The 11th century is the period from 1001 ( MI) through 1100 ( MC) in accordance with the

Julian calendar The Julian calendar, proposed by Roman consul Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on , by edict. It was designed with the aid of Greek mathematicians and astronomers such as Sosigenes of Alexandr ...

, and the 1st century of the 2nd millennium. In the

history of Europe The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500), the Middle Ages (AD 500 to AD 1500), and the modern era (since AD 1500). The first ea ...

, this period is considered the early part of the

High Middle Ages The High Middle Ages, or High Medieval Period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around AD 150 ...

. There was, after a brief ascendancy, a sudden decline of

Byzantine The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...

power and a rise of

Norman Norman or Normans may refer to: Ethnic and cultural identity * The Normans, a people partly descended from Norse Vikings who settled in the territory of Normandy in France in the 10th and 11th centuries ** People or things connected with the Norm ...

domination over much of Europe, along with the prominent role in

Europe Europe is a large peninsula conventionally considered a continent in its own right because of its great physical size and the weight of its history and traditions. Europe is also considered a subcontinent of Eurasia and it is located entirel ...

of notably influential

pope The pope ( la, papa, from el, πάππας, translit=pappas, 'father'), also known as supreme pontiff ( or ), Roman pontiff () or sovereign pontiff, is the bishop of Rome (or historically the patriarch of Rome), head of the worldwide Cathol ...

Christendom Christendom historically refers to the Christian states, Christian-majority countries and the countries in which Christianity dominates, prevails,SeMerriam-Webster.com : dictionary, "Christendom"/ref> or is culturally or historically intertwine ...

experienced a formal schism in this century which had been developing over previous centuries between the Latin West and Byzantine East, causing a split in its two largest denominations to this day: Roman Catholicism and

Eastern Orthodoxy Eastern Orthodoxy, also known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism. Like the Pentarchy of the first millennium, the mainstream (or "canonical") ...

. In

Song dynasty The Song dynasty (; ; 960–1279) was an imperial dynasty of China that began in 960 and lasted until 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song following his usurpation of the throne of the Later Zhou. The Song conquered the rest ...

China and the classical Islamic world, this century marked the high point for both classical Chinese civilization, science and

technology Technology is the application of knowledge to reach practical goals in a specifiable and Reproducibility, reproducible way. The word ''technology'' may also mean the product of such an endeavor. The use of technology is widely prevalent in me ...

, and classical

Islamic science Science in the medieval Islamic world was the science developed and practised during the Islamic Golden Age under the Umayyads of Córdoba, the Abbadids of Seville, the Samanids, the Ziyarids, the Buyids in Persia, the Abbasid Caliphate an ...

, philosophy,

and

literature Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially prose fiction, drama, and poetry. In recent centuries, the definition has expanded to include ...

. Rival political factions at the

court created strife amongst the leading statesmen and ministers of the empire. In

Korea Korea ( ko, 한국, or , ) is a peninsular region in East Asia. Since 1945, it has been divided at or near the 38th parallel, with North Korea (Democratic People's Republic of Korea) comprising its northern half and South Korea (Republic o ...

, the

Goryeo Goryeo (; ) was a Korean kingdom founded in 918, during a time of national division called the Later Three Kingdoms period, that unified and ruled the Korean Peninsula until 1392. Goryeo achieved what has been called a "true national unificat ...

Kingdom flourished and faced external threats from the

Liao dynasty The Liao dynasty (; Khitan language, Khitan: ''Mos Jælud''; ), also known as the Khitan Empire (Khitan: ''Mos diau-d kitai huldʒi gur''), officially the Great Liao (), was an Dynasties in Chinese history, imperial dynasty of China that exi ...

(

Manchuria Manchuria is an exonym (derived from the endo demonym " Manchu") for a historical and geographic region in Northeast Asia encompassing the entirety of present-day Northeast China (Inner Manchuria) and parts of the Russian Far East (Outer M ...

). In this century the Turkish

Seljuk dynasty The Seljuk dynasty, or Seljukids ( ; fa, سلجوقیان ''Saljuqian'', alternatively spelled as Seljuqs or Saljuqs), also known as Seljuk Turks, Seljuk Turkomans "The defeat in August 1071 of the Byzantine emperor Romanos Diogenes by the Turk ...

comes to power in

Western Asia Western Asia, West Asia, or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost subregion of the larger geographical region of Asia, as defined by some academics, UN bodies and other institutions. It is almost entirely a part of the Middle East, and includes Ana ...

over the now fragmented

Abbasid The Abbasid Caliphate ( or ; ar, الْخِلَافَةُ الْعَبَّاسِيَّة, ') was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. It was founded by a dynasty descended from Muhammad's uncle, Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib ...

realm, while the

first First or 1st is the ordinal form of the number one (#1). First or 1st may also refer to: *World record, specifically the first instance of a particular achievement Arts and media Music * 1$T, American rapper, singer-songwriter, DJ, and rec ...

of the

Crusades The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Latin Church in the medieval period. The best known of these Crusades are those to the Holy Land in the period between 1095 and 1291 that were ...

were waged towards the close of the century. The Fatimid Caliphate in

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Medit ...

, the Ghaznavids, and the

Chola dynasty The Chola dynasty was a Tamil thalassocratic empire of southern India and one of the longest-ruling dynasties in the history of the world. The earliest datable references to the Chola are from inscriptions dated to the 3rd century BCE ...

India India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...

had reached their zenith in military might and international influence. The

Western Chalukya Empire The Western Chalukya Empire ruled most of the Deccan Plateau, western Deccan, South India, between the 10th and 12th centuries. This Kannada people, Kannadiga dynasty is sometimes called the ''Kalyani Chalukya'' after its regal capital at Kalya ...

(the Chola's rival) also rose to power by the end of the century. In Japan, the

Fujiwara clan was a powerful family of imperial regents in Japan, descending from the Nakatomi clan and, as legend held, through them their ancestral god Ame-no-Koyane. The Fujiwara prospered since the ancient times and dominated the imperial court until ...

continued to dominate the affairs of state. In the Americas, the

Toltec The Toltec culture () was a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican culture that ruled a state centered in Tula, Hidalgo, Mexico, during the Epiclassic and the early Post-Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, reaching prominence from 950 to 1150 CE. T ...

and

Mixtec The Mixtecs (), or Mixtecos, are indigenous Mesoamerican peoples of Mexico inhabiting the region known as La Mixteca of Oaxaca and Puebla as well as La Montaña Region and Costa Chica Regions of the state of Guerrero. The Mixtec Culture w ...

civilizations flourished in

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

, along with the

Huari Culture The Wari ( es, Huari) were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of modern-day Peru, from about 500 to 1000 AD. Wari, as the former capital city was called, is located north-east of the mo ...

