ドラえもん

''Doraemon'' ( ja, ドラえもん ) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Fujiko F. Fujio. The manga was first serialized in December 1969, with its 1,345 individual chapters compiled into 45 '' tankōbon'' volumes and published by Shogakukan from 1970 to 1996. The story revolves around an earless robotic cat named Doraemon, who travels back in time from the 22nd century to aid a boy named Nobita Nobi.

The manga spawned a media franchise. Three anime TV series have been adapted in 1973, 1979, and 2005. Additionally, Shin-Ei Animation has produced over forty animated films, including two 3D computer animated films, all of which are distributed by Toho. Various types of merchandise and media have been developed, including soundtrack albums, video games, and musicals. The manga series was licensed for an English language release in North America, via Amazon Kindle, by a collaboration of Fujiko F. Fujio Pro with Voyager Japan and AltJapan Co., Ltd. The anime series was licensed by Disney for an English-language release in North America in 2014, and LUK International in Europe, the Middle East and Africa.

''Doraemon'' was well-received by critics and became a hit in many Asian countries. It won numerous awards, including the Japan Cartoonists Association Award in 1973 and 1994, the Shogakukan Manga Award for Children's anime and manga, children's manga in 1982, and the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize in 1997. As of 2019, it has sold over 250 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the List of best-selling manga, best-selling manga series in history. ''Doraemon'' is also one of the List of highest-grossing media franchises, highest-grossing media franchises of all time, of which the animated film series has the highest number of admissions in Japan. The Doraemon character has been viewed as a Japanese cultural icon, and was appointed as the first "anime ambassador" in 2008 by the country's Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), Foreign Ministry.

Synopsis

Nobita Nobi is a ten-year-old Japanese school boy, who is kind-hearted and honest, but also lazy, unlucky, weak, gets bad grades and is bad at sports. One day, a robot cat from the 22nd century named Doraemon is sent back to the past by Nobita's descendants to take care of Nobita so that his descendants can have a better life. Doraemon has a four-dimensional pouch in which he stores tools, inventions, and gadgets from the future to aid Nobita whenever he is faced with a problem. Although Doraemon is a cat robot, he has a fear of mice because of an incident where robotic mice chewed off his ears. This is why Doraemon lost his original yellow color and turned blue, from sadness.

Nobita has three main friends: Takeshi Goda (nicknamed Gian), Suneo Honekawa (Gian's sidekick), and Shizuka Minamoto, Nobita's best friend and love-interest. Gian is a strong, leading and domineering boy, but also loyal to his friends. Suneo is a wealthy and spoiled boy who uses his friendship with Gian to win the respect of other schoolmates. Shizuka is a gentle and kind girl who frequently plays with Nobita. Nobita has a crush on Shizuka; she is his prospective future wife (Nobita's future wife is initially Gian's younger sister). Although Gian and Suneo are Nobita's friends, they also typically bully and abuse him. Nobita normally responds by using Doraemon's gadgets to fight back against them, but Nobita has a tendency to get carried away with using the gadgets (or Gian and Suneo, if they steal it away), which typically results in unintended consequences for him and others.

In addition to Gian, Suneo, and Shizuka, Dorami and Hidetoshi Dekisugi (common name Dekisugi) are also recurring characters. Dorami is Doraemon's younger sister, and Dekisugi is a gifted student boy who as Shizuka's close friend, frequently attracts the jealousy of Nobita.

Creation and conception

Development and themes

''Doraemon'' is written and illustrated by Fujiko Fujio, Fujiko F. Fujio, the pen name of Japanese manga artist Hiroshi Fujimoto. According to Fujio, it was originally conceived following a series of three events: when searching for ideas for a new manga, he wished a machine existed that would come up with ideas for him, he tripped over his daughter's toy, and heard cats fighting in his neighborhood. To set up the plot and characters, he inspired some elements from his earlier manga series, ''Obake no Q-Tarō'', which involve an ''obake'' living with humans, with a similar formula. Fujio said that the idea for ''Doraemon'' came after "an accumulation of trial and error", during which he finally found the most suitable style of manga to him. Initially, the series achieved little success as ''gekiga'' was well-known at the time, and only became a hit after its adaptation into an anime TV series and multiple feature films.

