Shantideva ( Sanskrit: Śāntideva; ; ; mn, Шантидэва гэгээн; vi, Tịch Thiên) was an 8th-century CE

Indian philosopher Indian philosophy refers to philosophical traditions of the Indian subcontinent. A traditional Hindu classification divides āstika and nāstika schools of philosophy, depending on one of three alternate criteria: whether it believes the Veda ...

, Buddhist monk, poet, and scholar at the mahavihara of

Nalanda Nalanda (, ) was a renowned ''mahavihara'' (Buddhist monastic university) in ancient Magadha (modern-day Bihar), India.Mādhyamaka philosophy of

Nāgārjuna Nāgārjuna . 150 – c. 250 CE (disputed)was an Indian Mahāyāna Buddhist thinker, scholar-saint and philosopher. He is widely considered one of the most important Buddhist philosophers.Garfield, Jay L. (1995), ''The Fundamental Wisdom of ...

. He is also considered to be one of the 84 mahasiddhas and is known as Bhusuku.

Biography

The ''Zhansi Lun'' of the

East Asian Mādhyamaka East Asian Madhyamaka refers to the Buddhist tradition in East Asia which represents the Indian Madhyamaka (''Chung-kuan'') system of thought. In Chinese Buddhism, these are often referred to as the ''Sānlùn'' ( Ch. 三論宗, Jp. ''Sanron'', ...

identifies two different individuals given the name "Shant inideva": their founder of the Avaivartika Sangha in the 6th century CE and a later Shantideva who studied at

Nalanda Nalanda (, ) was a renowned ''mahavihara'' (Buddhist monastic university) in ancient Magadha (modern-day Bihar), India.Tibetan sources of the life of Shantideva are the historians

Buton Rinchen Drub Butön Rinchen Drup (), (1290–1364), 11th Abbot of Shalu Monastery, was a 14th-century Sakya master and Tibetan Buddhist leader. Shalu was the first of the major monasteries to be built by noble families of the Tsang dynasty during Tibet's gre ...

and

Tāranātha Tāranātha (1575–1634) was a Lama of the Jonang school of Tibetan Buddhism. He is widely considered its most remarkable scholar and exponent. Taranatha was born in Tibet, supposedly on the birthday of Padmasambhava. His original name was Ku ...

. Recent scholarship has brought to light a short Sanskrit life of Shantideva in a 14th-century CE Nepalese manuscript. An accessible account that follows the Butön closely can be found in Kunzang Pelden, ''The Nectar of Manjushri's speech''. Shantideva was born in the Saurastra (in modern Gujarat), son of King Kalyanavarman, and he went by the name Śantivarman. According to Pema Chödrön, "Shantideva was not well liked at Nalanda." After being goaded into giving a talk to the entire university body, Shantideva delivered '' The Way of the Bodhisattva''.

Works

''Śikṣāsamuccaya''

The ''Śikṣāsamuccaya'' ("Training Anthology") is a prose work in nineteen chapters. It is organized as a commentary on twenty-seven short mnemonic verses known as the ''Śikṣāsamuccaya Kārikā''. It consists primarily of quotations (of varying length) from sūtras, authoritative texts considered to be the word of the Buddha — generally those sūtras associated with Mahāyāna tradition, including the '' Samadhiraja Sutra''.

''Bodhicaryavatara''

Shantideva is particularly renowned as the author of the '' Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra''. A variety of English translations exist, sometimes glossed as "A Guide to the Bodhisattva's Way of Life" or "Entering the Path of Enlightenment." It is a long poem describing the process of enlightenment from the first thought to full buddhahood and is still studied by Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhists today. An introduction to and commentary on the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra'' by the

14th Dalai Lama The 14th Dalai Lama (spiritual name Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso, known as Tenzin Gyatso (Tibetan: བསྟན་འཛིན་རྒྱ་མཚོ་, Wylie: ''bsTan-'dzin rgya-mtsho''); né Lhamo Thondup), known as ...

called ''A Flash of Lightning in the Dark of Night'' was printed in 1994. A commentary on the Patience chapter was provided by the Dalai Lama in ''Healing Anger'' (1997), and his commentaries on the Wisdom chapter can be found in ''Practicing Wisdom'' (2004)
Kunzang Palden
has written a commentary based on that given by Patrul Rinpoche, translated by the Padmakara Translation Group. Patrul Rinpoche was a wandering monk of great scholarship, who dedicated his life to the propagation of the ''Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra''.

Philosophical views

Personal identity and free will

Following the Buddha, Śāntideva understood that the self is an illusion. He also discusses the problem of free will in the ''Bodhicaryāvatāra'', writing that "whatever transgressions (aparādha) and vile actions (pāpa) there are, all arise through the power of conditioning factors, while there is nothing that arises independently."

Ethical views

In line with his views on personal identity and the nature of the self, Śāntideva wrote that one ought to "stop all the present and future pain and suffering of all sentient beings, and to bring about all present and future pleasure and happiness", in what may have been "the very earliest clearly articulated statement of that view, preceding Jeremy Bentham by approximately a thousand years". His basis for preferring altruism over egoism was that "the continuum of consciousness, like a queue, and the combination of constituents, like an army, are not real. The person who experiences suffering does not exist." Similarly, he asks, "when happiness is dear to me and others equally, what is so special about me that I strive after happiness only for myself?"

Footnotes

References

* * * * * * * * * * Śāntideva, Cecil Bendall and W. H. D. Rouse (trans)(1922)
Śikshā-samuccaya: a compendium of Buddhist doctrine
compiled by Śāntideva chiefly from earlier Mahāyāna Sūtras. London: Murray
Of the progresse of the Bodhisattva: the bodhisattvamārga in the Śikṣāsamuccaya
/ Richard Mahoney (Oxford: Indica et Buddhica, 2016) , 978-0-473-40931-9 &c. * L. D. Barnett (trans) (1909 )
"The Path of light rendered for the first time into Engl. from the Bodhicharyāvatāra of Śānti-Deva: a manual of Mahā-yāna Buddhism
New York, Dutton

External links

English translation; Readable HTML.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Shantideva by Amod Lele

Talk about Shantideva by Stephen Batchelor

Engaging in Bodhisattva Behavior, full unpublished translation of the Bodhicaryavatara by Alexander Berzin

Commentary to Bodhicaryavatara by Patrul Rinpoche (in English )

Śikṣāsamuccaya of Śāntideva: Sanskrit Buddhist text
* * {{Authority control Bodhisattvas 8th-century Buddhists Indian Buddhists Indian scholars of Buddhism Indian Buddhist monks Mahasiddhas Monks of Nalanda Mahayana Buddhists Madhyamaka scholars Buddhist yogis Scholars from Gujarat 7th-century births 8th-century deaths Year of death unknown 8th-century Indian philosophers 8th-century Indian monks Consequentialists