The 15th century was the

century A century is a period of 100 years. Centuries are numbered ordinally in English and many other languages. The word ''century'' comes from the Latin ''centum'', meaning ''one hundred''. ''Century'' is sometimes abbreviated as c. A centennial or ...

which spans the

Julian Julian may refer to: People * Julian (emperor) (331–363), Roman emperor from 361 to 363 * Julian (Rome), referring to the Roman gens Julia, with imperial dynasty offshoots * Saint Julian (disambiguation), several Christian saints * Julian (give ...

dates from 1 January

1401 Year 1401 ( MCDI) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 6 – Rupert, King of Germany, is crowned King of the Romans at Cologne. * ...

( MCDI) to 31 December

1500 Year 1500 (Roman numerals, MD) was a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar. The year 1500 was not a leap year in the Proleptic Gregorian calendar. The year was seen as being especially important by many Christians in Europe, ...

( MD). In Europe, the 15th century includes parts of the Late Middle Ages, the Early Renaissance, and the early modern period. Many technological, social and cultural developments of the 15th century can in retrospect be seen as heralding the " European miracle" of the following centuries. The architectural perspective, and the modern fields which are known today as banking and

accounting Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the measurement, processing, and communication of financial and non financial information about economic entities such as businesses and corporations. Accounting, which has been called the "languag ...

were founded in Italy. The

Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War (; 1337–1453) was a series of armed conflicts between the kingdoms of Kingdom of England, England and Kingdom of France, France during the Late Middle Ages. It originated from disputed claims to the French Crown, ...

ended with a decisive

French French (french: français(e), link=no) may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to France ** French language, which originated in France, and its various dialects and accents ** French people, a nation and ethnic group identified with Franc ...

victory over the English in the Battle of Castillon. Financial troubles in England following the conflict resulted in the Wars of the Roses, a series of dynastic wars for the throne of England. The conflicts ended with the defeat of

Richard III Richard III (2 October 145222 August 1485) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 26 June 1483 until his death in 1485. He was the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. His defeat and death at the Battl ...

by Henry VII at the

Battle of Bosworth Field The Battle of Bosworth or Bosworth Field was the last significant battle of the Wars of the Roses, the civil war between the houses of Lancaster and York that extended across England in the latter half of the 15th century. Fought on 22 Augu ...

, establishing the Tudor dynasty in the later part of the century. Constantinople, known as the

capital of the world is a Latin phrase used to describe a global city as the capital of the world. Some major cities since the ancient times have been described as the Caput Mundi, which include Rome. Other important cities to have been called as the "Novum Ca ...

and the capital of the Byzantine Empire (today's Turkey), fell to the emerging Muslim

Ottoman Turks The Ottoman Turks ( tr, Osmanlı Türkleri), were the Turkic founding and sociopolitically the most dominant ethnic group of the Ottoman Empire ( 1299/1302–1922). Reliable information about the early history of Ottoman Turks remains scarce, ...

, marking the end of the tremendously influential Byzantine Empire and, for some historians, the end of the Middle Ages. This led to the migration of

Greek scholars Greek may refer to: Greece Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe: *Greeks, an ethnic group. *Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family. **Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...

and texts to Italy, while

Johannes Gutenberg Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (; – 3 February 1468) was a German inventor and Artisan, craftsman who introduced letterpress printing to Europe with his movable type, movable-type printing press. Though not the first of its ki ...

's invention of a mechanical movable type began the printing press. These two events played key roles in the development of the Renaissance.Encyclopædia Britannica, ''Renaissance'', 2008, O.Ed. The Roman

papacy The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

was split in two parts in Europe for decades (the so-called Western Schism), until the

Council of Constance The Council of Constance was a 15th-century ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance in present-day Germany. The council ended the Western Schism by deposing or accepting the res ...