''Doraemon'' is mainly aimed at children, so Fujio chose to create the character with a simple graphic style, based on shapes such as circles and ellipses. He used the same sequences of cartoons with regularity and continuity to enhance the reader's ease of understanding. In addition, blue, a characteristic color of Doraemon, was chosen as the main color in magazine publications, which used to have a yellow cover and red title. Set in Tokyo, the manga reflected parts of Japan's society, such as the class system and the "ideal" of Japanese childhood. Problems, if occur, were resolved in a way so as not to rely on violence and eroticism, and the stories were integrated with the concept of environmentalism. The manga also insisted on the ethical values of integrity, perseverance, courage, family and respect.

In order to underline the crucial role of the young generation in society, the manga's creator chose to have the act carried out in a "children's domain" where young people can live with happiness, freedom and power without adult's interference. As Saya S. Shiraishi noted, the existence of the "domain" helped ''Doraemon'' to have a strong appeal in various Asian countries. During ''Doraemon'''s development, Fujio did not express a change in characters; he said, "When a manga hero become a success, the manga suddenly stops being interesting. So the hero has to be like the stripes on a barber pole; he seems to keep moving upward, but actually he stays in the same place."

According to Zensho Ito, Fujio's former student, the "length" of time in the universe is one of the ideas that inspired Fujio to make ''Doraemon''. Frequently occur in its stories is Nobita's desire to control time, and there exist time-control gadgets that he uses to satisfy that desire, particularly the "Time Machine", which lies in his desk drawer. Unlike Western works on science fiction, the manga did not explain the theory nor the applied technology behind these tools, but instead focusing on how the characters exploit their advantages, making it more children-friendly.

Origin of the name

The name "Doraemon" can be roughly translated to "stray". Unusually, the name is written in a mixture of two Japanese scripts: Katakana () and Hiragana (). "Dora" derives from , and is a corruption of nora (stray), while "-emon" (in kanji ) is an old-fashioned suffix for male names (for example, as in Ishikawa Goemon). Nobita's home address in Tsukimidai ("moon-view-heights"), Nerima refers to Fujimidai ("Mount Fuji, Fuji-view-heights"), where Osamu Tezuka's residence and animation studio is based. The name "Nobita Nobi" refers to "nobi nobi", meaning "the way a young child grows up free, healthy, and happy, unrestrained in any sense".

Gadgets

Gadgets, or , are Doraemon's tools from the future, usually used to help the characters. Fujio said that Doraemon has a total of 1,293 gadgets; according to a 2004 analysis by Yasuyuki Yokoyama of Toyama University, there are 1,963 gadgets found in 1,344 sketches. The most important gadgets include "Take-Copter", a small piece of headgear made out of bamboo that can allow its users to fly; "Time Machine", a machine used for time travel; "Anywhere Door", a pink-colored door that allows people to travel according to the thoughts of the person who turns the knob; "Time Kerchief", a handkerchief which can turn an object new or old or a person young or old; "Translator Tool", a cuboid jelly that allow one to converse in any language; and "Designer", a camera used to instantly dress-up the user.

Saya S. Shiraishi wrote that most of the gadgets were "an impressive testimony to the standards of quality control and innovation that exist in the twenty-second century". The gadgets were an essential part of the series so as to reflect a positive point of view about the association of technology in children, and to express the wishes of modern society.

Conclusion

The series stopped publishing after Fujimoto's death in 1996, without an ending; this has aroused numerous urban legends throughout the years. One of the most well-known "endings" of the manga was by an amateur manga cartoonist under the pen name "Yasue T. Tajima", first appeared on the Internet in 1998 and made up into a manga in 2005. The story takes place when Doraemon's battery dies, and Nobita later grows up becoming a robot engineer, potentially revive Doraemon and live a happy life. Tajima issued an apology in 2007, and the profits were shared with Shogakukan and the copyright owner, Fujiko F. Fujio Pro.

Ryūichi Yagi and Takashi Yamazaki, the directors of ''Stand by Me Doraemon'', confirmed that it had only one opening, while the ending has been rewritten several times. Because of this, Shogakukan had to clarify that only if the marriage of Nobita and Shizuka is finalized will the mission be accomplished, and then Doraemon will return to the future.

