Events

Summary

The

American Revolutionary War The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a major war of the American Revolution. Widely considered as the war that secured the independence of t ...

began this year, with the first military engagement being the April 19

Battles of Lexington and Concord The Battles of Lexington and Concord were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. The battles were fought on April 19, 1775, in Middlesex County, Province of Massachusetts Bay, within the towns of Lexington, Concord ...

on the day after

Paul Revere Paul Revere (; December 21, 1734 O.S. (January 1, 1735 N.S.)May 10, 1818) was an American silversmith, engraver, early industrialist, Sons of Liberty member, and Patriot and Founding Father. He is best known for his midnight ride to ale ...

's now-legendary ride. The

Second Continental Congress The Second Continental Congress was a late-18th-century meeting of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that united in support of the American Revolutionary War. The Congress was creating a new country it first named "United Colonies" and in 1 ...

takes various steps toward organizing an American government, appointing

George Washington George Washington (February 22, 1732, 1799) was an American military officer, statesman, and Founding Father who served as the first president of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the Continental Congress as commander of th ...

commander-in-chief (June 14),

Benjamin Franklin Benjamin Franklin ( April 17, 1790) was an American polymath who was active as a writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, diplomat, printer, publisher, and political philosopher. Encyclopædia Britannica, Wood, 2021 Among the leading inte ...

postmaster general (July 26) and creating a

Continental Navy The Continental Navy was the navy of the United States during the American Revolutionary War and was founded October 13, 1775. The fleet cumulatively became relatively substantial through the efforts of the Continental Navy's patron John Adams ...

(October 13) and a Marine force (November 10) as landing troops for it, but as yet the 13 colonies have not declared independence, and both the British (June 12) and American (July 15) governments make laws. On July 6, Congress issues the

Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms The Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms was a Resolution adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 6, 1775, which explains why the Thirteen Colonies had taken up arms in what had become the American Revolutionary War ...

and on August 23,

King George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

of Great Britain declares the American colonies in rebellion, announcing it to Parliament on November 10. On June 17, two months into the colonial

siege of Boston The siege of Boston (April 19, 1775 – March 17, 1776) was the opening phase of the American Revolutionary War. New England militiamen prevented the movement by land of the British Army, which was garrisoned in what was then the peninsular town ...

, at the

Battle of Bunker Hill The Battle of Bunker Hill was fought on June 17, 1775, during the Siege of Boston in the first stage of the American Revolutionary War. The battle is named after Bunker Hill in Charlestown, Massachusetts, which was peripherally involved in ...

, just north of Boston, British forces are victorious, but only after suffering severe casualties and after Colonial forces run out of ammunition, Fort Ticonderoga is taken by American forces in New York Colony's northern frontier, and American forces unsuccessfully invade Canada, with an attack on

Montreal Montreal ( ; officially Montréal, ) is the List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population, second-most populous city in Canada and List of towns in Quebec, most populous city in the Provinces and territories of Canada, Canadian ...

defeated by British forces on November 13 and an attack on

Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirtee ...

repulsed December 31. Human knowledge and mastery over nature advances when

James Watt James Watt (; 30 January 1736 (19 January 1736 OS) – 25 August 1819) was a Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved on Thomas Newcomen's 1712 Newcomen steam engine with his Watt steam engine in 1776, which was fun ...

builds a successful prototype of a steam engine, and a scientific expedition continues as Captain

James Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean an ...

claims the South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands in the south Atlantic Ocean for Britain. Nature's power over humanity is dramatically demonstrated when the

Independence Hurricane The 1775 Newfoundland hurricane, also known as the Independence Hurricane, was a hurricane that struck the Thirteen Colonies and the Colony of Newfoundland in August and September, 1775, at the outset of the American War of Independence. It is be ...

(August 29 – September 13) devastates the east coast of

North America North America is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the southeast by South America and the Car ...

, killing 4,173, and when, on the western side of the North American continent,

Tseax Cone The Tseax Cone ( ), also called the Tseax River Cone or the Aiyansh Volcano, is a young and active cinder cone and adjacent lava flows associated with the Nass Ranges and the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province. It is located east of Crater C ...

erupts in the future

British Columbia British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Rocky Mountains. It has a diverse geography, with rugged landscapes that include rocky coastlines, sandy beaches, ...

, as well as when a

smallpox epidemic Smallpox was an infectious disease caused by variola virus (often called smallpox virus) which belongs to the genus Orthopoxvirus. The last naturally occurring case was diagnosed in October 1977, and the World Health Organization (WHO) cer ...

begins in New England. Smallpox was then cured by

Edward Jenner Edward Jenner, (17 May 1749 – 26 January 1823) was a British physician and scientist who pioneered the concept of vaccines, and created the smallpox vaccine, the world's first vaccine. The terms ''vaccine'' and ''vaccination'' are derived f ...

January–June

* January – The

Habsburg monarchy The Habsburg monarchy (german: Habsburgermonarchie, ), also known as the Danubian monarchy (german: Donaumonarchie, ), or Habsburg Empire (german: Habsburgerreich, ), was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities ...

forces the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

to cede

Bukovina Bukovinagerman: Bukowina or ; hu, Bukovina; pl, Bukowina; ro, Bucovina; uk, Буковина, ; see also other languages. is a historical region, variously described as part of either Central or Eastern Europe (or both).Klaus Peter BergerT ...

to its rule. *

January 5 Events Pre-1600 *1477 – Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is defeated and killed in a conflict with René II, Duke of Lorraine; Duchy of Burgundy, Burgundy subsequently becomes part of France. 1601–1900 *1675 – Battle of Turckh ...

–

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (27 January 17565 December 1791), baptised as Joannes Chrysostomus Wolfgangus Theophilus Mozart, was a prolific and influential composer of the Classical period. Despite his short life, his rapid pace of composition r ...

finishes a Sonata for Keyboard in C. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 * 38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. * 1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people on ...

–

Second voyage of James Cook The second voyage of James Cook, from 1772 to 1775, commissioned by the British government with advice from the Royal Society, was designed to circumnavigate the globe as far south as possible to finally determine whether there was any great sou ...

: Captain

takes possession of

South Georgia South Georgia ( es, Isla San Pedro) is an island in the South Atlantic Ocean that is part of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. It lies around east of the Falkland Islands. Stretching in the east� ...

for the

Kingdom of Great Britain The Kingdom of Great Britain (officially Great Britain) was a Sovereign state, sovereign country in Western Europe from 1 May 1707 to the end of 31 December 1800. The state was created by the 1706 Treaty of Union and ratified by the Acts of ...

. *

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. * 1539 – The first recorded race is hel ...

–

American Revolution The American Revolution was an ideological and political revolution that occurred in British America between 1765 and 1791. The Americans in the Thirteen Colonies formed independent states that defeated the British in the American Revolut ...

: The

Parliament of Great Britain The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in May 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. The Acts ratified the treaty of Union which created a new unified Kingdo ...

declares the

Province of Massachusetts Bay The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in British America which became one of the Thirteen Colonies, thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III of England, William III and Mary II ...

to be in rebellion. *

February 15 Events Pre-1600 * 438 – Roman emperor Theodosius II publishes the law codex Codex Theodosianus * 590 – Khosrau II is crowned king of Persia. * 706 – Byzantine emperor Justinian II has his predecessors Leontios and Tiberi ...

–

Pope Pius VI Pope Pius VI ( it, Pio VI; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799. Pius VI condemned the French Revoluti ...

succeeds

Pope Clement XIV Pope Clement XIV ( la, Clemens XIV; it, Clemente XIV; 31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 May 1769 to his death in Sep ...

as the 250th

pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

. *

February 26 Events Pre-1600 *747 BC – According to Ptolemy, the epoch (origin) of the Nabonassar Era began at noon on this date. Historians use this to establish the modern BC chronology for dating historic events. * 364 – Valentinian I is p ...

– The

British East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southea ...

factory A factory, manufacturing plant or a production plant is an industrial facility, often a complex consisting of several buildings filled with machinery, where workers manufacture items or operate machines which process each item into another. T ...

Balambangan Island Balambangan Island ( ms, Pulau Balambangan) is an island in Kudat Division, Sabah, Malaysia. It is located off the northern tip of Borneo and is situated just about 3 kilometres west of Banggi Island. It is now part of the Tun Mustapha Marine ...

is destroyed by

Moro pirates The Sulu and Celebes Seas, a semi- enclosed sea area and porous region that covers an area of space around 1 million square kilometres, have been subject to illegal maritime activities since the pre-colonial era and continue to pose a maritim ...