South America South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a relatively small portion in the Northern Hemisphere at the northern tip of the continent. It can also be described as the sout ...

and the Mississippian culture of North America. The Tiwanaku Empire centered around

Lake Titicaca Lake Titicaca (; es, Lago Titicaca ; qu, Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru. It is often called the highest navigable lake in the world. By volume of water and by surface area, i ...

collapsed in the first half of the century.

Overview

In European history, the 11th century is regarded as the beginning of the

, an age subsequent to the

Early Middle Ages The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th or early 6th century to the 10th century. They marked the start of the Mi ...

. The century began while the ''

translatio imperii ''Translatio imperii'' (Latin for "transfer of rule") is a historiographical concept that originated from the Middle Ages, in which history is viewed as a linear succession of transfers of an ''imperium'' that invests supreme power in a singular r ...

'' of 962 was still somewhat novel and ended in the midst of the

Investiture Controversy The Investiture Controversy, also called Investiture Contest ( German: ''Investiturstreit''; ), was a conflict between the Church and the state in medieval Europe over the ability to choose and install bishops ( investiture) and abbots of mona ...

. It saw the final Christianisation of

Scandinavia Scandinavia; Sámi languages: /. ( ) is a subregion in Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. In English usage, ''Scandinavia'' most commonly refers to Denmark, Norway, and Swe ...

and the emergence of the

Peace and Truce of God The Peace and Truce of God ( lat, Pax et treuga Dei) was a movement in the Middle Ages led by the Catholic Church and one of the most influential mass peace movements in history. The goal of both the ''Pax Dei'' and the ''Treuga Dei'' was to limit ...

movements, the Gregorian Reforms, and the

which revitalised a church and a papacy that had survived tarnished by the tumultuous 10th century. In 1054, the Great Schism saw the political and religious culmination and a formal split between the Western and Eastern church. In

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

, the century was marked by the ascendancy of the Holy Roman Emperors, who hit their high-water mark under the

Salians The Salian Franks, also called the Salians (Latin: ''Salii''; Greek: Σάλιοι, ''Salioi''), were a northwestern subgroup of the early Franks who appear in the historical record in the fourth and fifth centuries. They lived west of the Lowe ...

. In Britain, it saw the transformation of

Scotland Scotland (, ) is a Countries of the United Kingdom, country that is part of the United Kingdom. Covering the northern third of the island of Great Britain, mainland Scotland has a Anglo-Scottish border, border with England to the southeast ...

into a single, more unified and centralised kingdom and the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The social transformations wrought in these lands brought them into the fuller orbit of European feudal politics. In France, it saw the nadir of the monarchy and the zenith of the great magnates, especially the dukes of Aquitaine and Normandy, who could thus foster such distinctive contributions of their lands as the pious warrior who conquered Britain, Italy, and the East and the impious peacelover, the

troubadour A troubadour (, ; oc, trobador ) was a composer and performer of Old Occitan lyric poetry during the High Middle Ages (1100–1350). Since the word ''troubadour'' is etymologically masculine, a female troubadour is usually called a ''trobairi ...

, who crafted out of the European vernacular its first great literary themes. There were also the first figures of the intellectual movement known as Scholasticism, which emphasized dialectic arguments in disputes of Christian theology as well as

classical philosophy This page lists some links to ancient philosophy, namely philosophical thought extending as far as early post-classical history (). Overview Genuine philosophical thought, depending upon original individual insights, arose in many cultures ...

. In

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

, the century began with the integration of the kingdom into the Holy Roman Empire and the royal palace at

Pavia Pavia (, , , ; la, Ticinum; Medieval Latin: ) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy in northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino river near its confluence with the Po. It has a population of c. 73,086. The city was the cap ...

was summoned in 1024. By the end of the century, Lombard and

rule in the

Mezzogiorno Southern Italy ( it, Sud Italia or ) also known as ''Meridione'' or ''Mezzogiorno'' (), is a macroregion of the Italian Republic consisting of its southern half. The term ''Mezzogiorno'' today refers to regions that are associated with the pe ...

had been usurped by the

Normans The Normans ( Norman: ''Normaunds''; french: Normands; la, Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and indigenous West Franks and Gallo-Romans. ...

and the power of the territorial magnates was being replaced by that of the citizens of the northern cities. In Northern Italy, a growth of population in urban centers gave rise to an early organized

capitalism Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit. Central characteristics of capitalism include capital accumulation, competitive markets, price system, priva ...

and more sophisticated, commercialized culture by the late 11th century, most notably in Venice. In Spain, the century opened with the successes of the last caliphs of Córdoba and ended in the successes of the Almoravids. In between was a period of Christian unification under Navarrese hegemony and success in the

Reconquista The ' (Spanish, Portuguese and Galician for "reconquest") is a historiographical construction describing the 781-year period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid ...

against the

taifa The ''taifas'' (singular ''taifa'', from ar, طائفة ''ṭā'ifa'', plural طوائف ''ṭawā'if'', a party, band or faction) were the independent Muslim principalities and kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula (modern Portugal and Spain), re ...

kingdoms that replaced the fallen caliphate. In Eastern Europe, there was a

golden age The term Golden Age comes from Greek mythology, particularly the '' Works and Days'' of Hesiod, and is part of the description of temporal decline of the state of peoples through five Ages, Gold being the first and the one during which the G ...

for the principality of

Kievan Rus Kievan Rusʹ, also known as Kyivan Rusʹ ( orv, , Rusĭ, or , , ; Old Norse: ''Garðaríki''), was a state in Eastern Europe, Eastern and Northern Europe from the late 9th to the mid-13th century.John Channon & Robert Hudson, ''Penguin Hist ...

. In China, there was a triangular affair of continued war and peace settlements between the

, the Tanguts-led

Western Xia The Western Xia or the Xi Xia (), officially the Great Xia (), also known as the Tangut Empire, and known as ''Mi-nyak''Stein (1972), pp. 70–71. to the Tanguts and Tibetans, was a Tangut-led Buddhist imperial dynasty of China tha ...

in the northwest, and the

Khitans The Khitan people (Khitan small script: ; ) were a historical nomadic people from Northeast Asia who, from the 4th century, inhabited an area corresponding to parts of modern Mongolia, Northeast China and the Russian Far East. As a people desce ...

of the

in the northeast. Meanwhile, opposing

political faction A political faction is a group of individuals that share a common political purpose but differs in some respect to the rest of the entity. A faction within a group or political party may include fragmented sub-factions, "parties within a party," ...

s evolved at the Song imperial court of

Kaifeng Kaifeng () is a prefecture-level city in east-central Henan province, China. It is one of the Eight Ancient Capitals of China, having been the capital eight times in history, and is best known for having been the Chinese capital during the No ...

