![YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/YuanEmperorAlbumGenghisPortrait.jpg)
The 13th century was the
century which lasted from January 1,
1201
Year 1201 ( MCCI) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* July 31 – John Komnenos the Fat, a Byzantine aristocrat, attempts to usurp ...
(
MCCI) through December 31,
1300 (
MCCC) in accordance with the
Julian calendar
The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandr ...
.
The
Mongol Empire was founded by
Genghis Khan, which stretched from
Eastern Asia to
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. As a largely ambiguous term, it has a wide range of geopolitical, geographical, ethnic, cultural, and socio-economic connotations. The vast majority of the region is covered by Russia, whic ...
. The conquests of
Hulagu Khan
Hulagu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulegu ( mn, Хүлэгү/ , lit=Surplus, translit=Hu’legu’/Qülegü; chg, ; Arabic: fa, هولاکو خان, ''Holâku Khân;'' ; 8 February 1265), was a Mongol ruler who conquered much of We ...
and other
Mongol invasions
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire: the Mongol Empire ( 1206-1368), which by 1300 covered large parts of Eurasia. Historians regard the Mongol devastatio ...
changed the course of the
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah. This consists of all those who adhere to the religious beliefs and laws of Islam or to societies in which Islam is practiced. I ...
, most notably the
Siege of Baghdad (1258)
The siege of Baghdad was a siege that took place in Baghdad in 1258, lasting for 13 days from January 29, 1258 until February 10, 1258. The siege, laid by Ilkhanate Mongol forces and allied troops, involved the investment, capture, and sack of ...
, the destruction of the
House of Wisdom and the weakening of the
Mamluks and
Rums
Rum is a liquor made by fermenting and then distilling sugarcane molasses or sugarcane juice. The distillate, a clear liquid, is usually aged in oak barrels. Rum is produced in nearly every sugar-producing region of the world, such as the P ...
which, according to historians, caused the decline of the
Islamic Golden Age
The Islamic Golden Age was a period of cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 14th century. This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign ...
. Other Muslim powers such as the
Mali Empire and
Delhi Sultanate conquered large parts of
West Africa
West Africa or Western Africa is the westernmost region of Africa. The United Nations defines Western Africa as the 16 countries of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, M ...
and the
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a list of the physiographic regions of the world, physiographical region in United Nations geoscheme for Asia#Southern Asia, Southern Asia. It is situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian O ...
, while
Buddhism
Buddhism ( , ), also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya (), is an Indian religions, Indian religion or Indian philosophy#Buddhist philosophy, philosophical tradition based on Pre-sectarian Buddhism, teachings attributed to the Buddha. ...
witnessed a decline through the conquest led by
Bakhtiyar Khilji
Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī, (Pashto :اختيار الدين محمد بختيار غلزۍ, fa, اختیارالدین محمد بختیار خلجی, bn, ইখতিয়ারউদ্দীন মুহম্মদ ...
.
The Southern Song dynasty would begin the century as a prosperous kingdom but would eventually be invaded and annexed into the Yuan dynasty of the Mongols. The Kamakura Shogunate of Japan would be invaded by the Mongols. Goryeo resisted an invasion by the Mongols but eventually sued for peace and would eventually be a client state of the Yuan dynasty.
One of the earliest Islamic states in Southeast Asia would form during this century, most notably the
Samudera Pasai
The Samudera Pasai Sultanate (), also known as Samudera or Pasai or Samudera Darussalam or Pacem, was a Muslim harbour kingdom on the north coast of Sumatra from the 13th to the 16th centuries CE. The kingdom was believed to have been founded ...
. The Kingdoms of
Sukhothai and
Hanthawaddy would emerge and go on to dominate their surrounding territories.
In the history of
European culture
The culture of Europe is rooted in its art, architecture, film, different types of music, economics, literature, and philosophy. European culture is largely rooted in what is often referred to as its "common cultural heritage".
Definition ...
, this period is considered part of the
High Middle Ages
The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around AD 150 ...