. *

March 6 Events Pre-1600 * 12 BCE – The Roman emperor Augustus is named Pontifex Maximus, incorporating the position into that of the emperor. * 632 – The Farewell Sermon (Khutbah, Khutbatul Wada') of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. * 845 & ...

–

Raghunathrao Raghunathrao Bhat (a.k.a. Ragho Ballal or Ragho Bharari) (18 August 1734 – 11 December 1783) was the 11th Peshwa of the Maratha Empire for a brief period from 1773 to 1774. He was known among the Hindus for his extremely successful North-west ...

Peshwa The Peshwa (Pronunciation: e(ː)ʃʋaː was the appointed (later becoming hereditary) prime minister of the Maratha Empire of the Indian subcontinent. Originally, the Peshwas served as subordinates to the Chhatrapati (the Maratha king); later, ...

of the

Maratha Empire The Maratha Empire, also referred to as the Maratha Confederacy, was an early modern Indian confederation that came to dominate much of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. Maratha rule formally began in 1674 with the coronation of Shi ...

in India, signs the

Treaty of Surat {{Use dmy dates, date=April 2012 The Treaty of Surat (6 March 1775) was a treaty by which Raghunathrao, one of the claimants to the throne of the Peshwa, agreed to cede Salsette and Bassein Fort to the English, in consideration of being himself res ...

with the British Governor-General

Warren Hastings Warren Hastings (6 December 1732 – 22 August 1818) was a British colonial administrator, who served as the first Governor of the Presidency of Fort William (Bengal), the head of the Supreme Council of Bengal, and so the first Governor-Genera ...

Bombay Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second- ...

ceding the territories of

Salsette Salsette Island is an island in Konkan division of the state of Maharashtra on India's west coast. Administratively known as Greater Mumbai, the city district of Mumbai, Mumbai Suburban District, Mira Bhayander and a portion of Thane lie withi ...

and Bassein to the British

East India Company The East India Company (EIC) was an English, and later British, joint-stock company founded in 1600 and dissolved in 1874. It was formed to trade in the Indian Ocean region, initially with the East Indies (the Indian subcontinent and Southea ...

along with part of the revenues from

Surat Surat is a city in the western Indian state of Gujarat. The word Surat literally means ''face'' in Gujarati and Hindi. Located on the banks of the river Tapti near its confluence with the Arabian Sea, it used to be a large seaport. It is now ...

and

Bharuch Bharuch (), formerly known as Broach, is a city at the mouth of the river Narmada in Gujarat in western India. Bharuch is the administrative headquarters of Bharuch District. The city of Bharuch and surroundings have been settled since tim ...

districts in return for military assistance. This leads to the

First Anglo-Maratha War The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) was the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Empire in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai. The wa ...

fought between the British and the Marathas, ending with the Treaty of Salbai in

1782 Events January–March * January 7 – The first American commercial bank (Bank of North America) opens. * January 15 – Superintendent of Finance Robert Morris goes before the United States Congress to recommend establish ...

. *

March 17 Events Pre-1600 * 45 BC – In his last victory, Julius Caesar defeats the Pompeian forces of Titus Labienus and Pompey the Younger in the Battle of Munda. * 180 – Commodus becomes sole emperor of the Roman Empire at the age of eigh ...

–

Catherine the Great , en, Catherine Alexeievna Romanova, link=yes , house = , father = Christian August, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst , mother = Joanna Elisabeth of Holstein-Gottorp , birth_date = , birth_name = Princess Sophie of Anhal ...

of Russia issues a manifesto prohibiting freed serfs from being returned to

serfdom Serfdom was the status of many peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism, and similar systems. It was a condition of debt bondage and indentured servitude with similarities to and differences from slavery, which develop ...

. *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey Church, Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of ...

– American Revolution:

Patrick Henry Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736June 6, 1799) was an American attorney, planter, politician and orator known for declaring to the Second Virginia Convention (1775): " Give me liberty, or give me death!" A Founding Father, he served as the first an ...

, a delegate to the

Second Virginia Convention The Virginia Conventions have been the assemblies of delegates elected for the purpose of establishing constitutions of fundamental law for the Commonwealth of Virginia superior to General Assembly legislation. Their constitutions and subseque ...

after the

Virginia Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern regions of the United States, between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth ar ...

House of Burgesses The House of Burgesses was the elected representative element of the Virginia General Assembly, the legislative body of the Colony of Virginia. With the creation of the House of Burgesses in 1642, the General Assembly, which had been established ...

was disbanded by the Royal Governor, delivers his " Give me Liberty, or give me Death!" speech at

St. John's Church St. John's Church, Church of St. John, or variants, thereof, (Saint John or St. John usually refers to John the Baptist, but also, sometimes, to John the Apostle or John the Evangelist) may refer to the following churches, former churches or other ...

Richmond, Virginia (Thus do we reach the stars) , image_map = , mapsize = 250 px , map_caption = Location within Virginia , pushpin_map = Virginia#USA , pushpin_label = Richmond , pushpin_m ...

. *

April 18 Events Pre-1600 * 796 – King Æthelred I of Northumbria is murdered in Corbridge by a group led by his ealdormen, Ealdred and Wada. The ''patrician'' Osbald is crowned, but abdicates within 27 days. * 1428 – Peace of Ferrara betw ...

– American Revolution:

and

William Dawes William Dawes Jr. (April 6, 1745 – February 25, 1799) was one of several men who in April 1775 alerted colonial minutemen in Massachusetts of the approach of British army troops prior to the Battles of Lexington and Concord at the outse ...

, instructed by Dr.

Joseph Warren Joseph Warren (June 11, 1741 – June 17, 1775), a Founding Father of the United States, was an American physician who was one of the most important figures in the Patriot movement in Boston during the early days of the American Revolution, ...

, ride from Boston to Lexington to warn

John Hancock John Hancock ( – October 8, 1793) was an American Founding Father, merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the ...

and

Sam Adams Samuel Adams ( – October 2, 1803) was an American statesman, political philosopher, and a Founding Father of the United States. He was a politician in colonial Massachusetts, a leader of the movement that became the American Revolution, and ...

that British forces are coming to take them prisoner and to seize colonial weapons and ammunition in Concord. *

April 19 Events Pre-1600 *AD 65 – The freedman Milichus betrays Piso's plot to kill the Emperor Nero and all the conspirators are arrested. * 531 – Battle of Callinicum: A Byzantine army under Belisarius is defeated by the Persians at ...

–

: Hostility between Britain and its American colonies explodes into bloodshed, igniting the

. *

May 10 Events Pre-1600 * 28 BC – A sunspot is observed by Han dynasty astronomers during the reign of Emperor Cheng of Han, one of the earliest dated sunspot observations in China. *1291 – Scottish nobles recognize the authority of Edw ...

** American Revolution: The

meets, elects

president, raises the

Continental Army The Continental Army was the army of the United Colonies (the Thirteen Colonies) in the Revolutionary-era United States. It was formed by the Second Continental Congress after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War, and was establis ...

under

as commander and authorizes the colonies to adopt their own

constitutions A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organisation or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity is to be governed. When these princip ...

. ** American Revolution:

Ethan Allen Ethan Allen ( – February 12, 1789) was an American farmer, businessman, land speculator, philosopher, writer, lay theologian, American Revolutionary War patriot, and politician. He is best known as one of the founders of Vermont and for ...

and

Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold ( Brandt (1994), p. 4June 14, 1801) was an American military officer who served during the Revolutionary War. He fought with distinction for the American Continental Army and rose to the rank of major general before defect ...

, leading the

Green Mountain Boys The Green Mountain Boys were a militia organization first established in 1770 in the territory between the British provinces of New York and New Hampshire, known as the New Hampshire Grants and later in 1777 as the Vermont Republic (which late ...

Vermont Vermont () is a state in the northeast New England region of the United States. Vermont is bordered by the states of Massachusetts to the south, New Hampshire to the east, and New York to the west, and the Canadian province of Quebec to ...

