Declaration of Independence (1819), by John Trumbull

Events

January–February

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the yea ...

–

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...

–

Burning of Norfolk The Burning of Norfolk was an incident that occurred on January 1, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. British Royal Navy ships in the harbor of Norfolk, Virginia, began shelling the town, and landing parties came ashore to burn speci ...

: The town of

Norfolk, Virginia Norfolk ( ) is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Incorporated in 1705, it had a population of 238,005 at the 2020 census, making it the third-most populous city in Virginia after neighboring Virginia Be ...

is destroyed, by the combined actions of the

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

Royal Navy The Royal Navy (RN) is the United Kingdom's naval warfare force. Although warships were used by English and Scottish kings from the early medieval period, the first major maritime engagements were fought in the Hundred Years' War against F ...

and occupying

Patriot A patriot is a person with the quality of patriotism. Patriot may also refer to: Political and military groups United States * Patriot (American Revolution), those who supported the cause of independence in the American Revolution * Patriot m ...

forces. *

January 10 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signalling the start of civil war. * 9 – The Western Han dynasty ends when Wang Mang claims that the divine Mandate of Heaven called for the end of the dynasty and the be ...

–

American Revolution The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolut ...

–

Thomas Paine Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In th ...

publishes his pamphlet ''

Common Sense ''Common Sense'' is a 47-page pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1775–1776 advocating independence from Great Britain to people in the Thirteen Colonies. Writing in clear and persuasive prose, Paine collected various moral and political argu ...

'', arguing for independence from British rule in the

Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of Kingdom of Great Britain, British Colony, colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Fo ...

. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. * 1156 &ndas ...

–

South Carolina )''Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no) , anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind" , Former = Province of South Carolina , seat = Columbia , LargestCity = Charleston , LargestMetro = ...

Loyalist Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom. In North America, the most common usage of the term refers to loyalty to the British Cro ...

s led by Robert Cunningham sign a petition from prison, agreeing to all demands for peace by the formed state government of South Carolina. *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. *1438 – The Cou ...

–

Henry Knox Henry Knox (July 25, 1750 – October 25, 1806), a Founding Father of the United States, was a senior general of the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War, serving as chief of artillery in most of Washington's campaigns. Following the ...

arrives at

Cambridge, Massachusetts Cambridge ( ) is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. As part of the Boston metropolitan area, the cities population of the 2020 U.S. census was 118,403, making it the fourth most populous city in the state, behind Boston, ...

, with the artillery that he has transported from

Fort Ticonderoga Fort Ticonderoga (), formerly Fort Carillon, is a large 18th-century star fort built by the French at a narrows near the south end of Lake Champlain, in northern New York, in the United States. It was constructed by Canadian-born French mi ...

. *

February 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1370 – Northern Crusades: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Teutonic Knights meet in the Battle of Rudau. * 1411 – Following the successful campaigns during the Ottoman Interregnum, Musa Çelebi, one of the sons of ...

–

Edward Gibbon Edward Gibbon (; 8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English historian, writer, and member of parliament. His most important work, ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'', published in six volumes between 1776 and 1788, is k ...

publishes the first volume of ''

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire ''The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire'' is a six-volume work by the English historian Edward Gibbon. It traces Western civilization (as well as the Islamic and Mongolian conquests) from the height of the Roman Empire to th ...

''. *

February 27 Events Pre-1600 * 380 – Edict of Thessalonica: Emperor Theodosius I and his co-emperors Gratian and Valentinian II declare their wish that all Roman citizens convert to Nicene Christianity. * 425 – The University of Constantinople ...

–

Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge The Battle of Moore's Creek Bridge was a minor conflict of the American Revolutionary War fought near Wilmington (present-day Pender County), North Carolina, on February 27, 1776. The victory of the North Carolina Provincial Congress' militia ...

: Scottish

North Carolina North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and So ...

Loyalists charge across Moore's Creek Bridge near Wilmington, to attack what they mistakenly believe to be a small force of rebels. Several bad leaders are killed in the ensuing battle. The patriot victory virtually ends all British authority in the province.

March–April

March March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of Marc ...

– Restrictions on the cereal trade in

Sweden Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden,The United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names states that the country's formal name is the Kingdom of SwedenUNGEGN World Geographical Names, Sweden./ref> is a Nordic country located on ...

are lifted. *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his ''bucellarii'' are almost cut o ...

– 3 –

: **

Battle of Nassau The Raid of Nassau (March 3–4, 1776) was a naval operation and amphibious assault by American forces against the British port of Nassau, Bahamas, during the American Revolutionary War. The raid, designed to resolve the issue of gunpowder short ...

: The American

Continental Navy The Continental Navy was the navy of the United States during the American Revolutionary War and was founded October 13, 1775. The fleet cumulatively became relatively substantial through the efforts of the Continental Navy's patron John Adams ...

and

Marines Marines, or naval infantry, are typically a military force trained to operate in littoral zones in support of naval operations. Historically, tasks undertaken by marines have included helping maintain discipline and order aboard the ship (refle ...

make a successful assault on

Nassau, Bahamas Nassau ( ) is the capital and largest city of the Bahamas. With a population of 274,400 as of 2016, or just over 70% of the entire population of the Bahamas, Nassau is commonly defined as a primate city, dwarfing all other towns in the country. ...

. **

Battle of the Rice Boats The Battle of the Rice Boats, also called the Battle of Yamacraw Bluff, was a land and naval battle of the American Revolutionary War that took place in and around the Savannah River on the border between the Province of Georgia and the Province ...

: American

s resist the Royal Navy on the

Savannah River The Savannah River is a major river in the southeastern United States, forming most of the border between the states of South Carolina and Georgia. Two tributaries of the Savannah, the Tugaloo River and the Chattooga River, form the norther ...

; British control over the

Province of Georgia A province is almost always an administrative division within a country or state. The term derives from the ancient Roman ''provincia'', which was the major territorial and administrative unit of the Roman Empire's territorial possessions outs ...

is lost. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title '' princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez Trpimir I issues a st ...

–

American Patriot Patriots, also known as Revolutionaries, Continentals, Rebels, or American Whigs, were the colonists of the Thirteen Colonies who rejected British rule during the American Revolution, and declared the United States of America an independent n ...

capture Capture may refer to: *Asteroid capture, a phenomenon in which an asteroid enters a stable orbit around another body *Capture, a software for lighting design, documentation and visualisation *"Capture" a song by Simon Townshend *Capture (band), an ...

Dorchester Heights Dorchester Heights is the central area of South Boston. It is the highest area in the neighborhood and commands a view of both Boston Harbor and downtown. History Dorchester is remembered in American history for an action in the American Rev ...

, dominating the port of

Boston Boston (), officially the City of Boston, is the state capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, as well as the cultural and financial center of the New England region of the United States. It is the 24th- mo ...