Media

Manga

In December 1969, the ''Doraemon'' manga appeared in six different children's monthly magazines published by Shogakukan: ''Yoiko'', ''Yōchien'', ''Shogaku Ichi-nensei'', ''Shogaku Ni-nensei'', ''Shogaku San-nensei'', and ''Shogaku Yon-nensei''. The magazines were aimed at children from nursery school to fourth grade. In 1973, two other magazines, ''Shogaku Go-nensei'' and ''Shogaku Roku-nensei'' (aimed at fifth-grade and sixth-grade students respectively), started publishing the manga. In 1977, ''CoroCoro Comic'' was launched as the flagship magazine of ''Doraemon.''

Since the debut of ''Doraemon'' in 1969, the stories have been selectively collected into forty-five '' tankōbon'' volumes that were published under Shogakukan's imprint from July 31, 1974 to April 26, 1996. These volumes are collected in the Takaoka Central Library in Toyama Prefecture, Toyama, Japan, where Fujio was born. Between April 25, 2005 and February 28, 2006, Shōgakukan published a series of five manga volumes under the title ''Doraemon Plus'' (''Doraemon+''), featuring short stories which did not appear in the forty-five original volumes; a sixth volume, the first volume in eight years, was published on December 1, 2014. Additionally, 119 unpublished stories were compiled into six colored-manga volumes under the title ''Doraemon Kara Sakuhin-shu'' , published from July 17, 1999 to September 2, 2006. For conception, see pp. 158–159. Between July 24, 2009 and September 25, 2012, Shogakukan published a ''master works'' collection consisting of twenty volumes with all 1,345 stories written by Fujio. In December 2019, on the 50th anniversary of ''Doraemon'', a "Volume 0" was published by Shogakukan featuring six different versions of Doraemon's first appearance.

There have been two series of bilingual, Japanese and English, volumes of the manga by SHOGAKUKAN ENGLISH COMICS under the title ''Doraemon: Gadget Cat from the Future'', and two audio versions. The first series has ten volumes and the second one has six. 21st Century Publishing House released bilingual English-Chinese versions in Mainland China, and Chingwin Publishing Group released bilingual English-Chinese versions in Taiwan.

In July 2013, Fujiko F. Fujio Pro announced that they would be collaborating with ebook publisher Voyager Japan and localization company AltJapan Co., Ltd. to release an English-language version of the manga in full color digitally via the Amazon Kindle platform in North America. Shogakukan released the first volume in November 2013; as of 2016, a total of 200 volumes have been published. This English version incorporates a variety of changes to character names; Nobita is "Noby", Shizuka is "Sue", Suneo is "Sneech", and Gian is "Big G", while dorayaki is "Yummy Bun/Fudgy Pudgy Pie". Also, as of 2016, four volumes of the manga have been published in English in print by Shogakukan Asia.

Shogakukan started digital distribution of all forty-five original volumes throughout Japan from July 16, 2015.

Anime

The first attempt of a ''Doraemon'' animated series was in 1973, by Nippon Television. After a January 1973 pilot named ''Doraemon Mirai Kara Yattekuru'' , twenty-six episodes, each with two segments, were broadcast on Nippon TV from April 1 to September 30 of the same year. The series was directed by Mitsuo Kaminashi with voice cast from Aoni Production; the character Doraemon was voiced by Kōsei Tomita, then later by Masako Nozawa. Later in the series, the animation studio, Nippon TeleMovie Productions, went bankrupt, and the masters were sold off or destroyed. The series was re-aired on Nippon TV and several local stations until 1979, when Shogakukan requested Toyama Television to cease broadcasting. Some of the segments were found in the archives of Imagica, IMAGICA in 1995, and some others were recovered by Jun Masami in 2003. As of 2013, 21 of 52 segments have known to survive, two of which without audio.