. In
North America, according to some population estimates, the population of
Cahokia
The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site ( 11 MS 2) is the site of a pre-Columbian Native American city (which existed 1050–1350 CE) directly across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis, Missouri. This historic park lies in south- ...
grew to being equal to or larger than the population of 13th-century
London
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
. In Peru, the
Kingdom of Cuzco
The Kingdom of Cusco (sometimes spelled ''Cuzco'' and in Quechua ''Qosqo'' or ''Qusqu'') was a small kingdom based in the city of Cusco, on the Andean mountain ranges that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the start of 13th ...
begins. The
Kanem Empire Kanem may refer to:
* Kanem–Bornu Empire, existed in modern Chad and Nigeria known to Arabian geographers from the 9th century AD onward and lasted as the independent kingdom of Bornu until 1900
* Kanem Prefecture, of former prefectures of Chad
* ...
in what is now
Chad reaches its apex. The
Solomonic dynasty
The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire formed in the thirteenth century. Its members claim lineal descent from the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Tradition asserts ...
in Ethiopia and the
Zimbabwe Kingdom are founded. In the
history of Maya civilizations, the 13th century marks the beginning of the Late Postclassic period. In the
periodization of Precolumbian Peru, the 13th century is part of the Late Intermediate Period.
Events
1201–1209
*
1202: Introduction of ''
Liber Abaci
''Liber Abaci'' (also spelled as ''Liber Abbaci''; "The Book of Calculation") is a historic 1202 Latin manuscript on arithmetic by Leonardo of Pisa, posthumously known as Fibonacci.
''Liber Abaci'' was among the first Western books to describe ...
'' by
Fibonacci
Fibonacci (; also , ; – ), also known as Leonardo Bonacci, Leonardo of Pisa, or Leonardo Bigollo Pisano ('Leonardo the Traveller from Pisa'), was an Italian mathematician from the Republic of Pisa, considered to be "the most talented Wester ...
.
*
1202:
Battle of Basian
The Battle of Basiani was fought, in the 13th century, between the armies of the Kingdom of Georgia and the Seljuqid Sultanate of Rum in the Basiani valley, 60 km northeast of the city of Erzurum in what is now northeast Republic of Turkey. ...
occurs on July 27, between
Kingdom of Georgia
The Kingdom of Georgia ( ka, საქართველოს სამეფო, tr), also known as the Georgian Empire, was a medieval Eurasian monarchy that was founded in circa 1008 AD. It reached its Golden Age of political and economic ...
and
Seljuks
The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; fa, سلجوقیان ''Saljuqian'', alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes
by the Turk ...
.
*
1202:
Battle of Mirebeau occurs on August 1, between
Arthur I of Brittany and
John of England
John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216) was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. He lost the Duchy of Normandy and most of his other French lands to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of the Angevin Emp ...
.
*
1204:
Islamization
Islamization, Islamicization, or Islamification ( ar, أسلمة, translit=aslamāh), refers to the process through which a society shifts towards the religion of Islam and becomes largely Muslim. Societal Islamization has historically occur ...
of
Bengal
Bengal ( ; bn, বাংলা/বঙ্গ, translit=Bānglā/Bôngô, ) is a geopolitical, cultural and historical region in South Asia, specifically in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal, predom ...
by
Bakhtiyar Khalji
Ikhtiyār al-Dīn Muḥammad Bakhtiyār Khaljī, (Pashto :اختيار الدين محمد بختيار غلزۍ, fa, اختیارالدین محمد بختیار خلجی, bn, ইখতিয়ারউদ্দীন মুহম্মদ ...
and
oppression of Buddhism in East India.
*
1204:
Fourth Crusade of
1202–
1204 captures
Zadar
Zadar ( , ; historically known as Zara (from Venetian and Italian: ); see also other names), is the oldest continuously inhabited Croatian city. It is situated on the Adriatic Sea, at the northwestern part of Ravni Kotari region. Zadar ser ...
for
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...
and sacks
Byzantine
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...
Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya ( Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis ( ...
, creating the
Latin Empire
The Latin Empire, also referred to as the Latin Empire of Constantinople, was a feudal Crusader state founded by the leaders of the Fourth Crusade on lands captured from the Byzantine Empire. The Latin Empire was intended to replace the Byzant ...
.
*
1204: Fall of
Normandy
Normandy (; french: link=no, Normandie ; nrf, Normaundie, Nouormandie ; from Old French , plural of ''Normant'', originally from the word for "northman" in several Scandinavian languages) is a geographical and cultural region in Northwestern ...
from
Angevin
Angevin or House of Anjou may refer to:
*County of Anjou or Duchy of Anjou, a historical county, and later Duchy, in France
**Angevin (language), the traditional langue d'oïl spoken in Anjou
**Counts and Dukes of Anjou
* House of Ingelger, a Frank ...
hands to the
French King,
Philip Augustus, end of
Norman
Norman or Normans may refer to:
Ethnic and cultural identity
* The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries
** People or things connected with the Norm ...
domination of France.