. The political reformers at court, called the New Policies Group (新法, Xin Fa), were led by

Emperor Shenzong of Song Emperor Shenzong of Song (25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085), personal name Zhao Xu, was the sixth emperor of the Song dynasty of China. His original personal name was Zhao Zhongzhen but he changed it to "Zhao Xu" after his coronation. He reigned f ...

and the Chancellors

Fan Zhongyan Fan Zhongyan (5 September 989 – 19 June 1052) from Wu County of Suzhou ( Jiangsu Province, China), courtesy name Xiwen (), ratified as the Duke of Wenzheng () posthumously, and conferred as Duke of Chu () posthumously, was a Chinese poet, p ...

and

Wang Anshi Wang Anshi ; ; December 8, 1021 – May 21, 1086), courtesy name Jiefu (), was a Chinese economist, philosopher, poet, and politician during the Song dynasty. He served as chancellor and attempted major and controversial socioeconomic reforms k ...

, while the political conservatives were led by Chancellor

Sima Guang Sima Guang (17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086), courtesy name Junshi, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking Song dynasty scholar-official who authored the monumental history book ''Zizhi Tongjian''. Sima was ...

and Empress Dowager Gao, regent of the young

Emperor Zhezong of Song Emperor Zhezong of Song (4 January 1077 – 23 February 1100), personal name Zhao Xu, was the seventh emperor of the Song dynasty of China. His original personal name was Zhao Yong but he changed it to "Zhao Xu" after his coronation. He reig ...

. Heated political debate and sectarian intrigue followed, while political enemies were often dismissed from the capital to govern frontier regions in the deep south where

malaria Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects humans and other animals. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, tiredness, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, seizures, coma, or death. S ...

was known to be very fatal to northern Chinese people (see History of the Song dynasty). This period also represents a high point in classical Chinese science and technology, with figures such as Su Song and Shen Kuo, as well as the age where the matured form of the

Chinese pagoda A pagoda is an Asian tiered tower with multiple eaves common to Nepal, India, China, Japan, Korea, Myanmar, Vietnam, and other parts of Asia. Most pagodas were built to have a religious function, most often Buddhist but sometimes Taoist, ...

was accomplished in

Chinese architecture Chinese architecture ( Chinese:中國建築) is the embodiment of an architectural style that has developed over millennia in China and it has influenced architecture throughout Eastern Asia. Since its emergence during the early ancient era, ...

. In Japan, the

dominated central politics by acting as imperial regents, controlling the actions of the

Emperor of Japan The Emperor of Japan is the monarch and the head of the Imperial Family of Japan. Under the Constitution of Japan, he is defined as the symbol of the Japanese state and the unity of the Japanese people, and his position is derived from "the ...

, who acted merely as a '

puppet monarch A puppet monarch is a majority figurehead who is installed or patronized by an imperial power to provide the appearance of local authority but to allow political and economic control to remain among the dominating nation. A figurehead monarc ...

' during the

Heian period The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japanese ...

. In Korea, the rulers of the

Kingdom were able to concentrate more central authority into their own hands than in that of the nobles, and were able to fend off two Khitan invasions with their armies. In the Middle East, the

Fatimid The Fatimid Caliphate was an Ismaili Shi'a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries AD. Spanning a large area of North Africa, it ranged from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Red Sea in the east. The Fatimids, a dyna ...

Empire of

reached its zenith only to face steep decline, much like the

Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire or Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire primarily in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinopl ...

in the first half of the century. The Seljuks came to prominence while the

caliphs held traditional titles without real, tangible authority in state affairs. In India, the

reached its height of naval power under leaders such as

Rajaraja Chola I Rajaraja I (947 CE – 1014 CE), born Arunmozhi Varman or Arulmozhi Varman and often described as Raja Raja the Great or Raja Raja Chozhan was a Chola emperor who reigned from 985 CE to 1014 CE. He was the most powerful Tamil king in South ...

and

Rajendra Chola I Rajendra Chola I (; Middle Tamil: Rājēntira Cōḻaṉ; Classical Sanskrit: Rājēndradēva Cōla; Old Malay: ''Raja Suran''; c. 971 CE – 1044 CE), often referred to as Rajendra the Great, and also known as Gangaikonda Chola (Middle Tamil ...

, dominating southern India (

Tamil Nadu Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a state in southern India. It is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language ...

), Sri Lanka, and regions of

Southeast Asia Southeast Asia, also spelled South East Asia and South-East Asia, and also known as Southeastern Asia, South-eastern Asia or SEA, is the geographical south-eastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of mainlan ...

. The

Ghaznavid Empire The Ghaznavid dynasty ( fa, غزنویان ''Ġaznaviyān'') was a culturally Persianate, Sunni Muslim dynasty of Turkic ''mamluk'' origin, ruling, at its greatest extent, large parts of Persia, Khorasan, much of Transoxiana and the northwes ...

would invade northwest India, an event that would pave the way to a series of later Muslim expansions into India. In Southeast Asia, the

Pagan Kingdom The Kingdom of Pagan ( my, ပုဂံခေတ်, , ; also known as the Pagan Dynasty and the Pagan Empire; also the Bagan Dynasty or Bagan Empire) was the first Burmese kingdom to unify the regions that would later constitute modern-da ...

reached its height of political and military power. The Khmer Empire would dominate in Mainland Southeast Asia while Srivijaya would dominate Maritime Southeast Asia. Further east, the Butuan (historical polity), Kingdom of Butuan, centered on the northern portion of Mindanao island flourished as the dominant trading polity in the archipelago. In Vietnam, the Lý dynasty began, which would reach its golden era during the 11th century. In Nigeria, formation of city states, kingdoms and empires, including Hausa kingdoms and Borno dynasty in the north, and the Oyo Empire and Kingdom of Benin in the south.

Events

1001–1009

* 1001: Mahmud of Ghazni, Muslim leader of Ghazni, begins a series of raids into Northern

; he finishes in 1027 with the destruction of Somnath. * c. 1001: Norsemen, led by Leif Eriksson, establish short-lived settlements in and around Vinland in North America. * 1001–1008: Japanese Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes ''The Tale of Genji.'' * 1001 ± 40 years: Baitoushan volcano on what would be the Chinese-Korean border, erupts with a force of 6.5, the fourth largest Holocene blast. * 1001: The ancient kingdom of Butuan (historical polity), Butuan, through its King, Rajah Kiling, made contact with the Chinese,

recorded the first appearance of Butuan tributary mission through Lijehan and Jiaminan at the Chinese Imperial Court on March 17, 1001 AD. * 1003: Robert II of France invades the Duchy of Burgundy, then ruled by Otto-William, Duke of Burgundy; the initial invasion is unsuccessful, but Robert II eventually gains the acceptance of the Roman Catholic Church in 1016 and annexes Burgundy into his realm. * 1004:

court prohibited Butuan (historical polity), Butuan from exporting several items with their predilection due to issues on rules and regulation. * 1004: The library and university Dar Al-Hekma is founded in Egypt under the

s. * 1005: The Treaty of Shanyuan is signed between the China, Chinese

and the Khitan

. * 1006: King Dharmawangsa's Mataram kingdom falls under the invasion of King Wurawari from Lwaram (highly possible Srivijayan ally in Java).Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.52 * 1007: Butuan (historical polity), Butuan king, Rajah Kiling through the ambassador I-hsu-han sent a formal memorial on