. *

March 9 Events Pre-1600 *141 BC – Liu Che, posthumously known as Emperor Wu of Han, assumes the throne over the Han dynasty of China. *1009 – First known mention of Lithuania, in the annals of the monastery of Quedlinburg. * 1226 – ...

– Scottish economist

Adam Smith Adam Smith (baptized 1723 – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish economist and philosopher who was a pioneer in the thinking of political economy and key figure during the Scottish Enlightenment. Seen by some as "The Father of Economics"——— ...

publishes ''

The Wealth of Nations ''An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations'', generally referred to by its shortened title ''The Wealth of Nations'', is the ''magnum opus'' of the Scottish economist and moral philosopher Adam Smith. First published in 1 ...

'' in London. *

March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eigh ...

–

– Threatened by

cannons on

, the British evacuate

, ending the 11‑month

Siege of Boston The siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army, which was garrisoned in what was then the peninsular town ...

. *

March 28 Events Pre-1600 * AD 37 – Roman emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, bestowed on him by the Senate. * 193 – After assassinating the Roman Emperor Pertinax, his Praetorian Guards auction off the throne to Di ...

Juan Bautista de Anza Juan Bautista de Anza Bezerra Nieto (July 6 or 7, 1736 – December 19, 1788) was an expeditionary leader, military officer, and politician primarily in California and New Mexico under the Spanish Empire. He is credited as one of the founding fa ...

finds the site for the

Presidio of San Francisco The Presidio of San Francisco (originally, El Presidio Real de San Francisco or The Royal Fortress of Saint Francis) is a park and former U.S. Army post on the northern tip of the San Francisco Peninsula in San Francisco, California, and is part o ...

. ** The

Bolshoi Ballet The Bolshoi Ballet is an internationally renowned classical ballet company based at the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow, Russia. Founded in 1776, the Bolshoi is among the world's oldest ballet companies. In the early 20th century, it came to internatio ...

, a worldwide known ballet group, founded in Teatralnaxa,

Moscow Moscow ( , US chiefly ; rus, links=no, Москва, r=Moskva, p=mɐskˈva, a=Москва.ogg) is the capital and largest city of Russia. The city stands on the Moskva River in Central Russia, with a population estimated at 13.0 million ...

Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...

. *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted ...

–

– The Royal Colony of North Carolina produces the

Halifax Resolves The Halifax Resolves was a name later given to the resolution adopted by the North Carolina Provincial Congress on April 12, 1776. The adoption of the resolution was the first official action in the American Colonies calling for independence from ...

, making it the first British colony to officially authorize its

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. ...

delegates, to vote for independence from the

Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...

. *

April 27 Events Pre-1600 * 247 – Philip the Arab marks the millennium of Rome with a celebration of the ''ludi saeculares''. * 395 – Emperor Arcadius marries Aelia Eudoxia, daughter of the Frankish general Flavius Bauto. She becomes one of ...

–

Jeongjo Jeongjo of Joseon (28 October 1752 – 18 August 1800), personal name Yi San (Korean language, Korean: 이산; Hanja: 李祘), sometimes called Jeongjo the Great (Korean language, Korean: 정조대왕; Hanja: 正祖大王), was the 22nd monarc ...

becomes the

King of Joseon The Joseon dynasty ruled Korea, succeeding the 400-year-old Goryeo dynasty in 1392 through the Japanese annexation in 1910. Twenty-seven monarchs ruled over united Korea for more than 500 years. List of monarchs See also * List of monarchs of ...

following the death of his grandfather

Yeongjo Yeongjo of Joseon (31 October 1694 – 22 April 1776), personal name Yi Geum (Korean: 이금, Hanja: 李昑), was the 21st monarch of the Joseon dynasty of Korea. He was the second son of King Sukjong, by his concubine Royal Noble Consort Suk ...

May–June

May 1 Events Pre-1600 * 305 – Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman emperor. * 880 – The Nea Ekklesia is inaugurated in Constantinople, setting the model for all later cross-in-square Orthodox churches. * 1169 &ndas ...

–

Adam Weishaupt Johann Adam Weishaupt (; 6 February 1748 – 18 November 1830)''Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie'Vol. 41, p. 539Engel, Leopold. ''Geschichte des Illuminaten-ordens''. Berlin: H. Bermühler Verlag, 1906.van Dülmen, Richard. ''Der Geheimbund der Ill ...

founds the ''

Illuminati The Illuminati (; plural of Latin ''illuminatus'', 'enlightened') is a name given to several groups, both real and fictitious. Historically, the name usually refers to the Bavarian Illuminati, an Enlightenment-era secret society founded on ...

'' in

Ingolstadt Ingolstadt (, Austro-Bavarian: ) is an independent city on the Danube in Upper Bavaria with 139,553 inhabitants (as of June 30, 2022). Around half a million people live in the metropolitan area. Ingolstadt is the second largest city in Upper Bav ...

Bavaria Bavaria ( ; ), officially the Free State of Bavaria (german: Freistaat Bayern, link=no ), is a state in the south-east of Germany. With an area of , Bavaria is the largest German state by land area, comprising roughly a fifth of the total lan ...

. *

May 4 Events Pre-1600 * 1256 – The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV issues a papal bull ''Licet ecclesiae catholicae''. * 1415 – Religious reformers John Wycliffe and Jan Hus are ...

–

Rhode Island Rhode Island (, like ''road'') is a U.S. state, state in the New England region of the Northeastern United States. It is the List of U.S. states by area, smallest U.S. state by area and the List of states and territories of the United States ...

becomes the first American colony to renounce allegiance to

King George III of Great Britain George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

. *

May 15 Events Pre-1600 * 221 – Liu Bei, Chinese warlord, proclaims himself emperor of Shu Han, the successor of the Han dynasty. * 392 – Emperor Valentinian II is assassinated while advancing into Gaul against the Frankish usurper Arbog ...

– 26 –

– Battle of the Cedars: British forces skirmish with the American

Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...

around

Les Cèdres, Quebec Les Cèdres is a municipality located north of the Saint Lawrence River in the Montérégie of Quebec, Canada, near Vaudreuil-Dorion. The population as of the Canada 2021 Census was 7,184. The name means "The Cedars" in French. There is an exte ...

. *

June 6 Events Pre-1600 * 913 – Constantine VII, the eight-year-old illegitimate son of Leo VI the Wise, becomes nominal ruler of the Byzantine Empire under the regency of a seven-man council headed by Patriarch Nicholas Mystikos, appointed b ...

– A fire destroys major parts of the town of

Askersund Askersund is a locality and the seat of Askersund Municipality, Örebro County, Sweden with a population census of 3,887 inhabitants in 2010. Geography Askersund is a popular tourist destination with swimming and nature experiences. The city c ...

