Events

January–March

* January 5 – The First War of Villmergen, a civil war in the

Confederation of Switzerland ; rm, citad federala, links=no). Swiss law does not designate a ''capital'' as such, but the federal parliament and government are installed in Bern, while other federal institutions, such as the federal courts, are in other cities (Bellinzon ...

pitting its Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons against each other, breaks out but is resolved by March 7. The Lutheran cantons of the larger cities of Zurich, Bern and Schaffhausen battle against seven Catholic cantons of Lucerne, Schwyz, Uri, Zug, Baden Unterwalden (now Obwalden and Nidwalden) and St. Gallen. *

January 17 Events Pre-1600 *38 BC – Octavian divorces his wife Scribonia and marries Livia Drusilla, ending the fragile peace between the Second Triumvirate and Sextus Pompey. *1362 – Saint Marcellus' flood kills at least 25,000 people o ...

– The Treaty of Königsberg is signed, establishing an alliance between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. *

January 24 Events Pre-1600 * 41 – Claudius is proclaimed Roman emperor by the Praetorian Guard after they assassinate the previous emperor, his nephew Caligula. * 914 – Start of the First Fatimid invasion of Egypt. * 1438 – The ...

– The first Jewish doctor in the

Thirteen Colonies The Thirteen Colonies, also known as the Thirteen British Colonies, the Thirteen American Colonies, or later as the United Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America. Founded in the 17th and 18th cent ...

of America, Jacob Lumbrozo, arrives in

Maryland Maryland ( ) is a U.S. state, state in the Mid-Atlantic (United States), Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. It shares borders with Virginia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia to its south and west; Pennsylvania to its north; ...

. *

January 20 Events Pre-1600 * 250 – Pope Fabian is martyred during the Decian persecution. * 649 – King Chindasuinth, at the urging of bishop Braulio of Zaragoza, crowns his son Recceswinth as co-ruler of the Visigothic Kingdom. *1156 &nda ...

– Reinforced by soldiers dispatched by the Viceroy of Peru, Spanish Chilean troops defeat the indigenous

Mapuche The Mapuche ( (Mapuche & Spanish: )) are a group of indigenous inhabitants of south-central Chile and southwestern Argentina, including parts of Patagonia. The collective term refers to a wide-ranging ethnicity composed of various groups who s ...

warriors in a battle at San Fabián de Conuco in what is now central Chile, turning the tide in the Spanish colonists favor in the Mapuche uprising after more than a year. * February 18 (February 8 O.S.) – Swedish Empire troops led by King Carl X Gustav defeat troops of the

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and, after 1791, as the Commonwealth of Poland, was a bi- confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ...

commanded by General Stefan Czarniecki in the first major engagement of the Swedish Deluge, meeting in the Battle of Golab. * February 23 –

London London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...

's Lord Mayor Christopher Packe suggests to

Oliver Cromwell Oliver Cromwell (25 April 15993 September 1658) was an English politician and military officer who is widely regarded as one of the most important statesmen in English history. He came to prominence during the 1639 to 1651 Wars of the Three K ...

, the Lord Protector and chief executive of the

Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically, it has been synonymous with " republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare, general good or advantage", dates from th ...

, that the monarchy should be restored with Cromwell as its King. Cromwell declines to become King Oliver, but his right to name his successor becomes effective on May 25, 1657 with the commencement of the Humble Petition and Advice. * February 26 – A rebellion of Turkish soldiers, leading to the " Çınar incident", takes place after a palace guard for Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV turns away a representative group who had come for payment for their services during the war in Crete. The rebellion ends with the mass killing 30 men identified by the rebels as being responsible for the non-payment. * March 3 – Fyodor Baykov, the Russian Empire's first envoy to China, is admitted to the

Forbidden City The Forbidden City () is a palace complex in Dongcheng District, Beijing, China, at the center of the Imperial City of Beijing. It is surrounded by numerous opulent imperial gardens and temples including the Zhongshan Park, the sacrific ...

within

Beijing } Beijing ( ; ; ), alternatively romanized as Peking ( ), is the capital of the People's Republic of China. It is the center of power and development of the country. Beijing is the world's most populous national capital city, with over 21 ...