*
1205:
The Battle of Adrianople occurred on April 14 between Bulgarians under
Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and
Crusaders
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...
under
Baldwin I, (July 1172 – 1205), the first emperor of the Latin Empire of Constantinople.
*
1206
Year 1206 ( MCCVI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* January 31 – Battle of Rusion: The Bulgarian forces (some 7,000 men), und ...
:
Genghis Khan is declared
Great Khan
Khagan or Qaghan (Mongolian:; or ''Khagan''; otk, 𐰴𐰍𐰣 ), or , tr, Kağan or ; ug, قاغان, Qaghan, Mongolian Script: ; or ; fa, خاقان ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan ...
of
the Mongols
The Mongols ( mn, Монголчууд, , , ; ; russian: Монголы) are an East Asian ethnic group native to Mongolia, Inner Mongolia in China and the Buryatia Republic of the Russian Federation. The Mongols are the principal member of ...
.
* 1206: The
Delhi Sultanate is established in Northern India under the
Mamluk Dynasty.
*
1209
Year 1209 ( MCCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* May – The First Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, ...
:
Francis of Assisi founds the
Franciscan Order.
*
1209
Year 1209 ( MCCIX) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* May – The First Parliament of Ravennika, convened by Emperor Henry of Flanders, ...
: The
Albigensian Crusade is declared by
Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III ( la, Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 to his death in 16 ...
.
1210s
*
1212
Year 1212 ( MCCXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
England
* July 10 – The Great Fire: The most severe of several early fires of London burn ...
: The
Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, known in Islamic history as the Battle of Al-Uqab ( ar, معركة العقاب), took place on 16 July 1212 and was an important turning point in the ''Reconquista'' and the medieval history of Spain. The Chris ...
in
Iberia
The Iberian Peninsula (),
**
* Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica''
**
**
* french: Péninsule Ibérique
* mwl, Península Eibérica
* eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, defi ...
marks the beginning of a rapid Christian
reconquest of the southern half of the
Iberian peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (),
**
* Aragonese and Occitan: ''Peninsula Iberica''
**
**
* french: Péninsule Ibérique
* mwl, Península Eibérica
* eu, Iberiar penintsula also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in southwestern Europe, def ...
, mainly from
1230
Year 1230 ( MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* March 9 – Battle of Klokotnitsa: Byzantine forces under Theodore Komnen ...
–
1248
Year 1248 ( MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Seventh Crusade
* August 12 – King Louis IX (the Saint) leaves Paris together with his ...
, with the defeat of
Moorish forces.
*
1213
Year 1213 ( MCCXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
* May 15 – King John of England submits to Pope Innocent III, who in turn lifts the interdict of 1208 the ...
: The Kingdom of France defeats the
Crown of Aragon
The Crown of Aragon ( , ) an, Corona d'Aragón ; ca, Corona d'Aragó, , , ; es, Corona de Aragón ; la, Corona Aragonum . was a composite monarchy ruled by one king, originated by the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Aragon and the County of ...
at the
Battle of Muret.
*
1214
Year 1214 ( MCCXIV) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar, the 1214th year of the Common Era (CE) and ''Anno Domini'' (AD) designations, the 214th year of the 2nd millennium, the ...
: France defeats the English and Imperial German forces at the
Battle of Bouvines
The Battle of Bouvines was fought on 27 July 1214 near the town of Bouvines in the County of Flanders. It was the concluding battle of the Anglo-French War of 1213–1214. Although estimates on the number of troops vary considerably among mo ...
.
*
1215
Year 1215 ( MCCXV) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
England
* March 4 – King John (Lackland), hoping to gain the support of Pope Innocent III ...
: King John signs
Magna Carta at
Runnymede
Runnymede is a water-meadow alongside the River Thames in the English county of Surrey, and just over west of central London. It is notable for its association with the sealing of Magna Carta, and as a consequence is, with its adjoining ...
.
*
1216
Year 1216( MCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
England
* Spring – First Barons' War: The English army, led by King John (Lackland), sacks the t ...
:
Battle of Lipitsa
The Battle of Lipitsa (russian: Ли́пицкая би́тва) was the decisive battle in the succession struggle over the Grand Princely throne of Vladimir-Suzdal following the death of Vsevolod the Big Nest. In the battle, fought on April 22, ...
between Russian principalities.