. *

June 7 Events Pre-1600 * 421 – Emperor Theodosius II marries Aelia Eudocia at Istanbul, Constantinople (Byzantine Empire). * 879 – Pope John VIII recognizes the Duchy of Croatia under Duke Branimir of Croatia, Branimir as an independent ...

–

Richard Henry Lee Richard Henry Lee (January 20, 1732June 19, 1794) was an American statesman and Founding Father from Virginia, best known for the June 1776 Lee Resolution, the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from ...

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...

proposes to the

Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was a late-18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolutionary War. The Congress was creating a new country it first named "United Colonies" and in 1 ...

(meeting in Philadelphia) that "these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." *

June 8 Events Pre-1600 * 218 – Battle of Antioch: With the support of the Syrian legions, Elagabalus defeats the forces of emperor Macrinus. * 452 – Attila leads a Hun army in the invasion of Italy, devastating the northern provinces ...

–

Battle of Trois-Rivières The Battle of Trois-Rivières was fought on June 8, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. A British army under Quebec Governor Guy Carleton defeated an attempt by units from the Continental Army under the command of Brigadier General Wi ...

: The invading American Continental Army is driven back at Trois-Rivières, Quebec. *

June 11 Events Pre-1600 * 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...

–

– The

appoints a

Committee of Five '' The Committee of Five of the Second Continental Congress was a group of five members who drafted and presented to the full Congress in Pennsylvania State House what would become the United States Declaration of Independence of July 4, 1776. Th ...

to draft a

Declaration of Independence A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the ...

. *

June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. * 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...

–

– The ''

Virginia Declaration of Rights The Virginia Declaration of Rights was drafted in 1776 to proclaim the inherent rights of men, including the right to reform or abolish "inadequate" government. It influenced a number of later documents, including the United States Declaratio ...

'' (by

George Mason George Mason (October 7, 1792) was an American planter, politician, Founding Father, and delegate to the U.S. Constitutional Convention of 1787, one of the three delegates present who refused to sign the Constitution. His writings, including s ...

) is adopted by the Virginia Convention of Delegates. *

June 15 Events Pre-1600 * 763 BC – Assyrians record a solar eclipse that is later used to fix the chronology of Mesopotamian history. * 844 – Louis II is crowned as king of Italy at Rome by pope Sergius II. * 923 – Battle of So ...

–

– Delaware Separation Day: The

Delaware General Assembly The Delaware General Assembly is the legislature of the U.S. state of Delaware. It is a bicameral legislature composed of the Delaware Senate with 21 senators and the Delaware House of Representatives with 41 representatives. It meets at Legisla ...

votes to suspend government under the British Crown. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. * 1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...

– Lt.

José Joaquín Moraga José Joaquín de la Santísima Trinidad Moraga (22 August 1745 – 13 July 1785), usually simply known as José Joaquín Moraga, was a Spanish colonial expeditionary and soldier who founded San Jose, California, in 1777. Life José Joaquín Mora ...

leads a band of colonists from

Monterey Monterey (; es, Monterrey; Ohlone: ) is a city located in Monterey County on the southern edge of Monterey Bay on the U.S. state of California's Central Coast. Founded on June 3, 1770, it functioned as the capital of Alta California under both ...

Presidio, landing on

June 29 Events Pre-1600 * 226 – Cao Rui succeeds his father as emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. *1149 – Raymond of Poitiers is defeated and killed at the Battle of Inab by Nur ad-Din Zangi. * 1194 – Sverre is crowned King of Norway, ...

and, with Father

Francisco Palóu Francesc Palou (in Catalan) or Francisco Palóu (1723–1789) was a Spanish Franciscan missionary, administrator and historian on the Baja California Peninsula and in Alta California. Palóu made significant contributions to the Alta California ...

, constructing the

Mission San Francisco de Asís Mission San Francisco de Asís ( es, Misión San Francisco de Asís), commonly known as Mission Dolores (as it was founded near the Dolores creek), is a Spanish Californian mission and the oldest surviving structure in San Francisco. Located i ...

("Mission Dolores") of the new Presidio of

San Francisco San Francisco (; Spanish language, Spanish for "Francis of Assisi, Saint Francis"), officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the commercial, financial, and cultural center of Northern California. The city proper is the List of Ca ...

, the oldest surviving building in the modern-day city. *

June 28 Events Pre-1600 * 1098 – Fighters of the First Crusade defeat Kerbogha of Mosul at the battle of Antioch. * 1360 – Muhammed VI becomes the tenth Nasrid king of Granada after killing his brother-in-law Ismail II. * 1461 – ...

–

Battle of Sullivan's Island The Battle of Sullivan's Island or the Battle of Fort Sullivan was fought on June 28, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War. It took place near Charleston, South Carolina, during the first British attempt to capture the city from Americ ...

militia repel a British attack on

Charleston Charleston most commonly refers to: * Charleston, South Carolina * Charleston, West Virginia, the state capital * Charleston (dance) Charleston may also refer to: Places Australia * Charleston, South Australia Canada * Charleston, Newfoundlan ...

. *

–

Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet The Battle of Turtle Gut Inlet (June 29, 1776) was an important, early naval victory for the Continental Navy and the future "Father of the American Navy", Captain John Barry. It was the first privateer battle of the American Revolutionary War. ...

: The American

successfully challenges the British

blockade off

New Jersey New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York; on the east, southeast, and south by the Atlantic Ocean; on the west by the Delaware ...

July–August

July 2 Events Pre-1600 * 437 – Emperor Valentinian III begins his reign over the Western Roman Empire. His mother Galla Placidia ends her regency, but continues to exercise political influence at the court in Rome. * 626 – Li Shimin, th ...

–

– The final U.S. Declaration of Independence (with minor revisions) is written. The Continental Congress passes the

Lee Resolution The Lee Resolution (also known as "The Resolution for Independence") was the formal assertion passed by the Second Continental Congress on July 2, 1776 which resolved that the Thirteen Colonies in America (at the time referred to as United Colo ...

. *

July 4 Events Pre-1600 * 362 BC – Battle of Mantinea: The Thebans, led by Epaminondas, defeated the Spartans. * 414 – Emperor Theodosius II, age 13, yields power to his older sister Aelia Pulcheria, who reigned as regent and proclaim ...

–

United States Declaration of Independence The United States Declaration of Independence, formally The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen States of America, is the pronouncement and founding document adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at Pennsylvania State House ...

: The Continental Congress ratifies the declaration by the United States of its independence from the

. *

July 8 Events Pre-1600 * 1099 – Some 15,000 starving Christian soldiers begin the siege of Jerusalem by marching in a religious procession around the city as its Muslim defenders watch. * 1283 – Roger of Lauria, commanding the Aragonese ...