Imperial court requesting equal status with Champa but the request was denied on the grounds that "Butuan is beneath Champa." due to Champa being an older tributary state since the 4th century. * 1008: The

Egyptian sea captain Domiyat travels to the Buddhist pilgrimage site in Shandong, China, to seek out the Chinese Emperor Zhenzong of Song with gifts from his ruling Imamah (Shi'a doctrine), Imam Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, successfully reopening Diplomacy, diplomatic relations between Egypt and China that had been lost since the collapse of the Tang dynasty. * 1009: Lý Thái Tổ overthrows the Anterior Lê dynasty of Vietnam, establishing the Lý dynasty. * 1009–1010: The Lombard known as Melus of Bari leads an insurrection against the Byzantine Catapanate of Italy, Catepan of Italy, John Curcuas (catepan), John Curcuas, as the latter was killed in battle and replaced by Basil Mesardonites, who brought Byzantine reinforcements.

1010s

* 1010–1011: The Second Goryeo-Khitan War; the

n king is forced to flee the capital temporarily, but is unable to establish a foothold and fearing a counterattack, the Khitan forces withdrew. * 1011–1021: Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), a famous Iraqi Islamic science, scientist working in

, feigned madness, feigns madness in fear of angering the Egyptian caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, and is kept under house arrest from 1011 to 1021. During this time, he writes his influential ''Book of Optics''. * 1011: Under a new Rajah named Sri Bata Shaja, Butuan (historical polity), Butuan finally succeeded in attaining diplomatic equality with Champa after being denied in an older request made 4 years earlier to the

court by sending the flamboyant ambassador Likanhsieh. * 1014: The

armies of Basil II are victorious over Samuil of Bulgaria in the Battle of Kleidion. *1014: The Gaels, Gaelic forces of Munster and Gaelic Ireland, most other Irish kingdoms under List of High Kings of Ireland, High King Brian Boru defeat a combined Leinster-Viking force in the Battle of Clontarf but Brian Boru is killed at the end of the battle. * 1014–1020: The Book of Healing, a vast philosophical and scientific encyclopaedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian people, Persian scholar. * 1015: In the Battle of Nesjar in Oslofjord, Norway, the forces of Olaf II of Norway, Olav Haraldsson fought the forces of Sveinn Hákonarson, with a victory for Olav. * 1018: The First Bulgarian Empire is conquered by the Byzantine Empire * 1018: The Byzantine armies of Basil Boioannes are victorious at the Battle of Cannae (1018), Battle of Cannae against the Lombards under Melus of Bari. * 1018: The Third Goryeo-Khitan War; the

n General Gang Gam-chan inflicted heavy losses to Khitan forces at the Battle of Kwiju. The Khitan withdrew and both sides signed a peace treaty. * 1019: Airlangga establishes the Kingdom of Kahuripan.

1020s

* 1021: the ruling

Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah disappears suddenly, possibly assassinated by his own sister Sitt al-Mulk, which leads to the open persecution of the Druze by Ismaili Shia; the Druze proclaim that Al-Hakim went into hiding (ghayba), whereupon he would return as the Mahdi savior. * 1025: the

of India uses its naval powers to conquer the South East Asian kingdom of Srivijaya, turning it into a vassal. * 1025: ruler

moves the capital city of the empire from Thanjavur to Gangaikonda Cholapuram * 1025: Rajendra Chola, the Chola king from Coromandel Coast, Cholamandala in South India, conquers Pannai and Kedah, Kadaram from Srivijaya and occupies it for some time. The Cholas continue a series of raids and conquests of parts Srivijayan empire in Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula.''Epigraphia Carnatica, Volume 10, Part 1, page 41'' * 1028: the King of Srivijaya appeals to the

Chinese, sending a diplomatic mission to their capital at

. * 1020s: ''The Canon of Medicine'', a medical encyclopedia, is written by Avicenna, Persian people, Persian Muslim scholar.

1030s

* 1030: Stephen I of Hungary, Stephen I of the Kingdom of Hungary defeats Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor, Conrad II of the Holy Roman Empire; after the war, Conrad had ceded the lands between the rivers Leitha and Fischa to Hungary in the summer of 1031. * 1030: the Battle of Stiklestad (Norway): Olaf II of Norway, Olav Haraldsson loses to his pagan vassals and is killed in the battle. He is later canonized and becomes the patron saint of Norway and Rex perpetuum Norvegiae ('the eternal king of Norway'). * 1030: Sanghyang Tapak inscription in the Cicatih River bank in Cibadak, Sukabumi, West Java, mentioned about the establishment of sacred forest and Kingdom of Sunda. (to 1579) * 1033: An 1033 Jordan Rift Valley earthquake, earthquake strikes the Jordan Valley, followed by a tsunami along the Mediterranean coast, killing tens of thousands. * 1035: Raoul Glaber chronicles a devastating three-year famine induced by climatic changes in southern France * 1035: Canute the Great dies, and his kingdom of present-day Norway, England, and Denmark was split amongst three rivals to his throne. * 1035: William Iron Arm ventures to the

* 1037: Ferdinand I of León conquers the Galicia (Spain), Kingdom of Galicia.

1040s

Zirides et Hammadides après les invasion hilaliennes

* 1040: Duncan I of Scotland slain in battle. Macbeth of Scotland, Macbeth succeeds him. * 1041: Samuel Aba became King of Hungary. * 1041: Airlangga divides Kahuripan into two kingdoms Janggala and Kediri (historical kingdom), Kadiri and abdicates in favour of his successors.Soekmono, R, Drs., Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed. Penerbit Kanisius, Yogyakarta, 1973, 5th reprint edition in 1988 p.57 * 1042: the Normans establish Melfi as the capital of southern Italy. * 1041–1048: Chinese artisan Bi Sheng invents ceramic movable type printing * 1043: the

and

engage in a Rus'-Byzantine War (1043), naval confrontation, although a later treaty is signed between two parties that includes the marriage alliance of Vsevolod I of Kiev to a princess daughter of Constantine IX Monomachos. * 1043: the Byzantine General George Maniaces, who had served in Sicily back in 1038, is proclaimed emperor by his troops while he is catepan of Italy; he leads an unsuccessful rebellion against Constantine IX Monomachos and is killed in battle in Macedonia (theme), Macedonia during his march towards Constantinople. *1043: the Song dynasty Chancellor of China,

, and prominent official and historian Ouyang Xiu introduce the Qingli Reforms, which would be rescinded by the court in 1045 due to partisan resistance to reforms. *1043: the Kingdom of Nri of West Africa is said to have started in this year with Eze Nri Ìfikuánim * 1044: the Chinese ''Wujing Zongyao'', written by Zeng Gongliang and Yang Weide, is the first book to describe gunpowder formulas; it also described their use in warfare, such as History of gunpowder, blackpowder-impregnated Fuse (explosives), fuses for flamethrowers.Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 81–84. It also described an early form of the compass, a thermoremanence compass.Needham, Volume 4, Part 1, 252. * 1044: Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry III of the Holy Roman Empire defeats the Kingdom of Hungary in the Battle of Ménfő; Peter Urseolo of Hungary, Peter Urseolo captured Samuel Aba of Hungary, Samuel Aba after the battle, executing him, and restoring his claim to the throne; the Kingdom of Hungary then briefly becomes a vassal to the Holy Roman Empire. * 1045: The Zirids, a Berber people, Berber dynasty of North Africa, break their allegiance with the

court of

and recognize the

s of Baghdad as the true caliphs.