. The division of the Catholic Church and the unrest associated with the Hussite movement would become factors in the rise of the Protestant Reformation in the following century. Islamic Spain became dissolved through the Christian Reconquista, followed by the

forced conversions Forced conversion is the adoption of a different religion or the adoption of irreligion under duress. Someone who has been forced to convert to a different religion or irreligion may continue, covertly, to adhere to the beliefs and practices which ...

and the

Muslim rebellion Muslims ( ar, المسلمون, , ) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition. They consider the Quran, the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the God of Abraham ...

, ending over seven centuries of

Islamic Islam (; ar, ۘالِإسلَام, , ) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centred primarily around the Quran, a religious text considered by Muslims to be the direct word of God (or '' Allah'') as it was revealed to Muhammad, the mai ...

rule and returning southern Spain to Christian rulers. The search for the wealth and prosperity of India's

Bengal Sultanate The Sultanate of Bengal ( Middle Bengali: শাহী বাঙ্গালা ''Shahī Baṅgala'', Classical Persian: ''Saltanat-e-Bangālah'') was an empire based in Bengal for much of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries. It was the dominan ...

led to the colonization of the

Americas The Americas, which are sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North and South America. The Americas make up most of the land in Earth's Western Hemisphere and comprise the New World. Along with th ...

by Christopher Columbus in 1492 and the Portuguese voyages by

Vasco da Gama Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira (; ; c. 1460s – 24 December 1524), was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. His initial voyage to India by way of Cape of Good Hope (1497–1499) was the first to link E ...

, which linked Europe with the Indian subcontinent, ushering the period of Iberian empires. In Asia, the Timurid Empire collapsed and the Afghan Pashtun Lodi dynasty took control of the

Delhi Sultanate The Delhi Sultanate was an Islamic empire based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent for 320 years (1206–1526).

. Under the rule of the Yongle Emperor, who built the Forbidden City and commanded Zheng He to explore the world overseas, the Ming dynasty's territory reached its pinnacle. In Africa, the spread of Islam led to the destruction of the Christian kingdoms of Nubia, by the end of the century, leaving only Alodia (which was to collapse in 1504). The formerly vast

Mali Empire The Mali Empire ( Manding: ''Mandé''Ki-Zerbo, Joseph: ''UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, Abridged Edition: Africa from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Century'', p. 57. University of California Press, 1997. or Manden; ar, مالي, Māl ...

teetered on the brink of collapse, under pressure from the rising

Songhai Empire The Songhai Empire (also transliterated as Songhay) was a state that dominated the western Sahel/Sudan in the 15th and 16th century. At its peak, it was one of the largest states in African history. The state is known by its historiographical ...

. In the

, both the

Aztec Empire The Aztec Empire or the Triple Alliance ( nci, Ēxcān Tlahtōlōyān, Help:IPA/Nahuatl, �jéːʃkaːn̥ t͡ɬaʔtoːˈlóːjaːn̥ was an alliance of three Nahua peoples, Nahua altepetl, city-states: , , and . These three city-states ruled ...

and the Inca Empire reached the peak of their influence, but the European colonization of the Americas changed the course of modern history.

Events

1401–1409

: Dilawar Khan establishes the Malwa Sultanate in present-day central India. *

1402 Year 1402 ( MCDII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 29 – King Jogaila of the Poland–Lithuania Union answers the rumblings a ...

: Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight at the Battle of Ankara resulting in the capture of Bayezid I by Timur. *

: Sultanate of Malacca founded by Parameswara. *

: The settlement of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire. *

1403 Year 1403 ( MCDIII) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January / February – Treaty of Gallipoli: Süleyman Çelebi makes wide-ranging c ...

–

1413 Year 1413 ( MCDXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * March 21 – Henry V becomes King of England following the death of his father Henry ...

: Ottoman Interregnum, a civil war between the four sons of Bayezid I. *

: The Yongle Emperor moves the capital of China from Nanjing to Beijing. *

1404 Year 1404 (Roman numerals, MCDIV) was a leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * April or May – Battle of Blackpool Sands: Local English forces defea ...

