丹田

Dantian, dan t'ian, dan tien or tan t'ien is loosely translated as "elixir field", "sea of qi", or simply "energy center". Dantian are the "qi focus flow centers", important focal points for meditative and exercise techniques such as qigong, martial arts such as t'ai chi ch'uan, and in traditional Chinese medicine.

Overview

Historically the first detailed description of the lower Dantian is in the '' Laozi zhongjing'' 老子中經 from the 3rd century CE, which refers to the elixir-of-life field where "essence" and "spirit" are stored; it is related to regeneration and sexual energy, menstruation and semen.Laozi zhongjing (Central Scripture of Laozi), sec. 17. Translation published in Fabrizio Pregadio, "Early Daoist Meditation and the Origins of Inner Alchemy," in Benjamin Penny, ed., Daoism in History: Essays in Honour of Liu Ts'un-yan, 139–40 (London: Routledge, 2006). http://www.goldenelixir.com/taoism/texts_laozi_zhongjing.html Traditionally, a dantian is considered to be a center of qi or life force energy. The dantian are important points of reference in neidan, qigong, neigong, tao yin, Taoist sexual practices, reiki and other self-cultivation practices of exercise, breathing, and meditation, as well as in martial arts and in traditional Chinese medicine. The lower dantian is particularly important as the focal point of breathing technique as well as the centre of balance and gravity. Dantian are focal points for transmutation of the three treasures jing, qi and shen. Qi can be seen as a substance when it is stored in the form of Essence or jing, this can be refined by heating in these cauldrons into more rarefied states such as qi which is insubstantial and further still into shen which is more like the Western concept of mind although it is more often translated as "spirit".T'ai Chi Ch'uan and Meditation by Da Liu, page 92 – Routledge and Keegan Paul 1987

Taoist and Buddhist teachers often instruct their students to centre the mind in the navel or lower dantian. This is believed to aid control of thoughts and emotions. Acting from the dantian is considered to be related to higher states of awareness or samadhi.

The Taoist concept of dantian as energy centers is similar to the Indian yoga concept of chakras as key points where prana is stored (see also nadi). The major difference, however, is that Taoist dantian are the major energetic storage mechanisms whereas the yogic chakras are not so much storage centers, but energetic vortices which act as intake and output ports. Some New Age practitioners consider the dantian and the chakras to be separate, albeit cooperative energetic mechanisms.

Three dantians

Different schools of thought categorize dantian in various manners. Three main dantian are typically emphasized:
* Lower dantian (, Xià Dāntián): at the crossing of the horizontal line behind the Ren-6 acupoint and vertical line above the perineum, which is also called "the golden stove" (金炉 pinyin: Jīn lú) or the namesake "elixir-of-life field" proper, where the process of developing the elixir by refining and purifying essence ( jing) into vitality ( qi) begins.
* Middle dantian (, Zhōng Dāntián): at the level of the heart, which is also called "the crimson palace", associated with storing spirit ( shen) and with respiration and health of the internal organs, in particular the thymus gland. This cauldron is where vitality or qi is refined into shen or spirit.
* Upper dantian (, Shàng Dāntián): at the forehead between the eyebrows or third eye, which is also called "the muddy pellet", associated with the pineal gland. This cauldron is where shen or spirit is transmuted into wu wei or emptiness.

Importance of the lower dantian

The term dantian used by itself usually refers to the lower dantian, which is considered to be the foundation of rooted standing, breathing, and body awareness in qigong, Chinese martial arts, and other martial arts. The lower dantian has been described to be "like the root of the tree of life."

In speaking of the lower of the three energy centers, the term dantian is often used interchangeably with the Japanese word ''hara'' (; Chinese: ''fù'') which means simply "belly." In Chinese, Korean, and Japanese traditions, it is considered the physical center of gravity of the human body and is the seat of one's internal energy ( qi). A master of calligraphy, swordsmanship, tea ceremony, martial arts, among other arts, is held in the Japanese tradition to be "acting from the hara."

The lower dantian roughly corresponds to the area of the tantric ''swadhisthana'' ''chakra''. In yoga philosophy, it is thought to be the seat of ''prana'' that radiates outwards to the entire body.T'ai Chi Ch'uan and Meditation by Da Liu, pages 91–92 – Routledge and Keegan Paul 1987

See also

* Hara (tanden)
* Jing (TCM)
* Kiai
* Kundalini energy
* Meditation
* Mindfulness (Buddhism)
* Misogi
* Pushing hands
* Qigong
* Scientific skepticism
* '' Secret of the Golden Flower''
* Silk reeling
* T'ai chi ch'uan
* Triple burner

References

* Chia, Mantak. ''Cosmic Orbit: Connect to the Universe from Within''. Universal Tao Publications, 2005. .
* Porkert, Manfred. ''The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine''. MIT Press, 1974. .
* Rouselle, Irwin. ‘Spiritual Guidance in Contemporary Taoism’. In ''Spiritual Disciplines: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks''. Princeton University Press, 1960. .
* Wang, Mu
''Foundations of Internal Alchemy: The Taoist Practice of Neidan''
Golden Elixir Press, 2011. .

External links

Doctrine of the Elixir
– On the conception of the Dan Tian in Daoist cosmology.

"An Shigao and Early Chinese Meditation Techniques"
– Phra Kiattisak Kittipanyo (August 2012), ''DIRI Journal'' Volume 1, no. 1, pp. 98–118.

{{Qigong

Chinese martial arts terminology
Japanese martial arts terminology
Neijia
Qigong
Taoist philosophy
Traditional Chinese medicine