), was the 22nd monarc ...

becomes the King of Joseon following the death of his grandfather

Yeongjo Yeongjo of Joseon (31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776), personal name Yi Geum (Korean: 이금, Hanja: 李昑), was the 21st monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Sukjong, by his concubine Royal Noble Consort Suk ...

May–June

* May 1 – Adam Weishaupt founds the '' Illuminati'' in Ingolstadt, Bavaria. * May 4 – Rhode Island becomes the first American colony to renounce allegiance to

King George III of Great Britain George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

. * May 15– 26 – American Revolution – Battle of the Cedars: British forces skirmish with the American

Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...

around Les Cèdres, Quebec. *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed b ...

– A fire destroys major parts of the town of

Askersund Askersund is a locality and the seat of Askersund Municipality, Örebro County, Sweden with a population census of 3,887 inhabitants in 2010. Geography Askersund is a popular tourist destination with swimming and nature experiences. The city c ...

. * June 7 – American Revolution – Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposes to the

Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was a late-18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolutionary War. The Congress was creating a new country it first named "United Colonies" and in 1 ...

(meeting in Philadelphia) that "these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." * June 8 – American Revolution – Battle of Trois-Rivières: The invading American Continental Army is driven back at Trois-Rivières, Quebec. * June 11 – American Revolution – The

appoints a Committee of Five to draft a Declaration of Independence. *

June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. * 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...

– American Revolution – The '' Virginia Declaration of Rights'' (by George Mason) is adopted by the Virginia Convention of Delegates. * June 15 – American Revolution – Delaware Separation Day: The Delaware General Assembly votes to suspend government under the British Crown. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. * 1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...

– Lt.

José Joaquín Moraga José Joaquín de la Santísima Trinidad Moraga (22 August 1745 – 13 July 1785), usually simply known as José Joaquín Moraga, was a Spanish colonial expeditionary and soldier who founded San Jose, California, in 1777. Life José Joaquín Mora ...

leads a band of colonists from Monterey Presidio, landing on June 29 and, with Father Francisco Palóu, constructing the Mission San Francisco de Asís ("Mission Dolores") of the new Presidio of San Francisco, the oldest surviving building in the modern-day city. *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 * 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch. * 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II. * 1461 – ...

– American Revolutionary War – Battle of Sullivan's Island: South Carolina militia repel a British attack on

Charleston Charleston most commonly refers to: * Charleston, South Carolina * Charleston, West Virginia, the state capital * Charleston (dance) Charleston may also refer to: Places Australia * Charleston, South Australia Canada * Charleston, Newfoundlan ...

. * June 29 – American Revolutionary War –

Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet The Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet (June 29, 1776) was an important, early naval victory for the Continental Navy and the future "Father of the American Navy", Captain John Barry. It was the first privateer battle of the American Revolutionary War. ...

: The American

successfully challenges the British Royal Navy blockade off New Jersey.

July–August

* July 2 – American Revolution – The final U.S. Declaration of Independence (with minor revisions) is written. The Continental Congress passes the Lee Resolution. * July 4 – American Revolution – United States Declaration of Independence: The Continental Congress ratifies the declaration by the United States of its independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain. *

July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese ...

– American Revolution – The

Liberty Bell The Liberty Bell, previously called the State House Bell or Old State House Bell, is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia. Originally placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House (now renamed Independence ...

rings in Philadelphia, for the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. *

July 9 Events Pre-1600 *118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...

– American Revolution – An angry mob in New York City topples the equestrian statue of George III of Great Britain in Bowling Green. *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...

– Captain

James Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean an ...

sets off from

Plymouth Plymouth () is a port city and unitary authority in South West England. It is located on the south coast of Devon, approximately south-west of Exeter and south-west of London. It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south-west. Plymouth ...

, England, in HMS ''Resolution'' on his third voyage, to the Pacific Ocean and Arctic, which will be fatal. * July 21 –

Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791), baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period (music), Classical period. Despite his short life, his ra ...

's '' Serenade No. 7'' (the "Haffner") is first performed in Salzburg, Austria. * July 29 – Francisco Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez, and eight other Spaniards set out from Santa Fe, on an eighteen-hundred mile trek through the American Southwest. They are the first Europeans to explore the vast region between the Rockies and the Sierras. * August 1 – The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata is established in southern South America. *

August 2 Events Pre-1600 *338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean. *216 BC – The Carthaginian arm ...

– Most of the American colonies ratify the Declaration of Independence. * August 15 – American Revolution – The first

Hessian A Hessian is an inhabitant of the German state of Hesse. Hessian may also refer to: Named from the toponym *Hessian (soldier), eighteenth-century German regiments in service with the British Empire **Hessian (boot), a style of boot **Hessian f ...

troops land on

Staten Island Staten Island ( ) is a borough of New York City, coextensive with Richmond County, in the U.S. state of New York. Located in the city's southwest portion, the borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull an ...

, to join British forces. * August 27 – American Revolution – Battle of Long Island: Washington's troops are defeated in Brooklyn by the British, under William Howe. * August – The guild organisation '' Marchandes de modes'' is founded in Paris.

September–October

September 1 Events Pre-1600 * 1145 – The main altar of Lund Cathedral, at the time seat of the archiepiscopal see of all the Nordic countries, is consecrated. * 1173 – The widow Stamira sacrifices herself in order to raise the siege of Ancon ...

– The invasion of the Cherokee Nation by 6,000 patriot troops from Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina begins. The troops destroy 36 Cherokee towns. * September 6 – A hurricane hits

Guadeloupe Guadeloupe (; ; gcf, label=Antillean Creole, Gwadloup, ) is an archipelago and overseas department and region of France in the Caribbean. It consists of six inhabited islands—Basse-Terre, Grande-Terre, Marie-Galante, La Désirade, and the ...

, killing more than 6,000 people. * September 7 – American Revolutionary War – World's first

submarine A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability. The term is also sometimes used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely op ...

attack: The American submersible craft '' Turtle'' attempts to attach a

time bomb A time bomb (or a timebomb, time-bomb) is a bomb whose detonation is triggered by a timer. The use (or attempted use) of time bombs has been for various purposes including insurance fraud, terrorism, assassination, sabotage and warfare. They ar ...

to the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship , in

New York Harbor New York Harbor is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay near the East River tidal estuary, and then into the Atlantic Ocean on the east coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in t ...