*
1216
Year 1216( MCCXVI) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
England
* Spring – First Barons' War: The English army, led by King John (Lackland), sacks the t ...
:
Maravarman Sundara I reestablishes the
Pandya Dynasty in Southern India
*
1217
Year 1217 ( MCCXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Fifth Crusade
* Summer – Various groups of French knights reach the Italian ports. King An ...
–
1221
Year 1221 ( MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* November – Emperor Theodore I (Laskaris) dies after a 16-year reign a ...
:
Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by Al-Adil I, al-Adil, brothe ...
captures Egyptian
Ayyubid port city of
Damietta
Damietta ( arz, دمياط ' ; cop, ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ, Tamiati) is a port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt, a former bishopric and present multiple Catholic titular see. It is located at the Damietta branch, an easter ...
; ultimately the
Crusaders
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...
withdraw.
1220s
* C.
1220
Year 1220 ( MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Fifth Crusade
* July – The Crusaders, led by the Knights Hospitaller, raid Burlus, located i ...
: The
Kingdom of Mapungubwe
The Kingdom of Mapungubwe (or Maphungubgwe) (c. 1075–c. 1220) was a medieval state in South Africa located at the confluence of the Shashe and Limpopo rivers, south of Great Zimbabwe. The name is derived from either TjiKalanga and Tshivenda ...
dissolves
*
1220
Year 1220 ( MCCXX) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Fifth Crusade
* July – The Crusaders, led by the Knights Hospitaller, raid Burlus, located i ...
: The
Kingdom of Zimbabwe
The Kingdom of Zimbabwe (c. 1220–1450) was a medieval Shona ( Karanga) kingdom located in modern-day Zimbabwe. Its capital, today's Masvingo (meaning fortified), which is commonly called Great Zimbabwe, is the largest stone structure in p ...
begins
*
1221
Year 1221 ( MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* November – Emperor Theodore I (Laskaris) dies after a 16-year reign a ...
:
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...
signs a trade treaty with the
Mongol Empire.
*
1221
Year 1221 ( MCCXXI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* November – Emperor Theodore I (Laskaris) dies after a 16-year reign a ...
:
Merv
Merv ( tk, Merw, ', مرو; fa, مرو, ''Marv''), also known as the Merve Oasis, formerly known as Alexandria ( grc-gre, Ἀλεξάνδρεια), Antiochia in Margiana ( grc-gre, Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐν τῇ Μαργιανῇ) and ...
,
Herat
Herāt (; Persian: ) is an oasis city and the third-largest city of Afghanistan. In 2020, it had an estimated population of 574,276, and serves as the capital of Herat Province, situated south of the Paropamisus Mountains (''Selseleh-ye Safē ...
and
Nishapur are destroyed in the
Mongol conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire
The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia ( fa, حمله مغول به خوارزمشاهیان) took place between 1219 and 1221, as troops of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan invaded the lands of the Khwarazmian Empire in Central Asia. The campa ...
.
*
1222:
Andrew II of Hungary
Andrew II ( hu, II. András, hr, Andrija II., sk, Ondrej II., uk, Андрій II; 117721 September 1235), also known as Andrew of Jerusalem, was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1205 and 1235. He ruled the Principality of Halych from 11 ...
signs the
Golden Bull
A golden bull or chrysobull was a decree issued by Byzantine Emperors and later by monarchs in Europe during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, most notably by the Holy Roman Emperors. The term was originally coined for the golden seal (a ''bull ...
which affirms the privileges of Hungarian nobility.
*
1223
Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Mongol Empire
* Spring – The Polovtsian army assembles on the Terek River lowlands and are ...
: The
Signoria
A signoria () was the governing authority in many of the Italian city states during the Medieval and Renaissance periods.
The word signoria comes from ''signore'' , or "lord"; an abstract noun meaning (roughly) "government; governing authority; ...
, of the
Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice ( vec, Repùblega de Venèsia) or Venetian Republic ( vec, Repùblega Vèneta, links=no), traditionally known as La Serenissima ( en, Most Serene Republic of Venice, italics=yes; vec, Serenìsima Repùblega de Venèsia, ...
is formed and consists of the Doge, the Minor Council, and the three leaders of the Quarantia.
*
1223
Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Mongol Empire
* Spring – The Polovtsian army assembles on the Terek River lowlands and are ...