, capture Fort Ticonderoga. *

May 17 Events Pre-1600 *1395 – Battle of Rovine: The Wallachians defeat an invading Ottoman army. * 1521 – Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, is executed for treason. * 1527 – Pánfilo de Narváez departs Spain to explore Flo ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress bans trade with

Canada Canada is a country in North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering over , making it the world's second-largest country by tot ...

. *

June 11 Events Pre-1600 * 173 – Marcomannic Wars: The Roman army in Moravia is encircled by the Quadi, who have broken the peace treaty (171). In a violent thunderstorm emperor Marcus Aurelius defeats and subdues them in the so-called "miracle ...

–

Battle of Machias The Battle of Machias (June 11–12, 1775) was an early naval engagement of the American Revolutionary War, also known as the Battle of the ''Margaretta'', fought around the port of Machias, Maine. Following the outbreak of the war, British a ...

: In the first naval engagement of the American Revolution, Patriot forces capture the schooner ''HMS Margaretta''. *

June 12 Events Pre-1600 * 910 – Battle of Augsburg: The Hungarians defeat the East Frankish army under King Louis the Child, using the famous feigned retreat tactic of the nomadic warriors. * 1240 – At the instigation of Louis IX of Fr ...

– American Revolution: ** The

British British may refer to: Peoples, culture, and language * British people, nationals or natives of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories, and Crown Dependencies. ** Britishness, the British identity and common culture * British English, ...

forces offer a pardon to all colonists who lay down their arms. ** Action by citizens of

Machias, Maine Machias is a town in and the county seat of Washington County in Down East Maine, United States. As of the 2020 census, the town population was 2,060. It is home to the University of Maine at Machias and Machias Valley Airport, a small public ...

, in capturing British ships recognises the existence of a

United States Merchant Marine United States Merchant Marines are United States civilian mariners and U.S. civilian and federally owned merchant vessels. Both the civilian mariners and the merchant vessels are managed by a combination of the government and private sectors, an ...

. *

June 14 Events Pre-1600 * 1158 – The city of Munich is founded by Henry the Lion on the banks of the river Isar. *1216 – First Barons' War: Prince Louis of France takes the city of Winchester, abandoned by John, King of England, and soo ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress names

as commander of the

. *

June 16 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians. * 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...

– The post of

Chief Engineer A chief engineer, commonly referred to as "ChEng" or "Chief", is the most senior engine officer of an engine department on a ship, typically a merchant ship, and holds overall leadership and the responsibility of that department..Chief engineer's ...

of the

is created. *

June 17 Events Pre-1600 * 653 – Pope Martin I is arrested and taken to Constantinople, due to his opposition to monothelitism. * 1242 – Following the Disputation of Paris, twenty-four carriage loads of Jewish religious manuscripts were bur ...

– American Revolution: Two months into the colonial

, British open fire on Breed's Hill on Charles Town Peninsula. After 3 charges, the British take the hill in the misnamed

. *

June 19 Events Pre-1600 * 325 – The original Nicene Creed is adopted at the First Council of Nicaea. *1179 – The Battle of Kalvskinnet takes place outside Nidaros (now Trondheim), Norway. Earl Erling Skakke is killed, and the battle chang ...

– The post of

Commanding General The commanding officer (CO) or sometimes, if the incumbent is a general officer, commanding general (CG), is the officer in command of a military unit. The commanding officer has ultimate authority over the unit, and is usually given wide latitu ...

is created by the

Continental Congress The Continental Congress was a series of legislative bodies, with some executive function, for thirteen of Britain's colonies in North America, and the newly declared United States just before, during, and after the American Revolutionary War. ...

July–December

July 3 Events Pre-1600 * 324 – Battle of Adrianople: Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium. * 987 – Hugh Capet is crowned King of France, the first of the Capetian dynasty that would rule France until the French Revol ...

– American Revolution: George Washington takes command of the 17,000-man Continental Army at Cambridge. *

July 5 Events Pre-1600 * 328 – The official opening of Constantine's Bridge (Danube), Constantine's Bridge built over the Danube between Sucidava (Corabia, Romania) and Oescus (Gigen, Bulgaria) by the Roman Empire, Roman architect Theophilus Pa ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress sends the

Olive Branch Petition The Olive Branch Petition was adopted by the Second Continental Congress on July 5, 1775, and signed on July 8 in a final attempt to avoid war between Great Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in America. The Congress had already authorized the i ...

, hoping for a reconciliation. *

July 6 Events Pre-1600 * 371 BC – The Battle of Leuctra shatters Sparta's reputation of military invincibility. * 640 – Battle of Heliopolis: The Muslim Arab army under 'Amr ibn al-'As defeat the Byzantine forces near Heliopolis (Egypt) ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress issues

, which contains the words: "Our cause is just. Our union is perfect... being with one mind resolved to die freemen rather than to live slaves...". *

July 26 Events Pre-1600 * 657 – First Fitna: In the Battle of Siffin, troops led by Ali ibn Abu Talib clash with those led by Muawiyah I. * 811 – Battle of Pliska: Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I is killed and his heir Staurakios is seri ...

– The Second Continental Congress appoints

to be the first

Postmaster General A Postmaster General, in Anglosphere countries, is the chief executive officer of the postal service of that country, a ministerial office responsible for overseeing all other postmasters. The practice of having a government official respons ...

of what later becomes the

United States Post Office Department The United States Post Office Department (USPOD; also known as the Post Office or U.S. Mail) was the predecessor of the United States Postal Service, in the form of a Cabinet department, officially from 1872 to 1971. It was headed by the postmas ...

. *

July 30 Events Pre-1600 * 762 – Baghdad is founded. *1419 – First Defenestration of Prague: A crowd of radical Hussites kill seven members of the Prague city council. *1502 – Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands ...

–

: anchors off the south coast of England,

Captain Cook James Cook (7 November 1728 Old Style date: 27 October – 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the British Royal Navy, famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean an ...

having completed the first eastbound global

circumnavigation Circumnavigation is the complete navigation around an entire island, continent, or astronomical object, astronomical body (e.g. a planet or natural satellite, moon). This article focuses on the circumnavigation of Earth. The first recorded circ ...

. *

August 18 Events Pre-1600 * 684 – Battle of Marj Rahit: Umayyad partisans defeat the supporters of Ibn al-Zubayr and cement Umayyad control of Syria. * 707 – Princess Abe accedes to the imperial Japanese throne as Empress Genmei. *1304 & ...

–

Tucson , "(at the) base of the black ill , nicknames = "The Old Pueblo", "Optics Valley", "America's biggest small town" , image_map = , mapsize = 260px , map_caption = Interactive map ...

is founded. *

August 21 Events Pre-1600 * 959 – Eraclus becomes the 25th bishop of Liège. * 1140 – Song dynasty general Yue Fei defeats an army led by Jin dynasty general Wuzhu at the Battle of Yancheng during the Jin–Song Wars. *1169 – Battle o ...

– American Revolution – Siege of Fort St. Jean: American rebels launch an invasion of Canada. *

August 23 Events Pre-1600 *30 BC – After the successful invasion of Egypt, Octavian executes Marcus Antonius Antyllus, the eldest son of Mark Antony, and Caesarion, the last king of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt and only child of Julius Caesar ...

– American Revolution: Refusing to even look at the Olive Branch Petition, King George issues a

Proclamation of Rebellion The Proclamation of Rebellion, officially titled A Proclamation for Suppressing Rebellion and Sedition, was the response of George III to the news of the Battle of Bunker Hill at the outset of the American Revolution. Issued on 23 August 1775, ...

against the American colonies. *

August 29 Events Pre-1600 * 708 – Copper coins are minted in Japan for the first time (Traditional Japanese date: August 10, 708). * 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine ...

–

September 12 Events Pre-1600 *490 BC – Battle of Marathon: The conventionally accepted date for the Battle of Marathon. The Athenians and their Plataean allies defeat the first Persian invasion force of Greece. * 372 – Sixteen Kingdoms: Ji ...

– The ''Independence Hurricane'' from

South Carolina )''Animis opibusque parati'' ( for, , Latin, Prepared in mind and resources, links=no) , anthem = " Carolina";" South Carolina On My Mind" , Former = Province of South Carolina , seat = Columbia , LargestCity = Charleston , LargestMetro = ...