–

1406 Year 1406 ( MCDVI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * April 4 – James I becomes King of Scotland, after having been captured by Henry IV ...

: Regreg War,

Majapahit Majapahit ( jv, ꦩꦗꦥꦲꦶꦠ꧀; ), also known as Wilwatikta ( jv, ꦮꦶꦭ꧀ꦮꦠꦶꦏ꧀ꦠ; ), was a Javanese people, Javanese Hinduism, Hindu-Buddhism, Buddhist thalassocracy, thalassocratic empire in Southeast Asia that was ba ...

civil war of secession between Wikramawardhana against Wirabhumi. *

1405 Year 1405 ( MCDV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1405th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 405th year of the 2nd millennium, the 5th year ...

: The Sultanate of Sulu is established by Sharif ul-Hāshim. *

–

1433 Year 1433 ( MCDXXXIII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * May 31 – Sigismund is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome. There has been no ...

: During the Ming treasure voyages, Admiral Zheng He of China sails through the Indian Ocean to Malacca, India, Ceylon, Persia, Arabia, and East Africa to spread China's influence and sovereignty. The first voyage, a massive Ming dynasty naval expedition ending in 1407, visited Java, Palembang, Malacca, Aru, Samudera and Lambri. *

1408 Year 1408 ( MCDVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * February 19 – Battle of Bramham Moor: A royalist army defeats the last remnants of ...

: The last recorded event to occur in the Norse settlements of Greenland was a wedding in Hvalsey in the Eastern Settlement in 1408.

1410s The 1410s decade ran from January 1, 1410, to December 31, 1419. Significant people References {{DEFAULTSORT:1410s ...

1410 Year 1410 ( MCDX) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * March 25 – The first of the Yongle Emperor's campaigns against the Mongols is ...

: The Battle of Grunwald is the decisive battle of the Polish–Lithuanian–Teutonic War leading to the downfall of the Teutonic Knights. *

–

: Foundation of St Andrews University in Scotland. *

1415 Year 1415 ( MCDXV) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * April 30 – Frederick I becomes Elector of Brandenburg. * June 5 – The Coun ...

: The last Welsh war of independence, led by

Owain Glyndŵr Owain ap Gruffydd (), commonly known as Owain Glyndŵr or Glyn Dŵr (, anglicised as Owen Glendower), was a Welsh leader, soldier and military commander who led a 15 year long Welsh War of Independence with the aim of ending English rule in Wa ...

. *

1414 Year 1414 ( MCDXIV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 7 Events Pre-1600 *49 BC – The Senate of Rome says that Caesar will ...

: Khizr Khan, deputised by Timur to be the governor of Multan, takes over Delhi founding the Sayyid dynasty. *

Henry the Navigator ''Dom'' Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu (4 March 1394 – 13 November 1460), better known as Prince Henry the Navigator ( pt, Infante Dom Henrique, o Navegador), was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15t ...

leads the

conquest of Ceuta The conquest of Ceuta by the Portuguese on 21 August 1415 marks an important step in the beginning of the Portuguese Empire in Africa. History In 711, shortly after the Arab conquest of North Africa, the city of Ceuta was used as a stagin ...

from the Moors marking the beginning of the Portuguese Empire. *

Battle of Agincourt The Battle of Agincourt ( ; french: Azincourt ) was an English victory in the Hundred Years' War. It took place on 25 October 1415 (Saint Crispin's Day) near Azincourt, in northern France. The unexpected English victory against the numerica ...

fought between the Kingdom of England and France. *

: Jan Hus is burned at the stake as a heretic at the

. *

1417 Year 1417 ( MCDXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * June 29 – An English fleet, led by the Earl of Huntingdon, defeats a fleet of Ge ...

: A large goodwill mission led by three kings of Sulu, the ''Eastern King''

Paduka Pahala Paduka Pahala (died 1417) was East King of Sulu, most famous for being the first king from the area of the modern day Philippines to be buried in China. He ruled one of the three Kingdoms on Sulu during his time. Journey to China and Demise of ...