''Doraemon'' remained fairly exclusive in manga form until 1979 when a newly formed animation studio, Shin-Ei Animation (now owned by TV Asahi) produced an animated Doraemon (1979 TV series), second attempt of ''Doraemon''. The series, directed by Tsutomu Shibayama, aired on TV Asahi from April 2, 1979 to March 18, 2005. Eiichi Nakamura served as director of photography and character designer, while Shunsuke Kikuchi was the composer. Nobuyo Ōyama voiced Doraemon in the series; because of this, in Asia, this version is sometimes referred to as the Ōyama Edition. In total, 1,787 episodes were produced and released in VHS and DVD by Toho. Celebrating the anniversary of the franchise, a third ''Doraemon'' Doraemon (2005 TV series), animated series, also produced by Shin-Ei Animation, began airing on TV Asahi on April 15, 2005, with new Seiyū, voice actors and staff, and updated character designs. The third series is sometimes referred to in Asia as the Mizuta Edition, as a tribute for the voice actress for Doraemon, Wasabi Mizuta. It was released in DVD on February 10, 2006 under the title ''New TV-ban Doraemon'' with Shogakukan Video banner.

In May 2014, TV Asahi Corporation announced an agreement with The Walt Disney Company to bring the 2005 series to the Disney XD television channel and Disney Channel in the United States beginning in the summer of that year. Besides using the name changes that were used in AltJapan's English adaptation of the original manga, other changes and edits have also been made to make the show more relatable to an American audience, such as Japanese text being replaced with English text on certain objects like signs and graded papers, items such as Japanese yen, yen notes being replaced by United States dollar, US dollar bills, and the setting being changed from Japan to the United States. Initial response to the edited dub was positive. The Disney adaptation began broadcast in Japan on Disney Channel Japan, Disney Channel from February 1, 2016. The broadcast offered the choice of the English voice track or a newly recorded Japanese track by the Japanese cast of the 2005 series.

The anime has also been aired in over sixty countries worldwide. It premiered in Thailand in 1982, the Philippines in 1999, India in 2005, and Vietnam in 2010. Other Asian countries that broadcast the series include China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan, Malaysia, Indonesia, and South Korea. The series is licensed in EMEA regions by LUK International; it premiered in Spain in 1993 and France in 2003. It has also been distributed in South American countries, including Brazil, Colombia, and Chile. In 2017, POPS Worldwide, a Vietnamese multimedia company, collaborated with TV Asahi to release the anime series on YouTube and other digital platforms.

Feature films

As of 2022, there have been 41 annual feature-length animated films produced by Shin-Ei Animation and released by Toho, the most recent of which is ''Doraemon: Nobita's Little Star Wars 2021'', which premiered in Japan on March 4, 2022. The first twenty-five films are based on the 1979 anime, while the rest are based on the 2005 anime. Unlike the anime and manga series, the films are more action-adventure oriented, taking the familiar characters of ''Doraemon'' and placing them in a variety of exotic and perilous settings.

A 3D computer graphics, 3D computer animated film, ''Stand by Me Doraemon,'' debuted in Japan on August 8, 2014. Directed by Takashi Yamazaki and Ryūichi Yagi, it combines elements from the short stories of the manga series: "All the Way from the Country of the Future", "Imprinting Egg", "Goodbye, Shizuka-chan", "Romance in Snowy Mountain", "Nobita's the Night Before a Wedding", and "Goodbye, Doraemon ..." into a new complete story, from the first time Doraemon came to Nobita's house to Doraemon bidding farewell to Nobita. The film was a box office success, grossing $183.4 million worldwide. A sequel, ''Stand by Me Doraemon 2'', also directed by Yamazaki and Yagi, was released on November 20, 2020.

Short films, OVA and crossover

Several ''Doraemon'' short films were produced and released between 1989 and 2004. These include ''2112: The Birth of Doraemon'', a film about the life of Doraemon from birth before coming to Nobita; ''Doraemon: Nobita's the Night Before a Wedding'', a film about the events related to the marriage of Nobita and Shizuka; ''The Day When I Was Born'' and ''Doraemon: A Grandmother's Recollections'', the films about the relationship between Nobita and his parents along with his grandmother. Other short films focus on Dorami and the Doraemons. In 1981, Toho released ''What Am I for Momotaro'', a film about Momotarō, the hero of Japanese folklore.

In 1994, an educational OVA was made, titled ''Doraemon: Nobita to Mirai Note'' , where the main characters express the hope for a better Earth. The OVA was released in DVD along with the 13th issue of ''Fujiko F. Fujio Wonderland'' magazine in September 2004. A crossover episode of ''Doraemon'' with ''AIBOU: Tokyo Detective Duo'' aired on TV Asahi on November 9, 2018.

