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The 161 Infantry Division was a major unit of the German
Wehrmacht The ''Wehrmacht'' (, ) were the unified armed forces of Nazi Germany from 1935 to 1945. It consisted of the ''Heer'' (army), the ''Kriegsmarine'' (navy) and the ''Luftwaffe'' (air force). The designation "''Wehrmacht''" replaced the previous ...
. It fought in the
Battle of France The Battle of France (french: bataille de France) (10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign ('), the French Campaign (german: Frankreichfeldzug, ) and the Fall of France, was the Nazi Germany, German invasion of French Third Rep ...
, and then later on in the Eastern Front.


Organisation


Formation

The division was formed in December 1939 as part of the 7th wave of German mobilisation, and used the replacement battalions in
Wehrkreis I The military districts, also known in some English-language publications by their German name as Wehrkreise (singular: ''Wehrkreis''), were administrative territorial units in Nazi Germany before and during World War II. The task of military distr ...
(East Prussia) to form its combat units. The 161st was organised as a standard triangular infantry division with 3 Infantry Regiments, with 9 battalions and 1 Artillery Regiment plus supporting units. It was a sign of the Wehrmacht's rapid expansion that the division was short of artillery with only 6 medium batteries instead of 9 and no heavy artillery. It was also short of motor transport, and had a small mixed battalion of an anti-tank company and a bicycle company instead of an anti-tank battalion and a reconnaissance battalion.


Summer 1941

By the start of the Russian campaign the equipment shortages had been resolved and the division had a full complement of 36 105mm howitzers and 12 heavy 150mm howitzers. It also now had a 3 company anti tank battalion, greater capacity in its supply units and a field replacement battalion. However it was still missing a reconnaissance battalion, instead it only had a bicycle squadron. * Infantry-Regiment 336 * Infantry-Regiment 364 * Infantry-Regiment 371 * Artillery-Regiment 241 * Anti-tank Battalion 241 * Bicycle-Squadron 241 * Pionier Battalion 241 * Feld-replacement Battalion 241 * Communications Battalion 241 * Divisional Services 241 By 1 December the division had reorganised its infantry regiments into 2 battalions each, instead of three, due to manpower shortages In November 1942 the division was posted to France to recover and refit.


November 1943

Parts of the division were incorporated into the Korps Abteilung A, with each regiment contributing a battalion sized unit as a 'regiment gruppe'. The expedient of forming these Korps Abteilung was to rebalance the ratio of staff and service troops to combat troops. The excess staff and support specialists could then be used to build new formations in Germany.


Reformation

Many of the Korps Abteilung were later reformed into infantry divisions, and this is true of Korps Abteilung A, which was converted into a second incarnation of the 161st infantry in July 1944. The new division did not last long and was destroyed in the following month. Its surviving personnel were used to refresh the 76th Infantry Division and in the reformation of the 15th Infantry Division.


Combat history

In 1940 the 161st took part in a short-lived attack on the
Maginot Line The Maginot Line (french: Ligne Maginot, ), named after the French Minister of War André Maginot, is a line of concrete fortifications, obstacles and weapon installations built by France in the 1930s to deter invasion by Germany and force the ...
on 21 June. After a single day's assault that achieved little, the attack was called off by Colonel General von Leeb as unnecessary.


Attack on the Soviet Union

On 22 June 1941 the 161st attacked the Soviet Union as part of
Army Group Centre Army Group Centre (german: Heeresgruppe Mitte) was the name of two distinct strategic German Army Groups that fought on the Eastern Front in World War II. The first Army Group Centre was created on 22 June 1941, as one of three German Army fo ...
's 9th Army, commanded by Colonel General Adolf Strauß. After participating in the first great encirclement at Minsk, the 161st had to march hard to catch up with the fighting to the east, eventually helping to relieve the mobile units of 3rd Panzer Group for other tasks. By mid August the division was part of the 9th Army's eastern front north of Smolensk. On 17 August the division was hit by a massive attack, a main component of Timoshenko's counter offensive, which was aimed at disrupting German offensive action and recapturing lost ground in the Smolensk region. Virtually the whole of the Soviet 19th Army attack sector fell upon the 161st Division and its forward defenses were overrun by 4 Russian infantry divisions and a tank division. In one week's fighting the division lost 75% of its combat strength and much equipment and had to be pulled out of line and replaced by the 14th Infantry Division (mot). By the year's end the division had suffered a staggering 7,192 casualties since the start of
Operation Barbarossa Operation Barbarossa (german: link=no, Unternehmen Barbarossa; ) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during the Second World War. The operation, code-named after ...
, including 252 officer casualties, and of these 1,722 were killed.