, after being sent by Tsar Alexis to negotiate a trade agreement with the Emperor Shunzi. *

March 4 Events Pre-1600 *AD 51 – Nero, later to become Roman emperor, is given the title ''princeps iuventutis'' (head of the youth). * 306 – Martyrdom of Saint Adrian of Nicomedia. * 852 – Croatian Knez (title), Knez Trpimir I of Cr ...

– The " Çınar incident", named for the Turkish word for the sycamore tree takes place after Ottoman Sultan Mehmet IV declines the request of soldiers to have 30 named government officials put to death. When Mehmet agrees only to dismiss the people from office, the rebels seek out the men on the list and publicly hang most of them from the cinar trees. *

March 5 Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Roman emperor Julian leaves Antioch with an army of 90,000 to attack the Sasanian Empire, in a campaign which would bring about his own death. *1046 – Nasir Khusraw begins the seven-year Middle Eastern j ...

– Zurnazen Mustafa Pasha is appointed as the Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire after persuading Mehmet IV to rescind the February 28 selection of Gazi Hüseyin Pasha. Zurnazen Mustafa's rule lasts only four hours and he is sent into exile the same day. * March 7 – The First War of Villmergen in the Confederation of Switzerland ends with a peace agreement, mediated by France and the Duchy of Savoy, between the Protestant and Roman Catholic cantons *

March 15 Events Pre-1600 *474 BC – Roman consul Aulus Manlius Vulso celebrates an ovation for concluding the war against Veii and securing a forty years' truce. * 44 BC – The assassination of Julius Caesar takes place. * 493 – ...

– Almost a month after their defeat by Sweden at the battle of Golab, Polish and Lithuanian troops commanded by Stefan Czarniecki defeat King Karl X Gustav's Swedish Army at the

Battle of Jaroslaw A battle is an occurrence of combat in warfare between opposing military units of any number or size. A war usually consists of multiple battles. In general, a battle is a military engagement that is well defined in duration, area, and fo ...

. *

March 23 Events Pre-1600 *1400 – The Trần dynasty of Vietnam is deposed, after one hundred and seventy-five years of rule, by Hồ Quý Ly, a court official. *1540 – Waltham Abbey is surrendered to King Henry VIII of England; the last rel ...

– Roman Catholic Pope Alexander VII issues a decree ending the Chinese Rites controversy between Jesuit missionaries (who tolerate the rites as compatible with Catholicism) and Dominican and Franciscan missionaries (who consider the Chinese rituals incompatible). The Pope rules that practices ""favorable to Chinese customs", including Confucianism and ancestor worship, can be accepted as compatible with Catholic rites.

April–June

April 1 Events Pre-1600 * 33 – According to one historian's account, Jesus Christ's Last Supper is held. * 527 – Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne. * 1081 – Alexios ...

– John II Casimir Vasa, King of Poland, crowns the Black Madonna of Częstochowa as Queen and Protector of Poland in the cathedral of Lwów, after the miraculous saving of the Jasna Góra Monastery during the Deluge, an event which changed the course of the Second Northern War. The King swears a vow, the

Lwów Oath The Lwów Oath ( pl, Śluby lwowskie) was an oath made on April 1, 1656 by Polish king John II Casimir in Latin cathedral in the city of Lwów (today Lviv, western Ukraine). Background During "the Deluge", when the Swedish armies invaded Polis ...

, pledging to protect Poland's people from being conquered again. *

April 2 Events Pre-1600 *1513 – Having spotted land on March 27, Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León comes ashore on what is now the U.S. state of Florida, landing somewhere between the modern city of St. Augustine and the mouth of the St. J ...

– The

Treaty of Brussels The Treaty of Brussels, also referred to as the Brussels Pact, was the founding treaty of the Western Union (alliance), Western Union (WU) between 1948 and 1954, when it was amended as the Modified Brussels Treaty (MTB) and served as the foundin ...

is signed, creating an alliance between Philip IV of Spain and the exiled Royalists of the

British Isles The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles (O ...

, led by Charles II. * April 28 – The Dutch East India Company ship '' Vergulde Draeck'', with 193 crew aboard and a valuable cargo of is wrecked off Ledge Point, Western Australia, with the loss of 118 members. Another 75 make it to shore, with limited provisions. The ship had been bound from the Cape of Good Hope to Batavia in the Dutch East Indies (now Jakarta in Indonesia). * May 7 – Nine days after the wreck of the ''Vergulde Draeck'', a steersman and six crew members are dispatched to Batavia to get help. The other 68 survivors remain at Ledge Point and await rescue but are not seen again. * May 12 – The Dutch capture the city of

Colombo Colombo ( ; si, කොළඹ, translit=Koḷam̆ba, ; ta, கொழும்பு, translit=Koḻumpu, ) is the executive and judicial capital and largest city of Sri Lanka by population. According to the Brookings Institution, Colombo me ...