Music

The soundtrack of the 1973 anime series was composed by Nobuyoshi Koshibe, who also arranged the opening theme song and the ending theme song , both performed by Harumi Naitō. For the 1979 anime, Shunsuke Kikuchi was the composer, who arranged ; it had been performed by numerous singers, including Kumiko Ōsugi and Satoko Yamano (voice actress), Satoko Yamano. When the anime got a reboot in 2005, Kan Sawada was the composer of the series. There are four other opening themes, including an instrumental version of "Doraemon no Uta" performed by Twelve Girls Band; "Hagushichao" performed by Rimi Natsukawa; "Yume wo Kanaete Doraemon" , the opening theme broadcast from 2007 to 2018; and "Doraemon" performed by Gen Hoshino, broadcast since October 2019.

Numerous collections of theme songs of the anime series and feature films were initially available in Cassette tape, cassettes. Since the 1990s, ''Doraemon'' songs have been released in CD, under the type of Single (music), singles and compilation albums. Soundtracks of ''Doraemon'' feature films have been released by Nippon Columbia since 2001 in the album series .

Other

''Doraemon'' has been adapted into a musical, titled . Based on the 1990 anime film Doraemon: Nobita and the Animal Planet, of the same name, it debuted at Tokyo Metropolitan Art Space on September 4, 2008, running through September 14. Shoji Kokami was the director and writer, Makoto Sakamoto played Nobita and Reiko Suho as Shizuka; Jaian and Suneo were portrayed by Tomohiro Waki and Kensaku Kobayashi, respectively; Wasabi Mizuta voiced Doraemon. The musical was later revived and ran at Sunshine Theater, Tokyo from March 26 to April 2, 2017, then later in other prefectures including Fukuoka Prefecture, Fukuoka, Osaka Prefecture, Osaka, Miyagi Prefecture, Miyagi, and Aichi Prefecture, Aichi. The 2017 revival is also directed and written by Kokami, with Mizuta reprising her role; Nobita, Shizuka, Jaian, and Suneo were played by Yuuchi Ogoe, Hina Higuchi, Koki Azuma, and Shō Jinnai, respectively.

Several spin-off manga series of ''Doraemon'' have been made. ''Doraemon Long Stories'' is a manga series consists of twenty-four ''tankōbon'' volumes published from 1983 to 2004, featuring longer and continuous narratives about the characters' adventures into various lands of science fiction and fantasy. ''The Doraemons'', a manga illustrated by Michiaki Tanaka based on ''Doraemon'', was published by Shogakukan in six ''tankōbon'' volumes from 1996 to 2001. Between 1997 and 2003, Shogakukan also published fifteen volumes of ''The Doraemons Special'', created by Yukihiro Mitani and Masaru Miyazaki as a complement part of ''The Doraemons'', including twelve from the main series and three from the ''Robot Training School Edition''. ''Dorabase'', a baseball-themed manga written and illustrated by Mugiwara Shintarō, is another spin-off of ''Doraemon''; twenty-three volumes of the manga were published by Shogakukan from April 26, 2001 to October 28, 2011. A parody of ''Doraemon'' created by Hikari Fujisaki, titled ''Nozoemon'' , was first serialized in Nihon Bungeisha's ''Comic Heaven'' magazine in September 2014, with the compiled book volume released on June 9, 2015; however, it was discontinued in August 2015 due to content issues.

Many Japanese-only video games based on ''Doraemon'' have been developed. For instance, in 1983, Bandai developed , an arcade game inspired by Pac-Man. ''Doraemon (1986 video game), Doraemon'', a Nintendo Entertainment System, NES video game made by Hudson Soft, was released on December 12, 1986, and became one of the best-selling games of that year in Japan with over 1.15 million copies sold. On December 6, 2007, Sega published ''Doraemon Wii'', the first ''Doraemon'' video game released on Wii. Doraemon can also be seen in Namco's ''Taiko no Tatsujin'' rhythm game series, such as in ''Taiko no Tatsujin: Sesson de Dodon ga Don!'' (2017). The first Doraemon game to receive a Western release was ''Doraemon Story of Seasons'' (2019). Card games with ''Doraemon'' themes have also been made in several special occasions, sometimes to exploit the popularity of feature films. In 2016, a special edition of ''Uno (card game), Uno'' about the series' characters was released exclusively in Japan, as a result of a cooperation between Asatsu-DK and Mattel.