. * September 9 – The

officially names its union of states the '' United States''. * September 11 – American Revolutionary War – An abortive

peace conference A peace conference is a diplomatic meeting where representatives of certain states, armies, or other warring parties converge to end hostilities and sign a peace treaty. Significant international peace conferences in the past include the follo ...

takes place between the British and Americans, on

. *

September 15 Events Pre-1600 * 994 – Major Fatimid victory over the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of the Orontes. *1440 – Gilles de Rais, one of the earliest known serial killers, is taken into custody upon an accusation brought against him by ...

– American Revolutionary War – Landing at Kip's Bay: British troops land on Manhattan at Kips Bay. Nathan Hale hanged by British 1776

September 16 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Pope Honorius I is posthumously excommunicated by the Sixth Ecumenical Council. *1400 – Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers. 1601–1900 * 1620 – A determined band of 35 relig ...

– American Revolutionary War – Battle of Harlem Heights: The Continental Army under Washington is victorious against the British on Manhattan. *

September 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1111 – Highest Galician nobility led by Pedro Fróilaz de Traba and the bishop Diego Gelmírez crown Alfonso VII as "King of Galicia". * 1176 – The Battle of Myriokephalon is the last attempt by the Byzantine Empi ...

– The

is founded in New Spain. *

September 22 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – The warlord Zhu Quanzhong kills Emperor Zhaozong, the penultimate emperor of the Tang dynasty, after seizing control of the imperial government. * 1236 – The Samogitians defeat the Livonian Brothers of th ...

– American Revolutionary War –

Nathan Hale Nathan Hale (June 6, 1755 – September 22, 1776) was an American Patriot, soldier and spy for the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War. He volunteered for an intelligence-gathering mission in New York City but was captured b ...

is executed by the British in New York City, for espionage. * September 24 ** The first running of the St Leger Stakes horse race (not yet named) in England, first of the

British Classic Races The British Classics are five long-standing Group 1 horse races run during the traditional flat racing season. They are restricted to three-year-old horses and traditionally represent the pinnacle of achievement for racehorses against their own ...

, devised by

Anthony St Leger (British Army officer) Major-General Anthony St Leger (1731/32 – 19 April 1786) was a successful soldier, a Member of Parliament for Grimsby, and the founder of the St. Leger Stakes horse race. Family Born in February 1731 at Grangemellon, Kildare, Ireland, he w ...

, takes place on Cantley Common at Doncaster. The winner is a filly (later named

Allabaculia Allabaculia, or alternatively Alabaculia, (foaled 1773) was a British racemare that was the winner of the first St. Leger Stakes in 1776. Her maternal pedigree was not recorded and she did not race under the name "Allabaculia", with the name bes ...

) owned by the organiser, the

2nd Marquess of Rockingham Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, (13 May 1730 – 1 July 1782; styled The Hon. Charles Watson-Wentworth before 1733, Viscount Higham between 1733 and 1746, Earl of Malton between 1746 and 1750 and The Marquess of Rocking ...

. ** The

Bolshoi Theatre The Bolshoi Theatre ( rus, Большо́й теа́тр, r=Bol'shoy teatr, literally "Big Theater", p=bɐlʲˈʂoj tʲɪˈatər) is a historic theatre in Moscow, Russia, originally designed by architect Joseph Bové, which holds ballet and ope ...

company hosts its first annual opera season, with the opening of the ''Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre'' in Saint Petersburg, Russia. * October 7 – Crown Prince Paul of Russia marries

Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg Sophie is a version of the female given name Sophia, meaning "wise". People with the name Born in the Middle Ages * Sophie, Countess of Bar (c. 1004 or 1018–1093), sovereign Countess of Bar and lady of Mousson * Sophie of Thuringia, Duchess of ...

. * October 9 – Father Francisco Palóu founds the Mission San Francisco de Asís, in what is now San Francisco. * October 11 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Valcour Island: On Lake Champlain near Valcour Island, a British fleet led by Sir

Guy Carleton Guy Carleton may refer to: *Guy Carleton (bishop) (1605–1685), Anglican bishop * Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester (1724–1808), Irish soldier and early Governor of Canada * Guy Carleton (general), (1857–1946), United States Army major genera ...

defeats 15 American gunboats, commanded by Brigadier General

Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold ( Brandt (1994), p. 4June 14, 1801) was an American military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defect ...

. Although nearly all of Arnold's ships are destroyed, the two-day-long battle will give Patriot forces enough time to prepare the defenses of New York City. * October 18 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Pell's Point: Troops of the American

resist a British and

force in The Bronx. * October 28 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of White Plains: British forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans. * October 31 – In his first speech before British Parliament since the Declaration of Independence that summer, King George III acknowledges that all is not going well for Britain, in the war with the United States.

November–December

* November 16 – American Revolutionary War – Battle of Fort Washington: Hessian forces under Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen capture Fort Washington (Manhattan) from the American

. The captain of the American navy ship ''

Andrew Doria ''Andrew Doria'' was a brig purchased by the Continental Congress in November 1775. She is most famous for her participation in the Battle of Nassau—the first amphibious engagement by the Continental Navy and the Continental Marines—and for ...

'' fires a salute to the Dutch flag on Fort Oranje, and Johannes de Graaff answers with 11 gun shots. *

November 20 Events Pre-1600 * 284 – Diocletian is chosen as Roman emperor. * 762 – During the An Shi Rebellion, the Tang dynasty, with the help of Huihe tribe, recaptures Luoyang from the rebels. *1194 – Palermo is conquered by Henry ...

– American Revolutionary War –

Battle of Fort Lee Fort Lee Historic Park is located atop a bluff of the Hudson Palisades overlooking Burdett's Landing, known as Mount Constitution, in Fort Lee, New Jersey, United States. Native Americans appear to have lived in the area for thousands of years ...

: The invasion of New Jersey, by British and Hessian forces, leads to the subsequent general retreat of the American Continental Army. * December 5 – The

Phi Beta Kappa Society The Phi Beta Kappa Society () is the oldest academic honor society in the United States, and the most prestigious, due in part to its long history and academic selectivity. Phi Beta Kappa aims to promote and advocate excellence in the liberal ar ...

is founded at the College of William & Mary in Virginia. * December 6 – The General Assembly of Virginia votes to create

Kentucky County Kentucky County (then alternately spelled Kentucke County) was formed by the Commonwealth of Virginia from the western portion (beyond the Cumberland Mountains) of Fincastle County effective December 31, 1776. The name of the county was taken ...

as the portion of the colony's Fincastle County that is located west of the Cumberland Mountains. In 1792, the county will become the 15th state of the United States as the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The rest of Fincastle County, between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Appalachians is divided into the first county to be named after

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of th ...