Nova Scotia Nova Scotia ( ; ; ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada. It is one of the three Maritime provinces and one of the four Atlantic provinces. Nova Scotia is Latin for "New Scotland". Most of the population are native Eng ...

kills 4,170, mostly fishermen and sailors. *

September 25 Events Pre-1600 * 275 – For the last time, the Roman Senate chooses an emperor; they elect 75-year-old Marcus Claudius Tacitus. * 762 – Led by Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya, the Hasanid branch of the Alids begins the Alid Revolt a ...

– American Revolution: Siege of Fort St. Jean –

Battle of Longue-Pointe The Battle of Longue-Pointe (french: Bataille de Longue-Pointe) was an attempt by Ethan Allen and a small force of American and Quebec militia to capture Montreal from British forces on September 25, 1775, early in the American Revolutionary War ...

Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of Kingdom of Great Britain, British Colony, colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Fo ...

revolutionary forces under Maj.

attack

in Quebec, commanded by

General Guy Carleton. Allen's forces are defeated, and Allen himself is captured and held on British ships until he is released. * October – The

Sayre Plot Stephen Sayre (1736–1818) was a member of a thousand-strong American community living in London at the time of the outbreak of the War of Independence in 1775. A close associate of John Wilkes, the radical Lord Mayor of London, Sayre, a merchant ...

ters attempt to kidnap

George III of the United Kingdom George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Monarchy of Ireland, Ireland from 25 October 1760 until Acts of Union 1800, the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was ...

. *

October 13 Events Pre-1600 * 54 – Roman emperor Claudius dies from poisoning under mysterious circumstances. He is succeeded by his adoptive son Nero, rather than by Britannicus, his son with Messalina. * 409 – Vandals and Alans cross the Py ...

– American Revolution: The Continental Congress orders the establishment of the

(later the

United States Navy The United States Navy (USN) is the maritime service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the eight uniformed services of the United States. It is the largest and most powerful navy in the world, with the estimated tonnage ...

). *

October 26 Events Pre-1600 *1185 – The Uprising of Asen and Peter begins on the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki and ends with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. *1341 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347 formally begi ...

– American Revolution:

George III George III (George William Frederick; 4 June 173829 January 1820) was King of Great Britain and of Ireland from 25 October 1760 until the union of the two kingdoms on 1 January 1801, after which he was King of the United Kingdom of Great Br ...

announces to Parliament that the American colonies are in an uprising and must be dealt with accordingly. * November – American Revolution: Colonel Richard Richardson (general), Richard Richardson's

revolutionaries march through Ninety-Six District, South Carolina, Ninety-Six District in what becomes known as the ''Snow Campaign'', effectively ending all major support for the Loyalist (American Revolution), Loyalist cause in the backcountry of South Carolina. * November 7 – American Revolution: John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, British Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies, royal governor of the Colony of Virginia, signs Dunmore's Proclamation, declaring martial law and offering freedom to Slavery in the United States, slaves of Patriot (American Revolution), Patriots who run away from their owners and join the Loyalist (American Revolution), Loyalist forces (formal proclamation November 15) thus losing the support of planters who see slaves as their vital livelihood. * November 10 – American Revolution: The Continental Congress passes a resolution creating the Continental Marines to serve as landing troops for the recently created Continental Navy (the Marines are disbanded at end of the war in April 1783 but reformed on July 11, 1798 as the United States Marine Corps). * November 13 – American Revolution: Siege of Fort St. Jean, Battle of Montreal – American forces under Brigadier General (United States), Brigadier General Richard Montgomery capture Montreal, Quebec, Montreal.

General Guy Carleton escapes to

. * November 17 – The city of Kuopio, Finland (belonging to Sweden at this time) is founded by King Gustav III of Sweden. * December 5 – American Revolution: Henry Knox begins Noble train of artillery, his journey to Cambridge, Massachusetts with the artillery that has been captured from Fort Ticonderoga. * December 31 – American Revolution: Battle of Quebec (1775), Battle of Quebec – British forces repulse an attack by

generals Richard Montgomery and

; Montgomery is killed.

Date unknown

* Industrial Revolution in Kingdom of Great Britain, Great Britain. **

's 1769 steam engine patent is extended to June 1800 by Act of Parliament and the first Watt steam engine, engines are built under it. ** John Wilkinson (industrialist), John Wilkinson invents and patents a new kind of boring (manufacturing), boring machine. *

decrees a Statute for the Administration of the Provinces of the Russian Empire dividing the country into provinces and districts for efficient government. * A

begins in New England. *

in northwestern British Columbia erupts. * Typhoon Liengkieki devastates the Pacific Ocean, Pacific atoll of Pingelap. *

writes his five violin concertos in Salzburg at about this date. * The Calcutta Theatre is inaugurated. * Shneur Zalman of Liadi founds the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish dynasty. * Probable date – Jeanne Baret returns to France, becoming the first woman to complete a

of the globe.

Births

Charles Bird King portrait of Louisa Adams

Tieck, Friedrich, Ludwig Tieck und seine Schwester Sophie

Joseph Mallord William Turner Self Portrait 1799

Matthew Gregory Lewis by George Lethbridge Saunders, after Unknown artist

Lefèvre - Guillaume, baron Capelle (1775-1843)

Chase Philander-Bishop Episcopal Church USA

January–March

* January 2 – Henry Tufton, 11th Earl of Thanet, English cricketer (d. 1849) * January 3 – Francis Caulfeild, 2nd Earl of Charlemont, Irish politician (d. 1863) * January 4 ** George Weare Braikenridge, English antiquarian (d. 1856) ** Carlo, Duke of Calabria, Italian prince (d. 1778) * January 6 ** Date Narimura, Japanese daimyō (d. 1796) ** Horace St Paul, English soldier and Member of Parliament (d. 1840) * January 7 – Thomas Amyot, English antiquarian (d. 1850) * January 9 ** Juan Francisco Larrobla, Uruguayan politician (d. 1842) ** Antonio Villavicencio, statesman and soldier of New Granada (d. 1816) * January 10 – James Sewall Morsell, United States federal judge (d. 1870) * January 13 – Stanisław Kostka Zamoyski, Polish noble (d. 1856) * January 15 – Giosuè Sangiovanni, Italian zoologist (d. 1849) * January 18 ** Pedro Moreno (soldier), Pedro Moreno, Mexican soldier (d. 1817) ** Evelyn Pierrepont (MP), Evelyn Pierrepont, British Member of Parliament (d. 1801) * January 19 ** Hudson Gurney, English antiquary and verse-writer (d. 1864) ** George Pyke, Canadian politician (d. 1851) * January 20 – André-Marie Ampère, French physicist and mathematician (d. 1836) * January 22 ** Manuel García (tenor), Manuel García, Spanish singer, teacher and composer (d. 1832) * January 23 ** Pietro Colletta, Neapolitan general and historian (d. 1831) ** José Fernández Salvador, Ecuadorian politician and jurist (d. 1853) ** John Rubens Smith, London-born painter (d. 1849) * January 27 – Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling, German philosopher (d. 1854) * January 28 ** Lady Charlotte Bury, English novelist (d. 1861) ** James Brown Mason, American physician and legislator (d. 1819) * January 30 – Walter Savage Landor, English writer and poet (d. 1864) * January 31 ** Giordano Bianchi Dottula, Italian writer and politician (d. 1846) ** John Richard Farre, English physician (d. 1862) * February 1 ** Philippe de Girard, French engineer and inventor of the first flax spinning frame in 1810 (d. 1845) ** Jochum Nicolay Müller, Norwegian naval officer who (d. 1848) * February 2 – Gurun Princess Hexiao of the Manchu dynasty (d. 1823) * February 3 ** Maximilien Sébastien Foy, French military leader (d. 1825) ** Louis-François Lejeune, French general, painter and printmaker (d. 1848) * February 8 ** Jacob Liv Borch Sverdrup, Norwegian educator (d. 1841) ** Antonio Bertoloni, Italian botanist who made extensive studies of Italian plants (d. 1869) ** Thomas Liddell, 1st Baron Ravensworth, British politician (d. 1855) *

** Farkas Bolyai, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1856) ** Theodor Hell, pseudonym of Karl Gottfried Theodor Winkler, German man of letters (d. 1856) * February 10 ** Charles Lamb, English essayist (d. 1834) ** James Wilkes Maurice, British Royal Navy officer during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1857) ** Ádám Récsey, Prime Minister of Hungary (October 3–7, 1848) (d. 1852) * February 11 – William Hall (governor), William Hall, American politician (d. 1856) * February 12 ** Louisa Adams, First Lady of the United States, wife of President John Quincy Adams (d. 1852) ** Charles Lloyd (poet), Charles Lloyd, English poet (d. 1839) * February 13 – Benjamin Gorham, American politician (d. 1855) * February 14 – William Clift, English medical illustrator and conservator (d. 1849) *