Merchandise

In Japan, the ''Doraemon'' merchandising rights belong to Shogakukan-Shueisha Productions, which has produced and distributed a wide range of products under its brand, such as toys, food, stationery, action figures, ''gashapon'', shoes, clothing, and others. Several companies have collaborated on the creation and distribution of products on the series and its characters, including Sanrio, Converse (shoe company), Converse, Moleskine, and ESP Guitars, which has made guitars decorated with ''Doraemon'' characters; a further partnership of ''Doraemon'' with Uniqlo led to a line of clothing designed by Takashi Murakami. The ''Doraemon'' franchise has also collaborated with various Japanese brands, including Tsi Groove & Sports's ''Jack Bunny!!'' golf apparel brand, Unicharm's ''MamiPoko'' diaper brand, and the video games ''LINE Pop 2'', ''Monster Strike'', and ''Granblue Fantasy''. Viz Media owns the ''Doraemon'' merchandising rights in North and Latin America, which has developed ''Doraemon''-themed clothing and collectibles in collaboration with retail chain Hot Topic, and themed Happy Meals in a 2015 collaboration with McDonald's. Viz Media Europe (now Crunchyroll EMEA) manages the merchandising in Europe except Spain and Portugal; LUK International has obtained licenses in these two countries.

Characters from ''Doraemon'' have been used in advertising through specific agreements with Shogakukan. For instance, following the Cool Japan initiative promoted by the Government of Japan, Japanese government, Sharp Corporation produced a series of commercials featuring the characters of Doraemon and Nobita, which were broadcast in several ASEAN countries. In late 2011, Shogakukan and Toyota Motor Corporation joined forces to create a series of live-action commercials as part of Toyota's ReBorn ad campaign, which depicted the manga's characters two decades after being grown up, where Hollywood actor Jean Reno played Doraemon.

Reception

General

''Doraemon'' is considered one of the best-known manga of all time, a true Japanese cultural icon, and an essential part of family life of the Japanese post-war generation. Akihiro Motoyama observed that "mothers who watched the movies when they were children are now taking their own children to see them". It was also commercially successful: over books were sold in Japan by 1996. The 1979 and 2005 anime series also achieved high ratings on television. With the film ''Doraemon: Nobita's Secret Gadget Museum'', the List of Doraemon films, ''Doraemon'' anime film series reached 100 million tickets sold at the Japanese box office, surpassing ''Godzilla (franchise), Godzilla'' as the List of highest-grossing films in Japan, highest-grossing film franchise in Japan. By 2015, it had sold over 103 million tickets, and was the largest franchise by numbers of admissions in the country.

''Doraemon'' was also a hit in Asia in general, and was considered one of the typical cases of Japanese soft power, although it was published without a license in some countries. The anime television series is available in over 60 countries, and reportedly getting high ratings in at least 30 countries. However, ''Doraemon'' was less successful in Western countries, because it was viewed as a children-only series, and there were some tight restrictions about publishing manga and broadcasting anime series there. The manga has sold over copies worldwide as of 2012, and 250 million as of 2019. Estimates show that ''Doraemon'' has generated at least more than in merchandise sales by 2019, and over $1.7 billion from anime feature films as of 2020, making it one of the List of highest-grossing media franchises, highest-grossing media franchises of all time.

Outside Japan, ''Doraemon'' achieved particular success in Vietnam, with a record-breaking 40 million copies sold as of 2006. The manga was first launched there in 1992 by Kim Đồng Publishing House, but the copyright from Shogakukan was not fully acquired until 1996. In 1993, the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (Vietnam), Vietnamese Ministry of Culture considered the manga's publication to be "an impactful event for the improvement of children, youth and adult's likings ... [''Doraemon''] is a comprehensively educational book series which has the effect of developing children's personality". Doraemon is now a cultural icon in Vietnam, having featured in many cultural events.