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

, marking the start of Netherlands colonial rule of Dutch Ceylon. * May 17 – In elections by the nobility of Venice for the Leader of the Venetian Republic, Francesco Cornaro defeats

Bertuccio Valier Bertuccio Valier or Valiero (1 July 1596 in Venice – 29 March 1658 in Venice) was the 102nd Doge of Venice, reigning from his election on 15 June 1656 until his death. Background, 1596–1656 Bertuccio Valier was the son of Silvestro Valier a ...

. Cornaro dies less than three weeks later, on June 5. * June 15 –

is elected as the new Doge of the Venetian Republic in Venice. * June 16 – After a 41-day voyage, the seven-member team dispatched from the ''Vergulde Draeck'' reaches Batavia and alerts Dutch East India Company officials that the ship was wrecked on April 28. Two rescue ships, the ''Goede Hoop'' and the ''Witte Valck'' are sent to rescue the men marooned in Western Australia. By the time the ''Goede Hoop'' arrives, the crew find no sign of the wreckage of the ''Vergulde Draeck''. * June 21 – Poland's capital,

Warsaw Warsaw ( pl, Warszawa, ), officially the Capital City of Warsaw,, abbreviation: ''m.st. Warszawa'' is the capital and largest city of Poland. The metropolis stands on the River Vistula in east-central Poland, and its population is official ...

, is recaptured by Poland's John II Casimir Vasa 11 months after the capital had fallen on July 25, 1655 to Sweden. * June 27 – The Navy of the

Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, * ; is an archaic version. The definite article forms and were synonymous * and el, Оθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία, Othōmanikē Avtokratoria, label=none * info page on book at Martin Luther University) ...

suffers a major defeat after two days of fighting against the navies of the Republic of

Venice Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...

and of Malta in the Battle of the Dardanelles, one of the Turkish straits that connects the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. Out of 98 Ottoman Turkish ships under the command of Kenan Pasha, 82 are either captured or destroyed. Venice loses only three of its ships, but its commander, Admiral Lorenzo Marcello, is killed by a direct cannon hit to his flagship. * June 29 – The

Treaty of Marienburg __NOTOC__ The treaty of Marienburg, concluded on 29 June 1656, was a Brandenburg-Prussian – Swedish alliance during the Second Northern War.Frost (2000), p. 173 In January 1656, Charles X Gustav of Sweden had made Frederick William I, Elector ...

is signed by representatives of Sweden and of Brandenburg and Prussia to create a military alliance during the Second Northern War. King Karl X Gustav signs for Sweden and the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm signs for Brandenburg and Prussia.

July–September

* July 18 – In an attempt to find survivors of the '' Vergulde Draeck'', a search party is sent ashore by the rescue ship ''Goede Hoop; eleven men from two search parties while in the forests around the wreckage site. No trace of the ''Verguled Draeck'' will be found for more than three centuries, until its wreckage is discovered by skin divers on April 13, 1963. * July 27 – A Writ of Excommunication is issued against

Baruch Spinoza Baruch (de) Spinoza (born Bento de Espinosa; later as an author and a correspondent ''Benedictus de Spinoza'', anglicized to ''Benedict de Spinoza''; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin, b ...

. * July 30 – After a battle of three days, Swedish and Brandenburger troops led by King Charles X Gustav of Sweden, defeat the forces of the

, near

and recapture the recently liberated capital. * August 8 – In the

Ayutthaya Kingdom The Ayutthaya Kingdom (; th, อยุธยา, , IAST: or , ) was a Siamese kingdom that existed in Southeast Asia from 1351 to 1767, centered around the city of Ayutthaya, in Siam, or present-day Thailand. The Ayutthaya Kingdom is consi ...

, comprising most of the territory now occupied by

Thailand Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is b ...