: The
Mongol Empire defeats various Russian principalities at the
Battle of the Kalka River
The Battle of the Kalka River (russian: Битва на реке Калке; uk, Битва на річці Калка) was fought between the Mongol Empire, whose armies were led by Jebe and Subutai, and a coalition of several Rus' principalit ...
.
*
1223
Year 1223 (MCCXXIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Mongol Empire
* Spring – The Polovtsian army assembles on the Terek River lowlands and are ...
:
Volga Bulgaria
Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria, was a historic Bulgar state that existed between the 7th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia. Volga Bulgaria was a multi-ethnic state wi ...
defeats the army of the Mongol Empire at the
Battle of Samara Bend
The Battle of Samara Bend (russian: Монгольско-булгарское сражение, lit=Mongolian-Bulgar battle), also known as the Battle of Kernek, was the first battle between the Volga Bulgaria and the Mongol Empire. It is ...
.
*
1227
Year 1227 ( MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their Crusade ...
:
Estonians
Estonians or Estonian people ( et, eestlased) are a Finnic ethnic group native to Estonia who speak the Estonian language.
The Estonian language is spoken as the first language by the vast majority of Estonians; it is closely related to oth ...
are finally subjugated to
German crusader rule during the
Livonian Crusade
The Livonian crusade refers to the various military Christianisation campaigns in medieval Livonia – in what is now Latvia and Estonia – during the Papal -sanctioned Northern Crusades in the 12–13th century. The Livonian crusade was cond ...
.
*
1227
Year 1227 ( MCCXXVII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Livonian Crusade: The Livonian Brothers of the Sword and their Crusade ...
:
Genghis Khan dies.
*
1228
Year 1228 ( MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Sixth Crusade
* Summer – Emperor Frederick II sails from Brindisi with a expeditionary f ...
–
1229:
Sixth Crusade under the excommunicated
Frederick II Hohenstaufen
Frederick II (German: ''Friedrich''; Italian: ''Federico''; Latin: ''Federicus''; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusal ...
, who returns
Jerusalem
Jerusalem (; he, יְרוּשָׁלַיִם ; ar, القُدس ) (combining the Biblical and common usage Arabic names); grc, Ἱερουσαλήμ/Ἰεροσόλυμα, Hierousalḗm/Hierosóluma; hy, Երուսաղեմ, Erusałēm. i ...
to the
Crusader States.
*
1228
Year 1228 ( MCCXXVIII) was a leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Sixth Crusade
* Summer – Emperor Frederick II sails from Brindisi with a expeditionary f ...
–
1230
Year 1230 ( MCCXXX) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Byzantine Empire
* March 9 – Battle of Klokotnitsa: Byzantine forces under Theodore Komnen ...
: First clash between
Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX ( la, Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the '' Decre ...
and
Frederick II.
*
1226
Year 1226 ( MCCXXVI) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* June – King Louis VIII (the Lion) leads a Crusade against the Carthars (Albige ...
–
1250
Year 1250 ( MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events By place
World
* The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.
* World climat ...
: Dispute between the so-called second
Lombard League and
Frederick II.
1230s
The 1230s was a decade of the Julian Calendar which began on January 1, 1230, and ended on December 31, 1239.
Significant people
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:1230s
...
*
1232
Year 1232 ( MCCXXXII) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* June 15 – Battle of Agridi: The Cypriot army under King Henry I (the Fat) defeats ...
: The
Mongols besiege Kaifeng, the capital of the
Jin dynasty, capturing it in the following year.
*
1233
Year 1233 ( MCCXXXIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* War of the Lombards: Lombard forces at Kyrenia surrender to John of Beirut, after a ...
:
Battle of Ganter
The Battle of Genter, also known as the Battle of Ganter, was a military engagement fought between two rival Javanese rulers in the early 13th century. The battle resulted in one ruler, Ken Arok, defeating his rival and routing their army. The ba ...