–

– The

Liberty Bell The Liberty Bell, previously called the State House Bell or Old State House Bell, is an iconic symbol of American independence, located in Philadelphia. Originally placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House (now renamed Independence ...

rings in Philadelphia, for the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. *

July 9 Events Pre-1600 *118 – Hadrian, who became emperor a year previously on Trajan's death, makes his entry into Rome. * 381 – The end of the First Council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople by the Roman Emperor Theodos ...

–

– An angry mob in New York City topples the equestrian statue of

George III of Great Britain George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

Bowling Green A bowling green is a finely laid, close-mown and rolled stretch of turf for playing the game of bowls. Before 1830, when Edwin Beard Budding of Thrupp, near Stroud, UK, invented the lawnmower, lawns were often kept cropped by grazing sheep on ...

. *

July 12 Events Pre-1600 * 70 – The armies of Titus attack the walls of Jerusalem after a six-month siege. Three days later they breach the walls, which enables the army to destroy the Second Temple. * 927 – King Constantine II of ...

– Captain

James Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean an ...

sets off from

Plymouth Plymouth () is a port city and unitary authority in South West England. It is located on the south coast of Devon, approximately south-west of Exeter and south-west of London. It is bordered by Cornwall to the west and south-west. Plymouth ...

, England, in HMS Resolution (1771), HMS ''Resolution'' on his Third voyage of James Cook, third voyage, to the Pacific Ocean and Arctic, which will be fatal. * July 21 – Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Mozart's ''Serenade No. 7 (Mozart), Serenade No. 7'' (the "Haffner") is first performed in Salzburg, Austria. * July 29 – Francisco Silvestre Vélez de Escalante, Francisco Atanasio Domínguez, and eight other Spaniards set out from Santa Fe, on an eighteen-hundred mile trek through the American Southwest. They are the first Europeans to explore the vast region between the Rockies and the Sierras. * August 1 – The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata is established in southern South America. * August 2 – Most of the American colonies ratify the

. * August 15 –

– The first Hessian (soldier), Hessian troops land on Staten Island, to join British forces. * August 27 –

– Battle of Long Island: George Washington, Washington's troops are defeated in Brooklyn by the British, under William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, William Howe. * August – The guild organisation ''Marchandes de modes'' is founded in Paris.

September–October

* September 1 – The invasion of the Cherokee Nation by 6,000 patriot troops from Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina begins. The troops destroy 36 Cherokee towns. * September 6 – A hurricane hits Guadeloupe, killing more than 6,000 people. * September 7 –

– World's first submarine attack: The American submersible craft ''Turtle (submersible), Turtle'' attempts to attach a Time bomb (explosive), time bomb to the hull of British Admiral Richard Howe's flagship , in New York Harbor. * September 9 – The

officially names its union of states the ''United States''. * September 11 –

– An abortive Staten Island Peace Conference, peace conference takes place between the British and Americans, on Staten Island. * September 15 –

– Landing at Kip's Bay: British troops land on Manhattan at Kips Bay. Nathan Hale hanged by British 1776

* September 16 –

– Battle of Harlem Heights: The Continental Army under Washington is victorious against the British on Manhattan. *September 17 – The

is founded in New Spain. * September 22 –

– Nathan Hale is executed by the British in New York City, for espionage. * September 24 ** The first running of the St Leger Stakes horse race (not yet named) in England, first of the British Classic Races, devised by Anthony St Leger (British Army officer), takes place on Cantley Common at Doncaster. The winner is a filly (later named Allabaculia) owned by the organiser, the Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham. ** The Bolshoi Theatre, Saint Petersburg, Bolshoi Theatre company hosts its first annual opera season, with the opening of the ''Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre'' in Saint Petersburg, Russia. * October 7 – Crown Prince Paul of Russia marries Sophie Dorothea of Württemberg. * October 9 – Father

founds the

, in what is now

. * October 11 –

– Battle of Valcour Island: On Lake Champlain near Valcour Island, a British fleet led by Sir Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, Guy Carleton defeats 15 American gunboats, commanded by Brigadier General Benedict Arnold. Although nearly all of Arnold's ships are destroyed, the two-day-long battle will give Patriot forces enough time to prepare the defenses of New York City. * October 18 –

– Battle of Pell's Point: Troops of the American

resist a British and Hessian (soldier), Hessian force in The Bronx. * October 28 –

– Battle of White Plains: British forces arrive at White Plains, attack and capture Chatterton Hill from the Americans. * October 31 – In his first speech before British Parliament since the Declaration of Independence that summer, King George III of the United Kingdom, George III acknowledges that all is not going well for Britain, in the war with the United States.

November–December

* November 16 –

– Battle of Fort Washington: Hessian (soldier), Hessian forces under Lieutenant General Wilhelm von Knyphausen capture Fort Washington (Manhattan) from the American

. The captain of the American navy ship ''Andrew Doria (1775 brig), Andrew Doria'' fires a salute to the Dutch flag on Fort Oranje, and Johannes de Graaff answers with 11 gun shots. * November 20 –

– Battle of Fort Lee: The invasion of

, by British and Hessian forces, leads to the subsequent general retreat of the American Continental Army. * December 5 – The Phi Beta Kappa Society is founded at the College of William & Mary in

. * December 6 – The General Assembly of

votes to create Kentucky County, Virginia, Kentucky County as the portion of the colony's Fincastle County, Virginia, Fincastle County that is located west of the Cumberland Mountains. In 1792, the county will become the 15th state of the United States as the Commonwealth of Kentucky. The rest of Fincastle County, between the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Appalachians is divided into the first county to be named after George Washington (Washington County, Virginia) in the south along the border with the North Carolina colony, and Montgomery County, Virginia, Montgomery County in the north. The divisions take effect on December 31. * December 7 –

– The Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette, Marquis de Lafayette attempts to enter the American military as a major general. * December 12 – The second Continental Congress ends after a session that began on May 10, 1775, and continued for 582 days.''Harper's Encyclopaedia of United States History from 458 A. D. to 1909'', ed. by Benson John Lossing and, Woodrow Wilson (Harper & Brothers, 1910) p166 * December 19 –

–

, living with Washington's troops, publishes the first in the series of pamphlets on ''The American Crisis'' in ''The Pennsylvania Journal'', opening with the stirring phrase, "These are the times that try men's souls." * December 21 –

– The Royal Colony of North Carolina reorganizes into the North Carolina, State of North Carolina after adopting its own constitution. Richard Caswell becomes the first governor of the newly formed state. The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton December 26 1776

The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton December 26 1776

* December 25 –

– At 6 p.m. Gen. George Washington and his troops, numbering 2,400, march to McConkey's Ferry, George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River, cross the Delaware River, and land on the New Jersey bank by 3 a.m. the following morning. * December 26 –

– Battle of Trenton: Washington's troops surprise the 1,500 Hessian troops under the command of Col. Johann Rall at 8 a.m. outside Trenton and score a victory, taking 948 prisoners while suffering only five wounded.