, King Prasat Thong dies after a reign of more than 25 years. His eldest son, Prince Chao Fa Chai, is crowned as King Sanpet VI but Prasat's brother plots the new king's overthrow. * August 9 – King Sanpet's uncle, Prince Si Suthammaracha, stages a coup d'etat and becomes the new King of Ayutthaya, now Thailand. Suthammaracha appoints another nephew, Prince Narai, as his chief minister and former King Sanpet is executed two days later on August 11. Suthammaracha's reign lasts less than three months. *

August 14 Events Pre-1600 * 74 BC – A group of officials, led by the Western Han minister Huo Guang, present articles of impeachment against the new emperor, Liu He, to the imperial regent, Empress Dowager Shangguan. The articles, enumerating t ...

– In one of the first battles of the Russo-Swedish War, Russian troops capture the Swedish-controlled city of Kokenhusen in Swedish Livonia (

Latvia Latvia ( or ; lv, Latvija ; ltg, Latveja; liv, Leţmō), officially the Republic of Latvia ( lv, Latvijas Republika, links=no, ltg, Latvejas Republika, links=no, liv, Leţmō Vabāmō, links=no), is a country in the Baltic region of ...

). Tsar Alexis, ruler of the Russian Empire and the leader of the Russian troops in battle, renames Kokenhausen "Tsarevich-Dmitriev" in honor of his late first-born son. Russia holds the city for more than 30 years before it is ceded back to Sweden. Kokenhusen is now the Latvian town of Koknese. * August 27 – The Treaty of Butre is signed in West Africa by representatives of the Dutch West India Company and of the Ahanta Kingdom and allows the Netherlands to have a protectorate over the

Dutch Gold Coast The Dutch Gold Coast or Dutch Guinea, officially Dutch possessions on the Coast of Guinea ( Dutch: ''Nederlandse Bezittingen ter Kuste van Guinea'') was a portion of contemporary Ghana that was gradually colonized by the Dutch, beginning in 161 ...

. The area is now part of the

Republic of Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and Tog ...

. * September 15 – Köprülü Mehmed Pasha becomes Grand Vizier of the

October–December

* October 26 – King Si Suthammaracha of Ayutthaya (now Thailand) is overthrown in a coup d'etat by his nephew and former ally, Prince Narai, 11 weeks after having staged a coup to seize the throne. Narai is crowned as King Ramathibodi III. * November 3 – The Truce of Vilna is signed between, Russia and the

. In addition to agreeing to a temporary ceasefire in their ongoing war, Tsar

Alexis of Russia Aleksey Mikhaylovich ( rus, Алексе́й Миха́йлович, p=ɐlʲɪkˈsʲej mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ; – ) was the Tsar of Russia from 1645 until his death in 1676. While finding success in foreign affairs, his reign saw several wars ...

agrees to help defend the commonwealth against Sweden's invasion in return for Tsar Alexis being named heir to the thrones of Poland and Lithuania by King John II Casimir Vasa. * November 4 – Ali Adil Shah II becomes the new Sultan of Bijapur (located in what is now India's

Karnataka Karnataka (; ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a state in the southwestern region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as Mysore State , it was renamed ''Kar ...

state) upon the death of his father, Mohammed Adil Shah. * November 6 – At the age of 13, Prince Afonso, Duke of Braganza becomes the new King of Portugal upon the death of his father, King João IV. Because of his age and a mental disability King Afonso VI's authority is exercised instead my his mother, Queen Luisa, as

Regent A regent (from Latin : ruling, governing) is a person appointed to govern a state ''pro tempore'' (Latin: 'for the time being') because the monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge the powers and duties of the monarchy, ...

. * November 20 – The Treaty of Labiau is signed, between Charles X Gustav of Sweden and Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg. * December 1 – A treaty of alliance is signed between the

Holy Roman Empire The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars. From the accession of Otto I in 962 ...

and the

. * December 6 – The Treaty of Radnot is signed between Sweden, the Electorate of Brandenburg, Transylvania (now Romania), and two rebels groups within Poland on how to divide the

in the event of a victory in the Second Northern War. * December 16 – English Quaker James Nayler is convicted of blasphemy but spared the death penalty. * December 17 – King Frederick III of Denmark and Norway decrees that loan repayments and payments of interest to lenders will be made on two specific days, May 29 and June 11, each one nicknamed the ''Fandens fødselsdag'' or "

Devil's Birthday The Devil's Birthday (Danish and Norwegian: ''Fandens fødselsdag'') is a humorous term in Denmark and Norway referring to December 11 and June 11.Store norske leksikonfandens fødselsdag/ref>Den Store Danskefanden/ref> A royal decree by king Frede ...