,
Ken Arok
Ken Arok (or Ken Angrok), Rajasa (died c. 1227), was the founder and first ruler of Singhasari (also spelled Singosari), a medieval Indianized Hindu–Buddhist kingdom in the East Java area of Indonesia. He is considered the founder of the Raja ...
defeated Kertajaya, the last king of
Kediri, thus established
Singhasari
Singhasari ( jv, ꦏꦫꦠꦺꦴꦤ꧀ꦱꦶꦔ꧀ꦲꦱꦫꦶ, translit=Karaton Singhasari or , id, Kerajaan Singasari) was a Javanese Hindu kingdom located in east Java between 1222 and 1292. The kingdom succeeded the Kingdom of Kediri as ...
kingdom Ken Arok ended the reign of
Isyana Dynasty The Ishana dynasty, rulers of the Kingdom of Mataram, was a dynasty of the Hindu Mataram Kingdom on the island of Java. Ishana (Sanskrit: ईशान, IAST: Īśāna, ) refers to a Hindu god who is often considered to be one of the forms of the Hi ...
and started his own
Rajasa dynasty Rajasa was the ruling dynasty of Singhasari kingdom and later Majapahit empire in 13th to 15th century eastern Java. The rulers of Singhasari and Majapahit trace their origins back to the mysterious figure of Ken Arok or Sri Ranggah Rajasa, who f ...
.
*
1235
Year 1235 ( MCCXXXV) was a common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
* Connacht in Ireland is finally conquered by the Hiberno-Norman Richard Mór de Burgh; Felim Ua Conchobair is expe ...
: The
Mandinka tribes unite to form the
Mali Empire which leads to the downfall of
Takrur
Takrur, Tekrur or Tekrour ( 800 – c. 1285) was an ancient state of West Africa, which flourished roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire.
Origin
Takrur was the capital of the state which flourished on the lower Senegal River. Takruri was a ...
in the 1280s.
*
1239
Year 1239 ( MCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Summer – A German expeditionary force under Emperor Frederick II invades the R ...
–
1250
Year 1250 ( MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events By place
World
* The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.
* World climat ...
: Third conflict between the
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
From the accession of Otto I in 962 ...
and the
Papacy
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
.
*
1237
Year 1237 ( MCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Summer – Emperor Frederick II assembles an expeditionary force (some 15,000 ...
–
1240:
Mongol Empire conquers
Kievan Rus
Kievan Rusʹ, also known as Kyivan Rusʹ ( orv, , Rusĭ, or , , ; Old Norse: ''Garðaríki''), was a state in Eastern Europe, Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Hist ...
.
*
1238
Year 1238 ( MCCXXXVIII) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Mongol Empire
* January 15– 20 – Siege of Moscow: The Mongols under Batu Khan a ...
: Sukhothai becomes the first capital of
Sukhothai Kingdom.
1240s
*
1240: Russians defeat the Swedish army at the
Battle of the Neva.
*
1241
Year 1241 ( MCCXLI) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
* March 18 – Battle of Chmielnik ( Mongol invasion of Poland): The Mongols overwhelm the feudal Polish ar ...
:
Mongol Empire defeats Hungary at the
Battle of Mohi
The Battle of Mohi (11 April 1241), also known as Battle of the Sajó River''A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East'', Vol. I, ed. Spencer C. Tucker, (ABC-CLIO, 2010), 279; "Although Mongol losses in t ...
and defeats Poland at the
Battle of Legnica. Hungary and Poland ravaged.
*
1242
Year 1242 ( MCCXLII) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Prince Alexander Nevsky is joined by his brother Andrey II (Yaroslavi ...
: Russians defeat the
Teutonic Knights
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem, commonly known as the Teutonic Order, is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem. It was formed to aid Christians o ...
at the
Battle of Lake Peipus.
*
1243–
1250
Year 1250 ( MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events By place
World
* The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.
* World climat ...
: Second
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire was a political entity in Western, Central, and Southern Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806 during the Napoleonic Wars.
From the accession of Otto I in 962 ...
–
Papacy
The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...
War.
*
1244
Year 1244 ( MCCXLIV) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* March 16 – Siege of Montségur: French forces capture and destroy Château de Mont ...
:
Ayyubids
The Ayyubid dynasty ( ar, الأيوبيون '; ) was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt. A Sunni Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin ...
and Khwarazmian army between 1231 and 1246, Khwarezmians defeat the
Crusaders
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...
and their Arab allies at the Battle of La Forbie.
* 1249: End of the Portuguese Reconquista against the Al-Andalus, Moors, when King Afonso III of Portugal reconquers the Algarve.
*
1248
Year 1248 ( MCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Seventh Crusade
* August 12 – King Louis IX (the Saint) leaves Paris together with his ...