1942 On the defensive on the central front

Nevertheless, in spite of its loses, the division remained in line and in January 1942 the division was moved to the
Rzhev Rzhev ( rus, Ржев, p=ˈrʐɛf) is a types of inhabited localities in Russia, town in Tver Oblast, Russia, located southwest of Staritsa (town), Tver Oblast, Staritsa and from Tver, on the highway and railway connecting Moscow and Riga. It ...
front. In August 1942 the 161st sector was again the focus of a major Soviet offensive, this time
Zhukov Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov ( rus, Георгий Константинович Жуков, p=ɡʲɪˈorɡʲɪj kənstɐnʲˈtʲinəvʲɪtɕ ˈʐukəf, a=Ru-Георгий_Константинович_Жуков.ogg; 1 December 1896 – ...
's attempt to eliminate the
Rzhev salient The Battles of Rzhev (russian: Ржевская битва, Rzhevskaya bitva) were a series of Red Army offensives against the Wehrmacht between January 8, 1942, and March 31, 1943, on the Eastern Front of World War II. The battles took place ...
. "In the morning of 4 August, Thirty-first Army surged into and over the 161st Infantry division on an eight-mile stretch east of Zubstov. The break through was complete almost at once. By Dark, the only trace of the former front was the occasional white flares that were sent up, here and there, by a bypassed strong point."Ziemke page 400 The remnants of the division were forced back onto Zubstov. The situation for 9th Army was precarious and its grip on Rzhev tenuous, so in spite of its battered state the 161st had to stay in line, as reinforcements were rushed to the area. The fighting continued into the second half of September, and after finally subsiding, the depleted division was posted to France to rebuild in November 1942. By December the 161st was located in the
Pas-de-Calais Pas-de-Calais (, " strait of Calais"; pcd, Pas-Calés; also nl, Nauw van Kales) is a department in northern France named after the French designation of the Strait of Dover, which it borders. It has the most communes of all the departments ...
area, on the channel coast absorbing replacements. The German 161st Infantry division participated in the
Battle of Kursk The Battle of Kursk was a major World War II Eastern Front engagement between the forces of Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union near Kursk in the southwestern USSR during late summer 1943; it ultimately became the largest tank battle in history. ...
, under the 42nd Army Corps whose other divisions were the 39th and the 282nd Infantry divisions. During the battle, the 161st was responsible for protecting the flank of the 3rd Panzer Corps. In November 1943 the remaining combat elements of the division were incorporated into Korps Abteilung A, and the formation was effectively dissolved.


The end in Romania

The division was reformed in July 1944, as an infantry division again by redesignating Korps Abteilung A. It was on the defensive in southern Ukraine on the Romanian border under LII Corps of the 6th Army. Its second life however only lasted a few weeks as on 20 August the Russian 2nd and
3rd Ukrainian Front The 3rd Ukrainian Front (Russian: Третий Украинский фронт) was a Front of the Red Army during World War II. It was founded on 20 October 1943, on the basis of a Stavka order of October 16, 1943, by renaming the Southwester ...
s unleashed the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive, a major offensive into Romania. These forces blasted huge holes in the Axis front and within 3 days encircled most of the ill-fated 6th Army, including the 161st Division, near Jassy. The encirclements were reduced within a few days and the trapped German units completely destroyed.Russo-German War: Summer, 1944 (Battle Situation-East Front) see maps pages 68 & 70 The division was officially disbanded in October 1944 and not rebuilt.


Commanding officers

*Generalleutnant Hermann Wilck, 1 December 1939 – 17 September 1941 *Generalleutnant
Heinrich Recke __NOTOC__ Heinrich Recke (25 August 1890 – 18 August 1943) was a German general in the Wehrmacht during World War II who commanded several infantry divisions. He was a recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross of Nazi Germany. Awards a ...
, 17 September 1941 – 15 August 1942 *Generalmajor
Otto Schell Otto is a masculine German given name and a surname. It originates as an Old High German short form (variants ''Audo'', '' Odo'', ''Udo'') of Germanic names beginning in ''aud-'', an element meaning "wealth, prosperity". The name is recorded f ...
, 15 – 22 August 1942 *Generalleutnant Karl-Albrecht von Groddeck, 22 August 1942 – 28 August 1943 *Generalmajor Paul Drekmann, 28 August – 15 November 1943 *Generalmajor Paul Drekmann, 27 July – 5 September 1944


References


Further reading

* Kippar, Gerhard (1994). ''Das Kampfgeschehen der 161. (ostpreuß.) Infanterie-Division von der Aufstellung 1939 bis zum Ende''. Selbstverlag, Bohmsende. * Tessin, Georg (1979). ''Verbände und Truppen der deutschen Wehrmacht und Waffen SS im Zweiten Weltkrieg 1939–1945, Band 7: Die Landstreitkräfte. Nr. 131-200. 2. Auflage''. Osnabrück. .


External links


lexikon der wehrmacht 161. Infanterie-Division – German lang




{{DEFAULTSORT:161st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) Infantry divisions of Germany during World War II Military units and formations established in 1939 1939 establishments in Germany Military units and formations disestablished in 1944