(

Washington County, Virginia Washington County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. As of the 2020 census, the population was 53,935. Its county seat is Abingdon. Washington County is part of the Kingsport–Bristol–Bristol, TN-VA Metropolitan Statis ...

) in the south along the border with the North Carolina colony, and

Montgomery County Montgomery County may refer to: Australia * The former name of Montgomery Land District, Tasmania United Kingdom * The historic county of Montgomeryshire, Wales, also called County of Montgomery United States * Montgomery County, Alabama * Mon ...

in the north. The divisions take effect on December 31. * December 7 – American Revolutionary War – The Marquis de Lafayette attempts to enter the American military as a major general. * December 12 – The second Continental Congress ends after a session that began on May 10, 1775, and continued for 582 days.''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p166 * December 19 – American Revolution – Thomas Paine, living with Washington's troops, publishes the first in the series of pamphlets on ''

The American Crisis ''The American Crisis'', or simply ''The Crisis'', is a pamphlet series by eighteenth-century Enlightenment philosopher and author Thomas Paine, originally published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution. Thirteen numbered pamphlets w ...

'' in '' The Pennsylvania Journal'', opening with the stirring phrase, "These are the times that try men's souls." * December 21 – American Revolution – The Royal Colony of North Carolina reorganizes into the

State of North Carolina North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and So ...

after adopting its own constitution. Richard Caswell becomes the first governor of the newly formed state. The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton December 26 1776

The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton December 26 1776

* December 25 – American Revolution – At 6 p.m. Gen. George Washington and his troops, numbering 2,400, march to

McConkey's Ferry Washington Crossing Historic Park is a 500-acre (2 km2) state park operated by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources in partnership with the Friends of Washington Crossing Park. The park is divided into two sectio ...

, cross the Delaware River, and land on the New Jersey bank by 3 a.m. the following morning. * December 26 – American Revolutionary War –

Battle of Trenton The Battle of Trenton was a small but pivotal American Revolutionary War battle on the morning of December 26, 1776, in Trenton, New Jersey. After General George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American m ...

: Washington's troops surprise the 1,500 Hessian troops under the command of Col.

Johann Rall Johann Gottlieb Rall (also spelled Rahl) (December 27, 1776) was a German colonel best known for his command of Hessian troops at the Battle of Trenton during the American Revolutionary War. Early life and education Rall was born as a so-called ...

at 8 a.m. outside Trenton and score a victory, taking 948 prisoners while suffering only five wounded.

Date unknown

Adlan II Adlan II (died 1789) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar (1776 - 1789). He defeated the Vizier Rajab Rajab ( ar, رَجَب) is the seventh month of the Islamic calendar. The lexical definition of the classical Arabic verb ''rajaba'' is "t ...

becomes ruler of the

Kingdom of Sennar The Funj Sultanate, also known as Funjistan, Sultanate of Sennar (after its capital Sennar) or Blue Sultanate due to the traditional Sudanese convention of referring to black people as blue () was a monarchy in what is now Sudan, northwestern E ...

. * The first commercial examples of the Watt steam engine are sold.R. L. Hills, ''James Watt: II The Years of Toil, 1775–1785'' (Landmark, Ashbourne, 2005), 58–65.

Births

* January 1 –

James M. Broom James Madison Broom (1776 – January 15, 1850) was an American lawyer and politician from Wilmington, in New Castle County, Delaware. He was a member of the Federalist Party, who served as a U. S. Representative from Delaware. Early life and fa ...

, American politician (d.

1850 Events January–June * April ** Pope Pius IX returns from exile to Rome. ** Stephen Foster's parlor ballad "Ah! May the Red Rose Live Alway" is published in the United States. * April 4 – Los Angeles is incorporated as a cit ...

) *

January 2 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – The Roman legions in Germania Superior refuse to swear loyalty to Galba. They rebel and proclaim Vitellius as emperor. * 366 – The Alemanni cross the frozen Rhine in large numbers, invading the Roman Empi ...

– Jeremiah Chaplin, American Reformed Baptist theologian (d.

1841 Events January–March * January 20 – Charles Elliot of the United Kingdom, and Qishan of the Qing dynasty, agree to the Convention of Chuenpi. * January 26 – Britain occupies Hong Kong. Later in the year, the first census of the i ...

) *

January 3 Events Pre-1600 *AD 69, 69 – The Roman legions on the Rhine refuse to declare their allegiance to Galba, instead proclaiming their legate, Aulus Vitellius, as emperor. * 250 – Emperor Decius orders everyone in the Roman Empire (ex ...

– Thomas Morris, American politician (d.

1844 In the Philippines, it was the only leap year with 365 days, as December 31 was skipped when 1845 began after December 30. Events January–March * January 15 – The University of Notre Dame, based in the city of the same name, receives ...

) *

January 4 Events Pre-1600 *46 BC – Julius Caesar fights Titus Labienus in the Battle of Ruspina. * 871 – Battle of Reading: Æthelred of Wessex and his brother Alfred are defeated by a Danish invasion army. 1601–1900 *1649 – Engli ...

** Bernardino Drovetti, Italian diplomat (d.

1852 Events January–March * January 14 – President Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte proclaims a new constitution for the French Second Republic. * January 15 – Nine men representing various Jewish charitable organizations come tog ...

) **

Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois

Jean-Baptiste Prosper J ...

, French Egyptologist (d.

1842 Events January–March * January ** Michael Alexander takes office, as the first appointee to the Anglican-German Bishopric in Jerusalem. ** American medical student William E. Clarke of Berkshire Medical College becomes the first pe ...

) *

January 6 Events Pre-1600 *1066 – Following the death of Edward the Confessor on the previous day, the Witan meets to confirm Harold Godwinson as the new King of England; Harold is crowned the same day, sparking a succession crisis that will eve ...

Ferdinand von Schill Ferdinand Baptista von Schill (6 January 1776 – 31 May 1809) was a Kingdom of Prussia, Prussian major who revolted unsuccessfully against First French Empire, French domination of Prussia in May 1809. Schill's rebellion ended at the Battle of ...

, German noble (d.

1809 Events January–March * January 5 – The Treaty of the Dardanelles, between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the Ottoman Empire, is concluded. * January 10 – Peninsular War – French Marshal Jean ...