Date unknown

* Adlan II becomes ruler of the Kingdom of Sennar. * The first commercial examples of the Watt steam engine are sold.R. L. Hills, ''James Watt: II The Years of Toil, 1775–1785'' (Landmark, Ashbourne, 2005), 58–65.

Births

– James M. Broom, American politician (d. 1850) * January 2 – Jeremiah Chaplin, American Reformed Baptist theologian (d. 1841) * January 3 – Thomas Morris (Ohio politician), Thomas Morris, American politician (d. 1844) * January 4 ** Bernardino Drovetti, Italian diplomat (d. 1852) ** Jean-Baptiste Prosper Jollois, French Egyptologist (d. 1842) * January 6 ** Ferdinand von Schill, German noble (d. 1809) ** Auguste Jean Ameil, French soldier (d. 1822) * January 8 – Thomas Langlois Lefroy, Irish politician (d. 1869) * January 9 – Ludwig Rhesa, Prussian scholar (d. 1840) *

– George Birkbeck, English doctor, academic and philanthropist (d. 1841) * January 15 – Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, Roman-born British prince (d. 1834) * January 16 ** Matthew Brown (college president), Matthew Brown, American college president (d. 1853) ** João Soares de Albergaria de Sousa, Portuguese politician (d. 1875) ** Richard Onslow (priest), Richard Onslow, English archdeacon (d. 1849) * January 17 ''(bapt.)'' – Jane Porter, English novelist (d. 1850) * January 21 ** Poul Christian Holst, Norwegian politician (d. 1863) ** Elisha Haley, American politician (d. 1860) * January 23 – Howard Douglas, British Army general (d. 1861) *

** Jean-Guillaume, baron Hyde de Neuville, French aristocrat (d. 1857)

** E. T. A. Hoffmann, German writer, composer and painter (d. 1822) ** Peter A. Jay, American politician (d. 1843) * January 25 – Joseph Görres, German writer and journalist (d. 1848) * January 29 – William Bowie (agrarian), William Bowie, American agrarian (d. 1826) * February 4 ** Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus, German biologist (d. 1837) ** Jan Gerard Kemmerling, Dutch mayor (d. 1818) Kapodistrias2

* February 11 – Ioannis Kapodistrias, Governor of Greece (d. 1831) * February 12 ** Richard Mant, Irish bishop (d. 1848) ** Mary Young Pickersgill, American maker of the Star Spangled Banner flag (d. 1857) * February 14 – Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, prolific German botanist (d. 1858) * February 15 – Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti (d. 1850) * February 16 – Abraham Raimbach, British engraver (d. 1843) *

** Ross Cuthbert (politician), Ross Cuthbert, Canadian politician (d. 1861) ** Georg zu Münster, German paleontologist (d. 1844) * February 18 – Karl August Ferdinand von Borcke, German general (d. 1830) * February 20 – Mariano Ricafort Palacín y Abarca, Spanish colonial governor of Cuba (d. 1846) * February 21 – Joseph Barss, Canadian privateer, sea captain (d. 1824) * February 23 ** John Walter (editor, born 1776), John Walter, English newspaper editor (d. 1847) ** Heneage Horsley, Scottish priest (d. 1847) * February 25 – George William Tighe, English expatriate (d. 1837) * February 26 ** Innis Green, American congressman for Pennsylvania (d. 1839) ** John Paterson (missionary), John Paterson, Scottish missionary to Northern Europe (d. 1855) * February 28 – François Quirouet, Canadian politician (d. 1844) * March 1 ** John Collins (governor), John Collins, American manufacturer, politician (d. 1822) ** Elias Moore (d. 1847) * March 3 – James Parker (New Jersey politician), James Parker, American politician (d. 1868) *

– Guillaume Emmanuel Guignard, vicomte de Saint-Priest, Russian army commander (d. 1814) * March 5 – Gerard Troost, American mineralogist (d. 1850) * March 6 – Luigi Lambruschini, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1854) * March 7 – Timothy Ruggles (Nova Scotia politician), Timothy Ruggles, Canadian politician (d. 1831) * March 8 ** David Rogerson Williams, American politician (d. 1830) ** Samuel Tweedy, American politician (d. 1868) *

** Thomas Evans (British Army officer), Thomas Evans, British Army general (d. 1863) ** Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary, Archduke of Austria (d. 1847) Grassi, Josef Mathias - Luise von Mecklenburg-Strelitz

Grassi, Josef Mathias - Luise von Mecklenburg-Strelitz

* March 10 ** Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of Prussia (d. 1810) ** Étienne Ranvoyzé, Canadian politician (d. 1826) * March 12 – Lady Hester Stanhope, English archaeologist (d. 1839) * March 15 – Aimé Picquet du Boisguy, French chouan general during the French Revolution (d. 1839) *

– Joel Abbot (politician), Joel Abbot, American politician (d. 1826) * March 19 – Philemon Beecher, American politician (d. 1839) * March 20 ** Joshua Bates (educator), Joshua Bates, American educator (d. 1854) ** Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, English politician (d. 1839) * March 21 – John Frederick Frelinghuysen, United States general (d. 1833) * March 23 ** Robert Eden Duncombe Shafto, English politician (d. 1848) ** Vicente Salias, Venezuelan doctor (d. 1814) * March 24 – Zusho Hirosato, Japanese samurai (d. 1849) * March 27 – Charles-François Brisseau de Mirbel, French botanist, politician (d. 1854) * March 30 – Vasily Tropinin, Russian artist (d. 1857) * March 31 – Joseph Küffner, German musician, composer (d. 1856) * April 1 ** Pierre François Bellot, Swiss jurist (d. 1836) ** Sophie Germain, French mathematician (d. 1831) * April 3 ** François Blanchet (physician), François Blanchet, Canadian physician, politician (d. 1830) ** Mary Anne Clarke, English mistress of Prince Frederick (d. 1852) * April 6 – Jesse Bledsoe, American politician (d. 1836) * April 11 ** Macvey Napier, Scottish legal scholar, one of the editors of the ''Encyclopedia Britannica'' (d. 1847) ** Jerome Inglott, Maltese philosopher (d. 1835) *

** Henry Hezekiah Cogswell, Canadian politician (d. 1854) ** Henry Hobhouse (archivist), Henry Hobhouse, English archivist (d. 1854) * April 13 – Wilhelm von Schütz, German author, playwright (d. 1847) * April 15 – John Anstruther-Thomson, Scottish nobleman, Colonel of the Royal Fifeshire Yeomanry Cavalry (d. 1833) * April 17 – Jean-François Roger, French poet, politician (d. 1842) * April 20 ** Augustin-Marie d'Aboville, French artillerist during the Revolution (d. 1843) ** William Weston Young, English Quaker businessman (d. 1847) * April 25 ** James Miller (general), James Miller, American politician (d. 1851) ** Edward Solly, English merchant, art collector (d. 1844) ** Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh, member of the British Royal Family (d. 1857) *