** Paul Allen (editor), Paul Allen, American author and editor (d. 1826) ** Miguel Ramos Arizpe, Mexican priest (d. 1843) ** Simmons Jones Baker, American politician (d. 1853) * February 17 ** Heinrich Jacob Aldenrath, German portrait painter (d. 1844) ** Frederick Garling, English attorney and solicitor (d. 1848) * February 18 – Thomas Girtin, English painter and etcher (d. 1802) * February 19 ** John Bibby (businessman), John Bibby, founder of the British Bibby Line shipping company (d. 1840) ** Giovanni Battista Comolli, Italian sculptor (d. 1831) * February 20 ** Guy-Victor Duperré, French naval officer and Admiral of France (d. 1846) ** Israel Gregg, first captain of the historic American steamboat Enterprise (1814), ''Enterprise'' (1814) (d. 1847) ** John Starr (politician), John Starr, merchant and political figure in Nova Scotia (d. 1827) * February 21 ** Jean-Baptiste Girard (soldier), Jean-Baptiste Girard, French soldier (d. 1815) ** Claudius Herrick, American educator and minister (d. 1831) * February 22 ** William Seymour (Congressman), William Seymour, United States Representative from New York (d. 1848) * February 24 ** Claudius Hunter, Lord Mayor of London (d. 1851) ** Matěj Kopecký, Czech puppeteer (d. 1847) ** Edward St Maur, 11th Duke of Somerset, English landowner and amateur mathematician (d. 1855) * February 25 – John Caldwell (seigneur), John Caldwell, businessman and politician in Lower Canada (d. 1842) *

– Adolf Stieler, German cartographer and lawyer (d. 1836) * February 28 – Sophie Tieck, German poet (d. 1833) * March 3 – Henry Prittie, 2nd Baron Dunalley, British politician (d. 1854) * March 4 – Johann Baptist von Lampi the Younger, Austrian portrait painter (d. 1837) * March 5 ** Charlotte Richardson, English poet (d. 1825) ** Adam Elias von Siebold, German gynecologist (d. 1828) * March 9 ** Jean Kickx (1775–1831), Jean Kickx, Belgian botanist and mineralogist (d. 1831) ** Constance Mayer, French painter (d. 1821) * March 10 ** Marc-Antoine Jullien de Paris, French journalist (d. 1848) ** Sir David Wedderburn, 1st Baronet, Scottish businessman and politician (d. 1858) * March 11 ** Nils Landmark, Norwegian politician (d. 1859) ** Pierre Jean François Turpin, French botanist and illustrator (d. 1840) * March 12 ** Joseph Chitty, English lawyer and legal writer (d. 1841) ** Henry Eckford (shipbuilder), Henry Eckford, Scottish-born American shipbuilder, naval architect, industrial engineer, entrepreneur (d. 1832) ** Michel Grendahl, Norwegian politician (d. 1849) ** James Welsh (East India Company officer), James Welsh, English officer in the Madras Army of the East India Company (d. 1861) * March 14 – Samuel Street Jr., businessman in Upper Canada (d. 1844) * March 15 – Juan Bautista Arismendi, Venezuelan patriot and general of the Venezuelan War of Independence (d. 1841) *

– Ninian Edwards, founding political figure of the state of Illinois (d. 1833) * March 19 – Ramsay Richard Reinagle, English painter (d. 1862) * March 22 ** Johan Collett, Norwegian politician and public administrator (d. 1827) ** Jack Crawford (sailor), Jack Crawford, British Royal Navy sailor, "Hero of Camperdown" (d. 1831) ** Armand Gouffé, French poet (d. 1845) *

– William Haseldine Pepys, English physical scientist (d. 1856) * March 24 ** Pauline Auzou, French painter and art instructor (d. 1835) ** Pierre Berthezène, French Army general (d. 1847) ** Muthuswami Dikshitar, South Indian poet and composer (d. 1835) * March 25 – John Johnston (Indian agent), John Johnston, United States Indian agent (d. 1861) * March 26 – Thomas Monteagle Bayly, Virginian politician, lawyer and planter (d. 1834) * March 27 – Nicolai Abraham Holten, Danish civil servant and director of Øresund Custom House (d. 1850) * March 28 – Johann Heinrich Gossler, Hamburg banker and grand burgher (d. 1842) * March 30 – Hieronymus Karl Graf von Colloredo-Mansfeld, Austrian corps commander during the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1822)

April–June

* April 2 ** John Higton, English animal painter (d. 1827) ** Calvin Jones (physician), Calvin Jones, American politician (d. 1846) ** Moses Walton, Virginia farmer serving in both houses of the Virginia General Assembly (d. 1847) * April 4 – Dutch Sam, British boxer (d. 1816) * April 5 – Johann Nepomuk Rust, Austrian surgeon (d. 1840) * April 6 – Edward Wynne-Pendarves, English politician (d. 1853) * April 7 ** Eliza Jumel, American socialite (d. 1865) ** Francis Cabot Lowell, American businessman (d. 1817) ** Louis Barbe Charles Sérurier, French diplomat (d. 1860) * April 8 ** Antoine Charles Cazenove, Swiss-American businessman and diplomat (d. 1852) ** Adam Albert von Neipperg, Austrian general and statesman (d. 1829) ** Thomas Powys, 2nd Baron Lilford, British peer (d. 1825) * April 9 – Martim Francisco Ribeiro de Andrada, Brazilian politician, leader in Brazil's independence and government (d. 1844) * April 10 – Carl Wigand Maximilian Jacobi, German psychiatrist (d. 1858) * April 12 ** Christian Samuel Theodor Bernd, German linguist and heraldist (d. 1854) ** Vito Nunziante, Italian general (d. 1836) * April 13 – Adolph Henke, German physician (d. 1843) * April 14 ** Karl Becker (philologist), Karl Becker, German philologist (d. 1849) ** John Philip (missionary), John Philip, Scottish-born missionary in South Africa (d. 1851) * April 16 ** Sylvester Maxwell, American lawyer and legislator (d. 1858) ** Charles Stewart (bishop), Charles Stewart, English Anglican bishop in Lower Canada (d. 1837) * April 21 ** Alexander Anderson (illustrator), Alexander Anderson, American physician and illustrator (d. 1870) ** Edward Smith-Stanley, 13th Earl of Derby, British politician (d. 1851) * April 22 ** Georg Hermes, German Roman Catholic theologian (d. 1831) ** Henry Ryan (minister), Henry Ryan, US-Canadian Methodist minister (d. 1833) * April 23 – J. M. W. Turner, English Romantic landscape painter, watercolourist and printmaker (d. 1851) * April 25 ** William Warren Baldwin, Canadian politician (d. 1844) ** Alexander Johnston (1775–1849), Alexander Johnston, Sri Lankan judge (d. 1849) ** Carlota Joaquina of Spain, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1830) * April 27 – Pietro Ostini, Catholic cardinal (d. 1849) * April 28 ** William Capel (sportsman), William Capel, English sportsman and clergyman (d. 1854) ** Loftus William Otway, British Napoleonic Wars general (d. 1835) * April 29 – Samuel King (minister), Samuel King, American Presbyterian minister, a founder of the Cumberland Presbyterian Church (d. 1842) * April 30 ** Guillaume Dode de la Brunerie, Marshal of France (d. 1851) ** Calvin Fillmore, American farmer and politician from New York (d. 1865) ** George Kinloch (politician), George Kinloch, Scottish reformer and politician (d. 1833) * May 1 – Angélique Mongez, French Neoclassical artist (d. 1855) * May 3 – John Hansen Sørbrøden, Norwegian farmer (d. 1857) * May 5 ** Marie-Anne Calame, Swiss vitreous enamel miniaturist and pietist philanthropic educator (d. 1834) ** Johann Christoph Friedrich Klug, German entomologist (d. 1856) ** Alexander McNair, American frontiersman and politician (d. 1826) ** Pablo Morillo, Spanish general (d. 1837) * May 6 ** Hans Henrich Maschmann, Norwegian pharmacist (d. 1860) ** Mary Martha Sherwood, English children's author (d. 1851) * May 8 – George Gwilt the younger, English architect (d. 1856) * May 9 – Jacob Brown, United States general (d. 1828) *