) ** Auguste Jean Ameil, French soldier (d.

1822 Events January–March * January 1 – The Greek Constitution of 1822 is adopted by the First National Assembly at Epidaurus. *January 3 - The famous French explorer, Aimé Bonpland, is made prisoner in Paraguay accused of being a spy. ...

) *

January 8 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – Emperor Huai of Jin, Jin Huaidi becomes emperor of China in succession to his father, Emperor Hui of Jin, Jin Huidi, despite a challenge from his uncle, Sima Ying. * 871 – Æthelred I, King of Wessex, Æthel ...

–

Thomas Langlois Lefroy Thomas Langlois Lefroy (8 January 1776 – 4 May 1869) was an Irish-Huguenot politician and judge. He served as an MP for the constituency of Dublin University in 1830–1841, Privy Councillor of Ireland in 1835–1869 and Lord Chief Justic ...

, Irish politician (d.

1869 Events January–March * January 3 – Abdur Rahman Khan is defeated at Tinah Khan, and exiled from Afghanistan. * January 5 – Scotland's oldest professional football team, Kilmarnock F.C., is founded. * January 20 – E ...

) *

January 9 Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...

–

Ludwig Rhesa Martin Ludwig Jedemin Rhesa ( lt, Martynas Liudvikas Gediminas Rėza; 9 January 1776 – 30 August 1840) was a Lutheran pastor and a professor at the University of Königsberg in East Prussia. He is best remembered as publisher of Lithuanian text ...

, Prussian scholar (d.

1840 Events January–March * January 3 – One of the predecessor papers of the ''Herald Sun'' of Melbourne, Australia, ''The Port Phillip Herald'', is founded. * January 10 – Uniform Penny Post is introduced in the United Kingdom. * Janua ...

) *

– George Birkbeck, English doctor, academic and philanthropist (d.

) *

January 15 Events Pre-1600 * 69 – Otho seizes power in Rome, proclaiming himself Emperor of Rome, beginning a reign of only three months. * 1541 – King Francis I of France gives Jean-François Roberval a commission to settle the province of ...

–

Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, (15 January 1776 – 30 November 1834) was a great-grandson of King George II of Great Britain and the nephew and son-in-law of King George III. He was the grandson of both Frederick, Pr ...

, Roman-born British prince (d.

1834 Events January–March * January – The Wilmington and Raleigh Railroad is chartered in Wilmington, North Carolina. * January 1 – Zollverein (Germany): Customs charges are abolished at borders within its member states. * January 3 � ...

) *

January 16 Events Pre-1600 * 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire. * 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spear ...

** Matthew Brown, American college president (d.

1853 Events January–March * January 6 – Florida Governor Thomas Brown signs legislation that provides public support for the new East Florida Seminary, leading to the establishment of the University of Florida. * January 8 – Taiping Reb ...

) **

João Soares de Albergaria de Sousa João Soares de Albergaria de Sousa ( Velas, São Jorge, 16 January 1776– Velas, São Jorge, 1 February 1875), frequently referred to as João Soares de Albergaria, was a liberal politician, rural landowner, and author of the 1822 manifesto ' ...

, Portuguese politician (d.

1875 Events January–March * January 1 – The Midland Railway of England abolishes the Second Class passenger category, leaving First Class and Third Class. Other British railway companies follow Midland's lead during the rest of the ...

) ** Richard Onslow, English archdeacon (d.

1849 Events January–March * January 1 – France begins issue of the Ceres series, the nation's first postage stamps. * January 5 – Hungarian Revolution of 1848: The Austrian army, led by Alfred I, Prince of Windisch-Grätz, enters in th ...

) * January 17 ''(bapt.)'' – Jane Porter, English novelist (d.

) * January 21 **

Poul Christian Holst Poul Christian Holst (21 January 1776 – 7 August 1863) was a Norwegian government official who held several positions in the period 1814–1848. Holst led negotiations over debt with Denmark in 1817, after the dissolution of the union between t ...

, Norwegian politician (d.

1863 Events January–March * January 1 – Abraham Lincoln signs the Emancipation Proclamation during the third year of the American Civil War, making the abolition of slavery in the Confederate states an official war goal. It proclaims t ...

) **

Elisha Haley Elisha Haley (January 21, 1776 – January 22, 1860) was a United States Representative from Connecticut. He was born in Groton in the Connecticut Colony where he attended the common schools. He engaged in agricultural pursuits. Haley served i ...

, American politician (d.

1860 Events January–March * January 2 – The discovery of a hypothetical planet Vulcan is announced at a meeting of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris, France. * January 10 – The Pemberton Mill in Lawrence, Massachusett ...

) * January 23 – Howard Douglas, British Army general (d.

1861 Statistically, this year is considered the end of the whale oil industry and (in replacement) the beginning of the petroleum oil industry. Events January–March * January 1 ** Benito Juárez captures Mexico City. ** The first steam-p ...

) * January 24 **

Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville (24 January 177628 May 1857) was a French aristocrat, diplomat, and politician. Early years; Royalist agent Jean-Guillaume was born at La Charité-sur-Loire (Nièvre), the son of Guillaume Hyde, who belonge ...

, French aristocrat (d.

1857 Events January–March * January 1 – The biggest Estonian newspaper, ''Postimees'', is established by Johann Voldemar Jannsen. * January 7 – The partly French-owned London General Omnibus Company begins operating. * Janua ...

)

E. T. A. Hoffmann Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann (born Ernst Theodor Wilhelm Hoffmann; 24 January 1776 – 25 June 1822) was a German Romantic author of fantasy and Gothic horror, a jurist, composer, music critic and artist. Penrith Goff, "E.T.A. Hoffmann" in E ...

, German writer, composer and painter (d.

) **

Peter A. Jay Peter Augustus Jay (January 24, 1776 – February 20, 1843) was a prominent New York lawyer, politician and the eldest son of Founding Father and first United States Chief Justice John Jay. Early life Peter Augustus Jay was born at Liberty ...

, American politician (d.

1843 Events January–March * January ** Serial publication of Charles Dickens's novel ''Martin Chuzzlewit'' begins in London; in the July chapters, he lands his hero in the United States. ** Edgar Allan Poe's short story "The Tell-Tale Heart" ...

) *

January 25 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Roman emperor by the Senate. * 750 – In the Battle of the Zab, the Abbasid rebels defeat the Umayyad Caliphate, leading to the overthrow of the dynasty ...