, the ''Western king'' Maharaja Kolamating and ''Cave king'' Paduka Prabhu as well as 340 members of their delegation, in what is now the southern Philippines, ploughed through the Pacific Ocean to China to pay tribute to the Yongle emperor of the Ming Dynasty. *

: The East king of Sulu,

, on their way home, suddenly died in Dezhou, a city in east China's Shandong province. The Yongle Emperor Zhu Di commissioned artisans to build a tomb for the king. *

1419 Year 1419 ( MCDXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 19 – Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England, which br ...

–

: The

Hussite Wars The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, European monarchs loyal to the Cat ...

Bohemia Bohemia ( ; cs, Čechy ; ; hsb, Čěska; szl, Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic. Bohemia can also refer to a wider area consisting of the historical Lands of the Bohemian Crown ruled by the Bohem ...

1420s The 1420s decade ran from January 1, 1420, to December 31, 1429. Significant people References {{DEFAULTSORT:1420s ...

1420 Year 1420 ( MCDXX) was a leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * March – The Çelebi Sultan Mehmed Mosque in Didymoteicho is inaugurated. * May 21 &nd ...

: Construction of the Chinese Forbidden City is completed in Beijing. *

1424 Year 1424 ( MCDXXIV) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * June 2 – Battle of L'Aquila: Jacopo Caldora and Micheletto Attendolo, for the Ki ...

: James I returns to Scotland after being held hostage under three Kings of England since

. *

: Deva Raya II succeeds his father

Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya ( Bukka Raya IV, Vijaya Raya) (1371–1426 CE) was an emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire of the Sangama Dynasty. Veera Vijaya Bukka Raya was the son of Deva Raya I and succeeded his brother, Ramachandra Raya, in 1422 as t ...

as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire. *

1425 Year 1425 ( MCDXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events * November 9 – Kale Kye-Taung Nyo becomes King of Ava by having his lover, Queen Shin Bo-Me, assassinate h ...

: Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) founded by

Pope Martin V Pope Martin V ( la, Martinus V; it, Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. Hi ...

. *

1427 Year 1427 ( MCDXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January – Spring – Radu II of Wallachia resumes the throne for the four ...

: Reign of Itzcoatl begins as the fourth '' tlatoani'' of Tenochtitlan and the first emperor of the

. *

1429 Year 1429 ( MCDXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * February 12 – Battle of Rouvray (or "of the Herrings"): English forces under ...

: Joan of Arc ends the

Siege of Orléans The siege of Orléans (12 October 1428 – 8 May 1429) was the watershed of the Hundred Years' War between France and England. The siege took place at the pinnacle of English power during the later stages of the war. The city held strategic and ...

and turns the tide of the

. *

: Queen

Suhita Suhita or Soheeta (died 1447), was a Javanese queen regnant and the sixth monarch of the Majapahit empire, ruling from 1429 to 1447. She was the daughter of Wikramawardhana, her predecessor, by a concubine who was the daughter of Wirabhumi, who ...

succeeds her father Wikramawardhana as ruler of

.Ricklefs (1991), page 18.

1430s The 1430s decade ran from January 1, 1430, to December 31, 1439. Significant people References {{DEFAULTSORT:1430s 1430s ...

1430 Year 1430 ( MCDXXX) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 7 – Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, marries Isabella of Portugal. * Ja ...

Rajah Lontok Rajah Lontok (Baybayin: ᜎᜓᜈ᜔ᜆᜓᜃ᜔) (r. 1430–1450) was the husband and co-regent of Dayang Kalangitan of the indianized Kingdom of Tondo and Namayan. See also *History of the Philippines *Kingdom of Tondo *Kingdom of Maynila ...

and Dayang Kalangitan become co-regent rulers of the ancient kingdom of Tondo. *

1431 Year 1431 ( MCDXXXI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events January–December * January 9 – Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin at Rouen in France, ...