1050s

* 1052: Fujiwara no Yorimichi converts the rural villa at Byōdō-in into a famous Japanese Buddhist temple. * 1053: the Norman commander Humphrey of Hauteville is victorious in the Battle of Civitate against the Lombards and the papal coalition led by Rudolf of Benevento; Pope Leo IX himself is captured by the Normans. * 1054: the East-West Schism, Great Schism, in which the Western (Roman Catholic) and Eastern Orthodox churches separated from each other. Similar schisms in the past had been later repaired, but this one continues after nearly 1000 years. * 1054: a large supernova is observed by astronomers, the Supernova remnant, remnants of which would form the Crab Nebula. * 1054: the Battle of Atapuerca is fought between García V of Navarre and Ferdinand I of León * 1055: the Seljuk Turks capture Baghdad, taking the Buyid Emir Al-Malik al-Rahim prisoner. * 1056: Ferdinand I of León, List of Castilian monarchs, King of Castile and Kingdom of León, King of León, is crowned Imperator totius Hispaniae (Emperor of All Hispania). * 1056: William II of England the son of William the Conqueror, is born. * 1057: Anawrahta, ruler of the

, defeated the Mon kingdoms, Mon city of Thaton, thus unifying all of Myanmar. * 1057: Macbeth of Scotland, Macbeth, king of Scotland, dies in battle against the future king Malcolm III. * 1057: Invasion of the Banu Hilal, Kairouan destroyed, Zirid dynasty, Zirids reduced to a tiny coastal strip, remainder fragments into petty Bedouin emirates.

1060s

* 1061–1091: Norman conquest of southern Italy, Norman conquest of Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea * 1065: Great Seljuq Empire, Seljuks first invasion to Georgia (country), Georgia under leadership of Alp Arslan * 1065: Independence of the Kingdom of Galicia and Kingdom of Portugal, Portugal under the rule of Garcia * 1066: in the Battle of Stamford Bridge, the last Anglo-Saxon King Harold Godwinson defeated his brother Tostig Godwinson and Harold III of Norway. * 1066: Edward the Confessor dies; Harold Godwinson is killed in the Battle of Hastings, while the Norman William the Conqueror is crowned king of England. This is what most experts think of as the end of the Viking age. * 1066: the Jewish vizier Joseph ibn Naghrela and many others are killed in the 1066 Granada massacre. * 1068–1073: the reign of Japanese Emperor Go-Sanjō brings about a brief period where central power is taken out of the hands of the

. * 1068: Virarajendra Chola begins sending military raids into Malaysia and Indonesia. * 1068: Seljuks destroyed Georgia (country), Georgia for the second time * 1069–1076: with the support of

, Chancellor

of the Chinese

introduces the 'New Policies (Song dynasty), New Policies', including the Baojia system of societal organization and militias, low-cost loans for farmers, taxes instead of corvée labor, government monopolies on tea, salt, and wine, reforming the Cadastre, land survey system, and eliminating the poetry requirement in the imperial examination system to gain bureaucrats of a more practical bent.

1070s

* 1070: the death of Athirajendra Chola and the ascension of Kulothunga Chola I marks the transition between the Medieval Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas. * 1071: Defeat of the

at the Battle of Manzikert by the Seljuk army of Alp Arslan, ending three centuries of a Byzantine military and economic Byzantine empire#Macedonian dynasty and resurgence (867–1025), Golden Age. * 1072: the Battle of Golpejera is fought between Sancho II of Castile and Alfonso VI of Castile * 1073: the Seljuk Turks capture Ankara from the Byzantines. * 1074: the Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem from the Byzantines, and cut pilgrim transit. * 1075: Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV suppresses the rebellion of Saxony in the First Battle of Langensalza. * 1075: the

is sparked when Pope Gregory VII asserted in the ''Dictatus papae'' extended rights granted to the pope (disturbing the balance of power) and a new interpretation of God's role in founding the Church itself. * 1075: Chinese official and diplomat Shen Kuo asserts the Song dynasty's rightful border lines by using court archives against the bold bluff of Emperor Daozong of Liao, who had asserted that

territory exceeded its earlier-accepted bounds. * 1075–1076: a civil war in the

of India; the Western Chalukya monarch Someshvara II plans to defeat his own ambitious brother Vikramaditya VI by allying with a traditional enemy, Kulothunga Chola I of the Chola Empire; Someshvara's forces suffer a heavy defeat, and he is eventually captured and imprisoned by Vikramaditya, who proclaimed himself king. * 1075–1077: the

of China and the Lý dynasty of Vietnam fight History of the Song dynasty#Relations with Đại Việt and border conflict, a border war, with Vietnamese forces striking first on land and with their navy, and afterwards Song armies advancing as far as modern-day Hanoi, the capital, but withdraw after Lý makes peace overtures; in 1082, both sides exchange the territories that they had captured during the war, and later a border agreement is reached. * 1076: the Ghana Empire is attacked by the Almoravids, who sack the capital of Koumbi Saleh, ending the rule of king Tunka Manin * 1076: the Chinese

places strict government monopolies over the production and distribution of sulfur and Potassium nitrate, saltpetre, in order to curb the possibility of merchants selling gunpowder formula components to enemies such as the Tanguts and

. * 1076: the Song Chinese allies with southern Vietnamese Champa and Cambodian Chenla to conquer the Lý dynasty, which is an unsuccessful campaign. * 1077: the Walk to Canossa by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Henry IV of the Holy Roman Empire. * 1077: Chinese official Su Song is sent on a diplomatic mission to the

and discovers that the Khitan calendar is more mathematically accurate than the Chinese calendar, Song calendar; Emperor Zhezong of Song, Emperor Zhezong later sponsors Su Song's astronomical clock tower in order to compete with Liao astronomers. * 1078: Oleg I of Chernigov is defeated in battle by his brother Vsevolod I of Kiev; Oleg escapes to Tmutarakan, but is imprisoned by the Khazars, sent to Constantinople as a prisoner, and then exiled to Rhodes. * 1078: the revolt of Nikephoros III against Byzantine ruler Michael VII * 1079: Malik Shah I reforms the Iranian Calendar. * 1079: Franks start to settle around the Way of Saint James (Today, modern North Spain)