–

Joseph Görres Johann Joseph Görres, since 1839 von Görres (25 January 1776 – 29 January 1848), was a German writer, philosopher, theologian, historian and journalist. Early life Görres was born in Koblenz. His father was moderately well off, and sent hi ...

, German writer and journalist (d.

1848 1848 is historically famous for the wave of revolutions, a series of widespread struggles for more liberal governments, which broke out from Brazil to Hungary; although most failed in their immediate aims, they significantly altered the polit ...

) * January 29 – William Bowie, American agrarian (d.

1826 Events January–March * January 15 – The French newspaper ''Le Figaro'' begins publication in Paris, initially as a weekly. * January 30 – The Menai Suspension Bridge, built by engineer Thomas Telford, is opened between the island o ...

) *

February 4 Events Pre–1600 * 211 – Following the death of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus at Eboracum (modern York, England) while preparing to lead a campaign against the Caledonians, the empire is left in the control of his two quarrellin ...

Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (4 February 1776, Bremen – 16 February 1837, Bremen) was a German physician, naturalist, and proto-evolutionary biologist. His younger brother, Ludolph Christian Treviranus (1779–1864), was also a naturalist an ...

, German biologist (d.

1837 Events January–March * January 1 – The destructive Galilee earthquake causes 6,000–7,000 casualties in Ottoman Syria. * January 26 – Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States. * February – Charles Dickens's ...

) **

Jan Gerard Kemmerling Jan Gerard Kemmerling (February 4, 1776 in Gulpen – January 15, 1818 in Heerlen) was mayor of Heerlen and Nieuwenhagen. When the French arrived in Heerlen in 1795, Kemmerling sympathized with their ideas of Enlightenment and revolution. He becam ...

, Dutch mayor (d.

1818 Events January–March * January 1 ** Battle of Koregaon: Troops of the British East India Company score a decisive victory over the Maratha Empire. ** Mary Shelley's ''Frankenstein'' is published anonymously in London. * January 2 – ...

)

February 11 Events Pre-1600 *660 BC – Traditional date for the foundation of Japan by Emperor Jimmu. * 55 – The death under mysterious circumstances of Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, heir to the Roman empire, on the eve of his coming ...

– Ioannis Kapodistrias, Governor of Greece (d.

1831 Events January–March * January 1 – William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing '' The Liberator'', an anti-slavery newspaper, in Boston, Massachusetts. * January 10 – Japanese department store, Takashimaya in Kyoto establ ...

) * February 12 ** Richard Mant, Irish bishop (d.

) **

Mary Young Pickersgill Mary Pickersgill (born Mary Young; February 12, 1776 – October 4, 1857) was the maker of the Star Spangled Banner Flag hoisted over Fort McHenry during the Battle of Baltimore in the War of 1812. The daughter of another noted flag maker, Reb ...

, American maker of the Star Spangled Banner flag (d.

) * February 14 – Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, prolific German botanist (d. 1858) * February 15 – Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti (d.

) * February 16 – Abraham Raimbach, British engraver (d.

) *

** Ross Cuthbert (politician), Ross Cuthbert, Canadian politician (d.

) ** Georg zu Münster, German paleontologist (d.

) * February 18 – Karl August Ferdinand von Borcke, German general (d. 1830) * February 20 – Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca, Spanish colonial governor of Cuba (d. 1846) * February 21 – Joseph Barss, Canadian privateer, sea captain (d. 1824) * February 23 ** John Walter (editor, born 1776), John Walter, English newspaper editor (d. 1847) ** Heneage Horsley, Scottish priest (d. 1847) * February 25 – George William Tighe, English expatriate (d.

) * February 26 ** Innis Green, American congressman for Pennsylvania (d. 1839) ** John Paterson (missionary), John Paterson, Scottish missionary to Northern Europe (d. 1855) * February 28 – François Quirouet, Canadian politician (d.

) * March 1 ** John Collins (governor), John Collins, American manufacturer, politician (d.

) ** Elias Moore (d. 1847) * March 3 – James Parker (New Jersey politician), James Parker, American politician (d. 1868) * March 4 – Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest, Russian army commander (d. 1814) * March 5 – Gerard Troost, American mineralogist (d.

) * March 6 – Luigi Lambruschini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1854) * March 7 – Timothy Ruggles (Nova Scotia politician), Timothy Ruggles, Canadian politician (d.

) * March 8 ** David Rogerson Williams, American politician (d. 1830) ** Samuel Tweedy, American politician (d. 1868) * March 9 ** Thomas Evans (British Army officer), Thomas Evans, British Army general (d.

) ** Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary, Archduke of Austria (d. 1847) Grassi, Josef Mathias - Luise von Mecklenburg-Strelitz

* March 10 ** Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia (d. 1810) ** Étienne Ranvoyzé, Canadian politician (d.

) * March 12 – Lady Hester Stanhope, English archaeologist (d. 1839) * March 15 – Aimé Picquet du Boisguy, French chouan general during the French Revolution (d. 1839) * March 17 – Joel Abbot (politician), Joel Abbot, American politician (d.

) * March 19 – Philemon Beecher, American politician (d. 1839) * March 20 ** Joshua Bates (educator), Joshua Bates, American educator (d. 1854) ** Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, English politician (d. 1839) * March 21 – John Frederick Frelinghuysen, United States general (d. 1833) * March 23 ** Robert Eden Duncombe Shafto, English politician (d.

) ** Vicente Salias, Venezuelan doctor (d. 1814) * March 24 – Zusho Hirosato, Japanese samurai (d.

) * March 27 – Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel, French botanist, politician (d. 1854) * March 30 – Vasily Tropinin, Russian artist (d.

) * March 31 – Joseph Küffner, German musician, composer (d. 1856) * April 1 ** Pierre François Bellot, Swiss jurist (d. 1836) ** Sophie Germain, French mathematician (d.

) * April 3 ** François Blanchet (physician), François Blanchet, Canadian physician, politician (d. 1830) ** Mary Anne Clarke, English mistress of Prince Frederick (d.

) * April 6 – Jesse Bledsoe, American politician (d. 1836) * April 11 ** Macvey Napier, Scottish legal scholar, one of the editors of the ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' (d. 1847) ** Jerome Inglott, Maltese philosopher (d. 1835) * April 12 ** Henry Hezekiah Cogswell, Canadian politician (d. 1854) ** Henry Hobhouse (archivist), Henry Hobhouse, English archivist (d. 1854) * April 13 – Wilhelm von Schütz, German author, playwright (d. 1847) * April 15 – John Anstruther-Thomson, Scottish nobleman, Colonel of the Royal Fifeshire Yeomanry Cavalry (d. 1833) * April 17 – Jean-François Roger, French poet, politician (d.

