Beta-arrestin-2, also known as arrestin beta-2, is an intracellular
protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, respo ...
that in humans is encoded by the ''ARRB2''
gene
In biology, the word gene (from , ; "...Wilhelm Johannsen coined the word gene to describe the Mendelian units of heredity..." meaning ''generation'' or ''birth'' or ''gender'') can have several different meanings. The Mendelian gene is a ba ...
.
Members of
arrestin
Arrestins (abbreviated Arr) are a small family of proteins important for regulating signal transduction at G protein-coupled receptors.
Arrestins were first discovered as a part of a conserved two-step mechanism for regulating the activity of ...
/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of
G protein-coupled receptor
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptors, and G protein-linked receptors (GPLR), form a large group of evolutionarily-related p ...
s and cause specific dampening of cellular responses to stimuli such as hormones, neurotransmitters, or sensory signals,
as well as having signalling roles in their own right.
Arrestin beta 2, like
arrestin beta 1
Arrestin, beta 1, also known as ARRB1, is a protein which in humans is encoded by the ''ARRB1'' gene.
Function
Members of arrestin/beta-arrestin protein family are thought to participate in agonist-mediated desensitization of G protein-coupled ...
, was shown to inhibit
beta-adrenergic receptor
The adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors are a class of G protein-coupled receptors that are targets of many catecholamines like norepinephrine (noradrenaline) and epinephrine (adrenaline) produced by the body, but also many medications like beta ...
function in vitro. It is expressed at high levels in the central nervous system and may play a role in the regulation of synaptic receptors. Besides the brain, a
cDNA
In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single-stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA (miRNA)) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. cDNA is often used to express a speci ...
for arrestin beta 2 was isolated from
thyroid gland
The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates. In humans it is in the neck and consists of two connected lobe (anatomy), lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of Connective tissue, tissue cal ...
, and thus it may also be involved in hormone-specific desensitization of
TSH receptor
The thyrotropin receptor (or TSH receptor) is a receptor (and associated protein) that responds to thyroid-stimulating hormone (also known as "thyrotropin") and stimulates the production of thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). The TSH recep ...
s. Multiple
alternatively spliced
Alternative splicing, or alternative RNA splicing, or differential splicing, is an alternative splicing process during gene expression that allows a single gene to code for multiple proteins. In this process, particular exons of a gene may be ...
transcript variants have been found for this gene, but the full-length nature of some variants has not been defined.
The protein may interact with the agonist
DOI in
5-HT2A receptor signaling.
Arrestin beta 2 is crucial for the development of
tolerance to
morphine
Morphine is a strong opiate that is found naturally in opium, a dark brown resin in poppies (''Papaver somniferum''). It is mainly used as a analgesic, pain medication, and is also commonly used recreational drug, recreationally, or to make ...
and other
opioid
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects. Medically they are primarily used for pain relief, including anesthesia. Other medical uses include suppression of diarrhea, replacement therapy for opioid us ...
s.
Interactions
Arrestin beta 2 has been shown to
interact
Advocates for Informed Choice, dba interACT or interACT Advocates for Intersex Youth, is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization using innovative strategies to advocate for the legal and human rights of children with intersex traits. The organizati ...
with
*
AP2B1
AP-2 complex subunit beta is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''AP2B1'' gene.
Function
The protein encoded by this gene is one of two large chain components of the AP2 adaptor complex, which serves to link clathrin to receptors in co ...
,
*
PSCD2
Cytohesin-2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CYTH2'' gene.
Function
Cytohesin-2 (CYTH2), formerly known as Pleckstrin homology, Sec7 and coiled/coil domains 2 (PSCD2), is a member of the cytohesin family. Members of this family ...
,
*
Mdm2,
and
*
RALGDS
Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator is a protein that is encoded by the ''RALGDS'' gene in humans.
Interactions
RALGDS has been shown to interact with:
* Arrestin beta 1,
* Arrestin beta 2,
* HRAS,
* KRAS,
* MRAS,
* RAP1A,
* R ...
.
References
Further reading
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External links
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{{Membrane proteins
Genes
Human proteins