9 January Events Pre-1600 * 681 – Twelfth Council of Toledo: King Erwig of the Visigoths initiates a council in which he implements diverse measures against the Jews in Spain. *1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the J ...

– Pretrial investigations for Joan of Arc begin in

Rouen Rouen (, ; or ) is a city on the River Seine in northern France. It is the prefecture of the Regions of France, region of Normandy (administrative region), Normandy and the Departments of France, department of Seine-Maritime. Formerly one of ...

, France under English occupation. **

3 March Events Pre-1600 * 473 – Gundobad (nephew of Ricimer) nominates Glycerius as emperor of the Western Roman Empire. * 724 – Empress Genshō abdicates the throne in favor of her nephew Emperor Shōmu, Shōmu who becomes emperor of Japa ...

– Pope Eugene IV succeeds

, to become the 207th pope. **

26 March Events Pre-1600 * 590 – Emperor Maurice proclaims his son Theodosius as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. * 1021 – On the feast of Eid al-Adha, the death of the Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, kept secret for six weeks, is ...

– The

trial of Joan of Arc Joan of Arc was a young French woman who said she had been sent to help Charles VII during the Hundred Years' War, which led to her capture by the English-allied Burgundians during the siege of Compiègne in 1430. She was sold to the English ...

begins. **

30 May Events Pre-1600 * 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus and his Roman legions breach the Second Wall of Jerusalem. Jewish defenders retreat to the First Wall. The Romans build a circumvallation, cutting down all trees within fifteen kilometres ...

– Nineteen-year-old Joan of Arc is burned at the stake. **

16 June Events Pre-1600 * 363 – Emperor Julian marches back up the Tigris and burns his fleet of supply ships. During the withdrawal, Roman forces suffer several attacks from the Persians. * 632 – Yazdegerd III ascends the throne as king ...

– the Teutonic Knights and Švitrigaila sign the Treaty of Christmemel, creating anti-Polish alliance ** September – Battle of Inverlochy (1431), Battle of Inverlochy: Donald Balloch defeats the Royalists. ** 30 October – Treaty of Medina del Campo (1431), Treaty of Medina del Campo, consolidating peace between Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal and Crown of Castile, Castille. ** 16 December – Henry VI of England is crowned King of France. * 1438: Pachacuti founds the Inca Empire.

1440s

Detail of The Emperor's Approach, Xuande period

* 1440: Eton College founded by Henry VI. * 1440s: The Golden Horde breaks up into the Siberia Khanate, the Khanate of Kazan, the Astrakhan Khanate, the Crimean Khanate, and the Great Horde. * 1440–1469: Under Moctezuma I, the Aztecs become the dominant power in Mesoamerica. * 1440: Oba Ewuare comes to power in the West African city of Benin Empire, Benin, and turns it into an empire. * 1440: Reign of Moctezuma I begins as the fifth '' tlatoani'' of Tenochtitlan and emperor of the

. * 1441: Jan van Eyck, Flemish painter, dies. * 1441: Portuguese navigators cruise West Africa and reestablish the Atlantic Slave Trade, European slave trade with a shipment of Slavery in Africa, African slaves sent directly from Africa to Portugal. * 1441: A civil war between the Tutul-Xiu, Tutul Xiues and Cocom breaks out in the League of Mayapan. As a consequence, the league begins to disintegrate. * 1442: Leonardo Bruni defines Middle Ages and Modern times. * 1443: Abdur Razzaq (traveller), Abdur Razzaq visits India. * 1443: Sejong the Great of Joseon, King Sejong the Great publishes the hangul, the native phonetic alphabet system for the Korean language. * 1444: The Albania, Albanian league is established in Lezha, Skanderbeg is elected leader. A war begins against the Ottoman Empire. An Albanian Sovereign state, state is set up and lasts until 1479. * 1444: Ottoman Empire under Sultan Murad II defeats the Poland, Polish and Hungary, Hungarian armies under Władysław III of Poland and John Hunyadi, János Hunyadi at the Battle of Varna. * 1445: The Kazan Khanate defeats the Grand Duchy of Moscow at the Battle of Suzdal. * 1446: Mallikarjuna Raya succeeds his father Deva Raya II as monarch of the Vijayanagara Empire. * 1447: Wijaya Parakrama Wardhana, succeeds

