1694 Kaiser (
''prov. designation'': ) is a carbonaceous
background asteroid from the inner regions of the
asteroid belt, approximately 16 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 29 September 1934, by Dutch astronomer
Hendrik van Gent
Hendrik van Gent (14 September 1899, Pernis – March 29, 1947, Amsterdam)''Album studiosorum Academiæ lugduno-batavæ MDCCCLXXV-MCMXXV'', A. W. Sijthoff, 1925, p. 376 was a Dutch astronomer.
He moved to South Africa in 1928 in order to o ...
at Leiden Southern Station, annex to the
Johannesburg Observatory in South Africa.
It is named for Dutch astronomer
Frederik Kaiser
Frederik Kaiser (Amsterdam, 10 June 1808 – Leiden, 28 July 1872) was a Dutch astronomer.
He was director of the Leiden Observatory from 1838 until his death.
He is credited with the advancement of Dutch astronomy through his scientific c ...
.
Orbit and classification
''Kaiser'' is a non-
family
Family (from la, familia) is a Social group, group of people related either by consanguinity (by recognized birth) or Affinity (law), affinity (by marriage or other relationship). The purpose of the family is to maintain the well-being of its ...
asteroid of the main belt's
background population when applying the
hierarchical clustering method to its
proper orbital elements
__NOTOC__
The proper orbital elements or proper elements of an orbit are constants of motion of an object in space that remain practically unchanged over an astronomically long timescale. The term is usually used to describe the three quantitie ...
. It orbits the Sun in the
inner
Interior may refer to:
Arts and media
* ''Interior'' (Degas) (also known as ''The Rape''), painting by Edgar Degas
* ''Interior'' (play), 1895 play by Belgian playwright Maurice Maeterlinck
* ''The Interior'' (novel), by Lisa See
* Interior de ...
main-belt at a distance of 1.8–3.0
AU once every 3 years and 9 months (1,354 days). Its orbit has an
eccentricity of 0.26 and an
inclination
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body. It is expressed as the angle between a Plane of reference, reference plane and the orbital plane or Axis of rotation, axis of direction of the orbiting object ...
of 11
° with respect to the
ecliptic.of 1.8–3.0
AU once every 3.71 years (1,354 days). Its
eccentric
Eccentricity or eccentric may refer to:
* Eccentricity (behavior), odd behavior on the part of a person, as opposed to being "normal"
Mathematics, science and technology Mathematics
* Off-center, in geometry
* Eccentricity (graph theory) of a v ...
orbit of 0.26 is
inclined
Incline, inclined, inclining, or inclination may refer to:
*Grade (slope), the tilt, steepness, or angle from horizontal of a topographic feature (hillside, meadow, etc.) or constructed element (road, railway, field, etc.)
*Slope, the tilt, steepn ...
by 11 degrees towards the plane of the
ecliptic.
''Kaiser''s
observation arc
In observational astronomy, the observation arc (or arc length) of a Solar System body is the time period between its earliest and latest observations, used for tracing the body's path. It is usually given in days or years. The term is mostly use ...
begins with its official discovery observation, as no
precoveries were taken, and no prior identifications were made.
Naming
This asteroid was named in honor of Dutch astronomer
Frederik Kaiser
Frederik Kaiser (Amsterdam, 10 June 1808 – Leiden, 28 July 1872) was a Dutch astronomer.
He was director of the Leiden Observatory from 1838 until his death.
He is credited with the advancement of Dutch astronomy through his scientific c ...
(1808–1872), the director of the
Leiden Observatory from 1837–1872. He founded the new Leiden Observatory and stimulated Dutch astronomical research. Frederick Kaiser is also honored by the
lunar
Lunar most commonly means "of or relating to the Moon".
Lunar may also refer to:
Arts and entertainment
* ''Lunar'' (series), a series of video games
* "Lunar" (song), by David Guetta
* "Lunar", a song by Priestess from the 2009 album ''Prior t ...
and
Martian craters ''Kaiser''.
Originally, the asteroid was erroneously named ''Kapteyn'' (MPC 2822), and only later it was noticed that the Duch astronomer
Jacobus Kapteyn
Prof Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn FRS FRSE LLD (19 January 1851 – 18 June 1922) was a Dutch astronomer. He carried out extensive studies of the Milky Way and was the discoverer of evidence for galactic rotation. Kapteyn was also among the fi ...
was already honored by the minor planet
818 Kapteynia
818 Kapteynia is a minor planet orbiting the Sun. This asteroid is named for the Dutch astronomer Jacobus Kapteyn
Prof Jacobus Cornelius Kapteyn FRS FRSE LLD (19 January 1851 – 18 June 1922) was a Dutch astronomer. He carried out extens ...
. The official was published by the
Minor Planet Center
The Minor Planet Center (MPC) is the official body for observing and reporting on minor planets under the auspices of the International Astronomical Union (IAU). Founded in 1947, it operates at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
Function
...
on 15 July 1968 ().
Physical parameters
Spectral type
On the
Tholen
Tholen () is a 25,000 people municipality in the southwest of the Netherlands. The municipality of Tholen takes its name from the town of Tholen, which is the largest population center in the municipality.
The municipality consists of two peninsu ...
taxonomy, the carbonaceous
C-type asteroid is classified as a rare GC-type, an intermediate to the
G-type asteroid
G-type asteroids are a relatively uncommon type of carbonaceous asteroid that makes up approximately 5% of asteroids. The most notable asteroid in this class is 1 Ceres.
Characteristics
Generally similar to the C-type objects, but contain a s ...
s.
Diameter and albedo
According to the survey the Japanese
Akari satellite, and NASA's
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE, observatory code C51, Explorer 92 and SMEX-6) is a NASA infrared astronomy space telescope in the Explorers Program. It was launched in December 2009, and placed in hibernation mode in February 2011, ...
with its subsequent
NEOWISE mission, ''Kaiser'' measures 13.84 and 15.68 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an
albedo
Albedo (; ) is the measure of the diffuse reflection of sunlight, solar radiation out of the total solar radiation and measured on a scale from 0, corresponding to a black body that absorbs all incident radiation, to 1, corresponding to a body ...
of 0.241 and 0.166, respectively.
The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 28.42 kilometers, with an
absolute magnitude
Absolute magnitude () is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object on an inverse Logarithmic scale, logarithmic Magnitude (astronomy), astronomical magnitude scale. An object's absolute magnitude is defined to be equal to the apparent mag ...
of 11.46
Rotation period
Two rotational
lightcurves for ''Kaiser'' were obtained from photometric observations by American astronomer
Brian D. Warner
This is a list of minor-planet discoverers credited by the Minor Planet Center with the discovery of one or several minor planets (such as near-Earth and main-belt asteroids, Jupiter trojans and distant objects). , the discovery of 612,011 numb ...
at his Palmer Divide Observatory in Colorado ''(see video in )''. The lightcurves from January 2006 and November 2012, gave a
rotation period
The rotation period of a celestial object (e.g., star, gas giant, planet, moon, asteroid) may refer to its sidereal rotation period, i.e. the time that the object takes to complete a single revolution around its axis of rotation relative to the ...
of 13.02 and 13.23 hours and a variation in brightness of 0.32 and 0.13
magnitude, respectively ().
Notes
References
External links
*
Lightcurve plot of 1694 Kaiser Palmer Divide Observatory, ''
B. D. Warner'' (2012)
Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB) query form
)
Dictionary of Minor Planet Names Google books
– Minor Planet Center
*
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kaiser
001694
Discoveries by Hendrik van Gent
Minor planets named for people
Named minor planets
001694
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