", * December 25 – The

pendulum clock A pendulum clock is a clock that uses a pendulum, a swinging weight, as its timekeeping element. The advantage of a pendulum for timekeeping is that it is a harmonic oscillator: It swings back and forth in a precise time interval dependent on i ...

is invented by

Christiaan Huygens Christiaan Huygens, Lord of Zeelhem, ( , , ; also spelled Huyghens; la, Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor, who is regarded as one of the greatest scientists ...

, so accurate that it only loses 10 seconds per day. Huygens will mention the date in a letter to Ismail Boulliau a year later.

Undated

* The Stockholm Banco, the first bank to issue banknotes, is founded in Stockholm, Sweden. * The only

English fifty shilling coin The English fifty shilling coin, worth 50/-, was only ever minted once, in the year 1656. It was a milled gold coin weighing and with a diameter of . Only eleven examples are known to survive. One extremely fine specimen was recorded to have been ...

is minted. * Konoike Zen'amon (son of Konoike Shinroku) founds a baking and money-changing business in

Osaka is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the third most populous city in Japan, following Special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of ...

, Japan. *

Adams' Grammar School Haberdashers' Adams is a grammar school for boys aged 11–18 and girls aged 16–18, located in Newport, Shropshire, offering day and boarding education. Current (2021) boarding fees are £12,144 per year and £13,644 per year for overseas st ...

at Newport, Shropshire,

England England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Wales to its west and Scotland to its north. The Irish Sea lies northwest and the Celtic Sea to the southwest. It is separated from continental Europe ...

is founded by William Adams. *

Physician A physician (American English), medical practitioner (Commonwealth English), medical doctor, or simply doctor, is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through th ...

Samuel Stockhausen of the metal mining town of

Goslar Goslar (; Eastphalian: ''Goslär'') is a historic town A town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages and smaller than city, cities, though the criteria to distinguish between them vary considerably in different p ...

Lower Saxony Lower Saxony (german: Niedersachsen ; nds, Neddersassen; stq, Läichsaksen) is a German state (') in northwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with , and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16 ...

publishes his ''Libellus de lithargyrii fumo noxio morbifico, ejusque metallico frequentiori morbo vulgò dicto die Hütten Katze oder Hütten Rauch'' ("Treatise on the Noxious Fumes of Litharge, Diseases caused by them and Miners' Asthma"), a pioneering study of occupational disease.

Births

January 1 January 1 or 1 January is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year (365 in leap years). This day is also known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. ...

– William Fleetwood, Anglican bishop (d. 1723) * January 2 – Paolo Panelli, Italian painter (d. 1759) *

January 14 Events Pre-1600 *1236 – King Henry III of England marries Eleanor of Provence. * 1301 – Andrew III of Hungary dies, ending the Árpád dynasty in Hungary. 1601–1900 * 1639 – The " Fundamental Orders", the first written ...

– Duchess Johanna Magdalena of Saxe-Altenburg (d.

1686 Events January–March * January 3 – In Madras (now Chennai) in India, local residents employed by the East India Company threaten to boycott their jobs after corporate administrator William Gyfford imposes a house tax on res ...

) * January 15 – John Ashburnham, 1st Baron Ashburnham, English politician (d.

1710 In the Swedish calendar it was a common year starting on Saturday, one day ahead of the Julian and ten days behind the Gregorian calendar. Events January–March * January 1 – In Prussia, Cölln is merged with Alt-Berlin b ...

) *

January 29 Events Pre-1600 * 904 – Sergius III is elected pope, after coming out of retirement to take over the papacy from the deposed antipope Christopher. * 946 – Caliph Al-Mustakfi is blinded and deposed by Emir Mu'izz al-Dawla, ru ...

– Samuel Andrew, American Congregational clergyman, educator (d.

1738 Events January–March * January 1 – At least 664 African slaves drown, when the Dutch West Indies Company slave ship ''Leusden'' capsizes and sinks in the Maroni River, during its arrival in Surinam. The Dutch crew escape ...