Critical response and analysis

''Doraemon'' received favorable reviews. Mark Schilling wrote, "For kids whose lives are often so regulated, Doraemon represents a welcome breath of freedom and a glimpse of a funnier, friendlier world where all dreams, even foolish ones, can come true." Italian writer Massimo Nicora wrote that the manga "can be interpreted as a type of book that criticizes, with irony, the omnipotence of science that pretends to solve every problem with its tools", alluding to the fact that Doraemon's gadgets often end up making the problems even worse than they initially were, more than anything else. He added that it represents "the metaphor of the childish imagination, which always manages to find the most bizarre and original solutions, in a continuous game of transformation of reality".

Some critics considered that Nobita's flawed personality and modest background is different from the special or extraordinary characteristics usually seen in other typical anime and manga protagonists; this portrayal has been seen as reasons of its appeal as well as the contrary, especially in the United States. According to the Movimento Italiano Genitori, Italian Parents Movement (Moige), in the manga, "the lazy Nobita does not know any kind of appreciable evolution", though there are still good points including "the criticism of bullying, the goodness that transpires from the little Nobita and the positive figure of Shizuka".

In his 2000 article, Leo Ching explained that the success of ''Doraemon'' in Asia was because it had reflected the Asian values such as imagination and responsibility, the same reason that ''Oshin'', another Japanese cultural export, became well-known there. On the other hand, according to an analysis by Anne Allison, professor of cultural anthropology at Duke University, the strong point of it was not the variety of the gadgets, but the relationship between Doraemon and Nobita, which was particularly appreciated. Jason Thompson (writer), Jason Thompson praised the "silly situations" and "old fashioned, simple artwork", with Doraemon's expression and comments adding to the "surrounding elementary-school mischief". On the manga's 50th anniversary, an op-ed published on ''Asahi Shimbun'' stated that the manga "has already become a contemporary classic".

Awards, accolades and public recognition

''Doraemon'' has received numerous accolades. It won the Japan Cartoonists Association Award twice in 1973 and 1994, the former for Excellence Award while the latter for Minister of Education, Science and Technology Award. In 1982, it received the first Shogakukan Manga Award for children's manga. In 1997, the manga won the Grand Prize at the first Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize. The 1979 series won the award from the Agency for Cultural Affairs, Japanese Agency for Cultural Affairs four times for best television series in 1984, 1985, 1988 and 1989.

A 2006 poll among 80,000 Japanese fans for the 10th anniversary of the Japan Media Arts Festival placed ''Doraemon'' at fifth among the top ten best manga of all time. The 2005 and 2006 surveys conducted by TV Asahi found the ''Doraemon'' anime ranked fifth and third, respectively, among the 100 most favorite anime series of all time. In 2010, a survey conducted by researchers of Tokyo Polytechnic University found that most responders considered ''Doraemon'', along with ''Dragon Ball'' franchise, to be the anime series that represents Cool Japan. In a 2013 survey, ''Doraemon'' was found to be the best anime recommended for foreign people.

Controversies

''Doraemon'' has been blamed for having a negative impact on children, due to the controversial traits of the characters in the anime. The character has received criticism in China, where some media outlets considered Doraemon to be a politically subversive character and that it was a tool of Japan's "cultural invasion". In 2016, a resolution to ban Hindi dubbed ''Doraemon'' anime series was submitted in Pakistan. Around the same time, legal notices were served against several companies in India, targeting ''Doraemon'' and ''Crayon Shin-chan'' for bans (which did not materialize), as having an adverse effect on children. Disney Channel India, the regional broadcaster of the anime, was banned in Bangladesh and Pakistan citing non-availability of localized dubs for content including ''Doraemon''.

Cultural impact and legacy

The ''Doraemon'' manga has inspired many other mangakas; these include Eiichiro Oda, the creator of ''One Piece'' with the idea of "Devil Fruits", and Masashi Kishimoto, the creator of ''Naruto'', who showed interest in drawing characters from anime shows during his childhood, including Doraemon. The manga has also been mentioned in ''Gin Tama'' and ''Great Teacher Onizuka''. The character Doraemon is considered one of the cultural icons in Japan, and one of the most well-known characters in manga history; some critics compared his notability with Mickey Mouse and Snoopy. Mark Schilling noted that Doraemon's "Take-Copter" is familiar among Japanese people "just as Snoopy's biplane is familiar to most Americans".