1080s

* 1080–1081: The Chinese statesman and scientist Shen Kuo is put in command of the campaign against the

, and although he successfully halts their invasion route to Yanzhou (modern Yan'an), another officer disobeys imperial orders and the campaign is ultimately a failure because of it. * 1081: birth of Urraca of León and Castile future Queen of Kingdom of Castile, Castille and Kingdom of León, León. * 1084: the enormous Chinese historical work of the ''Zizhi Tongjian'' is compiled by scholars under Chancellor

, completed in 294 volumes and included 3 million written Chinese characters * 1085: Alfonso VI of Castile captures the Moors, Moorish Muslim city of Toledo, Spain, Toledo, Spain. * 1085: the Katedralskolan, Lund school of Sweden is established by Canute IV of Denmark * 1086: compilation of the Domesday Book by order of William I of England; it was similar to a modern-day government census, as it was used by William to thoroughly document all the landholdings within the kingdom that could be properly taxed. * 1086: the Battle of az-Zallaqah between the Almoravids and Castilians * 1087: a new office at the Chinese international seaport of Quanzhou is established to handle and regulate taxes and tariffs on all mercantile transactions of foreign goods coming from Africa, Arabia, India, Sri Lanka, Persia, and South East Asia. * 1087: the Italian cities of Genoa and Pisa engage in the African Mahdia campaign of 1087, Mahdia campaign * 1087: William II of England, son of William the Conqueror, is crowned king of England. * 1088: the renowned polymath Chinese scientist and official Shen Kuo made the world's first reference to the magnetic compass in his book ''Dream Pool Essays'', along with encyclopedic documentation and inquiry into scientific discoveries. * 1088: The University of Bologna is established. * 1088: Rebellion of 1088 against William II of England led by Odo of Bayeux.

1090–1100

*1091:

from the Duchy of Normandy take control of Malta and surrounding islands. * 1091: the

under Alexios I Komnenos and his Cuman allies defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Levounion * 1093: Vikramaditya VI, ruler of the

, defeats the army of Kulothunga Chola I in the Battle of Vengi. * 1093: when the Chinese Empress Dowager Gao dies, the conservative faction that had followed

is ousted from court, the liberal reforms of

reinstated, and

halted all negotiations with the Tanguts of the

, resuming in armed conflict with them. * 1093: the Kypchaks defeat princes of

at the Battle of the Stugna River * 1093: Battle of Alnwick (1093), Battle of Alnwick: Malcolm III of Scotland is killed by the forces of William II of England. * 1094: the astronomical clock, astronomical clock tower of

, China—engineered by the official Su Song—is completed. * 1094: El Cid, the great Spanish hero, conquers the Moors, Muslim city of Valencia (city in Spain), Valencia * 1094: a succession crisis following the reign of the

Caliph Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah sparks a rebellion which leads to the split of Ismaili Shia into the new Nizari religious branch. * 1095: Pope Urban II calls upon Western Europeans to take up the cross and reclaim the Holy Lands, officially commencing the First Crusade. * c. 1095–1099: earliest extant manuscript of the ''Song of Roland'' * 1096: University of Oxford in England holds its first lectures * 1097: the Siege of Nicaea during the First Crusade * 1097: Diego Rodriguez, a son of El Cid, dies in the Battle of Consuegra, an Almoravid victory * 1098: the Siege of Antioch during the First Crusade * 1098: Pope Urban II makes an appearance at the Siege of Capua * 1098: the Dongpo Academy of Hainan, China is built in honor of the Song dynasty Scholar-bureaucrat, Chinese official and poet Su Shi, who was exiled there for criticizing reforms of the History of the Song dynasty#Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives, New Policies Group. * 1098: the birth of Hildegard of Bingen, Doctor of the Church, abbess, monastic leader, mystic, prophetess, medical, Germans, German composer and writer, polymath. * 1099: the Siege of Jerusalem (1099), Siege of Jerusalem by European Crusaders. * 1099: after the Kingdom of Jerusalem is established, the Qibli Mosque, Al-Aqsa Mosque is made into the residential palace for the kings of Jerusalem. * 1099: death of the great Spanish hero El Cid, Rodrigo Díaz "El Cid Campeador". * 1099: after building considerable strength, David IV of Georgia discontinues tribute payments to the Seljuk Turks. * 1100: On August 5, Henry I is crowned King of England. * 1100: On December 25, Baldwin of Boulogne is crowned as the first King of Jerusalem in the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem.

Undated

*King Anawrahta of Myanmar made a pilgrimage to Ceylon, returning to convert his country to Theravada Buddhism. * The Tuareg people, Tuareg migrate to the Aïr region. * Kanem Empire, Kanem-Bornu expands southward into modern Nigeria. * The first of seven Hausa people, Hausa city-states are founded in Nigeria. * The Hodh region of Mauritania becomes desert. * Fortified Chinese trade bases were established in the Philippines, to gather forest products and distribute imports.

Gallery

File:AlfonsoVI of Castile.jpg, Alfonso VI of Castile File:Heinrich III und Agnes Speyer.jpg, Empress Agnes, German Queen who became regent of the Holy Roman Empire File:Basilios II.jpg, Basil II of the

. File:Canute and Ælfgifu.jpg, Angels crowning Canute the Great as he and his wife Ælfgifu of Northampton present the Winchester Cross to the church, dated 1031 File:Telamones Tula.jpg, The ''Atlantes'' – columns in the form of

warriors in Tula (Mesoamerican site), Tula. File:Li Qingzhao.jpg, Statue of Lady Li Qingzhao in the Grand Hall of Poets in Du Fu Cao Tang, China File:Hugo-v-cluny heinrich-iv mathilde-v-tuszien cod-vat-lat-4922 1115ad.jpg, Matilda of Tuscany military leader from Italy File:Shenzong of Song.jpg,

China File:B Song Dynasty Cao Empress Sitting with Maids.JPG, Chinese Empress Cao, wife of Emperor Renzong of Song. File:Hyakuninisshu 062.jpg, Lady Sei Shōnagon, wrote her ''Pillow Book'' about life in the Japanese court File:StatueUrbanII.jpg, Pope Urban II of Rome File:William I, Lichfield Cathedral.jpg, Statue of William I of England, William the Conqueror, holding ''Domesday Book'' on the West Front of Lichfield Cathedral. File:Empress Zoe mosaic Hagia Sophia.jpg, 11th century mosaic of Constantine IX Monomachos, Zoe (empress), Empress Zoe, and Jesus Christ in the Hagia Sophia. File:Reliquary-box crucifixion Louvre MR349.jpg, An 11th-century reliquary of gold and cloisonné over wood, from the Duchy of Brabant, Maastricht Cathedral, now housed in the The Louvre, Louvre.