) * February 2 – Charles Churchill (British Army general) (d. 1714) *

February 9 Events Pre-1600 * 474 – Zeno is crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. *1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. *1539 – The first recorded race is held ...

– Rose Venerini, Italian saint, educational pioneer (d.

1728 Events January–March * January 5 – The '' Real y Pontificia Universidad de San Gerónimo de la Habana'', the oldest university in Cuba, is founded in Havana. * January 9 – The coronation of Peter II as the Tsar of t ...

) *

February 10 Events Pre-1600 * 1258 – Mongol invasions: Baghdad falls to the Mongols, bringing the Islamic Golden Age to an end. *1306 – In front of the high altar of Greyfriars Church in Dumfries, Robert the Bruce murders John Comyn, sparki ...

– Ferdinand de Marsin,

Marshal of France Marshal of France (french: Maréchal de France, plural ') is a French military distinction, rather than a military rank, that is awarded to generals for exceptional achievements. The title has been awarded since 1185, though briefly abolished ( ...

(d. 1706) * February 16 – Anthony Cary, 5th Viscount of Falkland, English politician (d.

1694 Events January–March * January 16 – Francesco Morosini, the Doge of Venice since 1688, dies after ruling the Republic for more than five years and a few months after an unsuccessful attempt to capture the island of Negropont from the ...

) *

March 1 Events Pre-1600 *509 BC – Publius Valerius Publicola celebrates the first triumph of the Roman Republic after his victory over the deposed king Lucius Tarquinius Superbus at the Battle of Silva Arsia. * 293 – Emperor Diocletian and ...

– Maria Angela Caterina d'Este, Italian princess (d.

1722 Events January–March * January 27 – Daniel Defoe's novel ''Moll Flanders'' is published anonymously in London. * February 10 – The Battle of Cape Lopez begins off of the coast of West Africa (and present-day Gabon), as ...

) *

March 2 Events Pre-1600 * 537 – Siege of Rome: The Ostrogoth army under king Vitiges begins the siege of the capital. Belisarius conducts a delaying action outside the Flaminian Gate; he and a detachment of his '' bucellarii'' are almost cu ...

– Jan Frans van Douven, Dutch painter (d.

1727 Events January–March * January 1 – (December 21, 1726 O.S.) Spain's ambassador to Great Britain demands that the British return Gibraltar after accusing Britain of violating the terms of the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht. Britain ...

) * March 11 – Duchess Marie Elisabeth of Hesse-Darmstadt (d. 1715) * March 13 – Hachisuka Tsunamichi, Japanese daimyō who ruled the Tokushima Domain (d. 1678) * March 26 – Nicolaas Hartsoeker, Dutch mathematician and physicist (d. 1725) * March 30 – Nicolas de Largillière, French painter (d. 1746) *

March 31 Events Pre-1600 * 307 – After divorcing his wife Minervina, Constantine marries Fausta, daughter of the retired Roman emperor Maximian. *1146 – Bernard of Clairvaux preaches his famous sermon in a field at Vézelay, urging the nec ...

– Giovanni Batista Bussi, Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1726) *

–

Juan Andrés de Ustariz Juan Andrés de Ustariz de Vertizberea (March 31, 1656, Narbarte, Navarre – May 19, 1718) was a Royal Governor of Chile during the early 18th century. In his 1715 trial of residence Ustariz was accused of having supported Alejandro Garzón's ins ...

, Royal Governor of Cuba (d. 1718) *

April 17 Events Pre-1600 * 1080 – Harald III of Denmark dies and is succeeded by Canute IV, who would later be the first Dane to be canonized. *1349 – The rule of the Bavand dynasty in Mazandaran is brought to an end by the murder of H ...

– William Molyneux, Irish politician, philosopher and writer (d.

1698 Events January–March * January 1 – The Abenaki tribe and Massachusetts colonists sign a treaty, ending the conflict in New England. * January 4 – The Palace of Whitehall in London, England is destroyed by fire. * January 23 – G ...

) * April 9 –

Francesco Trevisani 200px, ''Portrait of Cardinal Pietro Ottoboni ''by Francesco Trevisani. The Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle, County Durham">Barnard_Castle.html" ;"title="Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle">Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle, County Durham, England. Frances ...

, Italian painter (d. 1746) * April 10 – René Lepage de Sainte-Claire, lord-founder of Rimouski in eastern

Quebec Quebec ( ; )According to the Government of Canada, Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is ...