On April 22, 2002, on the special issue of ''Asian Hero'' in Time (magazine), ''Time'' magazine, Doraemon was the only anime character to be named one of the twenty-two Asian Heroes, and was described as "The Cuddliest Hero in Asia". A 2007 poll by Oricon shown that Doraemon was the second-strongest manga character ever, behind only Son Goku (Dragon Ball), Son Goku of ''Dragon Ball''. Doraemon is also referred as something with the ability to satisfy all wishes.

In 2005, the Taiwan Society of New York selected ''Doraemon'' as a culturally significant work of Japanese otaku pop-culture in its exhibit ''Little Boy: The Arts of Japan's Exploding Subculture'', curated by renowned artist Takashi Murakami. In 2008, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan), Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs appointed Doraemon as the first anime cultural ambassador; a Ministry spokesperson explained the decision as an attempt to help people in other countries understand Japanese anime better and to deepen their interest in Japanese culture. On September 3, 2012, Doraemon was granted official residence in the city of Kawasaki, Kanagawa, one hundred years before he was born. In the same year, Hong Kong celebrated the birthday of Doraemon 100 years early with a series of displays of the character. In April 2013, Doraemon was chosen as Japan's ambassador in Tokyo's bid to host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics. He appeared in the 2016 Summer Olympics closing ceremony to promote the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.

A Fujiko F. Fujio museum opened in Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Kawasaki on September 3, 2011, featuring Doraemon as the star of the museum. The National Museum of Singapore held a time-travelling exhibition in October 2020 as a tribute to the manga. After the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Shogakukan released an earthquake survival guidebook, which included the main cast of the ''Doraemon'' manga series. TV Asahi launched the ''Doraemon Fund'' charity fund to raise money for natural disasters in 2004, and in 2011. In 2020, Mumbai's Sion Friends Circle group distributed food and books to kids using mascots, one being Doraemon, to help during the COVID-19 pandemic. In Vietnam, a Doraemon scholarship fund was established in 1996, and the Doraemon character has been used for education of traffic safety. ''Doraemon'''s creator, Fujiko F. Fujio, received the Culture Fighter Medal from the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism (Vietnam), Vietnamese Ministry of Culture in 1996 for his contributions to young education through the manga.

Many prominent figures have been nicknamed after the cast of ''Doraemon'': politician Osamu Fujimura is known as the "Doraemon of Nagatacho" due to his figure and warm personality, and sumo wrestler Takamisugi was nicknamed "Doraemon" because of his resemblance to the character. In 2015, a group of people in a drought-affected village in northern Thailand used a Doraemon toy to complete a rain-ritual, in order to avoid controversies that would occur by using real animals.

See also

*Other manga series by Fujiko Fujio: ''Perman'', ''Ninja Hattori-kun'', ''Kiteretsu Daihyakka''
*''21 Emon'', a manga by Fujiko F. Fujio set in the same universe as ''Doraemon''

References

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

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External links

''Doraemon'' Official TV Asahi Website

''Doraemon'' Official US website

''Doraemon Channel'' official website

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{{Authority control

Doraemon
1969 manga
1973 anime television series debuts
1979 anime television series debuts
2005 anime television series debuts
Japanese children's animated comedy television series
Japanese adult animated comedy television series
Japanese children's animated comic science fiction television series
Japanese adult animated comic science fiction television series
Doraemon films
Japanese children's films
Children's animated films
Adult animated films
Children's film series
Japanese adult animated films
Animated television series about children
Animated children's television sitcoms
Animated adult television sitcoms
Comedy anime and manga
Science fiction anime and manga
Comics about time travel
Children's comics
CoroCoro Comic
Fictional artificial intelligences
Fujiko F Fujio
Manga adapted into films
Musicals based on anime and manga
Shogakukan franchises
Shogakukan manga
Shōnen manga
Shunsuke Kikuchi
TV Asahi original programming
Disney XD original programming
Viz Media anime
Winner of Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize (Grand Prize)
Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for children's manga
Time travel in television