** Antoine Charles Louis de Lasalle, French cavalry general during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1809) ** William Phillips (geologist), William Phillips, English mineralogist and geologist (d. 1828) * May 12 – George Whitmore (British Army officer), George Whitmore, British Army general (d. 1862) * May 14 – Micah Brooks, United States general (d. 1857) *

** Sir John Beckett, 2nd Baronet, British politician (d. 1847) ** Daniel LeRoy, Attorney General for the Michigan Territory (d. 1858) * May 19 – Antonín Jan Jungmann, Czech physician (d. 1854) * May 21 – Lucien Bonaparte, French statesman (d. 1840) * May 24 ** Sir Charles Ogle, 2nd Baronet, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1858) ** Matthew Whitworth-Aylmer, 5th Baron Aylmer, British Army general (d. 1850) * May 25 – Pelagio Palagi, Italian painter (d. 1860) * May 28 – Thomas Graves, 2nd Baron Graves, British politician (d. 1830) * May 29 – Nathan Cutler, American politician from Maine (d. 1861) * May 31 ** Charles Digby, British clergyman, Canon of Windsor from 1808 (d. 1841) ** Charles Jackson (judge), Charles Jackson, American lawyer and jurist (d. 1855) * June 4 – Francesco Molino, Italian guitarist (d. 1847) * June 8 – Henry Boehm, American clergyman and pastor (d. 1875) * June 9 – Georg Friedrich Grotefend, German epigraphist and philologist (d. 1853) * June 10 – James Barbour, American politician (d. 1842) *

** Francis Bloodgood, American lawyer, mayor of Albany (d. 1840) ** Johann Baptist Malfatti von Monteregio, Italian-born physician (d. 1859) ** Karl Freiherr von Müffling, Prussian ''Generalfeldmarschall'' (d. 1851) * June 13 – Antoni Radziwiłł, Polish politician (d. 1833) *

– André Bruno de Frévol de Lacoste, French general of the First Empire (d. 1809) * June 15 ** Elizabeth Benger, English biographer (d. 1827) ** Paul Delano, American-born sea captain (d. 1842) ** Carlo Porta, Italian poet (d. 1821) *

– Judah Touro, American businessman (d. 1854) *

– Alexander Cowan, Scottish papermaker and philanthropist (d. 1859) * June 18 – Orsamus Cook Merrill, American politician (d. 1865) *

** Vardry McBee, American saddlemaker and philanthropist (d. 1864) ** Friedrich August Peter von Colomb, German general (d. 1854) * June 20 – Jacques Frédéric Français, French engineer and mathematician (d. 1833) * June 22 ** Johannes Flüggé, German botanist and physician (d. 1816) ** Camillo Ranzani, Italian priest and a naturalist (d. 1841) * June 24 – John Kempthorne (hymnwriter), John Kempthorne, English clergyman and hymnwriter (d. 1838) * June 25 – John Stevenson Salt, English barrister, banker and landowner (d. 1845) * June 26 ** Jean-Jacques Desvaux de Saint-Maurice, French general of the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1815) ** John Swaine, English draughtsman and engraver (d. 1860) * June 29 – Thomas Boyle, American privateer (d. 1825) * June 30 – William Thompson (philosopher), William Thompson, Irish philosopher (d. 1833)

July–September

* July 1 – Cephas Thompson, American artist (d. 1856) * July 2 – Aaron Peasley, American buttonmaker (d. 1837) *

– Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier, member of the French royal family (d. 1807) *

– William Crotch, English composer, organist and artist (d. 1847) * July 8 ** William Davies (Georgia judge), William Davies, United States federal judge (d. 1829) ** Lucy Mack Smith, American prominent in the Latter Day Saints, mother of Joseph Smith (d. 1856) * July 9 – Matthew Lewis (writer), Matthew "Monk" Lewis, English Gothic horror writer and politician (d. 1818) * July 11 – Joseph Blanco White, Spanish-born political thinker, theologian and poet (d. 1841) * July 14 ** Louis Ducis, French painter (d. 1847) ** Berkeley Guise, British landowner and Member of Parliament (d. 1834) * July 15 – Richard Westmacott, British sculptor (d. 1856) * July 17 ** Domingo Eyzaguirre, Chilean politician and philanthropist (d. 1854) ** August Harder, German musician (d. 1813) * July 18 ** Pierre Decouz, French military officer (d. of wounds 1814) ** Karl von Rotteck, German political activist (d. 1840) * July 19 ** Camillo Borghese, 6th Prince of Sulmona (d. 1832) ** John Andrew Shulze, Pennsylvania political leader, sixth Governor of Pennsylvania (d. 1852) * July 21 ** Edward Heneage (cricketer), Edward Heneage, English first-class cricketer (d. 1810) ** George Osborne, 6th Duke of Leeds, English peer and politician (d. 1838) * July 23 ** Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman, German jurist (d. 1829) ** Étienne-Louis Malus, French officer (d. 1812) * July 24 – Eugène François Vidocq, French criminal and private detective agent (d. 1857) * July 25 – Anna Harrison, American politician (d. 1864) * July 27 – Therese Brunsvik, Hungarian educationalist (d. 1861) * July 28 – Hussey Vivian, 1st Baron Vivian, British Army general (d. 1842) * July 31 – Emmanuel Dupaty, French singer and writer (d. 1851) * August 2 ** William Henry Ireland, English forger (d. 1835) ** José Ángel Lamas, Venezuelan classical musician and composer born in Caracas (d. 1814) * August 6 ** Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, last Dauphin of France (d. 1844) ** Daniel O'Connell, Ireland's predominant political leader (d. 1847) ** Hendrik van Oort, Northern Netherlandish painter (d. 1847) * August 7 ** Maria Brizzi Giorgi, Italian organist (d. 1812) ** Jacob Hoel, Norwegian farmer (d. 1847) ** Henriette Lorimier, popular portraitist in Paris at the beginning of Romanticism (d. 1854) * August 8 – Richard Blakemore, English politician (d. 1855) * August 9 – Jacob Brown, United States general (d. 1828) * August 12 – Conrad Malte-Brun, Danish-born geographer and writer on French politics (d. 1826) * August 14 – Pieter Adrianus Ossewaarde, Dutch politician (d. 1853) * August 15 ** Carlos de España, Spanish general (d. 1839) ** Carl Franz Anton Ritter von Schreibers, Austrian naturalist, native of Pressburg (d. 1852) * August 16 ** John Carlyle Herbert, American politician (d. 1846) ** Ebenezer Sage, American politician (d. 1834) *

** James Elliot (politician), James Elliot, American politician (d. 1839) ** Johann Leonhard Pfaff, bishop of the German Roman Catholic Diocese of Fulda from 1832 (d. 1848) * August 20 ** Franz Dinnendahl, German mechanical engineer (d. 1826) ** George Tucker (politician), George Tucker, American politician (d. 1861) * August 22 ** François Péron, French naturalist and explorer (d. 1810) ** August von Vécsey, Austro-Hungarian general (d. 1857) *

– Mark Cubbon (army officer), Mark Cubbon, British army officer with the East India Company (d. 1861) * August 25 – Karl Joseph Hieronymus Windischmann, German philosopher and anthropologist (d. 1839) * August 26 – William Joseph Behr, German political radical (d. 1851) * August 27 ** Frederick Graff, American hydraulic engineer (d. 1847) ** Jan Verveer, major general of the Royal Netherlands Army (d. 1838) * August 28 ** Antoine Marc Augustin Bertoletti, Italian general (d. 1846) ** Sophie Gail, French singer and composer (d. 1819) *