as ruler of Majapahit. * 1449: Sankardeva, Saint Srimanta Sankardeva was born. * 1449: Esen Tayisi leads an Oirats, Oirat Mongol invasion of China which culminate in the capture of the Zhengtong Emperor at Battle of Tumu Fortress.

1450s

* 1450s: Machu Picchu constructed. * 1450: Dayang Kalangitan became the Queen regnant of the ancient kingdom of Tondo that started Tondo's political dominance over Luzon. * 1451: Bahlul Khan Lodhi ascends the throne of the Delhi sultanate starting the Lodhi dynasty * 1451: Rajasawardhana, born Bhre Pamotan, styled Brawijaya II succeeds Wijayaparakramawardhana as ruler of Majapahit. * 1453: The Fall of Constantinople marks the end of the Byzantine Empire and the death of the last Roman Emperor Constantine XI and the beginning of the Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire. * 1453: The Battle of Castillon is the last engagement of the

and the first battle in European history where cannons were a major factor in deciding the battle. * 1453: Reign of Rajasawardhana ends. * 1454–1466: After defeating the Teutonic Knights in the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66), Thirteen Years' War, Poland annexes Royal Prussia. * 1455–1485: Wars of the Roses – English civil war between the House of York and the House of Lancaster. * 1456: Joan of Arc is Retrial of Joan of Arc, posthumously acquitted of heresy by the Catholic Church, redeeming her status as the heroine of France. * 1456: The Siege of Belgrade (1456), Siege of Belgrade halts the Ottomans' advance into Europe. * 1456: Girishawardhana, styled Brawijaya III, becomes ruler of Majapahit. * 1457: Construction of Edo Castle begins.

1460s

*1461: The League of Mayapan disintegrates. The league is replaced by seventeen Kuchkabal. * 1461: The city of Sarajevo is founded by the Ottoman Empire, Ottomans. * 1461: ** 2 February – Battle of Mortimer's Cross: Yorkist troops led by Edward IV of England, Edward, Duke of York defeat Lancastrians under Owen Tudor and his son Jasper Tudor, Earl of Pembroke in Wales. ** 17 February – Second Battle of St Albans, England: The Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, Earl of Warwick's army is defeated by a Lancastrian force under Margaret of Anjou, Queen Margaret, who recovers control of her husband. ** 4 March – The Duke of York seizes London and proclaims himself King Edward IV of England. ** 5 March – Henry VI of England is deposed by the Duke of York during war of the Roses. ** 29 March – Battle of Towton: Edward IV defeats Queen Margaret to make good his claim to the English throne (thought to be the bloodiest battle ever fought in England). ** 28 June – Edward, Richard of York's son, is crowned as Edward IV of England, Edward IV, King of England (reigns until 1483). ** July – Byzantine Empire, Byzantine general Graitzas Palaiologos honourably surrenders Salmeniko Castle, last garrison of the Despotate of the Morea, to invading forces of the Ottoman Empire after a year-long siege. ** 22 July – Louis XI of France succeeds Charles VII of France as king (reigns until 1483). * 1462: Sonni Ali, Sonni Ali Ber, the ruler of the Songhai Empire, Songhai (or Songhay) Empire, along the Niger River, conquers Mali Empire, Mali in the central Sudan by defeating the Tuareg people, Tuareg contingent at Timbuktu, Tombouctou (or Timbuktu) and capturing the city. He develops both his own capital, Gao, and the main centres of Mali, Timbuktu and Djenné, into major cities. Ali Ber controls trade along the Niger River with a navy of war vessels. * 1462: Mehmed the Conqueror is driven back by Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula at The Night Attack. * 1464: Edward IV of England secretly marries Elizabeth Woodville. * 1465: The 1465 Moroccan revolt ends in the murder of the last Marinid Sultan of Morocco Abd al-Haqq II. * 1466: Singhawikramawardhana, succeeds Girishawardhana as ruler of Majapahit. * 1467: Uzun Hasan defeats the Kara Koyunlu, Black Sheep Turkoman leader Jahan Shah, Jahān Shāh. * 1467–1615: The Sengoku period is one of civil war in Japan. * 1469: The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile leads to the unification of Spain.