, Canada (d. 1718) *

April 12 Events Pre-1600 * 240 – Shapur I becomes co-emperor of the Sasanian Empire with his father Ardashir I. * 467 – Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 627 – King Edwin of Northumbria is converted t ...

– Benoît de Maillet, French diplomat and natural historian (d.

) * April 23 – Anton Egon, Prince of Fürstenberg-Heiligenberg, Governor of the Electorate of Saxony (d.

1716 Events January–March * January 16 – The application of the Nueva Planta decrees to Catalonia make it subject to the laws of the Crown of Castile, and abolishes the Principality of Catalonia as a political entity, concluding ...

) * May 2 – Sir Richard Levinge, 1st Baronet, British politician (d. 1724) * May 4 – John Louis I, Prince of Anhalt-Dornburg (d. 1704) * May 8 – Sir John Mainwaring, 2nd Baronet, English Member of Parliament (d. 1702) * May 23 –

Rebecca Rawson Rebecca Rawson (May 23, 1656, Massachusetts - June 7-June 9, 1692, near Port Royal, Jamaica) was the heroine of the 1849 book ''Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal, in the Province of Massachusetts Bay'' (by John G. Whittier). Rawson was born i ...

, Massachusetts heroine of the 1849 book ''Leaves from Margaret Smith's Journal'' (d. 1692) * May 28 – Anton Florian, Prince of Liechtenstein (d. 1721) * May 31 – Marin Marais, French composer and viol player (d.

) * June 5 –

Joseph Pitton de Tournefort Joseph Pitton de Tournefort (5 June 165628 December 1708) was a French botanist, notable as the first to make a clear definition of the concept of genus for plants. Botanist Charles Plumier was his pupil and accompanied him on his voyages. Lif ...

, French botanist (d. 1708) * June 17 – Paul Thymich, German poet (d.

) * July 1 – Polykarp Leyser III, German Lutheran theologian (d. 1725) * July 4 – John Leake, English Royal Navy admiral (d. 1720) * July 5 – John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Belhaven and Stenton, Scottish politician (d. 1708) * July 7 – Guru Har Krishan, 8th Guru of Sikhism (d. 1664) * July 15 – Massimiliano Soldani Benzi, Italian artist (d.

1740 Events January–March * January 8 – All 237 crewmen on the Dutch East India Company ship ''Rooswijk'' are drowned, when the vessel strikes the shoals of Goodwin Sands, off of the coast of England, as it is beginning its secon ...

) * July 15 – Gerard Langbaine, English dramatic biographer and critic (d. 1692) * July 16 –

George Ashby (MP) George Ashby (16 July 1656 – 11 February 1728) was an English politician. He was born the son of George Ashby of Quenby Hall, Leicestershire and educated at Trinity College, Cambridge and Gray's Inn. He was appointed Sheriff of Leicesters ...

, British politician (d.

) * July 18 – Joachim Bouvet, French Jesuit active in China (d. 1730) * July 20 – Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach, Austrian architect (d. 1723) * August 6 – Claude de Forbin, French naval commander (d. 1733) * August 12 – Claude de Visdelou, French missionary (d. 1737) * August 16 – Christian Knaut, German physician (d.

) * August 18 – Ferdinando Galli-Bibiena, Italian painter (d. 1743) * September 6 – Guillaume Dubois, French cardinal and statesman (d. 1723) * September 7 – Robert Molesworth, 1st Viscount Molesworth, Irish politician (d. 1725) * September 9 – Johann Caspar Ferdinand Fischer, German organist and composer (d. 1746) * September 9 – Thomas Hewet, English landowner and architect (d. 1726) * September 11 – Ulrika Eleonora of Denmark, Swedish queen (d. 1693) * September 14 – Thomas Baker (antiquarian), Thomas Baker, English antiquarian (d.

) * September 26 – William des Bouverie, British aristocrat and merchant (d. 1717) * October 2 – Hendrik Carré, Dutch painter (d. 1721) * October 20 – Nicolas de Largillière, French painter (d. 1746) * November 3 – Georg Reutter, German composer and organist (d.

