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A ring
diacritic A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph. The term derives from the Ancient Greek (, "distinguishing"), from (, "to distinguish"). The word ''diacriti ...
may appear above or below letters. It may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in various contexts.


Rings


Distinct letter

The character Å (å) is derived from an A with a ring. It is a distinct letter in the Danish, Norwegian,
Swedish Swedish or ' may refer to: Anything from or related to Sweden, a country in Northern Europe. Or, specifically: * Swedish language, a North Germanic language spoken primarily in Sweden and Finland ** Swedish alphabet, the official alphabet used by ...
, Finnish, Walloon, and Chamorro alphabets. For example, the 29-letter Swedish alphabet begins with the basic 26 Latin letters and ends with the three letters Å, Ä, and Ö.


Overring

The character Ů (ů; a Latin U with overring, or kroužek in Czech Republic) is a grapheme in Czech preserved for historic reasons, which identifies a vowel shift. For example, the word for "horse" used to be written ''kóň'', which evolved, along with pronunciation, into ''kuoň''. Ultimately, the vowel disappeared completely, and the ''uo'' evolved into ''ů'', modern form ''kůň''. The letter ''ů'' now has the same pronunciation as the letter '' ú'' (long ), but changes to a short ''o'' when a word is morphed (e.g. nom. '' kůň'' → gen. ''koně'', nom. ''dům'' → gen. ''domu''), thus showing the historical evolution of the language. ''Ů'' cannot occur in initial position, while ''ú'' occurs almost exclusively in initial position or at the beginning of a word root in a compound. These characters are used also in Steuer's Silesian alphabet. The pronunciation has prevailed in some Moravian dialects, as well as in Slovak, which uses the letter ô instead of ů. The ring is used in some dialects of
Emilian-Romagnol Emilian-Romagnol is a linguistic continuum part of the Gallo-Romance languages spoken in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna. It is divided into two main varieties: Emilian and Romagnol. While first registered under a single code in ...
to distinguish the sound (å) from (a). ů was used in Old
Lithuanian Lithuanian may refer to: * Lithuanians * Lithuanian language * The country of Lithuania * Grand Duchy of Lithuania * Culture of Lithuania * Lithuanian cuisine * Lithuanian Jews as often called "Lithuanians" (''Lita'im'' or ''Litvaks'') by other Jew ...
in Lithuania Minor from the 16th till the beginning of the 20th century and for a shorter time in 16th-century Lithuania Major for diphthong . The ring was used in the Lithuanian
Cyrillic , bg, кирилица , mk, кирилица , russian: кириллица , sr, ћирилица, uk, кирилиця , fam1 = Egyptian hieroglyphs , fam2 = Proto-Sinaitic , fam3 = Phoenician , fam4 = G ...
alphabet promoted by Russian authorities in the last quarter of the 19th century with the letter У̊ / у̊ used to represent the diphthong (now written ''uo'' in Lithuanian orthography). ẘ and ẙ are used in the ISO 233 romanization of the Arabic alphabet. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻭ⟩ (wāw) with a sukūn (ـَوْ) is romanized as aẘ. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ﻱ⟩ (yā’) with a sukūn over it (ـَيْ) is romanized as aẙ. Ring upon e (e̊) is used by certain
dialectologist Dialectology (from Greek , ''dialektos'', "talk, dialect"; and , ''-logia'') is the scientific study of linguistic dialect, a sub-field of sociolinguistics. It studies variations in language based primarily on geographic distribution and their assoc ...
s of Walloon (especially Jean-Jacques Gaziaux) to note the vowel typically replacing and in the Brabant province central Walloon dialects. The difficulty of type-writing it has led some writers to prefer ''ë'' for the same sound. Many more characters can be created in Unicode using the
combining character In digital typography, combining characters are characters that are intended to modify other characters. The most common combining characters in the Latin script are the combining diacritical marks (including combining accents). Unicode also ...
, including the above-mentioned у̊ (Cyrillic у with overring) or ń̊ (n with acute and overring). The standalone (spacing) symbol is . The unrelated, but nearly identical degree symbol is . Although similar in appearance, it is not to be confused with the Japanese '' handakuten'' (), a diacritic used with the ''kana'' for syllables starting with ''h'' to indicate that they should instead be pronounced with . In Japanese dialectology, handakuten is used with ''kana'' for syllables starting with ''k'' to indicate their consonant is , with syllables starting with ''r'' to indicate their consonant is ''l'' though this does not change the pronunciation, with ''kana'' ''u'' to indicate its morph into ''kana'' ''n'', and with ''kana'' ''i'' to indicate the vowel is to be said as . In
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Canadian syllabic writing, or simply syllabics, is a family of writing systems used in a number of Indigenous Canadian languages of the Algonquian, Inuit, and (formerly) Athabaskan language families. These languages had no formal writing s ...
, there are two ring characters: ᐤ (
Cree The Cree ( cr, néhinaw, script=Latn, , etc.; french: link=no, Cri) are a Indigenous peoples of the Americas, North American Indigenous people. They live primarily in Canada, where they form one of the country's largest First Nations in Canada ...
and Ojibwe final ''w'', or Sayisi ''o'') and ᣞ (Cree and Ojibwe final ''w'' or final ''y''). This second smaller ring can combine as a diacritic ring above in
Moose Cree Moose Cree (Cree: ''Mōsonī'' or ''Ililiw''), also known as Moosonee, and together with Eastern Swampy Cree, also known as Central Cree, West James Bay Cree or West Main Cree. They speak the l-dialect of the Cree language. The Moose Cree were fi ...
and Moose-Cree influenced Ojibwe as a final ''y''; in
Inuktitut Inuktitut (; , syllabics ; from , "person" + , "like", "in the manner of"), also Eastern Canadian Inuktitut, is one of the principal Inuit languages of Canada. It is spoken in all areas north of the tree line, including parts of the provinces o ...
, the ring above the /_i/ character turns it into a /_aai/ character. In Western Cree, /_w_w/ sequence is represented as ᐝ. Unicode has: * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *


