12th Supreme People's Assembly

Parliamentary elections were held in North Korea on 8 March 2009 to elect the members of the 12th Supreme People's Assembly. They were originally scheduled to be held in August 2008 but were postponed for unknown reasons. Observers of North Korea speculated that it was in relation to Kim Jong-il's ill health.

All candidates standing in the elections in North Korea were members of one of the parties comprising the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland. A single candidate, approved by the North-Korean leadership, ran in each of the 687 districts, thereby guaranteeing a full victory by the Democratic Front for the Reunification of the Fatherland, regardless of voter turnout. Kim Jong-il, the ''de facto'' leader of North Korea and the Chairman of the National Defence Commission, ran for election in Constituency 333.

Background

The 11th Supreme People's Assembly was dissolved and elections were called for North Korea's 687 electoral districts on January 7, 2009. The elections were to be originally held as per North Korea's constitution in August 2008.

The delay was not officially explained, but was believed to be related to the health of Kim Jong-il. The elections also come after a significant cabinet shuffle in recent months that saw the replacement of at least five members of cabinet. The elections were called for March 8, 2009 allowing leave for a 60-day campaign period.

After dissolution, nominating committees in all 687 districts nominated Kim Jong-il to stand for election. The 333rd district was the first to file their nomination, so he decided to run in that district. In the previous assembly, Kim Jong-il represented the 649th election district.

Electoral system

Voter registration was conducted by the Resident Registration Bureaus of the National Security Agency. Completing the lists of voters also had the side effect of discovering missing residents who might have defected and left the country. Allegations had surfaced of bribes being paid to officials conducting registration drives to declare family members who have defected as being deceased. The voter registration deadline for the election took place on March 4, 2009.

The bribes themselves have been overlooked by the National Security Agency as the North Korean government demands the lists be complete to ensure that there is 100% turnout in the vote. It is easier to explain missing persons as being dead than to have an incomplete list of voters.

The voting for deputies of the Supreme People's Assembly in 2009 consisted of using paper ballots containing the name of a single candidate nominated in each district. To indicate support for the candidate, a ballot was dropped into the box unmarked. If the voter did not support a candidate, that voter had to cross out the name of the candidate before dropping the ballot.

The voting method was a departure from prior elections. In previous elections, the system consisted of two ballot boxes at each polling station. The boxes, one black and one white, were to indicate support for or against a candidate. There was no system in place to handle absentee ballots for North Koreans living abroad and there did not appear to be a system of advanced voting in place. Proxy votes were ordered to be cast by family members of North Korean defectors who were detained in prisons within China. All voting and the validation of official returns was overseen by the Central Election Committee.

Voting was supposed to be a secret process, but with the method of casting ballots, it became obvious who was opposed to the candidates. The voter had the option of going to a booth to cross out the name or dropping the ballot directly in the box. Penalties for voting against a candidate or not voting were severe. Electors who refused to vote were sent to labor camps. A member of the National Security Agency was stationed at every polling station to keep an eye out for people who used or looked at the red pen.

Conduct

Election day began with editorials being published in all state run media, encouraging voter participation. Voting officially began at 9:00am local time. Mobile polling stations were dispatched to infirm residents who could not travel to polling stations to cast ballots. Citizens of foreign nations resident in North Korea were also encouraged to come out and cast a ballot if they so wished.

By noon on election day, the Korean Central News Agency had reported that 71% of registered North Korean voters had turned out to cast ballots.

Voters in North Korea had dressed up for election day, wearing suits and chosŏn-ot, traditional Korean dresses.

The most watched race of the election was district 333 where leader Kim Jong-il was running. On March 9, 2009, North Korean media announced that Kim Jong-il was unanimously re-elected to parliament. The election committee also stated that 99.98% of all registered voters took part in voting, with 100% voting for their candidate in each district.

The election was a largely peaceful event, but some vandalism of candidate posters, along with anti-election graffiti, occurred in Mundeuk, South Pyongan Province. Signage had also been changed on polling stations, as official signage was replaced with new signs misspelling "election booth."

Peter Hughes, the British ambassador to North Korea, garnered significant outrage and controversy from around the world after he blogged about the election having a festive atmosphere. The outrage was caused by claims that his blog read more like an official North Korean press release as he did not mention in his blog the negative aspects of the election, such as citizens being forced to vote and that there was only a single candidate to vote for.

Results

Official election results were announced by the Central Election Commission on March 2009. The official results showed 324 of the 687 Deputies had been replaced and were new to power with the rest being re-elected. A large portion of the Deputies elected were to fill vacancies from those who died. No form of appointment or by-elections currently exists to put Deputies into the Supreme Peoples Assembly between elections.

Elected members

The following were elected as members of parliament:

# Electoral District: Ri Ul-sol
# Electoral District: Kim Yong-bok
# Electoral District: Kim Kyong-hui
# Electoral District: Kang Jun-ho
# Electoral District: Kim Yong-nam
# Electoral District: Im Man-soon
# Electoral District: Ryoo Chung-ryol
# Electoral District: Kim Bok-nam
# Electoral District: Hong So-hon
# Electoral District: Tak Hua-suk
# Electoral District: Mun Sang-min
# Electoral District: Ri Tong-chan
# Electoral District: Mun Son-bul
# Electoral District: Kim Sok-nam
# Electoral District: Sin Yong-chol
# Electoral District: Pak Pong-nam
# Electoral District: Pak Kyu-hong
# Electoral District: Cho Myong-lok
# Electoral District: Kim In-nam
# Electoral District: Ri Jae-kang
# Electoral District: Kim Kwang-chul
# Electoral District: Kim Yong-ju
# Electoral District: Choe Hong-Il
# Electoral District: Ho Jong-suk
# Electoral District: Kim Kyong-su
# Electoral District: Kim Song-hi
# Electoral District: Ri Myung-ok
# Electoral District: Song Chun-sik
# Electoral District: Yuk Sok-chon
# Electoral District: Hwang Kil-chol
# Electoral District: Jang Song-thaek
# Electoral District: Ri Kyong-il
# Electoral District: Kim Ung-kwan
# Electoral District: Kim Dong-pyut
# Electoral District: Byon Sseub-ho
# Electoral District: Ri Yong-mu
# Electoral District: Ri Sun-im
# Electoral District: Kim Song-hui
# Electoral District: Jong Dong-du
# Electoral District: Song Ja-reeb
# Electoral District: Yun Ki-jong
# Electoral District: O Kuk-ryol
# Electoral District: Kang Nam-ik
# Electoral District: Jon Kyong-su
# Electoral District: Kim Yong-nam
# Electoral District: Ri Kun-il
# Electoral District: Pak Kwan-o
# Electoral District: Kang Son-ju
# Electoral District: Kim Myong-hwan
# Electoral District: Byun Yong-reeb
# Electoral District: Jong Kwang-hyuk
# Electoral District: Jong Dal-son
# Electoral District: Kim Hua-suk
# Electoral District: Jong Hyon-yong
# Electoral District: Ri Yong-chol
# Electoral District: Kim Sae-myong
# Electoral District: Kim Ki-nam
# Electoral District: Kim Ho Jae
# Electoral District: Han Jong-hyuk
# Electoral District: Kim Bok-sil
# Electoral District: Kim Kyong-ok
# Electoral District: Pak Hui-kwan
# Electoral District: Riu Mi-yong
# Electoral District: Jon Hui-suk