) * April 20 ** Augustin-Marie d'Aboville, French artillerist during the Revolution (d.

) ** William Weston Young, English Quaker businessman (d. 1847) * April 25 ** James Miller (general), James Miller, American politician (d. 1851) ** Edward Solly, English merchant, art collector (d.

) ** Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, member of the British Royal Family (d.

) *

** Hyacinthe Jadin, French composer (d. 1800) ** John Cunningham (Nova Scotia politician), John Cunningham, Canadian politician (d. 1847) * April 28 ** Charles Bennet, 5th Earl of Tankerville, English politician (d. 1859) ** Manuel Vieira de Albuquerque Touvar, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1833) * May 4 – Johann Friedrich Herbart, German philosopher, psychologist (d.

) * May 5 – Valentine Efner, American politician (d. 1865) * May 6 ** Stephen Rumbold Lushington, English politician, administrator in Madras (d. 1868) ** Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky, Russian field marshal (d.

) ** Rensselaer Westerlo, American politician (d. 1851) * May 8 ** Edward Leveson-Gower, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

) ** Prince Bagrat of Georgia (d.

) * May 9 – Thomas Maguire (priest), Thomas Maguire, Canadian Catholic priest (d. 1854) * May 10 – George Thomas Smart, English musician (d. 1867) * May 13 – Jett Thomas, American militia general (d. 1817) * May 17 – Amos Eaton, American botanist (d.

) * May 18 – Dennis Pennington, American politician (d. 1854) * May 20 ** Simon Fraser (explorer), Simon Fraser, Canadian explorer (d. 1862) ** Víctor Rosales, Mexican rebel (d. 1817) * May 29 – Peter Erasmus Müller, Danish historian, linguist and theologian (d.

) * May 31 – José Antonio de la Garza, American mayor (d. 1851) * June 1 ** George Schetky, American conductor (d.

) ** Giuseppe Zamboni, Italian Catholic priest, physicist (d. 1846) * June 4 – Isaac B. Van Houten, American politician (d.

) *

– William Reed (politician), William Reed, American politician (d.

) * June 8 – Thomas Rickman, English architect, architectural antiquary (d.

)

* June 11 – John Constable, English landscape painter (d.

) *

** Karl Friedrich Burdach, German physiologist (d. 1847) ** José Manuel de Goyeneche, 1st Count of Guaqui, Spanish soldier, diplomat (d. 1846) ** Pierre Révoil, French painter (d.

) * June 19 – Francis Johnson (congressman), Francis Johnson, American politician (d.

) * June 21 ** Landgravine Josepha of Fürstenberg-Weitra, Princess of Liechtenstein (d.

) ** Charles Horsfall, English merchant, politician (d. 1846) ** William Wadd, English surgeon, medical author (d. 1829) * June 23 – Stephen Longfellow, American politician (d.

) *

– Charles Mathews, English actor (d. 1835) * June 29 – George Okill Stuart (priest), George Okill Stuart, Canadian clergyman (d. 1862) * July 1 ** Samuel Thatcher, American politician (d. 1872) ** Sophie Gay, French author (d.

) * July 3 – Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton, Anglo-Irish politician (d.

) * July 4 ** Pär Aron Borg, Swedish sign language creator (d. 1839) ** Ethan Allen Brown, American politician (d.

) * July 5 ** Daniel Dobbins, captain in the United States Revenue Cutter Service (d. 1856) ** Bernard Smith (New Jersey politician), Bernard Smith, American politician (d. 1835) * July 10 – Samuel Powell, American politician (d.

) * July 11 – William Bradbery, English entrepreneur (d.

) *

– John Christian (Deemster), John Christian, Manx judge (d.

) * July 13 – Caroline of Baden, Queen of Bavaria (d.

) * July 14 – Pierre Yrieix Daumesnil, French soldier (d. 1832) * July 16 ** Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, German physician, naturalist (d. 1827) ** Johann Georg von Soldner, German physicist (d. 1833) * July 17 – John Neilson (Canadian politician), John Neilson, Canadian politician (d.

) * July 18 – John Struthers (poet), John Struthers, Scottish poet (d.

) * July 20 – Ignaz Schuppanzigh, Austrian musician (d. 1830) * July 22 ** Etheldred Benett, English geologist (d. 1845) ** Friedrich Hermann Otto, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (d. 1838) * July 26 – Pierre Fouquier, French physician, professor of medicine (d.

) * July 29 – James McSherry (Pennsylvania politician), James McSherry, American politician (d.

) * July 30 – Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet, British general (d.

) * August 1 ** Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford, Governor General of British North America (1835-1837) (d.

) ** Jean Corbineau, French cavalry general (d.

) *

** Thomas Assheton Smith II, English cricketer (d. 1858) ** Friedrich Stromeyer, German chemist (d. 1835) * August 4 – Pierre-Simon Ballanche, French writer and counterrevolutionary philosopher (d. 1847) * August 5 ** Sophie d'Artois, French princess (d. 1783) ** John Willson, Canadian judge (d.

) * August 6 – William Crooks (Canadian politician), William Crooks, Canadian politician (d. 1836) * August 9 ** Jacob Munch, Norwegian painter, military officer (d. 1839) Avogadro Amedeo

** Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (d. 1856) * August 12 ** Thomas Millidge, Jr., New Brunswick businessman, political figure (d. 1838) ** David Erskine, 2nd Baron Erskine, British politician (d. 1855) * August 13 – Abraham Shepherd, American politician (d. 1847) * August 14 ** Prince Christian of Hesse (d. 1814) ** Christian Friedrich Tieck, German sculptor (d. 1851) * August 15 ** Ignaz von Seyfried, Austrian musician (d.

) ** Gottlieb Schick, German artist (d. 1812) * August 16 ** Amalia von Helvig, German and Swedish artist (d.

) ** Philipp Jakob Riotte, German composer (d. 1856) ** Monaldo Leopardi, Italian philosopher (d. 1847) ** Jean-Roch Coignet, French soldier (d. 1865) * August 18 ** Agustín Argüelles, Spanish liberal politician (d.

) ** Thomas Howard, 16th Earl of Suffolk, England (d. 1851) ** Sir Robert Newman, 1st Baronet, English politician (d.