Underring

Unicode encodes the underring at The underring is used in IPA to indicate voicelessness, and in Indo-European studies or in Sanskrit transliteration (
IAST The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is a transliteration scheme that allows the lossless romanisation of Indic scripts as employed by Sanskrit and related Indic languages. It is based on a scheme that emerged during ...
) to indicate syllabicity of r, l, m, n etc. (e.g. corresponding to IPA ). R with ring below, L with ring below, R with ring below and macron, and L with ring below and macron were actually proposed for Unicode because of their use in Sanskrit transliteration and the CSX+ Indic character set. However, the proposal was rejected, because they are already encoded as sequences. In Pashto romanization, ''ḁ'' is used to represent . Examples: * *


Emilian-Romagnol

In
Romagnol Romagnol ( or ; it, romagnolo) is a Romance languages, Romance language spoken in the historical region of Romagna, consisting mainly of the southeastern part of Emilia-Romagna, Italy. The name is derived from the Lombard language, Lombard name ...
, ''e̥'' is used to represent in diphthongs, e.g. Santarcangelo dialect ''ame̥ig'' 'friend', ''ne̥ud'' 'naked'. In Emilian, ''e̥'' can be used to represent unstressed in very accurate transcriptions.


Half rings

Half rings also exist as diacritic marks; these are characters and . These characters are used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet, respectively for mediopalatal pronunciation and strong-onset vowels. These characters may be used in the
International Phonetic Alphabet The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic transcription, phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association in the late 19th century as a standa ...
, denoting less and more
roundedness In phonetics, vowel roundedness is the amount of rounding in the lips during the articulation of a vowel. It is labialization of a vowel. When a ''rounded'' vowel is pronounced, the lips form a circular opening, and ''unrounded'' vowels are pron ...
, as alternatives to half rings below and . They are here given with the lowercase a: a͑ and a͗, a̜ and a̹. is similar in appearance but differs from a͗ because its compatibility decomposition uses instead of . Other, similar signs are in use in Armenian: the and the . Breve and inverted breve are also shaped like half rings, respectively, the bottom and top half of a circle.


Other uses

The ring is used in the transliteration of the Abkhaz to represent the letter ҩ. It may also be used in place of the abbreviation symbol ''॰'' when transliterating the Devanagari alphabet.


Letters with ring


Similar marks

The ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the dot or diacritic marks, or with the degree sign °. The half ring as a diacritic mark should not be confused with the
comma The comma is a punctuation mark that appears in several variants in different languages. It has the same shape as an apostrophe or single closing quotation mark () in many typefaces, but it differs from them in being placed on the baseline ...
or
ogonek The (; Polish: , "little tail", diminutive of ) is a diacritic hook placed under the lower right corner of a vowel in the Latin alphabet used in several European languages, and directly under a vowel in several Native American languages. It i ...
diacritic marks.


References


External links


Diacritics Project — All you need to design a font with correct accents
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ring (Diacritic) Latin-script diacritics