Architecture

*Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, Georgia, is entirely renewed in 1029 *The St Albans Cathedral of Norman-era England is completed in 1089. *The Al-Hakim Mosque of Fatimid Egypt is completed in 1013. *The Iron Pagoda of

, China is built in 1049. *The Byōdō-in, Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in, Japan, is completed in 1053. *The Brihadeeswarar Temple of India is completed in 1010 during the reign of

. *The Fruttuaria of San Benigno Canavese, Italy is completed in 1007. *The Kedareshwara Temple of Balligavi, India, is built in 1060 by the Western Chalukyas. *Construction work begins in 1059 on the Parma Cathedral of Italy. *The Saint Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod is completed in 1052, the oldest existent church in Russia. *Construction begins on the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev, Kievan Rus, in 1037. *The Byzantine Greek Hosios Loukas monastery sees the completion of its ''Katholikon'' (main church), the earliest extant domed-octagon church from 1011 to 1012. *The Lingxiao Pagoda of Zhengding, Hebei province, China, is built in 1045. *The Pagoda of Fogong Temple of Shanxi province, China, is completed under the

in 1056. *The Nikortsminda Cathedral of Georgia is completed in 1014. * The Speyer Cathedral in Speyer, Germany is completed in 1061. *The Chinese official Cai Xiang oversaw the construction of the Architecture of the Song dynasty, Wanan Bridge in Fujian. *The Imam Ali Mosque in Iraq is rebuilt by Malik Shah I in 1086 after it was destroyed by fire. *The Pizhi Pagoda of Lingyan Temple (Jinan), Lingyan Temple, Shandong, China is completed in 1063. *Reconstruction of the San Liberatore a Maiella in Italy begins in 1080. *Westminster Abbey, London, England, is completed in 1065. *The Ananda Temple of the Myanmar ruler King Kyanzittha is completed in 1091. *The Temple of Literature, Hanoi, Văn Miếu, or Temple of Literature, in Vietnam is established in 1070. *Construction of Richmond Castle in England begins in 1071. *The tallest pagoda tower in China's pre-modern history, the Liaodi Pagoda, is completed in 1055, standing at a height of 84 m (275 ft). * The Gonbad-e Qabus (tower), Tower of Gonbad-e Qabus in Iran is built in 1006. * Construction begins on the Sassovivo Abbey of Foligno, Italy, in 1070. * The Palace of Aljafería is built in Zaragoza, Spain, during the Al-Andalus period. * The Rotonda di San Lorenzo is built in Mantua, Lombardy, Italy, during the late 11th century. * Construction of the Ponte della Maddalena bridge in the Province of Lucca, Italy begins in 1080. * The domes of the Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Iran are built in 1086 to 1087. * 11th–18th century – The courtyard of Jamé Mosque of Isfahan, Isfahan, Persia (Iran), is built. * The Chester Castle in England was built in 1069. * Construction begins on the Bagrati Cathedral in Georgia in 1003. * The St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1031. * The Basilica of Sant'Abbondio of Lombardy, Italy is completed in 1095. * Construction begins on the Great Zimbabwe National Monument, sometime in the century. * Construction begins on the San Pietro in Vinculis (Pisa), San Pietro in Vinculis in Pisa, Italy, in 1072. * The Tower of London in England is founded in 1078. * The St. Grigor's Church of Kecharis Monastery in Armenia is built in 1003. * The Martin-du-Canigou monastery on Mount Canigou in southern France is built in 1009. * The St. Mary's Cathedral, Hildesheim in Germany is completed in 1020. * The One Pillar Pagoda in Hanoi, Vietnam, is constructed in 1049. * The St Michael at the Northgate, Oxford's oldest building, is Anglo-Saxon architecture, built in Saxon England in 1040. * Oxford Castle in England is built in 1071. * The Florence Baptistry in Florence, Italy is founded in 1059. * The Kandariya Mahadeva temple in India is built in 1050. * St Mark's Basilica in Venice, Italy is rebuilt in 1063. * Canterbury Cathedral in Canterbury, England is completed by 1077. * Construction begins on the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Spain in 1075.

Inventions, discoveries, introductions

Science and technology

* Early 11th century – Fan Kuan paints ''Travelers among Mountains and Streams''. Northern Song dynasty. It is now kept at National Palace Museum, Taipei, Republic of China, Taiwan (Republic of China). *c. 1000 – Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) of al-Andalus publishes his influential 30-volume Islamic medicine, Arabic medical encyclopedia, the ''Al-Tasrif'' *c. 1000 – Ibn Yunus of

publishes his astronomical treatise ''Al-Zij al-Hakimi al-Kabir''. *c. 1000 – Abū Sahl al-Qūhī, Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi) *c. 1000 – Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi *c. 1000 – Law of sines is discovered by Islamic mathematics, Muslim mathematicians, but it is uncertain who discovers it first between Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi, Abu Nasr Mansur, and Abū al-Wafā' al-Būzjānī, Abu al-Wafa. *c. 1000 – Ammar ibn Ali al-Mawsili *1000–1048 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī of Persia writes more than a hundred books on many different topics. *1001–1100 – the demands of the Chinese iron industry for charcoal led to a huge amount of deforestation, which was curbed when the Chinese discovered how to use bituminous coal in smelting cast iron and steel, thus sparing thousands of acres of prime timberland.Ebrey et al. (2006), 158. *1003 – Pope Sylvester II, born Gerbert d'Aurillac, dies; however, his teaching continued to influence those of the 11th century; his works included a book on arithmetic, a study of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, a hydraulics, hydraulic-powered organ (music), organ, the reintroduction of the abacus to Europe, and a possible treatise on the astrolabe that was edited by Hermann of Reichenau five decades later. The contemporary monk Richer from Rheims described Gerbert's contributions in reintroducing the armillary sphere that was lost to European science after the Greco-Roman era; from Richer's description, Gerbert's placement of the tropics was nearly exact and his placement of the equator was exact. He reintroduced the liberal arts education system of trivium (education), trivium and quadrivium, which he had borrowed from the educational institution of Islamic Córdoba, Spain, Córdoba. Gerbert also studied and taught Islamic medicine. *1013 – One of the ''Four Great Books of Song'', the ''Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau'' compiled by 1013 was the largest of the Song Chinese encyclopedias. Divided into 1000 volumes, it consisted of 9.4 million written Chinese characters. *1020 – Ibn Samh of Al-Andalus builds a geared mechanical astrolabe. *1021 – Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen) of Basra, Iraq writes his influential ''Book of Optics'' from 1011 to 1021 (while he was under house arrest in

), *1024 – The world's first Banknote, paper-printed money can be traced back to the year 1024, in Sichuan province of