** Hyacinthe Jadin, French composer (d. 1800) ** John Cunningham (Nova Scotia politician), John Cunningham, Canadian politician (d. 1847) * April 28 ** Charles Bennet, 5th Earl of Tankerville, English politician (d. 1859) ** Manuel Vieira de Albuquerque Touvar, Portuguese nobleman (d. 1833) *

– Johann Friedrich Herbart, German philosopher, psychologist (d. 1841) * May 5 – Valentine Efner, American politician (d. 1865) * May 6 ** Stephen Rumbold Lushington, English politician, administrator in Madras (d. 1868) ** Pyotr Mikhailovich Volkonsky, Russian field marshal (d. 1852) ** Rensselaer Westerlo, American politician (d. 1851) * May 8 ** Edward Leveson-Gower, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1853) ** Prince Bagrat of Georgia (d. 1841) * May 9 – Thomas Maguire (priest), Thomas Maguire, Canadian Catholic priest (d. 1854) * May 10 – George Thomas Smart, English musician (d. 1867) * May 13 – Jett Thomas, American militia general (d. 1817) * May 17 – Amos Eaton, American botanist (d. 1842) * May 18 – Dennis Pennington, American politician (d. 1854) * May 20 ** Simon Fraser (explorer), Simon Fraser, Canadian explorer (d. 1862) ** Víctor Rosales, Mexican rebel (d. 1817) * May 29 – Peter Erasmus Müller, Danish historian, linguist and theologian (d. 1834) * May 31 – José Antonio de la Garza, American mayor (d. 1851) * June 1 ** George Schetky, American conductor (d. 1831) ** Giuseppe Zamboni, Italian Catholic priest, physicist (d. 1846) * June 4 – Isaac B. Van Houten, American politician (d. 1850) *

– William Reed (politician), William Reed, American politician (d. 1837) *

– Thomas Rickman, English architect, architectural antiquary (d. 1841) John Constable by Daniel Gardner, 1796

– John Constable, English landscape painter (d. 1837) *

** Karl Friedrich Burdach, German physiologist (d. 1847) ** José Manuel de Goyeneche, 1st Count of Guaqui, Spanish soldier, diplomat (d. 1846) ** Pierre Révoil, French painter (d. 1842) * June 19 – Francis Johnson (congressman), Francis Johnson, American politician (d. 1842) * June 21 ** Landgravine Josepha of Fürstenberg-Weitra, Princess of Liechtenstein (d. 1848) ** Charles Horsfall, English merchant, politician (d. 1846) ** William Wadd, English surgeon, medical author (d. 1829) * June 23 – Stephen Longfellow, American politician (d. 1849) *

– Charles Mathews, English actor (d. 1835) *

– George Okill Stuart (priest), George Okill Stuart, Canadian clergyman (d. 1862) * July 1 ** Samuel Thatcher, American politician (d. 1872) ** Sophie Gay, French author (d. 1852) * July 3 – Henry Parnell, 1st Baron Congleton, Anglo-Irish politician (d. 1842) *

** Pär Aron Borg, Swedish sign language creator (d. 1839) ** Ethan Allen Brown, American politician (d. 1852) * July 5 ** Daniel Dobbins, captain in the United States Revenue Cutter Service (d. 1856) ** Bernard Smith (New Jersey politician), Bernard Smith, American politician (d. 1835) * July 10 – Samuel Powell, American politician (d. 1841) * July 11 – William Bradbery, English entrepreneur (d. 1860) *

– John Christian (Deemster), John Christian, Manx judge (d. 1852) * July 13 – Caroline of Baden, Queen of Bavaria (d. 1841) * July 14 – Pierre Yrieix Daumesnil, French soldier (d. 1832) * July 16 ** Ludwig Heinrich Bojanus, German physician, naturalist (d. 1827) ** Johann Georg von Soldner, German physicist (d. 1833) * July 17 – John Neilson (Canadian politician), John Neilson, Canadian politician (d. 1848) * July 18 – John Struthers (poet), John Struthers, Scottish poet (d. 1853) * July 20 – Ignaz Schuppanzigh, Austrian musician (d. 1830) * July 22 ** Etheldred Benett, English geologist (d. 1845) ** Friedrich Hermann Otto, Prince of Hohenzollern-Hechingen (d. 1838) * July 26 – Pierre Fouquier, French physician, professor of medicine (d. 1850) * July 29 – James McSherry (Pennsylvania politician), James McSherry, American politician (d. 1849) * July 30 – Sir Edward Kerrison, 1st Baronet, British general (d. 1853) * August 1 ** Archibald Acheson, 2nd Earl of Gosford, Governor General of British North America (1835-1837) (d. 1849) ** Jean Corbineau, French cavalry general (d. 1848) * August 2 ** Thomas Assheton Smith II, English cricketer (d. 1858) ** Friedrich Stromeyer, German chemist (d. 1835) * August 4 – Pierre-Simon Ballanche, French writer and counterrevolutionary philosopher (d. 1847) * August 5 ** Sophie d'Artois, French princess (d. 1783) ** John Willson, Canadian judge (d. 1860) * August 6 – William Crooks (Canadian politician), William Crooks, Canadian politician (d. 1836) * August 9 ** Jacob Munch, Norwegian painter, military officer (d. 1839) Avogadro Amedeo