* 1469: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary conquers some parts of

. * 1469: Birth of Guru Nanak Dev. Beside followers of Sikhism, Guru Nanak is revered by Hindus and Muslim Sufis across the Indian subcontinent. * 1469: Reign of Axayacatl begins in the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan as the sixth '' tlatoani'' and emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance.

1470s

* 1470: The Moldavian forces under Stephen the Great defeat the Tatars of the Golden Horde at the Battle of Lipnic. * 1471: The kingdom of Champa suffers a massive defeat by the Vietnamese king Lê Thánh Tông. * 1472: Abu Abd Allah al-Sheikh Muhammad ibn Yahya becomes the first Wattasid dynasty, Wattasid Sultan of Morocco. * 1474–1477: Burgundy Wars of France, Switzerland, Lorraine (province), Lorraine and Sigismund, Archduke of Austria, Sigismund II of Habsburg against the Charles the Bold, Duchy of Burgundy, Duke of Burgundy. * 1478: Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovy conquers Novgorod. * 1478: Reign of Singhawikramawardhana ends. * 1478: Demak Great Mosque, The Great Mosque of Demak is the oldest mosque in Java, built by the Wali Songo during the reign of Sultan Raden Patah. * 1479: Battle of Breadfield, Matthias Corvinus of Hungary defeated the Turks.

1480s

* 1480: After the Great standing on the Ugra river, Grand Duchy of Moscow, Muscovy gained independence from the Great Horde. * 1481: Spanish Inquisition begins in practice with the first ''auto-da-fé''. * 1481: Reign of Tizoc begins as the seventh '' tlatoani'' of Tenochtitlan and the emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance. * 1482: Portugal, Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão becomes the first Europe, European to enter the Congo (river), Congo. * 1483: The Jews are expelled from Andalusia. * 1483: Pluto moves inside Neptune's orbit until July 23, 1503, according to modern Orbit, orbital calculations. * 1484: William Caxton, the first Printer (publishing), printer of books in English language, English, prints his translation of ''Aesop's Fables'' in London. * 1485: Matthias Corvinus of Hungary captured Vienna, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor ran away. * 1485: Henry VII defeats Richard III of England, Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth and becomes King of England. * 1485: Ivan III of Russia conquered Prince of Tver, Tver. * 1485: Saluva Narasimha Deva Raya drives out Praudha Raya ending the Sangama Dynasty. * 1486: Sher Shah Suri, is born in Sasaram, Bihar. * 1486: Reign of Ahuitzotl begins as the eighth '' tlatoani'' of Tenochtitlan and emperor of the Aztec Triple Alliance. * 1487: Hongzhi Emperor ascends the throne, bringing Confucian ideology under his administration. * 1488: Portuguese Navigator Bartolomeu Dias sails around the Cape of Good Hope.