) * August 21 ** Joseph Healy, American politician (d.

) ** Elizabeth Parke Custis Law, American matriarch (d. 1832) * August 22 – Carlo Amati, Italian architect (d.

) * August 23 ** Jens Peter Debes, Norwegian politician (d. 1832) ** Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński, Polish philosopher (d.

) * August 25 – Thomas Bladen Capel, British admiral (d.

) * August 26 ** Ferdynand Stokowski, Polish general (d. 1827) ** Henry A. Livingston, American politician (d.

) * August 27 – Barthold Georg Niebuhr, Danish-German statesman, historian (d.

) * August 29 – Georg Friedrich Treitschke, German librettist (d.

) *

** Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie, French general, politician (d. 1856) ** Ezekiel Bacon, American politician (d. 1870) * September 3 – Étienne Mayrand, Canadian politician (d. 1872) * September 4 – Stephen Whitney, American merchant (d.

) * September 5 – Augustus Simon Frazer, French-born British Army officer (d. 1835) * September 8 ** Amelia of Nassau-Weilburg, German noblewoman (d.

) ** Heinrich Meldahl, Norwegian builder (d.

) * September 9 ** Parmenio Adams, American politician (d. 1832) ** Calvin Pease, Ohio jurist, legislator (d. 1839) ** Philip Broke, British Royal Navy admiral (d.

) * September 11 – Thomas Arbuthnot, British Army general (d.

) *

** William Baylies, American politician (d. 1865) ** Calvin Willey, American politician (d. 1858) *

– Langdon Cheves, American politician (d.

) * September 18 – Thomas Gleadowe-Newcomen, 2nd Viscount Newcomen, English politician (d. 1825) * September 21 ** Karl Gustav Bonuvier, Swedish actor, theatre director (d. 1858) ** John Fitchett (poet), John Fitchett, English poet (d. 1838) * September 27 ** Peter Shaver, Canadian politician (d. 1866) ** Maria Versfelt, Dutch writer, actor (d. 1845) * October 1 – Augustus Warren Baldwin, Upper Canada naval officer, political figure (d. 1866) * October 3 – Thomas Walsh (Vicar Apostolic of the London District), Thomas Walsh, Vicar Apostolic of England and Wales (d.

) * October 4 ** Giovanni Battista Bellé, Italian Bishop of Mantova (d.

) ** Antonio Tosti, Italian cardinal-priest (d. 1866) ** Mariano Lagasca, Spanish botanist (d. 1839) * October 6 ** Hirata Atsutane, Japanese theologian of the Shintō religion (d.

) ** James Duff, 4th Earl Fife, Scottish-born Spanish general (d.

) ** James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe, English politician (d. 1845) * October 8 – Pieter van Os, Dutch painter, engraver (d. 1839) * October 12 – Jean-Michel Mahé, French Navy officer, captain (d. 1833) * October 13 ** Peter Barlow (mathematician), Peter Barlow, English mathematician (d. 1862) ** John Gibb (engineer), John Gibb, Scottish civil engineering contractor (d.

) * October 14 ** Samuel Rexford, New York politician (d.

) ** Robert Townsend Farquhar, British colonial administrator (d. 1830) * October 18 – Cowles Mead, American politician (d.

) * October 20 – John Rolls of The Hendre, British judge (d.

) * October 21 – George Izard, United States general (d. 1828) * October 22 – Edward Draper, British military officer, civil servant in Mauritius (d.

) * October 25 – Patrick Neill (naturalist), Patrick Neill, Scottish printer, horticulturalist (d. 1851) * October 28 – Joachim Haspinger, Catholic priest, leader of the Tyrolese revolt against Napoleon (d. 1858) * October 30 ** George M. Bibb, American politician (d. 1859) ** John Hahn (politician), John Hahn, American politician (d. 1823) * October 31 – Francis Locke Jr., American politician (d. 1823) * November 1 – Abraham McClellan (Missouri politician), Abraham McClellan, American politician (d. 1851) * November 5 – Abraham Teerlink, Dutch painter (d.

) * November 7 ** Bartow White, American politician (d. 1862) ** James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline, British politician (d. 1858) * November 10 ** Samuel Gross (politician), Samuel Gross, American politician (d. 1839) ** Henry Seymour (Knoyle), British politician (d.

) ** General Washington Johnston, American politician (d. 1833) * November 11 – Philip E. Thomas, American banker, railroad executive (d.

) * November 14 – Henri Dutrochet, French physician (d. 1847) * November 15 ** Aaron Manby (ironmaster), Aaron Manby, English civil engineer, founder of the Horseley Ironworks (d.

) ** Pehr Henrik Ling, Swedish physical therapist (d. 1839) * November 17 ** Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, German historian (d.

) ** Robert Trimble, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1828) *

** William Blackwood, Scottish publisher (d.

) ** Maximilian Seyssel d'Aix, German general (d. 1855) * November 24 ** Jean-Joseph Marcel, French printer and engineer (d. 1854) ** Matthew John Tierney, Irish surgeon (d. 1845) * November 29 – Harcourt Lees, Irish clergyman, political pamphleteer (d.

) * November 30 ** Philippe André de Vilmorin, French horticulturist (d. 1862) ** Bartholomew Frere, English diplomat (d. 1851) * December 1 ** Elijah H. Mills, American politician (d. 1829) ** Isaac Lacey, American politician (d.

) * December 2 – Louis Alexis Baudoin, French naval officer (d. 1805) Yashwant Rao Holkar I

* December 3 ** Yashwantrao Holkar, Ruler of Holkar State (d. 1811) ** Nicolas Charles Seringe, French physician, botanist (d. 1858) * December 5 – Konrad Johann Martin Langenbeck, German surgeon (d. 1851) * December 6 – Theodorick Bland (judge), Theodorick Bland, United States federal judge (d. 1846) * December 7 – Reuben Whallon, American politician (d.

) * December 8 ** Theodore Dehon, second Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina (d. 1817) ** William Logan (Kentuckian), William Logan, American politician (d.

) * December 10 ** Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este, second wife of Charles Theodore (d.

) ** David Marchand, American politician (d. 1832) ** Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy, German banker, father of classical composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (d. 1835) * December 12 – Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, English lawyer, politician (d. 1846) * December 13 – James Hawkes (congressman), James Hawkes, American politician (d. 1865) * December 14 – Ingelbrecht Knudssøn, Norwegian politician (d.