) * November 8 – Edmond Halley, English scientist (d. 1742) * November 18 – Jacques de Tourreil, French lawyer (d. 1714) * November 20 – Eleonore Charlotte of Württemberg-Montbéliard, Duchess (d. 1743) * November 23 – Jacob de Heusch, Dutch painter (d. 1701) * December 2 – Joshua Oldfield, English Presbyterian divine (d. 1729) * December 11 – Johann Michael Rottmayr, Austrian painter (d. 1730) * ''date unknown'' ** Patrick Abercromby, Scottish physician and antiquarian (d. c.

) ** Maria Oriana Galli-Bibiena, Italian Painting, painter (d. 1749) ** Kateri Tekakwitha, Native American beatified in the Roman Catholic Church (d. 1680)

Deaths

* January 3 – Mathieu Molé, French statesman (b. 1584) * January 18 – Augustus, Duke of Saxe-Lauenburg, German noble (b. 1577) * January 22 – Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano (b. 1596) * February 13 – Ferdinando Hastings, 6th Earl of Huntingdon, English politician (b. 1609) * February 25 – Henriette Catherine de Joyeuse, Duke of Joyeuse (b. 1585) * March 21 – James Ussher, Archbishop of Armagh and Primate of All Ireland (b. 1581) * March 19 – Georg Calixtus, German Lutheran theologian who looked to reconcile all Christendom (b. 1586) * April 7 – Krzysztof Arciszewski, Polish-Lithuanian noble (b. 1592) * April 10 – Gerard Pietersz Hulft, Dutch general (b. 1621) * April 24 – Thomas Fincke, Danish mathematician and physicist (b. 1561) * April 27 ** Jan van Goyen, Dutch painter (b. 1596) ** Gerard van Honthorst, Dutch painter (b. 1592) * May 1 – Carlo Contarini, Doge of Venice (b. 1580) * May 17 – Dirck Hals, Dutch painter (b. 1591) * May 19 – George Louis, Prince of Nassau-Dillenburg, German noble (b. 1618) * June 5 – Francesco Cornaro, Doge of Venice (b. 1585) * June 9 – Thomas Tomkins, Welsh composer (b. 1572) * June 12 – Charles Worsley, English soldier and politician (b. 1622) * June 21 – Maximilian van der Sandt, Dutch theologian (b. 1578) * July 2 – François-Marie, comte de Broglie, Italian-born French commander (b. 1611) * July 12 – Giovanni Giacomo Barbelli, Italian painter (b. 1604) * August 8 – Brás Garcia de Mascarenhas, soldier, poet and writer (b. 1596) * August 11 – Ottavio Piccolomini, Austrian-Italian field marshal (b. 1599) * August 17 – Marie Anne d'Orléans, French princess (b. 1652) * August 24 – Aegidius Gelenius, German heraldist (b. 1595) * September 8 – Joseph Hall (bishop), Joseph Hall, English bishop and writer (b. 1574) * September 22 – Christian II, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg (1630–1656) (b. 1599) * October – Stephen Bachiler, English clergyman (b. c. 1561) * October 3 – Myles Standish, Mayflower colonist (b. c. 1584) * October 8 – John George I, Elector of Saxony (b. 1585) * October 12 ** Juan Alonso y Ocón, Spanish Catholic prelate, Archbishop of La Plata o Charcas (b. 1597) ** Juan Tellez-Girón y Enriquez de Ribera, 4th Duke of Osuna (b. 1597) * October 30 – Ferruccio Baffa Trasci, Italian bishop (b. 1590) * November 6 ** King John IV of Portugal (b. 1603) ** Jean-Baptiste Morin (mathematician), Jean-Baptiste Morin, French mathematician (b. 1583) * November 12 ** Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł, Polish nobleman (b. 1595) ** Hendrick van Anthonissen, Dutch painter (b. 1605) * December 2 – Alessandro dal Borro, Austrian field marshal (b. 1600) * December 20 – David Beck, Dutch portrait painter (b. 1621) * December 21 – Thomas Trevor (1586–1656), Thomas Trevor, English politician and judge (b. 1586) * December 27 – Andrew White (Jesuit), Andrew White, Apostle of Maryland (b. 1579) * December 28 – Laurent de La Hyre, French Baroque painter (b. 1606) * ''Date unknown'' ** Andrea Calcese, Italian Baroque era comic actor (b. 1595) ** Meleki Hatun, influential Ottoman lady-in-waiting

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:1656 1656, Leap years in the Gregorian calendar