–1254: Seventh Crusade captures Egyptian
Ayyubid port city of
Damietta
Damietta ( arz, دمياط ' ; cop, ⲧⲁⲙⲓⲁϯ, Tamiati) is a port city and the capital of the Damietta Governorate in Egypt, a former bishopric and present multiple Catholic titular see. It is located at the Damietta branch, an easter ...
,
Crusaders
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...
ultimately withdraw. Mamelukes overthrow
Ayyubid Dynasty.
1250s
*
![Genghis Khan empire-en](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Genghis_Khan_empire-en.svg)
By 1250, Pensacola culture, through trade, begins influencing Coastal Coles Creek culture.
*
1250
Year 1250 ( MCCL) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events By place
World
* The world population is estimated at between 400 and 416 million individuals.
* World climat ...
: The Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk dynasty is founded in Egypt.
*1257: Baab Mashur Malamo established the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku.
* 1258: Baghdad captured and destroyed by the Mongols, effective conclusion of the Abbasid Caliphate in Baghdad.
* 1258: Pandya dynasty, Pandayan Emperor Jatavarman Sundara Pandyan I, Jatavarman Sundara I invades Eastern India and northern Sri Lanka.
* 1259: Treaty of Paris (1259), Treaty of Paris is signed between Louis IX of France, Louis IX and Henry III of England, Henry III
1260s
* 1260: Toluid Civil War begins between Kublai Khan and Ariq Böke for the title of
Great Khan
Khagan or Qaghan (Mongolian:; or ''Khagan''; otk, 𐰴𐰍𐰣 ), or , tr, Kağan or ; ug, قاغان, Qaghan, Mongolian Script: ; or ; fa, خاقان ''Khāqān'', alternatively spelled Kağan, Kagan, Khaghan, Kaghan, Khakan, Khakhan ...
.
* 1261: Byzantine Greeks, Byzantines under Michael VIII retake
Constantinople
la, Constantinopolis ota, قسطنطينيه
, alternate_name = Byzantion (earlier Greek name), Nova Roma ("New Rome"), Miklagard/Miklagarth (Old Norse), Tsargrad ( Slavic), Qustantiniya ( Arabic), Basileuousa ("Queen of Cities"), Megalopolis ( ...
from the
Crusaders
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were in ...
and
Venice
Venice ( ; it, Venezia ; vec, Venesia or ) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region. It is built on a group of 118 small islands that are separated by canals and linked by over 400 bridges. The isla ...
.
* 1262: Iceland was brought under Norwegian rule, with the Old Covenant (Iceland), Old Covenant.
* 1265: Dominican friar and theologian, Thomas Aquinas begins to write his Summa Theologica, ''Summa Theologiae''.
* 1268: Fall of the Crusader State of Antioch to the Mamelukes.
1270s
![Ibn al-nafis page](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Ibn_al-nafis_page.jpg)
* 1270: Goryeo dynasty swears allegiance to the Yuan dynasty.
* 1270: The Zagwe dynasty is displaced by the
Solomonic dynasty
The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire formed in the thirteenth century. Its members claim lineal descent from the biblical King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. Tradition asserts ...
.
* 1271: Edward I of England and Charles of Anjou arrive in Akko, Acre, starting the Ninth Crusade against Baibars.
* 1272–1274: Second Council of Lyon attempts to unite the churches of the Byzantine Empire, Eastern Roman Empire with the State church of the Roman Empire, Church of Rome.
* 1274: The Mongols launched their first Mongol invasions of Japan#First invasion (1274), invasion of Japan, but they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze (typhoon), Kamikaze winds.
* 1274: The Tepanec give the Mexica permission to settle at an islet which was named Cauhmixtitlan (Eagle's Place Between the Clouds)
* 1275: Dnyaneshwar, Sant Dnyaneshwar who wrote ''Dnyaneshwari'' (a commentary on the ''Bhagavad Gita'') and ''Amrutanubhav'' was born.
* 1275: King Kertanegara of Singhasari launched Pamalayu expedition against Melayu Kingdom in Sumatra (ended in 1292).
* 1277: Passage of the last and most important of the Condemnations of 1210–1277, Paris Condemnations by Bishop Tempier, which banned a number of Aristotelianism, Aristotelian propositions
* 1279: The Song dynasty ends after losing the Battle of Yamen to the Mongols.
*1279: The Chola Dynasty in Southern India officially comes to an end.
1280s
* 1281: The Mongols launched their second Mongol invasions of Japan#Second invasion (1281), invasion of Japan, but like their first invasion they are repelled by the Samurai and the Kamikaze winds.