) * December 16 ** Narciso Durán, Spanish Franciscan missionary to Mexico (d. 1846) Ritter-Johann-Wilhelm-1804

** Johann Wilhelm Ritter, German chemist (d. 1810) * December 19 ** Lord Edward Somerset, British Army general (d.

) ** Lars Roverud, Norwegian musician (d.

) ** Eusebio Bardají y Azara, Prime Minister of Spain (d.

) * December 20 – José María del Castillo y Rada, President of Colombia (d. 1833) * December 25 – John Slater (industrialist), John Slater, American businessman (d.

) * December 26 – Charles Hamilton Smith, British artist (d. 1859) * December 27 – Nikolay Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1811) * December 29 – Gustaf af Wetterstedt, Swedish politician (d.

) * December 30 – William Drayton, American politician (d. 1846) * December 31 – Johann Spurzheim, German physician (d. 1832)

Deaths

Desmarées - Maria Anna of Bavaria, Rastatt

Francisca Christina of the Palatinate-Sulzbach princess-abbess of Essen and Thorn

– James Gabriel Montresor, British military engineer (b. 1704) *

– James Frye, colonial soldier (b. 1709) * January 12 – Johann Philipp Murray, German historian interested in early Nordic studies and relations between England and Scandinavia (b. 1726) * January 14 – Edward Cornwallis, British military officer, first Governor of Nova Scotia (b. 1713) * January 21 – Jacques de Romas, French physicist (b. 1713) * February 13 – Élisabeth Catherine Ballard (b. 1704) * February 18 – Lady Anne Monson, English botanist (b. 1726) * March 4 – Johann Georg Ziesenis, German – Danish portrait painter (b. 1716) * March 5 – Pierre-Robert Le Cornier de Cideville, French magistrate and scholar (b. 1693) * March 7 – John Bowes, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (b. 1737) * March 10 ** Élie Catherine Fréron, French critic (b. 1719) ** Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish merchant, philanthropist (b. 1701) * March 24 – John Harrison, English clockmaker (b. 1693) * March 26 – Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician), Samuel Ward, American politician (b. 1725) * March 29 – Johann Gotthelf Lindner, German university teacher and writer (b. 1729) * March 30 – Jonathan Belcher (jurist), Jonathan Belcher, British-American lawyer (b. 1710) * March 31 – Jane Randolph Jefferson, wife of Peter Jefferson and the mother of US president Thomas Jefferson (b. 1720) * April 7 – Charles-Pierre Colardeau, French poet (b. 1732) * April 19 – Jacob Emden, leading German rabbi and talmudist who championed Orthodox Judaism (b. 1697) * April 20 – Olivier de Vézin (b. 1707) * April 29 – Edward Wortley Montagu (traveller), Edward Wortley Montagu, English traveller and writer (b. 1713) * May 4 – Jacques Saly, French sculptor (b. 1717) * May 6 – James Kent (composer), James Kent, English organist and composer (b. 1700) * May 7 – Duchess Maria Anna Josepha of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria by birth and Margravine of Baden-Baden by marriage (b. 1734) * May 23 – Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse, French salon holder (b. 1732) * May 25 – Richard FitzWilliam, 6th Viscount FitzWilliam (b. 1711) * May 30 – Albert Frick (theologian), Albert Frick, German theologian (b. 1714) * June 2 – Continental Army General John Thomas (American general), John Thomas, from smallpox (b. 1724) * June 10 ** Hsinbyushin (b. 1736) ** Leopold Widhalm, Austrian luthier (b. 1722) * June 13 – Elizabeth Scott (hymnwriter), Elizabeth Scott, British-American poet and Christian hymnwriter (b. 1708) * June 20 – Benjamin Huntsman, English inventor, manufacturer (b. 1704) * July 7 – Jeremiah Markland, English classical scholar (b. 1693) * July 10 – Richard Peters (priest), Richard Peters, English-born American clergyman (b. 1704) * July 15 – Richard Bampfylde, British politician (b. 1722) * July 16 – Countess Palatine Francisca Christina of Sulzbach, Princess-abbess of Essen Abbey and Thorn Abbey (b. 1696) * July 21 – Benedicta Margareta von Löwendal, German industrialist (b. 1683) * August 1 ** Edward Bentham, Oxford based theologian who in 1763 (b. 1707) ** Francis Salvador, American patriot (b. 1747) *

– Louis François, Prince of Conti, French military leader (b. 1717) * August 14 – Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart (b. 1721) * August 25 – David Hume, Scottish philosopher (b. 1711) * August 27 – William Stark (loyalist), William Stark, Revolutionary War era officer (b. 1724) * August 29 – Joseph Arnold (Rhode Island farmer), Joseph Arnold, pre-revolutionary resident of North Kingstown and Exeter (b. 1710) *

– Angelica Le Gru Perotti, Italian woman painter of the Rococo (b. 1719) * September 6 – Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII, twentieth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1770 to 1776 (b. 1759) *

–

, American Revolutionary War captain, writer and patriot (executed) (b. 1755) * September 24 – Charles Cadogan, 2nd Baron Cadogan, Anglo-Irish peer (b. 1685) * September 28 – Cadwallader Colden, physician (b. 1688) * October 3 – Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III), Ayşe Sultan, Ottoman princess (b. 1713) * October 10 – Karl Gotthelf von Hund, German Freemason (b. 1722) * October 15 – John Ellis (naturalist), John Ellis, naturalist (b. 1710) * October 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (b. 1681) * October 28 – Princess Sophie of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Princess of Saxe-Hildburghausen by birth (b. 1760) * October 30 – Simón de Anda y Salazar, Spanish Basque governor of the Philippines from July (b. 1709) * November 15 – Fernando de Silva, 12th Duke of Alba, Spanish duke (b. 1714) * November 17 – James Ferguson (Scottish astronomer), James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (b. 1710) * November 23 – Théophile de Bordeu, French physician (b. 1722) * December 5 – Elizabeth Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, British duchess; Lady of the Bedchamber (b. 1716) * December 10 – Robert Hay Drummond, Archbishop of York (b. 1711) * December 13 – Victor-Thérèse Charpentier (b. 1732) * December 25 – John Gabriel Jones, colonial American pioneer and politician (b. 1752) * ''date unknown'' – Muhammad al-Warghi, Tunisian writer and poet (b. c. 1713)

Events

January–February

March–April

May–June

July–August

September–October

November–December

Date unknown

Births

Deaths

References

Further reading