** Amedeo Avogadro, Italian chemist (d. 1856) * August 12 ** Thomas Millidge, Jr., New Brunswick businessman, political figure (d. 1838) ** David Erskine, 2nd Baron Erskine, British politician (d. 1855) * August 13 – Abraham Shepherd, American politician (d. 1847) * August 14 ** Prince Christian of Hesse (d. 1814) ** Christian Friedrich Tieck, German sculptor (d. 1851) * August 15 ** Ignaz von Seyfried, Austrian musician (d. 1841) ** Gottlieb Schick, German artist (d. 1812) * August 16 ** Amalia von Helvig, German and Swedish artist (d. 1831) ** Philipp Jakob Riotte, German composer (d. 1856) ** Monaldo Leopardi, Italian philosopher (d. 1847) ** Jean-Roch Coignet, French soldier (d. 1865) * August 18 ** Agustín Argüelles, Spanish liberal politician (d. 1844) ** Thomas Howard, 16th Earl of Suffolk, England (d. 1851) ** Sir Robert Newman, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1848) * August 21 ** Joseph Healy, American politician (d. 1861) ** Elizabeth Parke Custis Law, American matriarch (d. 1832) * August 22 – Carlo Amati, Italian architect (d. 1852) * August 23 ** Jens Peter Debes, Norwegian politician (d. 1832) ** Józef Maria Hoene-Wroński, Polish philosopher (d. 1853) * August 25 – Thomas Bladen Capel, British admiral (d. 1853) * August 26 ** Ferdynand Stokowski, Polish general (d. 1827) ** Henry A. Livingston, American politician (d. 1849) * August 27 – Barthold Georg Niebuhr, Danish-German statesman, historian (d. 1831) * August 29 – Georg Friedrich Treitschke, German librettist (d. 1842) * September 1 ** Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie, French general, politician (d. 1856) ** Ezekiel Bacon, American politician (d. 1870) * September 3 – Étienne Mayrand, Canadian politician (d. 1872) * September 4 – Stephen Whitney, American merchant (d. 1860) * September 5 – Augustus Simon Frazer, French-born British Army officer (d. 1835) * September 8 ** Amelia of Nassau-Weilburg, German noblewoman (d. 1841) ** Heinrich Meldahl, Norwegian builder (d. 1840) * September 9 ** Parmenio Adams, American politician (d. 1832) ** Calvin Pease, Ohio jurist, legislator (d. 1839) ** Philip Broke, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1841) * September 11 – Thomas Arbuthnot, British Army general (d. 1849) * September 15 ** William Baylies, American politician (d. 1865) ** Calvin Willey, American politician (d. 1858) * September 17 – Langdon Cheves, American politician (d. 1857) * September 18 – Thomas Gleadowe-Newcomen, 2nd Viscount Newcomen, English politician (d. 1825) * September 21 ** Karl Gustav Bonuvier, Swedish actor, theatre director (d. 1858) ** John Fitchett (poet), John Fitchett, English poet (d. 1838) * September 27 ** Peter Shaver, Canadian politician (d. 1866) ** Maria Versfelt, Dutch writer, actor (d. 1845) * October 1 – Augustus Warren Baldwin, Upper Canada naval officer, political figure (d. 1866) * October 3 – Thomas Walsh (Vicar Apostolic of the London District), Thomas Walsh, Vicar Apostolic of England and Wales (d. 1849) * October 4 ** Giovanni Battista Bellé, Italian Bishop of Mantova (d. 1844) ** Antonio Tosti, Italian cardinal-priest (d. 1866) ** Mariano Lagasca, Spanish botanist (d. 1839) * October 6 ** Hirata Atsutane, Japanese theologian of the Shintō religion (d. 1843) ** James Duff, 4th Earl Fife, Scottish-born Spanish general (d. 1857) ** James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe, English politician (d. 1845) * October 8 – Pieter van Os, Dutch painter, engraver (d. 1839) * October 12 – Jean-Michel Mahé, French Navy officer, captain (d. 1833) * October 13 ** Peter Barlow (mathematician), Peter Barlow, English mathematician (d. 1862) ** John Gibb (engineer), John Gibb, Scottish civil engineering contractor (d. 1850) * October 14 ** Samuel Rexford, New York politician (d. 1857) ** Robert Townsend Farquhar, British colonial administrator (d. 1830) * October 18 – Cowles Mead, American politician (d. 1844) * October 20 – John Rolls of The Hendre, British judge (d. 1837) * October 21 – George Izard, United States general (d. 1828) * October 22 – Edward Draper, British military officer, civil servant in Mauritius (d. 1841) * October 25 – Patrick Neill (naturalist), Patrick Neill, Scottish printer, horticulturalist (d. 1851) * October 28 – Joachim Haspinger, Catholic priest, leader of the Tyrolese revolt against Napoleon (d. 1858) * October 30 ** George M. Bibb, American politician (d. 1859) ** John Hahn (politician), John Hahn, American politician (d. 1823) * October 31 – Francis Locke Jr., American politician (d. 1823) * November 1 – Abraham McClellan (Missouri politician), Abraham McClellan, American politician (d. 1851) * November 5 – Abraham Teerlink, Dutch painter (d. 1857) * November 7 ** Bartow White, American politician (d. 1862) ** James Abercromby, 1st Baron Dunfermline, British politician (d. 1858) * November 10 ** Samuel Gross (politician), Samuel Gross, American politician (d. 1839) ** Henry Seymour (Knoyle), British politician (d. 1849) ** General Washington Johnston, American politician (d. 1833) * November 11 – Philip E. Thomas, American banker, railroad executive (d. 1861) * November 14 – Henri Dutrochet, French physician (d. 1847) * November 15 ** Aaron Manby (ironmaster), Aaron Manby, English civil engineer, founder of the Horseley Ironworks (d. 1850) ** Pehr Henrik Ling, Swedish physical therapist (d. 1839) * November 17 ** Friedrich Christoph Schlosser, German historian (d. 1861) ** Robert Trimble, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1828) * November 20 ** William Blackwood, Scottish publisher (d. 1834) ** Maximilian Seyssel d'Aix, German general (d. 1855) * November 24 ** Jean-Joseph Marcel, French printer and engineer (d. 1854) ** Matthew John Tierney, Irish surgeon (d. 1845) * November 29 – Harcourt Lees, Irish clergyman, political pamphleteer (d. 1852) * November 30 ** Philippe André de Vilmorin, French horticulturist (d. 1862) ** Bartholomew Frere, English diplomat (d. 1851) * December 1 ** Elijah H. Mills, American politician (d. 1829) ** Isaac Lacey, American politician (d. 1844) * December 2 – Louis Alexis Baudoin, French naval officer (d. 1805) Yashwant Rao Holkar I

* December 3 ** Yashwantrao Holkar, Ruler of Holkar State (d. 1811) ** Nicolas Charles Seringe, French physician, botanist (d. 1858) * December 5 – Konrad Johann Martin Langenbeck, German surgeon (d. 1851) * December 6 – Theodorick Bland (judge), Theodorick Bland, United States federal judge (d. 1846) * December 7 – Reuben Whallon, American politician (d. 1843) * December 8 ** Theodore Dehon, second Episcopal Bishop of South Carolina (d. 1817) ** William Logan (Kentuckian), William Logan, American politician (d. 1822) * December 10 ** Archduchess Maria Leopoldine of Austria-Este, second wife of Charles Theodore (d. 1848) ** David Marchand, American politician (d. 1832) ** Abraham Mendelssohn Bartholdy, German banker, father of classical composer Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (d. 1835) * December 12 – Nicholas Conyngham Tindal, English lawyer, politician (d. 1846) * December 13 – James Hawkes (congressman), James Hawkes, American politician (d. 1865) * December 14 – Ingelbrecht Knudssøn, Norwegian politician (d. 1826) * December 16 ** Narciso Durán, Spanish Franciscan missionary to Mexico (d. 1846) Ritter-Johann-Wilhelm-1804