– Niels Wulfsberg, Norwegian publisher (d. 1852) * August 31 ** Agnes Bulmer, English epic poet (d. 1836) ** François de Fossa, French classical guitarist and composer (d. 1849) * September 1 – Honoré Charles Reille, French general, Marshal of France (d. 1860) * September 4 – Jean-François Le Gonidec, Breton linguist, Bible translator (d. 1838) * September 5 ** Juan Martín Díez, ''El Empecinado'', Spanish military leader (d. 1825) ** Adolph Ferdinand Gehlen, German chemist (d. 1815) * September 6 – Aleksey Greig, Russian admiral (d. 1845) * September 7 – John Jebb (bishop), John Jebb, Irish Anglican bishop and religious writer (d. 1833) * September 8 ** John Leyden, Scottish orientalist (d. 1811) ** Vasily Orlov-Denisov, Cossack Russian general (d. 1843) * September 9 ** Guillaume Capelle, French administrator and politician (d. 1843) ** Francisco Ramón Vicuña, President of Chile (d. 1849) * September 10 ** John Kidd (chemist), John Kidd, English physician, chemist and geologist (d. 1851) ** Murray Maxwell, British Royal Navy officer (d. 1831) * September 11 ** Narciso Fernández de Heredia, 2nd Count of Heredia-Spínola, Prime Minister of Spain (d. 1847) ** Ferdinand August Freiherr von Hügel, general in the royal Württemberg Infantry (d. 1834) *

– Josef Jüttner, Austrian cartographer and military officer (d. 1848) * September 13 – Laura Secord, Canadian heroine of the War of 1812 (d. 1868) * September 14 ** Jean-Louis Burnouf, French philologist and translator (d. 1844) ** John Henry Hobart, third Episcopal bishop of New York from 1816 (d. 1830) ** Joseph Phillimore, English lawyer and Member of Parliament (d. 1855) * September 15 – William A. Griswold, American lawyer and politician (d. 1846) * September 16 ** Hermano José Braamcamp de Almeida Castelo Branco, Portuguese nobleman and politician (d. 1846) ** Giuseppe Rosaroll, Italian essayist and general in the army of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (d. 1825) ** Christian Friedrich Schwägrichen, German botanist specializing in the field of bryology (d. 1853) * September 17 ** Georges Roffavier, French botanist (d. 1866) ** Margrethe Schall, Danish ballerina (d. 1852) * September 19 – José Félix Ribas, hero of the Venezuelan War of Independence (d. 1815) * September 20 – François-Pierre Chaumeton, French botanist and physician (d. 1819) * September 22 – Philip Milledoler, American protestant minister and fifth President of Rutgers College (d. 1852) * September 23 – Jens Christian Berg, Norwegian lawyer and historian (d. 1852) * September 24 – Nathan Heald, officer in the United States Army during the War of 1812 (d. 1832) *

– Pierre Flor, Norwegian politician (d. 1848) * September 26 – James Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam, British peer and Member of Parliament (d. 1845) * September 29 ** David McConaughy (college president), David McConaughy, American pastor and fourth president of Washington College from 1831 to 1852 (d. 1852) ** François Michel de Rozière, French mining engineer and mineralogist (d. 1842) ** Herbert Taylor (British Army officer), Herbert Taylor, British Army officer (d. 1839) * September 30 – Robert Adrain, Irish-born American mathematician (d. 1843)

October–December

* October 2 – Cornelius O'Callaghan, 1st Viscount Lismore, Irish politician (d. 1857) * October 3 – Isaac von Sinclair, German writer and diplomat (d. 1815) * October 6 – Johann Anton André, German composer and music publisher (d. 1842) * October 7 ** Ramón Power y Giralt, Puerto Rican politician and Spanish admiral (d. 1813) ** Jaygopal Tarkalankar, Bengali writer and Sanskrit scholar (d. 1846) * October 9 ** Sir Alexander Boswell, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1822) ** Lars Johannes Irgens, Norwegian jurist and public official (d. 1830) ** Peter Thonning, Danish physician and botanist (d. 1848) ** Charles Williams-Wynn (1775–1850), Charles Williams-Wynn, British politician (d. 1850) * October 12 ** Lyman Beecher, American Presbyterian minister and patriarch (d. 1863) ** Ludovico Micara, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1847) *

– John Wentworth Loring, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1852) * October 14 – Godfrey Macdonald, 3rd Baron Macdonald of Sleat, Scottish general (d. 1832) * October 15 ** Bernhard Crusell, Swedish-Finnish clarinetist and composer 1838) ** Alberto Lista, Spanish poet and educationalist (d. 1848) ** Bernardo Peres da Silva, governor of Portuguese India (d. 1844) * October 17 – Ole Paulssøn Haagenstad, Norwegian politician (d. 1866) * October 18 ** Martial Aubertin, French stage actor and dramatist (d. 1824) ** Dawson Turner, English banker and botanist (d. 1858) ** John Vanderlyn, American artist (d. 1852) * October 19 ** Jean-Baptiste Faribault, Lower Canadian trader with the Indians and early settler in Minnesota (d. 1860) ** Kamma Rahbek, Danish salon holder (d. 1829) * October 21 ** Giuseppe Baini, Italian priest, music critic and composer (d. 1844) ** Bartholomew Crannell Beardsley, Canadian politician, lawyer and judge (d. 1855) * October 23 – Gottlob Friedrich Thormeyer, German architect (d. 1842) * October 24 – Bahadur Shah II, Mughal emperor (d. 1862) *

** Charles Douglas, 3rd Baron Douglas, English amateur cricketer (d. 1848) ** Hans Moritz Hauke, German-Polish general (d. 1830) ** Joseph Nightingale, prolific English writer and preacher (d. 1824) ** Alexander Thom (surgeon), Alexander Thom, Scottish military surgeon, judge and politician in Upper Canada (d. 1845) * October 30 ** Catterino Cavos, Russian composer (d. 1840) ** Wilhelm Ludwig Viktor Henckel von Donnersmarck, Prussian officer who fought in the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1849) * November 1 – Christian Adolph Diriks, Norwegian lawyer and statesman (d. 1837) * November 2 ** Jean-Emmanuel Jobez, French businessman and politician (d. 1828) ** Jeromus Johnson, American politician (d. 1846) * November 3 – Edward Paget, British Army generak (d. 1849) * November 4 – Pierre Capelle, French chansonnier (d. 1851) * November 6 – August Wilhelm Hartmann, Danish composer (d. 1850) * November 7 – Joseph Fox (dental surgeon), Joseph Fox, English dental surgeon (d. 1816) * November 8 ** Achille Fontanelli, Italian nationalist and Napoleonic general (d. 1838) ** Jacob Peter Mynster, Danish theologian and Bishop of Zealand (d. 1854) * November 9 – Daniel Waldron, American businessman (d. 1821) * November 10 – James Elliot (politician), James Elliot, American politician (d. 1839) * November 11 – Gulbrand Eriksen Tandberg, Norwegian farmer and politician (d. 1848) * November 13 ** John Burns (surgeon), John Burns, Scottish surgeon (d. 1850) ** Richard Butler, 1st Earl of Glengall, Irish peer (d. 1819) ** Rémi Joseph Isidore Exelmans, distinguished French soldier of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (d. 1852) * November 14 – Paul Johann Anselm Ritter von Feuerbach, German legal scholar (d. 1833) * November 15 – James Carnahan, American clergyman and educator, ninth President of Princeton University (d. 1859) * November 19 ** Johann Karl Wilhelm Illiger, German entomologist and zoologist (d. 1813) ** François Antoine Teste, French officer during the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1862) * November 20 – Gustav Anton von Seckendorff, German author (d. 1823) * November 21 – Josef Servas d'Outrepont, German obstetrician (d. 1845) * November 23 ** Clemens Wenzeslaus Coudray, German neoclassical architect (d. 1845) ** Johann Georg Rist, Danish author (d. 1847) ** Maria Anna of Naples and Sicily, member of the French Royal Family (d. 1780) * November 24 – Peter Buell Allen, politician and military commander in New York State, pioneer of Vigo County and Terre Haute (d. 1833) * November 25 ** Joseph Borremans, Belgian composer (d. 1858) ** Michel Étienne Descourtilz, French physician, botanist and historiographer of the Haitian revolution (d. 1835) ** Jean Baptiste Godart, French entomologist (d. 1825) ** Gustaf Gabriel Hällström, Finnish scientist (d. 1844) ** Charles Kemble, Welsh-born English actor of a prominent theatre family (d. 1854) * November 27 ** Jean-Françoìs de Dompierre de Jonquières, Dutch-Danish merchant (d. 1820) ** Lauritz Weidemann, Norwegian politician (d. 1856) * November 28 ** William Frere, English lawyer and academic (d. 1836) ** Jean-Charles Létourneau, notary and political figure in Lower Canada (d. 1838) * November 29 – Marie Antoine de Reiset, French general during the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars (d. 1836) * November 30 – Jean Joseph Antoine de Courvoisier, French magistrate and politician (d. 1835) * December 2 – Joseph Denis Odevaere, Neo-Classical painter from the Southern Netherlands (modern-day Belgium) (d. 1830) * December 5 – Abijah Bigelow, American politician (d. 1860) * December 6 ** Sir Charles Blunt, 4th Baronet, British Member of Parliament (d. 1840) ** Nicolas Isouard, Maltese composer (d. 1818) * December 10 ** José María de la Cueva, 14th Duke of Albuquerque, Spanish general and ambassador (d. 1811) ** Giacomo Filippo Fransoni, Catholic cardinal (d. 1856) ** Jacques-Antoine Manuel, French lawyer (d. 1827) * December 11 – Peter Little, American politician (d. 1830) * December 13 – Theodor Gottlieb von Hippel the Younger, Prussian statesman (d. 1843) * December 14 ** Philander Chase, American Episcopal Church bishop, educator and pioneer (d. 1852) ** Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, British Royal Navy admiral (d. 1860) * December 15 – Phineas Riall, British Army general (d. 1850) * December 16 ** Ciro Annunchiarico, Italian cult leader (d. 1817) ** Jane Austen, English novelist (d. 1817) ** François-Adrien Boïeldieu, French composer (d. 1834) ** John Fullerton, Lord Fullerton, Scottish law lord (d. 1853) * December 17 – Carlo Rossi (architect), Carlo Rossi, Russian architect (d. 1849) * December 20 ** Samuel Farrow, American politician (d. 1824) ** Pierre Antoine François Huber, brigadier general in the French army (d. 1832) * December 21 – Julien-Joseph Virey, French naturalist and anthropologist (d. 1846) * December 25 ** John Fitzgerald (1775–1852), John Fitzgerald, British Member of Parliament (d. 1852) ** Peter Reesor, American-born Mennonite settler in Ontario (d. 1854) ** Antun Sorkočević, Croatian composer, writer and diplomat (d. 1841) * December 26 – Anton Carl Ludwig von Tabouillot, French officer, nobleman and counter-revolutionary (d. 1813) * December 28 ** João Domingos Bomtempo, Portuguese musician (d. 1842) ** Jean-Gabriel Eynard, Swiss banker (d. 1863) ** Pierre François Étienne Bouvet de Maisonneuve, French admiral (d. 1860) * Date unknown – Jeanne Geneviève Garnerin, French balloonist and parachutist (d. 1847)

