île-de-France

The Île-de-France (, ; literally "Isle of France") is the most populous of the eighteen regions of France. Centred on the capital Paris, it is located in the north-central part of the country and often called the ''Région Parisienne'' (; en, Paris Region). Île-de-France is densely populated and retains a prime economic position on the national stage: though it covers only , about 2% of metropolitan French territory, its estimated 2020 population of 12,997,058 was nearly one-fifth of the national total; its economy accounts for nearly one-third of the French gross domestic product.

The region is made up of eight administrative departments: Paris, Essonne, Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis, Seine-et-Marne, Val-de-Marne, Val-d'Oise and Yvelines. It was created as the "District of the Paris Region" in 1961. In 1976, when its status was aligned with the French administrative regions created in 1972, it was renamed after the historic province of ÃŽle-de-France. Residents are sometimes referred to as ''Franciliens'', an administrative word created in the 1980s. The GDP of the region in 2021 was US$984 billion at market exchange rates. The Paris region is Europe's richest region with a GDP (PPP) at over $1 trillion, ahead of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany and Greater London in the United Kingdom. It has the highest per capita GDP of any French region and the third highest of any region in the European Union. The ÃŽle-de-France region alone accounts for 5% of the European Union's GDP, for only about 2.7% of the Union'
population
In 2018, nearly all of the twenty-eight French companies listed in the Fortune Global 500 were based in the ÃŽle-de-France.

Beyond the city limits of Paris, the region has many other important historic sites, including the palaces of Versailles and Fontainebleau, as well as the most-visited tourist attraction in France, Disneyland Paris. Though it is the richest French region, a significant number of residents live in poverty: the official poverty rate in the ÃŽle-de-France was 15.9% in 2015. The region has witnessed increasing income inequality in recent decades and rising housing prices have pushed the less affluent outside Paris.

Etymology

Although the modern name ''Île-de-France'' literally means "Island of France", its etymology is in fact unclear. The "island" may refer to the land between the rivers Oise, Marne and Seine, or it may also have been a reference to the Île de la Cité, where the French royal palace and cathedral were located.

Alternatively, the name may refer to the lands that were under the direct rule of the Capetian kings during the Middle Ages; thus, these lands were an "island" in a sea of various feudal territories ruled by vassals of the king.

History

File:Ile-de-France historique1.svg, Historic province of ÃŽle-de-France before the French Revolution
File:Carte de l'Ile de France.svg, The modern départements covered by the historical Île-de-France
File:Ile de France.svg, Modern region of Île-de-France and départements

The Île-de-France was inhabited by the ''Parisii'', a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, from around the middle of the 3rd-century BC. One of the area's major north–south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité; this meeting place of land and water trade routes gradually became an important trading centre. The Parisii traded with many river towns (some as far away as the Iberian Peninsula) and minted their own coins for that purpose.

The Romans conquered the area in 52 BC and began their settlement on Paris's Left Bank. It became a prosperous city with a forum, baths, temples, theatres, and an amphitheatre. Christianity was introduced in the middle of the 3rd century AD by Saint Denis, the first Bishop of Paris. According to legend, when Denis refused to renounce his faith before Roman authorities he was beheaded on the hill that became known as ''Mons Martyrum'' (Latin "Hill of Martyrs"), later " Montmartre". The legend further states that Denis walked headless from this hill to the north of the city. The place where he finally fell and was buried became an important religious shrine, the Basilica of Saint-Denis.

Clovis the Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. As the Frankish domination of Gaul began, there was a gradual immigration by the Franks to Paris and the Parisian Francien dialects were born. Fortification of the Île de la Cité failed to avert sacking by Vikings in 845, but Paris's strategic importance—with its bridges preventing ships from passing—was established by successful defence in the Siege of Paris (885–86). In 987, Hugh Capet, Count of Paris (''comte de Paris'') and Duke of the Franks (''duc des Francs''), was elected King of the Franks (''roi des Francs''). Under the rule of the Capetian kings, Paris gradually became the largest and most prosperous city in France.

The Kings of France enjoyed getting away from Paris and hunting in the game-filled forests of the region. They built palatial hunting lodges, most notably Palace of Fontainebleau and the Palace of Versailles. From the time of Louis XIV until the French Revolution, Versailles was the official residence of the Kings and the seat of the French government. ÃŽle-de-France became the term used for the territory of Paris and the surrounding province, which was administered directly by the King.

During the French Revolution, the royal provinces were abolished and divided into departments, and the city and region were governed directly by the national government. In the period after World War II, as Paris faced a major housing shortage, hundreds of massive apartment blocks for low-income residents were built around the edges of Paris. In the 1950s and the 1960s, thousands of immigrants settled in the communes bordering the city. In 1959, under President Charles De Gaulle, a new region was created out of six departments, which corresponded approximately with the historic region, with the name ''District de la région de Paris'' ("District of the Paris Region"). On 6 May 1976, as part of the process of regionalisation, the district was reconstituted with increased administrative and political powers and renamed the Île-de-France region.

Geography

Île-de-France is in the north of France, neighboring Hauts-de-France to the north, Grand Est to the east, Bourgogne-Franche-Comté to the southeast, Centre-Val-de-Loire to the southwest, and Normandy to the west.

File:Gorges de Franchard 7.JPG, View of the forest of Fontainebleau in Seine-et-Marne
File:Notre-Dame de Paris and Île de la Cité at dusk 140516 1.jpg, The Seine in Paris
File:Luzarches (95), église St-Côme-St-Damien depuis le chemin de la Paroisse.jpg, Vineyard in Luzarches, Val-d'Oise
File:Regio2N Viaduc St Mammes.jpg, Transilien Line R train between Veneux-les-Sablons and Saint-Mammès

Departments

ÃŽle-de-France has a land area of . It is composed of eight departments centred on its innermost department and capital, Paris. Around the department and municipality of Paris, urbanisation fills a first concentric ring of three departments commonly known as the ''petite couronne'' ("small ring"); it extends into a second outer ring of four departments known as the ''grande couronne'' ("large ring"). The former department of Seine, abolished in 1968, included the city proper and parts of the ''petite couronne''.

The ''petite couronne'' consists of the departments of Hauts-de-Seine, Seine-Saint-Denis and Val-de-Marne; the ''grande couronne'' consists of those of Seine-et-Marne, Yvelines, Essonne and Val-d'Oise. Politically, the region is divided into 8 departments, 25 arrondissements, 155 cantons and 1,276 communes, out of the total of 35,416 in metropolitan France.

Topography

The outer parts of the ÃŽle-de-France remain largely rural. Agricultural land, forest and natural spaces occupy 78.9 percent of the region; 28 per cent of the region's land is in urban use, while the remaining 24 percent is rivers, forests, woods, and ponds.

The River Seine flows through the middle of the region, and the region is crisscrossed by its tributaries and sub-tributaries, including the Rivers Marne, Oise and Epte. The River Eure

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