** Johann Wilhelm Ritter, German chemist (d. 1810) * December 19 ** Lord Edward Somerset, British Army general (d. 1842) ** Lars Roverud, Norwegian musician (d. 1850) ** Eusebio Bardají y Azara, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1842) * December 20 – José María del Castillo y Rada, President of Colombia (d. 1833) * December 25 – John Slater (industrialist), John Slater, American businessman (d. 1843) * December 26 – Charles Hamilton Smith, British artist (d. 1859) * December 27 – Nikolay Kamensky, Russian general (d. 1811) * December 29 – Gustaf af Wetterstedt, Swedish politician (d. 1837) * December 30 – William Drayton, American politician (d. 1846) * December 31 – Johann Spurzheim, German physician (d. 1832)

Deaths

Desmarées - Maria Anna of Bavaria, Rastatt

Francisca Christina of the Palatinate-Sulzbach princess-abbess of Essen and Thorn

* January 6 – James Gabriel Montresor, British military engineer (b. 1704) * January 8 – James Frye, colonial soldier (b. 1709) * January 12 – Johann Philipp Murray, German historian interested in early Nordic studies and relations between England and Scandinavia (b. 1726) * January 14 – Edward Cornwallis, British military officer, first Governor of Nova Scotia (b. 1713) * January 21 – Jacques de Romas, French physicist (b. 1713) * February 13 – Élisabeth Catherine Ballard (b. 1704) * February 18 – Lady Anne Monson, English botanist (b. 1726) *

– Johann Georg Ziesenis, German – Danish portrait painter (b. 1716) * March 5 – Pierre-Robert Le Cornier de Cideville, French magistrate and scholar (b. 1693) * March 7 – John Bowes, 9th Earl of Strathmore and Kinghorne (b. 1737) * March 10 ** Élie Catherine Fréron, French critic (b. 1719) ** Niclas Sahlgren, Swedish merchant, philanthropist (b. 1701) * March 24 – John Harrison, English clockmaker (b. 1693) * March 26 – Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician), Samuel Ward, American politician (b. 1725) * March 29 – Johann Gotthelf Lindner, German university teacher and writer (b. 1729) * March 30 – Jonathan Belcher (jurist), Jonathan Belcher, British-American lawyer (b. 1710) * March 31 – Jane Randolph Jefferson, wife of Peter Jefferson and the mother of US president Thomas Jefferson (b. 1720) * April 7 – Charles-Pierre Colardeau, French poet (b. 1732) * April 19 – Jacob Emden, leading German rabbi and talmudist who championed Orthodox Judaism (b. 1697) * April 20 – Olivier de Vézin (b. 1707) * April 29 – Edward Wortley Montagu (traveller), Edward Wortley Montagu, English traveller and writer (b. 1713) *

– Jacques Saly, French sculptor (b. 1717) * May 6 – James Kent (composer), James Kent, English organist and composer (b. 1700) * May 7 – Duchess Maria Anna Josepha of Bavaria, Duchess of Bavaria by birth and Margravine of Baden-Baden by marriage (b. 1734) * May 23 – Jeanne Julie Éléonore de Lespinasse, French salon holder (b. 1732) * May 25 – Richard FitzWilliam, 6th Viscount FitzWilliam (b. 1711) * May 30 – Albert Frick (theologian), Albert Frick, German theologian (b. 1714) * June 2 – Continental Army General John Thomas (American general), John Thomas, from smallpox (b. 1724) * June 10 ** Hsinbyushin (b. 1736) ** Leopold Widhalm, Austrian luthier (b. 1722) * June 13 – Elizabeth Scott (hymnwriter), Elizabeth Scott, British-American poet and Christian hymnwriter (b. 1708) * June 20 – Benjamin Huntsman, English inventor, manufacturer (b. 1704) * July 7 – Jeremiah Markland, English classical scholar (b. 1693) * July 10 – Richard Peters (priest), Richard Peters, English-born American clergyman (b. 1704) * July 15 – Richard Bampfylde, British politician (b. 1722) * July 16 – Countess Palatine Francisca Christina of Sulzbach, Princess-abbess of Essen Abbey and Thorn Abbey (b. 1696) * July 21 – Benedicta Margareta von Löwendal, German industrialist (b. 1683) * August 1 ** Edward Bentham, Oxford based theologian who in 1763 (b. 1707) ** Francis Salvador, American patriot (b. 1747) * August 2 – Louis François, Prince of Conti, French military leader (b. 1717) * August 14 – Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart (b. 1721) * August 25 – David Hume, Scottish philosopher (b. 1711) * August 27 – William Stark (loyalist), William Stark, Revolutionary War era officer (b. 1724) * August 29 – Joseph Arnold (Rhode Island farmer), Joseph Arnold, pre-revolutionary resident of North Kingstown and Exeter (b. 1710) * September 1 – Angelica Le Gru Perotti, Italian woman painter of the Rococo (b. 1719) * September 6 – Chamaraja Wodeyar VIII, twentieth maharaja of the Kingdom of Mysore from 1770 to 1776 (b. 1759) * September 22 – Nathan Hale, American Revolutionary War captain, writer and patriot (executed) (b. 1755) * September 24 – Charles Cadogan, 2nd Baron Cadogan, Anglo-Irish peer (b. 1685) * September 28 – Cadwallader Colden, physician (b. 1688) * October 3 – Ayşe Sultan (daughter of Ahmed III), Ayşe Sultan, Ottoman princess (b. 1713) * October 10 – Karl Gotthelf von Hund, German Freemason (b. 1722) * October 15 – John Ellis (naturalist), John Ellis, naturalist (b. 1710) * October 17 – Pierre François le Courayer, French theologian (b. 1681) * October 28 – Princess Sophie of Saxe-Hildburghausen, Princess of Saxe-Hildburghausen by birth (b. 1760) * October 30 – Simón de Anda y Salazar, Spanish Basque governor of the Philippines from July (b. 1709) * November 15 – Fernando de Silva, 12th Duke of Alba, Spanish duke (b. 1714) * November 17 – James Ferguson (Scottish astronomer), James Ferguson, Scottish astronomer (b. 1710) * November 23 – Théophile de Bordeu, French physician (b. 1722) * December 5 – Elizabeth Percy, Duchess of Northumberland, British duchess; Lady of the Bedchamber (b. 1716) * December 10 – Robert Hay Drummond, Archbishop of York (b. 1711) * December 13 – Victor-Thérèse Charpentier (b. 1732) * December 25 – John Gabriel Jones, colonial American pioneer and politician (b. 1752) * ''date unknown'' – Muhammad al-Warghi, Tunisian writer and poet (b. c. 1713)