1490–1500

* 1492: The death of Sonni Ali, Sunni Ali Ber left a leadership void in the

, and his son was soon dethroned by Askia Muhammad I, Mamadou Toure who ascended the throne in 1493 under the name Askia Mohammad I, Askia (meaning "general") Muhammad. Askia Muhammad made Songhai the largest empire in the history of West Africa. The empire went into decline, however, after 1528, when the now-blind Askia Muhammad was dethroned by his son, Askia Musa. * 1492: Boabdil's surrender of Granada marks the end of the Spanish Reconquista and Al-Andalus. * 1492: Ferdinand II of Aragon, Ferdinand and Isabella I of Castile, Isabella sign the Alhambra Decree, expelling all Jews from Spain unless they convert to Catholicism; 40,000–200,000 leave. * 1492: Christopher Columbus landed in the Americas from Spain. * 1494: Spain and Portugal sign the Treaty of Tordesillas and agree to divide the World outside of Europe between themselves. * 1494–1559: The Italian Wars lead to the downfall of the Italian city-states. * 1497–1499:

's first voyage from Europe to India and back. * 1499: Ottoman Navy, Ottoman fleet defeats Republic of Venice, Venetians at the Battle of Zonchio. * 1499: University "Alcalá de Henares" in Madrid, Spain is built. * 1499: Michelangelo's Pietà in St. Peter's Basilica is made in Rome *

: Islam becomes the dominant religion across the Indonesian archipelago. *

: Around late 15th century Bujangga Manik manuscript was composed, tell the story of Jaya Pakuan Bujangga Manik, a Sunda kingdom, Sundanese Hindu hermit journeys throughout Java and Bali. *

: Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles of Ghent (future Lord of the Netherlands, King of Spain, Archduke of Austria, and Holy Roman Emperor) was born. *

: Guru Nanak begins the spreading of Sikhism, the fifth-largest religion in the world. *

: Spain, Spanish navigator Vicente Yáñez Pinzón encounters Brazil but is prevented from claiming it by the Treaty of Tordesillas. *

: Portugal, Portuguese navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal. *

: The Ottoman Navy, Ottoman fleet of Kemal Reis defeats the Republic of Venice, Venetians at the Battle of Lepanto (1500), Second Battle of Lepanto.

Gallery

File:Masaccio, cappella brancacci, san pietro in cattedra. ritratto di filippo brunelleschi.jpg, Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446), regarded as one of the greatest engineers and architects of all time File:Anonymous portrait of Johannes Gutenberg dated 1440, Gutenberg Museum.JPG,

(1400–1468), German inventor who introduced printing to Europe with his mechanical Movable type, movable-type printing press File:Skanderbeg by Antonio Maria Crespi.jpg, Skanderbeg (1405–1468), who led the Albanian resistance against the Ottoman Empire File:Ivan III of Russia.jpg, Ivan III of Russia (1440–1505), Grand Prince of Moscow who ended the dominance of the Tatars in the lands of the Rus File:King Richard III from NPG.jpg, Richard III of England (1452–1485), the last king of the House of York and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty File:Henry Seven England.jpg, Henry VII of England, King Henry VII (1457–1509), the founder of the royal house of Tudor dynasty, Tudor

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

* Renaissance affects philosophy, History of Science and Technology, science and art. * Rise of Modern English language from Middle English. * Introduction of the noon bell in the Catholic Church, Catholic world. * Public History of banking, banks. * Yongle Encyclopedia—over 22,000 volumes. * Hangul alphabet in Korea. * Scotch whisky. * Psychiatric hospitals. * Development of the woodcut for printing between 1400–1450. * Movable type first used by King Taejong of Joseon—

. (Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words, was invented in China by Bi Sheng between 1041 and 1048.) * Although pioneered earlier in Korea and by the Chinese official Wang Zhen (official), Wang Zhen (with tin), bronze metal movable type printing is created in China by Hua Sui in 1490. *

advances the printing press in Europe () * Linear perspective drawing perfected by Filippo Brunelleschi

–

* Invention of the harpsichord * Arrival of Christopher Columbus to the

in 1492.

References

Sources

* Langer, William. ''An Encyclopedia of World History'' (5th ed. 1973); highly detailed outline of event
online free
* * * * * * {{DEFAULTSORT:15th Century 15th century, 2nd millennium Centuries