The Emergence of the Ä°lmiye
Beginning in the sixteenth century, officials in the administrative, and financial institutions were training their own apprentices instead of hiring graduates ofThe Ä°lmiye and Judicial Reform
The power and influence of Islamic religious law and customs began to decrease as the western European ideologies began to work their way into Ottoman life. So, as Western European ideologies began to creep their way into the Ottoman Empire in the 18th and 19th centuries, so did the pressure for the Ottoman government to provide a more secular judicial system. Thus, the Kanun, a secular legal system, was introduced. This would provide non-Muslim subjects of the Empire with a legal system that they could go through if need be. The Ä°lmiye and the Ulema showed no real dissent towards the introduction of the Kanun, and even though they were allowed to interfere with rulings from the Kanun courts, they rarely exercised that right, and generally allowed them to run themselves. Although this was true of the Ulama and the Ä°lmiye, a lot of religious scholars within these groups were not sure how reform would effect the integrity of the Sharia law. After initially supporting reform in the belief that it would strengthen the Empire as an Islamic state, members of the Ä°lmiye and the Ulama fell into confusion when they discovered that reform was going to mean secularization. This would cause a riff within the religious scholarly community over whether or not secularization was in line with Sharia law. This split within the religious scholarly community would cause the influence of the Ä°lmiye to deflate, while the administrative institution was gaining popularity and prestige. The influx of western ideology also affected what was known as the ''ghazi ideal''. This was the idea that the Ottomans were militarily and culturally superior than their European neighbors. While European influence on Ottoman life grew, the idea of a ''ghazi ideal'' diminished. The Ottoman military was known to have lost its reputation as a powerful force, and in the 19th century, was barely functional at times. Along with the loss of the military's good reputation, came the diminished reputation of the Ä°lmiye. They were looked upon as conservatives who were unwilling to change, which affected them very negatively during the reform period of the 1800s. Because of this, their influence shrank even more, and the administrative and imperial institutions gained higher statuses.The Ä°lmiye and Education Reform
The Ulema held a long-standing monopoly over the traditional educational institutions the ''mektebs'', and the ''madrasas''. So, by the time Education reform came to the forefront of the Ottoman goal to advance their society, they focused on making alternative schools known as ''ibtidai'', or primary schools. Educational reformers founded these new primary schools as an attempt to provide their own influence on higher learning within the Empire, which they believed to be a superior learning experience, than those of the ''mektebs'' and ''madrases''. They provided supplementary equipment, books and financing as part of their efforts. The introduction of these new schools provided prospective students with a choice between secular curriculum and a religious one. However, both systems proved to be inefficient, and both fell short of the standard that they were trying to achieve. Although there were many issues with education reform in the 19th century, the Ottomans did achieve in implementing a three-tiered school system that replaced the unorganized system of old. With the influence of the reformers, the government introduced a new plan in 1845, which include reformed Qur'anic ''mektebs'', an intermediate level known as the ''rusdiye'', and a university, known as ''dar ul-funun''.Findley, Carter (1941). Ottoman Civil Officialdom. pp 134–135 The plan did not come to fruition right away, but throughout the 19th century, education in the Empire went through a great change. Although this was seen as a success, Ottomans were still well behind other reformers such as the Japanese. There proved to be many difficulties in the process. Many of the schools fell short of what was expected of them, leaving another stain on the reputation of the İlmiye and the Ulama.Notes
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* Khoury, Dina (1997). State and Provincial Society in the Ottoman Empire * Abdurrahman Atcill (2009). The Route to the top in the Ottoman İlmiye hierarchy of the sixteenth century. pp 489–512 * "Ottoman Empire." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2013. Web. 16 Dec. 2013.