* 1282: Aragon acquires Sicily after the Sicilian Vespers.
* 1284: Peterhouse, Cambridge founded by Hugo de Balsham, the Bishop of Ely.
* 1284: King Kertanegara launched the Pabali expedition to Bali, which integrated Bali into the Singhasari territory.
* 1285: Second Tatar invasions, Mongol raid against Kingdom of Hungary, Hungary, led by Nogai Khan.
* 1289: The County of Tripoli falls to the Bahri Mamluks led by Qalawun.
* 1289: Kertanegara insulted the envoy of Kublai Khan, who demanded that Java pay tribute to the Yuan Dynasty.
1290–1300
* The
Mamluk Dynasty comes to an end and is replaced by the Khalji dynasty.
* 1290: By the Edict of Expulsion, King Edward I of England orders all Jews to leave the Kingdom of England.
* 1291: The Swiss Confederation of Canton of Uri, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden forms.
* 1291: Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo), Mamluk Sultan of Egypt al-Ashraf Khalil captures Siege of Acre (1291), Acre, thus ending the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem (the last Christian state remaining from the Crusades).
* 1292: Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, rebels and kills Kertanegara, ending the Singhasari kingdom.
* 1292: Marco Polo, on his voyage from China to Persia, visits Sumatra and reports that, on the northern part of Sumatra, there were six trading ports, including Perlak, Aceh, Ferlec, Samudra Pasai, Samudera and Lambri.
* 1292: King Mangrai founds the Lan Na, Lanna kingdom.
* 1293: Mongol invasion of Java, Kublai Khan of Yuan dynasty China, sends punitive attack against Kertanegara of Singhasari, repelling Mongol forces.
* 1293: On 10 November, the coronation of Raden Wijaya, Nararya Sangramawijaya as monarch, marks the foundation of the Hindu Majapahit kingdom in eastern Java.
* 1296: First War of Scottish Independence begins.
* 1297: Membership in the ''Mazor Consegio'' or the Great Council of Venice of the Venetian Republic is sealed and limited in the future to only those families whose names have been inscribed therein.
* 1299: Ottoman Empire is established under Osman I.
*
1300: Islam is The spread of Islam in Indonesia (1200 to 1600), thought to have become established in the Aceh region.
*
1300: Aji Batara Agung Dewa Sakti founds the Kingdom of Kutai Kartanegara/Sultanate of Kutai in the Tepian Batu or Kutai Lama, Anggana, Kutai Kartanegara, Kutai Lama.
*
1300: The Turku Cathedral was consecrated in Turku.
YLE: Kenelle kellot soivat?
(in Finnish)
* 1300: Sri Rajahmura Lumaya, known in his shortened name Sri Lumay, a half-Tamil and half Malay minor prince of the Chola dynasty in Sumatra established the Greater India, Indianized Rajahnate of Cebu in Cebu Island on the Philippine Archipelago.
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
* Early 13th century – Xia Gui paints ''Twelve Views from a Thatched Hut'', during the Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at The Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City, Missouri.
* The motet form originates out of the Ars antiqua tradition of Classical music, Western European music.
* Manuscript culture develops out of this time period in cities in Europe, which denotes a shift from monasteries to cities for books.
* Manuscript culture#Pecia system, ''Pecia'' system of copying books develops in Italian university-towns and was taken up by the University of Paris in the middle of the century.
* Wooden movable type printing invented by Chinese governmental minister Wang Zhen (official), Wang Zhen in 1298.
* The earliest known rockets, landmines, and History of firearms, handguns are made by the Chinese for use in warfare.
* The Chinese adopt the windmill from the Islamic world.
* Guan ware vase is made, Southern Song dynasty. It is now kept at Percival David Foundation of Chinese Art, London.
*1250 – Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde National Park, Mesa Verde, and other Ancestral Pueblo architectural complexes reach their apex[Berlo and Phillips, 275]
* 1280s – Eyeglasses are invented in Venice, Italy. According to mainstream history.
* Late 13th century – ''Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace'' is made during the Kamakura period. It is now kept at Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
* Late 13th century – ''Descent of the Amida Trinity'', raigo triptych, is made, Kamakura period. It is now kept at the Art Institute of Chicago.
* The Neo-Aramaic languages begin to develop during the course of the century.
See also
* Christianity in the 13th century
References
External links
*
{{DEFAULTSORT:13th Century
13th century,
2nd millennium
Centuries