China. The Chinese government would step in and overtake this trend, issuing the central government's official banknote in the 1120s. *1025 – Avicenna of Persia publishes his influential treatise, ''The Canon of Medicine'', which remains the most influential Islamic medicine, medical text in both Islamic and Christian lands for over six centuries, and ''The Book of Healing'', a scientific encyclopedia. *1027 – The Chinese engineer Yan Su recreates the mechanical compass-vehicle of the south-pointing chariot, first invented by Ma Jun (mechanical engineer), Ma Jun in the 3rd century.Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 291. *1028–1087 – Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm al-Zarqālī (Arzachel) builds the equatorium and universal latitude-independent astrolabe. *1031 – Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī writes ''Kitab al-qanun al-Mas'udi'' *1031–1095 – Chinese scientist Shen Kuo creates a theory for land formation, or geomorphology, theorized that Climate variability and change, climate change occurred over time, discovers the concept of true north, improves the design of the astronomical sighting tube to view the pole star indefinitely, hypothesizes the retrogradation theory of planetary motion, and by observing lunar eclipse and solar eclipse he hypothesized that the sun and moon were spherical.Sivin, III, 23.Sivin, III, 16–19.Needham, Volume 3, 415 – 416. Shen Kuo also experimented with camera obscura just decades after Ibn al-Haitham, although Shen was the first to treat it with Quantitative property, quantitative attributes.Sivin, III, 34. He also took an Interdisciplinarity, interdisciplinary approach to studies in archaeology. *1041–1048 – Artisan Bi Sheng of

China invents movable type printing using individual ceramic characters. * Mid-11th century – Harbaville Triptych, is made. It is now kept at Musée du Louvre, Paris. * Mid-11th century – Xu Daoning paints ''Fishing in a Mountain Stream''. Northern Song dynasty. *1068 – First known use of the drydock in China.Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 660. *1070 – With a team of scholars, the Chinese official Su Song also published the ''Ben Cao Tu Jing'' in 1070, a treatise on pharmacology, botany, zoology, metallurgy, and mineralogy.Wu (2005), 5.Unschuld, 60. Some of the drug concoctions in Su's book included ephedrine, Mica, mica minerals, and linaceae.Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 446.Needham, Volume 6, Part 1, 174, 175.Needham, Volume 3, 648. *1075 – the Song Chinese innovate a partial decarbonization method of repeated forging of cast iron under a cold blast that Hartwell and Needham consider to be a predecessor to the 18th century Bessemer process. *1077 – Constantine the African introduces ancient Greek medicine to the Schola Medica Salernitana in Salerno, Italy. *c. 1080 – the ''Liber pantegni'', a compendium of Ancient Greek medicine, Hellenistic and Islamic medicine, is written in Italy by the Carthaginian Christian Constantine the African, paraphrasing translated passages from the ''Kitab al-malaki'' of Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi as well as other Arabic texts.Prioreschi, 193–195. *1088 – As written by Shen Kuo in his ''Dream Pool Essays'', the earlier 10th-century invention of the pound lock in China allows large ships to travel along canals without laborious hauling, thus allowing smooth travel of government ships holding cargo of up to 700 ''tan'' (49 tons) and large privately owned-ships holding cargo of up to 1600 ''tan'' (113 tons).Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 352. *1094 – The Chinese mechanical engineer and astronomer Su Song incorporates an escapement mechanism and the world's first known chain drive to operate the armillary sphere, the astronomical clock, and the striking clock jacks of his clock tower in

.Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 111, 165, 145–148.

Literature

*1000 – ''The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries'' is written by Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī. * c. 1000 – The ''Al-Tasrif'' is written by the Andalusian physician and scientist Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis). * c. 1000 – The ''Zij al-Kabir al-Hakimi'' is written by the Egyptian astronomer Ibn Yunus. *1000–1037 – ''Hayy ibn Yaqdhan'' is written by Avicenna. *1008 – The ''Leningrad Codex'', one of the oldest full manuscripts of the Hebrew Bible, is completed. *c. 1010 – The oldest known copy of the epic poem ''Beowulf'' was written around this year. *1013 – The ''Prime Tortoise of the Record Bureau'', a Chinese encyclopedia, is completed by a team of scholars including Wang Qinruo. *1020 – The ''Bamberg Apocalypse'' commissioned by Otto III is completed. *1021 – Lady Murasaki Shikibu writes her Japanese literature, Japanese novel, ''The Tale of Genji''. *1021 – The ''Book of Optics'' by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen or Alhacen) is completed. *1025 – ''The Canon of Medicine'' by Avicenna (Ibn Sina) is completed. *1027 – ''The Book of Healing'' is published by Avicenna. *1037 – The ''Jiyun'', a Chinese rime dictionary, is published by Ding Du and expanded by later scholars. *1037 – Birth of the Chinese poet Su Shi, one of the renowned poets of the Song dynasty, who also penned works of travel literature. *1044 – The ''Wujing Zongyao'' military manuscript is completed by Chinese scholars Zeng Gongliang, Ding Du, and Yang Weide. *1048–1100 – The ''Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam'' is written by Omar Khayyam sometime after 1048. *1049 – ''The Record of Tea'' is written by Chinese official Cai Xiang *1052 – The ''Uji Dainagon Monogatari'', a collection of stories allegedly penned by Minamoto-no-Takakuni, is written sometime between now and 1077. *1053 – The ''New History of the Five Dynasties'' by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu is completed. *1054 – Russian legal code of the Russkaya Pravda is created during the reign of Yaroslav I the Wise. *1057 – The ''Ostromir Gospels'' of Novgorod are written. *1060 – compilation of the ''New Book of Tang'', edited by Chinese official Ouyang Xiu, is complete. *1060 – the Mugni Gospels of Armenia are written in illuminated manuscript form. *1068 – The ''Book of Roads and Kingdoms (al-Bakrī), Book of Roads and Kingdoms'' is written by Abū 'Ubayd 'Abd Allāh al-Bakrī. *1070 – William I of England commissioned the Norman monk William of Jumièges to extend the ''Gesta Normannorum Ducum'' chronicle. *1078 – The ''Proslogion'' is written by Anselm of Canterbury. *1080 – The Chinese poet Su Shi is exiled from court for Su Shi#Poetry, writing poems criticizing the various reforms of the History of the Song dynasty#Partisans and factions, reformers and conservatives, New Policies Group. *c. 1080 – the ''Liber pantegni'' is written by Constantine the African. *1084 – The ''Zizhi Tongjian'' history is completed by Chinese official

. *1086 – The ''Domesday Book'' is initiated by William I of England. *1088 – The ''Dream Pool Essays'' is completed by Shen Kuo of Song China. *The roots of European Scholasticism are found in this period, as the renewed spark of interest in literature and Classicism in Europe would bring about the Renaissance. In the 11th century, there were early Scholastic figures such as Anselm of Canterbury, Peter Abelard, Solomon ibn Gabirol, Peter Lombard, and Gilbert de la Porrée.

Notes

References

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