Deaths

* January 1 – Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Mughal Emperor (b. 1725) * January 6 – Khawaja Muhammad Zaman of Luari, Sindhi Sufi poet (b. 1713) * January 8 – John Baskerville, English printer (b. 1707) * January 10 – Stringer Lawrence, English soldier (b. 1697) * January 11 – Prithvi Narayan Shah, last ruler of the Gorkha Kingdom in the Indian subcontinent (b. 1723) * January 13 – Johann Georg Walch, German theologian (b. 1693) * January 14 – Peter Schenk the Younger, Dutch engraver and map publisher active in Leipzig (b. 1693) *

– Vincenzo Riccati, Venetian mathematician and physicist (b. 1707) * February 2 – Sir John Rushout, 4th Baronet, English politician (b. 1685) * February 5 – Eusebius Amort, German Catholic theologian (b. 1692) * February 6 – William Dowdeswell (Chancellor), William Dowdeswell, English politician (b. 1721) *

– Peter Dens, Belgian Catholic theologian (b. 1690) * February 28 – Empress Xiaoyichun of China (b. 1727) * March 5 – Pierre-Laurent Buirette de Belloy, French dramatist and actor (b. 1727) *

– Job Baster, Dutch naturalist (b. 1711) * March 21 – Thomas Penn, son of American colonial leader William Penn (b. 1702) * March 22 – Peter August, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Beck (b. 1697) * March 30 – Christian Ditlev Reventlow (1710–1775), Christian Ditlev Reventlow, Danish Privy Councillor (b. 1710) * April 14 – Countess Palatine Ernestine of Sulzbach, wife of Landgrave William II (b. 1697) *

– Isaac Davis (soldier), Isaac Davis, American gunsmith and militia officer who commanded a company of Minutemen from Acton (b. 1745) * April 30 – Peter Harrison (architect), Peter Harrison, English-born colonial American architect (b. 1716) * May 1 – Israel Lyons, English mathematician and botanist (b. 1739) * May 2 – Fredericka of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg, German noblewoman (b. 1715) * May 3 – George Boscawen (1712–1775), George Boscawen, British general (b. 1712) *

** Marie Magdalene Charlotte Ackermann, German actress (b. 1757) ** Caroline Matilda of Great Britain, Caroline Matilda, British princess, queen consort of Denmark (b. 1751) * May 18 – Magnus Beronius, Archbishop of Uppsala in the Church of Sweden (b. 1692) * May 27 – Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon, French noblewoman (b. 1693) * June 15 – Asa Pollard, American soldier (b. 1735) *

–

** John Pitcairn, British marine major (b. 1722) **

, American Patriot, physician (b. 1741) * June 21 – Charles, Prince of Nassau-Usingen (1718–1775) and Nassau-Saarbrücken (1728–1735) (b. 1712) * June 23 – Karl Ludwig von Pöllnitz, German adventurer and writer (b. 1692) *

– Thomas Gardner (politician), Thomas Gardner, American politician and colonel (d. of wounds) (b. 1724) * July 11 – Simon Boerum, American Continental Congressman (b. 1724) * July 13 ** Louis Charles, Count of Eu, member of the French Capetian dynasty (b. 1701) ** John Ratcliffe (Master of Pembroke), John Ratcliffe, English academic, Master of Pembroke College, Oxford (b. 1700) * July 21 – Szymon Czechowicz, prominent Polish Baroque painter (b. 1689) * August 10 – Elihu Adams, soldier in the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (b. 1741) * August 13 – Michał Fryderyk Czartoryski, Polish nobleman (b. 1696) *

– Zahir al-Umar, Arab ruler of northern Ottoman Palestine (b. 1689) * August 22 – Remember Baker, American soldier, member of the Green Mountain Boys (murdered) (b. 1737) * August 27 – James Burgh, British Whig politician and writer (b. 1714) * September 6 – Jean-Baptiste Bullet, French writer (b. 1669) * September 13 – Klaas Annink, Dutch serial killer (executed) (b. 1710) * September 16 – Allen Bathurst, 1st Earl Bathurst, English privy councillor (b. 1684) * September 17 – John Parker (captain), John Parker, American colonial farmer (b. 1729) * September 23 – John Bentinck, British Royal Navy officer (b. 1737) * September 24 – Emanuel Büchel, Swiss painter (b. 1705) * October 2 – Fukuda Chiyo-ni, Japanese ''haiku'' poet and Buddhist nun (b. 1703) * October 3 – Cluer Dicey, English newspaper proprietor and patent medicine vendor (b. 1715) *

– James Cholmondeley, British Army officer and Member of Parliament (b. 1708) * October 18 – Christian August Crusius, German philosopher and theologian (b. 1715) * October 22 – Peyton Randolph, planter and public official from the Colony of Virginia (b. 1721) * November 4 – Luis Jayme, Spanish-born Franciscan (b. 1740) * November 5 – Christian IV, Count Palatine of Zweibrücken, German noble (b. 1722) * November 9 – Francisco Ximénez de Tejada, Spanish knight, 69th Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitaller (b. 1703) * November 13 – Jeanne Camus de Pontcarré, French aristocrat and eccentric widow (b. 1705) * November 21 – John Hill (botanist), John Hill, English botanist and writer * November 24 – Lorenzo Ricci, Italian Jesuit leader (b. 1703) * November 25 – Richard Spry, British Royal Navy officer who served as North America and West Indies Station (b. 1715) * December 7 – Charles Saunders (admiral), Charles Saunders, British admiral * December 9 – Robert Livingston (1718–1775), Robert Livingston, American politician (b. 1718) * December 15 – Marie-Angélique Memmie Le Blanc, French feral child (b. 1712) * December 28 – Petrus Albertus van der Parra, Dutch colonial governor (b. 1714) * December 31 – Richard Montgomery, American general (killed in battle) (b. 1738)

Events

Summary

January–June

July–December

Date unknown

Births

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Deaths

References

Further reading