A chort ( Russian: чёрт,

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and Ukrainian: чорт, Serbo-Croatian ''čort'' or ''črt'', Polish: ''czort'' and ''czart'', Czech and Slovak: ''čert'', Slovene: ''črt'') is an anthropomorphic malign spirit or

demon A demon is a malevolent supernatural entity. Historically, belief in demons, or stories about demons, occurs in religion, occultism, literature, fiction, mythology, and folklore; as well as in media such as comics, video games, movies, ani ...

in Slavic folk tradition. Chorts are often depicted identically to Christian devils, with horns, hooves, and a skinny tail. In Slavic mythology, a singular Chort is sometimes identified as a son of the god Chernobog and the goddess

Mara Mara or MARA may refer to: Animals * Mara (mammal), a species of the cavy family *Mara the Lioness, in the movie ''Born Free'' Arts and entertainment Fictional characters * Mara (''Doctor Who''), an evil being in two ''Doctor Who'' serials *Mara, ...

. Likewise, in Ukraine mythology, Chorts were originally the priest of Chernobog. In folk Christianity, they are considered lesser minions of

Satan Satan,, ; grc, ὁ σατανᾶς or , ; ar, شيطانالخَنَّاس , also known as Devil in Christianity, the Devil, and sometimes also called Lucifer in Christianity, is an non-physical entity, entity in the Abrahamic religions ...

. Compare to Russian sayings (curses) "тысяча чертей" ("''tysjača čertej''") – meaning thousands of demons; "чёрт побери" ("''čort poberi''") – meaning "be taken by the demon" (often used as an exclamation to express frustration or pain as in English "darn!", "rats!", "shit!", etc), the saying is often used as an acceptable version of cursing in Eastern Europe; "чёрт попутал" ("''čort poputal''") – meaning mixed up by the demon; "к чертям" ("''k čertjam''") – meaning to hell, and many others.

Etymology

There are many theories regarding the origins of the Proto-Slavic word ''*čьrtъ''. One is that it is a

substantivized In linguistics, nominalization or nominalisation is the use of a word that is not a noun (e.g., a verb, an adjective or an adverb) as a noun, or as the head of a noun phrase. This change in functional category can occur through morphological tr ...

t-participle of ''*ker-'' (to cut, to chop), which could be derived from a chort imagined as being lame (having one leg shorter). The words like Ukrainian ''kutsiy'' and Czech and Slovak ''kusý'', also derived from *ker-, are one of chort's most common epithets. According to a more recent hypothesis, Proto-Slavic ''*čьrtъ'' represents a derivative of ''*čersti / čьrtǫ'' ‘to draw a line, furrow’. One way to interpret this derivation is reconstructing ''*čьrtъ'' as a supernatural Draughtsman in charge of determining human fate. Under this hypothesis, the original god of destiny came to be perceived as the bringer of death and then syncretised with the embodiment of all evil in the Christian tradition. In Ukrainian, chorts are also known as , , , and . The Polish version of the word, czart, is notably similar to the proto-germanic -swarta, which means black.https://www.etymonline.com/word/swart , Title: Etymology of the wor swart , webpage:https://www.etymonline.com/word/swart , date checked: 12 April 2022

In Czech and Slovak culture

In Czech and Slovak folk tales, ''čert'' is not an evil character per se. It is often trying to tease characters in selling their souls in exchange for something (money, power, completion of a task). This often ends badly for evil or greedy characters, who are tricked into getting useless gifts and then are carried into hell. Other times, ''čert'' changes roles from trickster to tricked as he loses a bet against a hero, who outsmarts him, winning his soul back. This way, ''čert'' is often tricked to build castle walls in a day, dig fish ponds or even whole river banks, move large stones or create hills and mountains. Sometimes, a positive role of ''čert'' is further emphasized, namely in modern or modernized folk tales. ''Čert'' is trying to bring evil characters to hell, he often helps or befriends heroes in this process and gives them various magical items and treasures. The true form of ''Čert'' is often a smallish hairy man with a tail, horns and one or two hoofs. But he is a shapeshifter and he tries to trick characters in his nicer forms, before they even realize what he is. In these forms, he is often represented as pretty young man, count, or huntsman (see '' The Devil and Kate''). Often, this transformation is not (and cannot be) complete, so one can recognize ''čert'' by small horns hidden in black curly hair, or a single hoofed leg hidden in high boots. ''Čert'' is not the devil, although they might have a lot in common. Sometimes, hell is full of ''čerts'' and is ruled by the devil (or archdevil) Lucifer.

In Turkic culture

In Turkic (usually neighboring Slavic) folklore its name is "Çor" (''Chor''). In Anatolia known as "Çorabaş" (''Chorabash''). Chors are spiritual creatures mentioned in the pre-Islamic texts and oral tradition who inhabit an unseen world in dimensions beyond the visible universe of humans. Influenced by the later influences of Islamic jinn and devils, folk narratives mentions that the Chors are made of fire, but also physical in nature, being able to interact physically with people and objects and likewise be acted upon. Like human beings, the Chor can also be good (Ak-çor, literally "White Chor"), evil (Kara-çor, "Black Chor"), or neutrally benevolent like humans. The exorcist is called "Çoraman" (''Choraman'') in Anatolia. There are two different kinds of Chura: Arçura, that comes from the forest and is married to the Orman iyesi, and Biçura, that comes from the cellar and is married to Ev iyesi.

References

Bibliography

# Афанасьев А. Н. «Поэтические воззрения славян на природу». — М.: 1865−1869. — Том 3, глава 22

External links